Mathematics and Science Books

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThe author of Life and Death on 10 West chronicles the fascinating true story of the Oxford scientists who discovered penicillin by experimenting on mold, creating a family of drugs that would eradicate some of the worst diseases in human history. Reprint. 35,000 first printing.

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Book Synopsis"Blurb & Contents" "I can think of few better ways of introducing students to the history of astronomy than by using The Eye of Heaven as a text....This is science at its best....Not only does Gingerich make you think, he also forces you back in time and makes you think as astronomers did then.Trade Review"I can think of few better ways of introducing students to the history of astronomy than by using The Eye of Heaven as a text....This is science at its best....Not only does Gingerich make you think, he also forces you back in time and makes you think as astronomers did then. Students need this inspiration." --- David Hughes, New Scientist

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Book SynopsisThe dramatic developments in theoretical physics are examined in this fully updated second edition, which includes brand new material on the groundbreaking Higgs discovery, results of the WMAP, Planck experiments and sections on metastable supersymmetry breaking. Provides graduates and researchers in particle and string theory with a modern perspective.Table of ContentsPreface to the first edition; Preface to the second edition; A note on choice of metric; Text website; Part I. Effective Field Theory: The Standard Model, Supersymmetry, Unification: 1. Before the Standard Model; 2. The Standard Model; 3. Phenomenology of the Standard Model; 4. The Standard Model as an effective field theory; 5. Anomalies, instantons and the strong CP problem; 6. Grand unification; 7. Magnetic monopoles and solitons; 8. Technicolor: a first attempt to explain hierarchies; Part II. Supersymmetry: 9. Supersymmetry; 10. A first look at supersymmetry breaking; 11. The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model; 12. Supersymmetric grand unification; 13. Supersymmetric dynamics; 14. Dynamical supersymmetry breaking; 15. Theories with more than four conserved supercharges; 16. More supersymmetric dynamics; 17. An introduction to general relativity; 18. Cosmology; 19. Astroparticle physics and inflation; Part III. String Theory: 20. Introduction; 21. The bosonic string; 22. The superstring; 23. The heterotic string; 24. Effective actions in ten dimensions; 25. Compactification of string theory I. Tori and orbifolds; 26. Compactification of string theory II. Calabi–Yau compactifications; 27. Dynamics of string theory at weak coupling; 28. Beyond weak coupling: non-perturbative string theory; 29. Large and warped extra dimensions; 30. The landscape: a challenge to the naturalness principle; 31. Coda: where are we headed?; Part IV. The Appendices: Appendix A. Two-component spinors; Appendix B. Goldstone's theorem and the pi mesons; Appendix C. Some practice with the path integral in field theory; Appendix D. The beta function in supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction.- Speech: The Words You Say.- Structure: The Strategy You Choose.- Visual Aids: Your Supporting Cast.- Delivery: You, the Room, and the Audience.- Conclusion: Aim High.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the second edition:“Alley’s book as an important and must-read guide for anyone in the scientific field. Professors, researchers and students will greatly benefit from Alley’s work. The book also has the benefit of being short and concrete–a plus for the busy scientist.” (Philosophy, Religion and Science Book Reviews, bookinspections.wordpress.com, March, 2014)“The second edition ... of this readable and informative volume highlights 13 critical errors to avoid in scientific presentations. Alley (Virginia Tech) provides examples through words and images about how to best convey ideas and meaning by understanding, connecting with, and engaging the audience. … This is a valuable work for academic and research libraries supporting, in particular, faculty, researchers, and graduate students. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-level undergraduates through researchers/faculty.” (J. Clemons, Choice, Vol. 51 (5), January, 2014)Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Speech: The Words You Say.- Structure: The Strategy You Choose.- Visual Aids: Your Supporting Cast.- Delivery: You, the Room, and the Audience.- Conclusion: Aim High.

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Book SynopsisIntended for undergraduate courses in biophysics, biological physics, physiology, medical physics, and biomedical engineering, this is an introduction to statistical physics with examples and problems from the medical and biological sciences.Table of Contents1 Elements of the Theory of Probability: The Binomial Distribution: Applications.- 1.1 Definition of Probability. The Two Rules. Illustrative Examples.- 1.2 Bernoulli Trials. The Binomial Distribution.- 1.3 Mean Values and Variance.- 1.4 Illustrative Applications.- 1.4.A. The Sex Distribution of Children.- 1.4.B. Random Coils: The Conformation of Chain Polymers.- 1.4.C. The Distribution of Electric Charges on the Hemoglobin Molecule.- Appendix to Section 1.4.C: Probabilities for the State of Ionization of a Polar Residue.- 1.5 References and Supplementary Reading.- 1.6 Problems.- 2 Diffusion and Transport Processes.- 2.1 Molecular Movement and the Physical Properties of Gases: A Short Survey.- 2.1.A. Ideal Gas Law. Kelvin Temperature. Avogadro’s Number.- 2.1.B. Mean Kinetic Energy of a Molecule. The Boltzmann Constant.- 2.l.C. The Equipartition Law. Specific Heats.- 2.1.D. Random Motion of a Gas Molecule, Root Mean Square Velocity, Mean Free Path, and Collision Frequency.- 2.2 Random Walk in One and Three Dimensions.- 2.2.A. The Bernoulli Distribution for the Probability PN (X) of a Displacement? in N Steps.- 2.2.B. The Gaussian Form of the Bernoulli Distribution.- 2.2.C. Space-Time Evolution of the Probability Distribution. The Diffusion Constant. The Mean Square Displacement as a Function of Time.- 2.2.D. Probability of Displacements for the Three-Dimensional Random Walk. Numerical Values for Diffusion Constants. Some Elementary Applications.- 2.2.E. Elementary Application: The Transfer of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Human Lung.- 2.3 The Diffusion Equation.- 2.3.A. The Space-Time Evolution of Particle Distribution. Integral Representations for Concentration C (x, t).- 2.3.B. Application of the Integral Representation for C(x, t). The Experiment of Lam and Poison. Determination of Diffusion Constant D.- 2.3.C. The Diffusion Equation for C (x, t).- 2.3.D. An Application: Smoothing Out of Sinusoidal Variations in Concentration.- 2.4 Particle Conservation, Particle Current, and Fick’s Law.- 2.4.A. Particle Conservation, Current, and the Continuity Equation.- 2.4.B. The Relation Between Current and a Concentration Gradient. Fick’s Law.- 2.4.C. Flow and Diffusion Across Porous Membranes in the Presence of Either a Concentration Difference ?C or a Pressure Difference ?P.- (i) Volume Flow Across a Porous Membrane Under the Influence of a Pressure Gradient. The Hydraulic Permeability Lp.- (ii) Solute Flow Across a Porous Membrane Due to a Concentration Gradient. The Membrane Permeability p.- (iii) Numerical Values for the Filtration Coefficient Lp and Permeability p. Theory and Experiment Compared. The Hindrance Factor.- (iv) Molecular Sieving by Membranes. The Reflection Coefficient a. Introduction to the Relation Between Solute Flow JS, Volume Flow JV, and the Concentration and Pressure Differences ?C and ?p Across the Membrane.- (v) Equalization Time for the Concentration Difference Across a Membrane, a Two-Compartment Problem.- 2.4.D. Hemodialysis. The Artificial Kidney.- (i) Physiological Role of the Kidney.- (ii) Description and Function of the Artificial Kidney.- 2.5 Flow and Diffusion of Particles Under the Action of External Forces and Collisions with Solvent Molecules.- 2.5.A. Flow, Collisions, and Momentum Transfer in a Concentration Gradient.- 2.5.B. Particle Current and the Diffusion Equation in the Presence of a Concentration Gradient and Externally Applied Forces. Drift Velocity.- 2.5.C. Mobility and the Stokes—Einstein Relation.- 2.5.D. Sedimentation Equilibrium: Scale Heights and the Molecular Weights of Macromolecules. Perrin’s Experimental Measurement of Avogadro’s Number.- 2.5.E. Ultracentrifugation.- (i) Design and Performance of the Ultracentrifuge.- (ii) The Sedimentation Coefficient s. Determination of Molecular Weights.- (iii) Determination of Molecular Weights from Sedimentation Equilibrium: Some Data.- 2.6 Flow of Solute and Solvent Across a Membrane in the Presence of Both Pressure and Concentration Gradients.- 2.6.A. Hydrostatic Pressure. Semipermeable Membrane. Osmotic Pressure. Van t’Hoff s Law. Volume Flow (Jv) Across a Semipermeable Membrane in the Presence of Both ?p and ?C.- (i) Hydrostatic Pressure.- (ii) Phenomenological Description of Osmotic Pressure and Volume Flow Across a Semipermeable Membrane. Van t’Hoff’s Law.- (iii) Physical Origin and the Theory for the Osmotic Pressure. Derivation of Van t’Hoff’s Law. Poisseuille Flow and the Flow of Solvent Through a Semipermeable Membrane Under the Influence of Both Pressure and Concentration Differences.- 2.6.B. Coupled Flow of Solute and Solvent Across a Membrane Subject to Both a Hydrostatic and an Osmotic Pressure Difference. The Three Membrane Parameters.- (i) Volume Flow Through a Permeable, Porous Membrane due to a Pressure and Concentration Gradient.- (ii) Solute Flow Through a Permeable Membrane due to Solvent Drag and Diffusion.- (iii) The Symmetrical Form of the Coupled Flow Relations.- (iv) Measurements of Membrane Parameters on Synthetic Membranes. Data on Lp, ?, p.- 2.6.C. Transport of Water and Solute Across Biological Membranes.- (i) The Permeability and Filtration Coefficient of Red Blood Cells.- (ii) The Permeability and Filtration Coefficient of Capillary Walls.- 2.Al Derivation of the Relation (2-6): Total Kinetic Energy = 3/2p V.- 2.A2 Proof of the Equipartition Law for a “Test Particle” of Mass M in a Gas at Temperature T.- 2.A3 Gaussian Integrals.- 2.7 References and Supplementary Reading.- 2.8 Problems.- 3 Poisson Statistics.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Derivation of the Poisson Probability Distribution.- 3.2.A. The Poisson Distribution and the Sampling of Particles from a Solution.- 3.2.B. The Poisson Distribution and Radioactive Decay.- 3.2.C. The Poisson Distribution and the Photoelectric Effect.- 3.3 Properties of the Poisson Distribution.- 3.3.A. Normalization and Average Value of the Poisson Distribution.- 3.3.B. Fluctuations of n Around the Average: Accurate Measurement of the Average Number of Events.- 3.3.C. Graphs of P(n, n).- 3.3.D. The Form of the Poisson Distribution for Large nx: The Normal, or Gaussian Distribution.- 3.4 Poisson Statistics and the Detection of Light by the Eye.- 3.4.A. The Detection of Light at the Threshold of Vision.- (i) Anatomical and Physiological Conditions for Maximum Sensitivity.- (ii) The Frequency-of-Seeing Curve.- (iii) Theory for the Shape of the Frequency-of-Seeing Curve.- 3.4.B. “Seeing” in the Presence of Background Light. Visual Contrast Thresholds and the Detection of Signals in the Presence of Noise.- (i) Experimental Measurement of the Visual Contrast Threshold.- (ii) The Noise Theory of the Visual Contrast Threshold Curve: For Short-Time, Small-Area Test Sources.- (iii) Visual Contrast Thresholds for Long-Time, Large-Area Test Sources.- 3.4.C. Phototransduction.- 3.5 The Luria-Delbrück Experiment: Mutation as the Source of Bacterial Immunity to Virus Attack.- 3.5.A. Introduction.- 3.5.B. Theory of the Probability Distribution for Phage Resistant Bacteria Under the Hypothesis of Mutation.- (i) Growth of Bacterial Population. Division Time.- (ii) Probability Distribution for Clones of Resistant Bacteria.- (iii) The Mean Value and Variance of the Probability Distribution for the Number of Resistant Bacteria.- 3.5.C. The Experimental Data of Luria and Delbrück. Comparison Between Theory and Experiment. Determination of the Bacterial Mutation Rate.- 3.6 References and Supplementary Reading.- 3.7 Problems.- 4 Thermal Equilibrium. The Boltzmann Factor. Entropy and Free Energy. The Second Law of Thermodynamics. Application to Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.- 4.1 The Statistical Nature of Thermal Equilibrium.- 4.1.A. Introduction: Thermal Equilibrium in Gases, Solids and Fluids. Equilibrium Between Phases. Chemical Reaction Equilibrium. Statistical Physics Versus Thermodynamics.- 4.1.B. Elements of Quantum Physics.- (i) Energy States in Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, and Solids.- (ii) Quantum States. Stability of Atoms and Molecules.- (iii) Free Particles. De Broglie Wavelength and Uncertainty Relations.- (iv) The Importance of Quantization for Statistical Physics. The Principle of Detailed Balance.- 4.2 The Probability Distribution of Energy. The Boltzmann Factor.- 4.2.A. Probability Distribution for the Energy of Vibrating Atoms in a Crystalline Solid.- (i) The Einstein Crystal as a Model.- (ii) Definition of the Probability Distribution P(n) for the Energy ?n of an Atom in the Crystal.- (iii) Microstates and Macrostates of the Einstein Crystal. Weight of a Macrostate.- (iv) Numerical Example for a Very Small Crystal.- (v) Finding the Most Probable Macrostate.- (vi) The Probability Distribution P(n) for the Energies of Atoms in the Einstein Crystal. The Boltzmann Factor.- (vii) Physical Interpretation of the Boltzmann Factor.- 4.2.B. Energy Distribution for the Atoms of an Ideal Monoatomic Gas.- (i) Phase Space and Phase-Space Trajectories of Particles.- (ii) Thermal Equilibrium as a Stationary Population in Phase Space.- (iii) The Counting of Population Patterns. The Role of Planck’s Constant h. All Microstates Are Equally Probable.- (iv) The Equilibrium Population Density in Phase Space. Macrocells and Macrostates.- (v) The Weight W of a Macrostate.- (vi) Finding the Most Probable Macrostate.- (vii) The Boltzmann Factor and Temperature.- (viii) The Barometric Formula.- (ix) The Maxwell—Boltzmann Distribution Function of Velocities.- 4.2.C. Thermal Equilibrium Between Solid and Gas. Vapor Pressure of a Solid.- (i) Gas and Solid in Thermal Contact. Demonstration that ? = 1/kT at All Temperatures.- (ii) The Vapor Pressure of a Crystalline Solid.- 4.3 Macroscopic Statement of Equilibrium Conditions. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, Minimum Principle for Free Energy. Chemical Potentials.- 4.3.A. Introduction. Simple and Composite Systems. Equations of State. Equilibrium in Composite Systems.- 4.3.B. Entropy of a Simple System and its Properties. The Second Law of Thermodynamics.- (i) The Entropy of the Einstein Crystal.- (ii) The Entropy of the Ideal Gas.- (iii) Physical Interpretation of the Entropy. Ideal Gas Case.- (iv) Illustrative Calculation of the Entropy Difference for Two States of the Ideal Monoatomic Gas.- (v) A Note on the Chemical Potential ?.- (vi) General Statement of the Equilibrium Conditions. The Second Law of Thermodynamics.- (vii) Simple Illustrative Applications of the Entropy Maximum Principle.- 4.3.C. The Free Energy Minimum Principles.- (i) A System at Constant Temperature and Volume. The Helmholtz Free Energy.- (ii) Mathematical Interlude: Maxwell Relations and Their Use.- (iii) Equilibrium at Constant Pressure and Temperature. The Gibbs Free Energy.- 4.4 Applications of the Equilibrium Conditions to Problems in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.- 4.4.A. Equilibrium Between Phases. The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation.- 4.4.B. Dilute Solutions of Nonelectrolytes.- (i) The Gibbs Free Energy of a Dilute Solution. The Concept of the Ideal Solution.- (ii) Connection Between the Gibbs Free Energy and the Chemical Potentials of Each Species in a Multicomponent Solution.- (iii) Expressions for the Chemical Potentials of Solvent, and Solutes in a Dilute, Ideal Solution.- (iv) Raoult’s Law; the Lowering of the Solvent Vapor Pressure by the Presence of Solute. Elevation of Boiling Point.- (v) Osmotic Pressure Revisited. Van t’ Hoff’s Law.- (vi) The Solubility of Gases. Henry’s Law.- 4.4.C. The Binding of Ligands to Multi-subunit Proteins.- (i) Thermodynamic Equilibrium and the Binding of Ligands to Distinct Sites on Multi-subunit Proteins.- (ii) The Structure and Function of the Oxygen Binding Proteins: Hemoglobin and Myoglobin.- (iii) The Theory of Oxygen Binding to Myoglobin.- (iv) The Theory of Oxygen Binding to Hemoglobin.- (v) Further Models and Applications of the Theory of Ligand Binding.- 4.Al Multinomial Coefficients: Weight of a Macrostate for the Einstein Crystal.- 4.A2 Occupancy of Microcells by Atoms of an Ideal Gas.- 4.A3 The Equipartition Theorem of Classical Statistical Mechanics.- 4.5 References and Supplementary Reading.- 4.6 Problems.- Table of Important Constants.- Table of Units and Conversion Factors.- 4.6.A. Units of Length.- 4.6.B. Units of Area and Volume.- 4.6.C. Units of Force.- 4.6.D. Units of Pressure.- 4.6.E. Units of Energy.

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Book SynopsisThis superb collection by the eminent physicist and critic John Ziman, opens with an album of portraits of scientists--Albert Einstein, Freeman Dyson, Lev Landau, Mark Azbel, Andrei Sakharov. Ziman takes readers into the world of the contemporary scientist, showing how discoveries are made and how claims are tested. He then travels into the minds of scientists as they are drawn into competing directions. Here Ziman exposes the path of discovery, which is strewn with complex human needs, governmental restrictions, the desire for profits, and the exercise of technical virtuosity.

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Book SynopsisThis collaboration of two physiologists and a gastroenterologist provides medical and graduate students, medical and surgical residents, and subspecialty fellows a comprehensive summary of digestive system physiology and addresses the pathophysiological processes that underlie some GI diseases. The textual approach proceeds by organ instead of the traditional organization followed by other GI textbooks. This approach lets the reader track the food bolus as it courses through the GI tract, learning on the way each organ's physiologic functions as the bolus directly or indirectly contacts it. The book is divided into three parts: (1) Chapters 1–3 include coverage of basic concepts that pertain to all (or most) organs of the digestive system, salivation, chewing, swallowing, and esophageal function, (2) Chapters 4–6 are focused on the major secretory organs (stomach, pancreas, liver) that assist in the assimilation of a meal, and (3) Chapters 7 and 8 address the motor, transport, and digestive functions of the small and large intestines. Each chapter includes its own pathophysiology and clinical correlation section that underscores the importance of the organ’s normal function.Table of Contents Preface 1. Basic Concepts 2. Eating: Salivation, Chewing, and Swallowing 3. The Esophagus 4. The Stomach 5. The Pancreas 6. The Liver and Biliary Tree 7. The Small Intestine 8. The Large Intestine Author Biographies

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Book SynopsisThis book serves as an introduction to the use of mathematics in describing collective phenomena in physics and biology. Derived from a course of innovative lectures, the book shows students early in their studies how many of the topics they have encountered – partial differential equations, differential equations, Fourier series, and linear algebra – are useful in constructing, analysing and interpreting phenomena present in the real world. Throughout, ideas are developed using worked examples and exercises with solution. The text does not assume a strong background in physics. Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "This textbook … is designed for undergraduates who have followed a first ‘mathematical methods’ course and who are ready to study in more depth the mathematics underlying phenomena … . Each chapter includes a number of worked examples and a dozen or so exercises, with solutions collected at the end of the book. The book is aimed at students of applied mathematics, physics and engineering. The emphasis on techniques and the frequent references to applications make it particularly suitable for this audience." (S.C. Russen, The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 89 (516), 2005) "Fields, Flows, and Waves, is an introduction to continuum models based on the author’s lectures … . Ample illustrations and worked examples come with the exposition, and there are several exercises with varying degrees of difficulty; detailed solutions are included at the end of the text. … I warmly recommend this book. It reads well and is in an attractive, concise format. … It makes one yearn for a course in the curriculum where this material could be regularly taught." (SIAM Review, Vol. 46 (3), 2004) "This book is an introduction to the mathematical methods in classical fields theory. It is designed for the second-year undergraduate in physics, mathematics and engineering. … The presentation is excellent, numerous examples of increasing difficulties are considered with details. … The book ends with solutions to the exercises a short bibliography and an index. In conclusion, I warmly recommend this book to any students in physics because it’s well written … interesting and very useful." (Stéphane Métens, Physicalia, Vol. 26 (1), 2004) "This book … is a first introduction to the mathematical description of fields, flows and waves. It shows students, early in their studies, how many of the topics they have encountered are useful … . Designed for second-year undergraduate students in mathematics, mathematical physics, and engineering, it presumes only a limited familiarity with several variable calculus and vector fields. … The ideas are developed through worked examples, and a range of exercises (with solutions) is provided to test understanding." (Läenseignement Mathematique, Vol. 49 (3-4), 2003) "This is another excellent readable book in the Springer Undergraduate Mathematics Series (SUMS). It is a refreshingly modern approach to Continuum Mechanics … . Indeed Professor Parker has written this book so that it might be used directly as an elementary course … . This is a carefully written, well structured book which contains a wealth of examples complete with solutions. … a carefully structured book from which a modern undergraduate applied mathematics course may be taught directly." (Sean McKee, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol.504, 2004) "Introductory books … often struggle with the balance between the motivating physical problems and the formal mathematical structures. As the title suggests, Parker … manages to keep the more technical mathematical structure in clear view. Particularly impressive is how carefully the author leads readers … . the book has a completeness that makes it attractive as a self-contained resource as well as a textbook. … complete solutions (not just answers) to all of the exercises makes the book particularly effective for independent study of this material. Summing Up: Highly recommended." (J. Feroe, CHOICE, December, 2003) "The book is well-written and illustrated by interesting figures which make the text easy to read and attractive. Of course undergraduate students in physics and maybe in mathematics will surely benefit of a lecture and practice of this book. Each of the ten chapters indeed contains some lists of significant exercises. The more or less detailed solutions of these exercises are gathered at the end of the book." (Alain Brillard, Zentralblatt MATH, 2003) "Continuum models ignoring the substructures of fluids are useful and widely applied for the description of fields, flows, and waves in different research works. This book gives a first introduction to the mathematical methods necessary for the solution of the resulting equations. … Each chapter contains some examples and exercises. … The results of the exercises are listed at the end of the book. … the book is a useful introduction in this important branch of knowledge." (Bernd Platzer, www.zamm-journal.org, 2004) "David Parker’s book Fields, Flows and Waves: An Introduction to Continuum Models … is a fine addition to the Springer Undergraduate Mathematics Series. … For the subjects considered, the author provides masterly compact accounts of the physical phenomena … and solves interesting problems. Parker takes particular care to examine the physical implications of the mathematical solutions … . An adequate selection of student exercises is included, with solutions … . could be used to enrich an advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate course on continuum mechanics." (James Casey, Physics today, October, 2004)Table of Contents1. The Continuum Description.- 1.1 Densities and Fluxes.- 1.2 Conservation and Balance Laws in One Dimension.- 1.3 Heat Flow.- 1.4 Steady Radial Flow in Two Dimensions.- 1.5 Steady Radial Flow in Three Dimensions.- 2. Unsteady Heat Flow.- 2.1 Thermal Energy.- 2.1.1 Heat Balance in One-dimensional Problems.- 2.1.2 Some Special Solutions of Equation (2.3).- 2.2 Effects of Heat Supply.- 2.3 Unsteady, Spherically Symmetric Heat Flow.- 3. Fields and Potentials.- 3.1 Gradient of a Scalar.- 3.1.1 Some Applications.- 3.2 Gravitational Potential.- 3.2.1 Special Properties of the Function ?=r?1.- 3.3 Continuous Distributions of Mass.- 3.4 Electrostatics.- 3.4.1 Gauss’s Law of Flux.- 3.4.2 Charge-free Regions.- 3.4.3 Surface Charge Density.- 4. Laplace’s Equation and Poisson’s Equation.- 4.1 The Ubiquitous Laplacian.- 4.2 Separable Solutions.- 4.3 Poisson’s Equation.- 4.4 Dipole Solutions.- 4.4.1 Uses of Dipole Solutions to ?2?=0.- 4.4.2 Spherical Inclusions.- 5. Motion of an Elastic String.- 5.1 Tension and Extension; Kinematics and Dynamics.- 5.1.1 Dynamics.- 5.2 Planar Motions.- 5.2.1 Small Transverse Motions.- 5.2.2 Longitudinal Motions.- 5.3 Properties of the Wave Equation.- 5.3.1 Standing Waves.- 5.3.2 Superposition of Standing Waves.- 5.4 D’Alembert’s Solution, Travelling Waves and Wave Reflections.- 5.4.1 Wave Reflections.- 5.5 Other One-dimensional Waves.- 5.5.1 Acoustic Vibrations in a’ lUbe.- 5.5.2 Telegraphy and High-voltage Transmission.- 6. Fluid Flow.- 6.1 Kinematics and Streamlines.- 6.1.1 Some Important Examples of Steady Flow.- 6.2 Volume Flux and Mass Flux.- 6.2.1 Incompressible Fluids.- 6.2.2 Mass Conservation.- 6.3 Two-dimensional Flows of Incompressible Fluids.- 6.3.1 The Continuity Equation.- 6.3.2 Irrotational Flows and the Velocity Potential.- 6.3.3 The Stream Function.- 6.4 Pressure in a Fluid.- 6.4.1 Resultant Force.- 6.4.2 Hydrostatics and Archimedes’ Principle.- 6.4.3 Momentum Density and Momentum Flux.- 6.5 Bernoulli’s Equation.- 6.5.1 The Material (Advected) Derivative.- 6.5.2 Bernoulli’s Equation and Dynamic Pressure.- 6.5.3 The Principle of Aerodynamic Lift.- 6.6 Three-dimensional, Incompressible Flows.- 6.6.1 The Continuity Equation.- 6.6.2 Irrotational Flows, the Velocity Potential and Laplace’s Equation.- 7. Elastic Deformations.- 7.1 The Kinematics of Deformation.- 7.1.1 Deformation Gradient.- 7.1.2 Stretch and Rotation.- 7.2 Polar Decomposition.- 7.3 Stress.- 7.3.1 Traction Vectors.- 7.3.2 Components of Stress.- 7.3.3 Traction on a General Surface.- 7.4 Isotropic Linear Elasticity.- 7.4.1 The Constitutive Law.- 7.4.2 Stretching, Shear and Torsion.- 8. Vibrations and Waves.- 8.1 Wave Reflection and Refraction.- 8.1.1 Use of the Complex Exponential.- 8.1.2 Plane Waves.- 8.1.3 Reflection at a Rigid Wall.- 8.1.4 Refraction at an Interface.- 8.1.5 Total Internal Reflection.- 8.2 Guided Waves.- 8.2.1 Acoustic Waves in a Layer.- 8.2.2 Waveguides and Dispersion.- 8.3 Love Waves in Elasticity.- 8.4 Elastic Plane Waves.- 8.4.1 Elastic Shear Waves.- 8.4.2 Dilatational Waves.- 9. Electromagnetic VVaves and Light.- 9.1 Physical Background.- 9.1.1 The Origin of Maxwell’s Equations.- 9.1.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves.- 9.1.3 Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves.- 9.2 Waveguides.- 9.2.1 Rectangular Waveguides.- 9.2.2 Circular Cylindrical Waveguides.- 9.2.3 An Introduction to Fibre Optics.- 10. Chemical and Biological Models.- 10.1 Diffusion of Chemical Species.- 10.1.1 Fick’s Law of Diffusion.- 10.1.2 Self-similar Solutions.- 10.1.3 Travelling Wavefronts.- 10.2 Population Biology.- 10.2.1 Growth and Dispersal.- 10.2.2 Fisher’s Equation and Self-limitation.- 10.2.3 Population-dependent Dispersivity.- 10.2.4 Competing Species.- 10.2.5 Diffusive Instability.- 10.3 Biological Waves.- 10.3.1 The Logistic Wavefront.- 10.3.2 Travelling Pulses and Spiral Waves.- Solutions.

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Book SynopsisAs its title says, it's the hundred-page machine learning book. It was written by an expert in machine learning holding a Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence with almost two decades of industry experience in computer science and hands-on machine learning.This is a unique book in many aspects. It is the first successful attempt to write an easy to read book on machine learning that isn't afraid of using math. It's also the first attempt to squeeze a wide range of machine learning topics in a systematic way and without loss in quality.The book contains only those parts of the huge body of material on machine learning developed since the 1960s that have proven to have a significant practical value. A beginner in machine learning will find in this book just enough details to get a comfortable level of understanding of the field and start asking the right questions. Practitioners with experience will use this book as a collection of pointers to the directions of further self-improvement.The book also comes in handy when brainstorming at the beginning of a project, when you try to answer the question whether a given technical or business problem is 'machine-learnable' and, if yes, which techniques you should try to solve it.The book comes with a wiki which contains pages that extend some book chapters with additional information: Q&A, code snippets, further reading, tools, and other relevant resources. Thanks to the continuously updated wiki this book like a good wine keeps getting better after you buy it.

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Book SynopsisThough thousands of articles and books have been published on various aspects of the Manhattan Project, this book is the first comprehensive single-volume history prepared by a specialist for curious readers without a scientific background. This project, the United States Army’s program to develop and deploy atomic weapons in World War II, was a pivotal event in human history. The author presents a wide-ranging survey that not only tells the story of how the project was organized and carried out, but also introduces the leading personalities involved and features simplified but accurate descriptions of the underlying science and the engineering challenges. The technical points are illustrated by reader-friendly graphics. . Trade Review“The book is written in a clear and powerful language, and it involves a reader as a catching detective novel. Multiple memoirs and archives are cited, plenty of rare historical pictures and illustrations are shown. The book presents a fascinating history of science and technology, management and politics, giving to readers a view and feeling of participation in one of the most pivotal undertakings in human history which is a big part of our contemporary world.” (Stan Lipovetsky, Technometrics, Vol. 64 (2), 2022)Table of ContentsIntroduction: An Overview of the Manhattan Project.- Background: A Brief but Friendly Tour of Nuclear Physics.- Organization: Coordinating Government and Army Support.- Design: The Los Alamos Laboratory.- Production: Uranium and Plutonium.- Testing: Project Trinity.- Deployment: Hiroshima and Nagasaki.- Legacy: The Cold War, the Nuclear Landscape, and Possible Futures.

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Book SynopsisThis collection of essays traces a scientific journey bookmarked by remarkable mentors and milestones of science. It provides fascinating reading for everyone interested in the history, public appreciation, and value of science, as well as giving first-hand accounts of many key events and prominent figures. The author was one of the “sputnik kids” growing up in the US at the start of the space age. He built a working laser just two years after they were first invented, an experience that convinced him to become a physicist. During his 50-year career in physics, many personalities and notable events in science and technology helped to form his view of how science contributes to the modern world​, including his conviction that the impact of science can be most effective when introduced within the context of the humanities - especially history, literature and the arts.From the Foreword by former U.S. Congressman, Rush D. Holt: In this volume, we have the wide-ranging thoughts and observations of Fred Dylla, an accomplished physicist with an engineer’s fascination for gadgets, a historian’s long perspective, an artist’s aesthetic eye, and a teacher’s passion for sharing ideas. Throughout his varied career [...] his curiosity has been his foremost characteristic and his ability to see the connection between apparently disparate things his greatest skill. [...] Here he examines the roots and growth of innovation in examples from Bell Laboratories, Edison Electric Light Company, and cubist painter Georges Braque. He considers the essential place of publishing in science, that epochal intellectual technique for learning how the world works. He shows the human enrichment and practical benefits that derive from wise investments in scientific research, as well as the waste resulting from a failure to embrace appropriate technologies.Trade Review“The author’s infectious enthusiasm for science—and his evocative depiction of post–World War II optimism about the future—is inspiring.” (Physics Today, March, 2021)“All of the essays are thoughtful and fun to read. Anyone interested in science will find them interesting and accessible.” (Michael Duncan, Optics & Photonics News, osa-opn.org, February 11, 2021)“[Dylla … explores] the idea that a single individual at the right time and place can change the course of history. Bounding through the centuries, he highlights the importance of science policy and science communication, the funding of big and small science alike, and the contemporary challenges linked to research, teaching science and scholarly publishing.” (Cristina Agrigoroae, CERN Courier, cerncourier.com, January 29, 2021)Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis textbook presents a comprehensive introduction to ultrafast laser physics with a keen awareness of the needs of graduate students. It is self-contained and ready to use for both ultrafast laser courses and background for experimental investigation in the lab. The book starts with an advanced introduction to linear and nonlinear pulse propagation, details Q-switching and modelocking and goes into detail while explaining ultrashort pulse generation and measurement. Finally, the characterization of the laser signals is illustrated, and a broad range of applications presented. A multitude of worked examples and problems with solutions help to deepen the reader's understanding.Table of ContentsLinear pulse propagation in dispersive media.- linear pulse propagation.- dispersion compensation.- nonlinear pulse propagation.- relaxation oscillations in lasers.- Q-switching.- active modelocking.- passive modelocking: generation of ultrashort laser pulses.- pulse duration measurements.- noise characterization of pulsed laser signals.- applications of short-pulse lasers.- appendices.- index.

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Book SynopsisPreface.- Chapter 1.  Microphysics and geometry of snow surfaces.- Chapter 2.  Local optical properties of snow layers.- Chapter 3. Properties of solar light reflected from snow.- Chapter 4. Snow remote sensing.

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Book SynopsisAus moderner Sicht werden in diesem Teubner-Taschenbuch die Grundlagen und wichtige Anwendungen der statistischen Physik dargestellt. Auf eine gründliche Darstellung der Begriffsbildungen der statistischen Physik, auf die korrekte Herleitung grundlegender Gleichungen und auf die Durchführung wichtiger Beweise wird besonderer Wert gelegt. Das Buch eignet sich als Begleittext für Kurs- und Spezialvorlesungen, als Repetitorium zur Prüfungsvorbereitung und als Nachschlagewerk zur raschen Information für breite Leserkreise aus Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften und technischen Disziplinen, insbesondere für Studenten dieser Fachrichtungen.Table of ContentsKombinatorik - Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie - Quantenmechanik und Wahrscheinlichkeit - Thermodynamik - Statistische Physik der Gleichgewichtssysteme - Statistische Physik der Systeme im Nichtgleichgewicht - Statistische Physik und Informationstheorie - Phasenraummethoden der Quantenstatistik - Fraktaltheorie und Perkolationstheorie - Theorie dynamischer Systeme, Chaostheorie, Ergodentheorie - Statistische Thermodynamik chemischer Systeme - Statistische Theorie biologischer Systeme - Synergetik, weitere Anwendungen der statistischen Physik

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Table of ContentsDas Prinzip von d’Alembert in der Klassischen Mechanik und in der Quantentheorie.

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Table of ContentsAspects of non-commutative order.- Correspondences between von neumann algebras and discrete automorphism groups.- The construction and decomposition of quantum fields using operator theory, probability and fiber bundles.- On KMS states of a C* dynamical system.- Recent developments in the theory of unbounded derivations in C*-algebras.- Quasi-expectations and injective operator algebras.- General short exact sequence theorem for toeplitz operators of uniform algebras.- AW*-algebras with monotone convergence property and type III, non W*, AW*-factors.- A non-W*, AW*-factor.- Fixed points and commutation theorems.- Algebraic features of equilibrium states.- Minimal dilations of CP-flows.- Resistance inequalities for the isotropic heisenberg model.- Homogeneity of the state space of factors of type III1.- Product isometries and automorphisms of the car algebra.- Construction of ITPFI with non-trivial uncountable T-set.- On the algebraic reduction theory for countable direct summand C*-algebras of separable C*-algebras.- C*-algebras and applications to physics.

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Book SynopsisThis work was first published in 1947 in German under the title "Re­ chenmethoden der Quantentheorie". It was meant to serve a double purpose: to help both, the student when first confronted with quantum mechanics and the experimental scientist, who has never before used it as a tool, to learn how to apply the general theory to practical problems of atomic physics. Since that early date, many excellent books have been written introducing into the general framework of the theory and thus indispensable to a deeper understanding. It seems, however, that the more practical side has been somewhat neglected, except, of course, for the flood of special monographs going into broad detail on rather restricted topics. In other words, an all-round introduction to the practical use of quantum mechanics seems, so far, not to exist and may still be helpful. It was in the hope of filling this gap that the author has fallen in with the publishers' wish to bring the earlier German editions up to date and to make the work more useful to the worldwide community of science students and scientists by writing the new edition in English. From the beginning there could be no doubt that the work had to be much enlarged. New approximation methods and other developments, especially in the field of scattering, had to be added. It seemed necessary to include relativistic quantum mechanics and to offer, at least, a glimpse of radiation theory as an example of wave field quantization.Table of ContentsI. General Concepts.- 1. Law of probability conservation.- 2. Variational principle of Schrödinger.- 3. Classical mechanics for space averages.- 4. Classical laws for angular motion.- 5. Energy conservation law.- 6. Hermitian conjugate.- 7. Construction of an hermitian operator.- 8. Derivatives of an operator.- 9. Time rate of an expectation value.- 10. Schrödinger and Heisenberg representations.- 11. Time dependent hamiltonian.- 12. Repeated measurement.- 13. Curvilinear coordinates.- 14. Momentum space wave functions.- 15. Momentum space: Periodic and aperiodic wave functions.- II. One-Body Problems without Spin.- A. One-Dimensional Problems.- 16. Force-free case: Basic solutions.- 17. Force-free case: Wave packet.- 18. Standing wave.- 19. Opaque division wall.- 20. Opaque wall described by Dirac ? function.- 21. Scattering at a Dirac ? function wall.- 22. Scattering at a symmetric potential barrier.- 23. Reflection at a rectangular barrier.- 24. Inversion of reflection.- 25. Rectangular potential hole.- 26. Rectangular potential hole between two walls.- 27. Virtual levels.- 28. Periodic potential.- 29. Diraccomb.- 30. Harmonic oscillator.- 31. Oscillator in Hilbert space.- 32. Oscillator eigenfunctions constructed by Hilbert space operators.- 33. Harmonic oscillator in matrix notation.- 34. Momentum space wave functions of oscillator.- 35. Anharmonic oscillator.- 36. Approximate wave functions.- 37. Potential step.- 38. Pöschl-Teller potential hole.- 39. Potential hole of modified Pöschl-Teller type.- 40. Free fall of a body over earth’s surface.- 41. Accelerating electrical field.- B. Problems of Two or Three Degrees of Freedom without Spherical Symmetry.- 42. Circular oscillator.- 43. Stark effect of a two-dimensional rotator.- 44. Ionized hydrogen molecule.- 45. Oblique incidence of a plane wave.- 46. Symmetrical top.- C. The Angular Momentum.- 47. Infinitesimal rotation.- 48. Components in polar coordinates.- 49. Angular momentum and Laplacian.- 50. Hilbert space transformations.- 51. Commutators in Schrödinger representation.- 52. Particlcs of spin 1.- 53. Commutation with a tensor.- 54. Quadrupole tensor. Spherical harmonics.- 55. Transformation of spherical harmonics.- 56. Construction of Hilbert space for an angular momentum component.- 57. Orthogonality of spherical harmonics.- D. Potentials of Spherical Symmetry.- a) Bound States.- 58. Angular momentum expectation values.- 59. Construction of radial momentum operator.- 60. Solutions neighbouring eigenfunctions.- 61. Quadrupole moment.- 62. Particle enclosed in a sphere.- 63. Square well of finite depth.- 64. Wood-Saxon potential.- 65. Spherical oscillator.- 66. Degeneracy of the spherical oscillator.- 67. Kepler problem.- 68. Hulthén potential.- 69. Kratzer’s molecular potential.- 70. Morse potential.- 71. Rotation correction of Morse formula.- 72. Yukawa potential hole.- 73. Isotope shift in x-rays.- 74. Muonic atom ground state.- 75. Central-force model of deuteron.- 76. Momentum space wave functions for central force potentials.- 77. Momentum space integral equation for central force potentials.- 78. Momentum space wave functions for hydrogen.- 79. Stark effect of a three-dimensional rotator.- b) Problems of Elastic Scattering.- 80. Interference of incident and scattered waves.- 81. Partial wave expansion of plane wave.- 82. Partial wave expansion of scattering amplitude.- 83. Scattering at low energies.- 84. Scattering by a constant repulsive potential.- 85. Anomalous scattering.- 86. Scattering resonances.- 87. Contribution of higher angular momenta.- 88. Shape-independent approximation.- 89. Rectangular hole: Low-energy scattering.- 90. Low-energy scattering and bound state.- 91. Deuteron potential with and without hard core.- 92. Low-energy cross section with and without hard core.- 93. Low-energy scattering by a modified Pöschl-Teller potential hole.- 94. Radial integral equation.- 95. Variational principle of Schwinger.- 96. Successive approximations to partial-wave phase shift.- 97. Calogero’s equation.- 98. Linearization of Calogero’s equation.- 99. Scattering length for a negative-power potential.- 100. Second approximation to Calogero equation.- 101. Square-well potential: Scattering length.- 102. Scattering length for a Yukawa potential.- 103. Improvement of convergence in a spherical harmonics series.- 104. Collision-parameter integral.- 105. Born scattering: Successive approximation steps.- 106. Scattering by a Yukawa potential.- 107. Scattering by an exponential potential.- 108. Born scattering by a charge distribution of spherical symmetry.- 109. Hard sphere: High energy scattering.- 110. Rutherford scattering formula.- 111. Partial wave expansion for the Coulomb field.- 112. Anomalous scattering.- 113. Sommerfeld-Watson transform.- 114. Regge pole.- E. The Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) Approximation.- 115. Eikonal expansion.- 116. Radial WKB solutions.- 117. WKB boundary condition of Langer.- 118. Oscillator according to WKB approach.- 119. WKB eigenvalues in a homogeneous field.- 120. Kepler problem in WKB approach.- 121. WKB phases in the force-free case.- 122. Calculation of WKB phases.- 123. Coulomb phases by WKB method.- 124. Quasipotential.- F. The Magnetic Field.- 125. Introduction of a magnetic field.- 126. Current in presence of a magnetic field.- 127. Normal Zeeman effect.- 128. Paramagnetic and diamagnetic susceptibilities without spin.- III. Particles with Spin.- A. One-Body Problems.- 129. Construction of Pauli matrices.- 130. Eigenstates of Pauli matrices.- 131. Spin algebra.- 132. Spinor transformation properties.- 133. Spin electron in a central field.- 134. Quadrupole moment of a spin state.- 135. Expectation values of magnetic moments.- 136. Fine structure.- 137. Plane wave of spin 1/2 particles.- 138. Free electron spin resonance.- B. Two- and Three-Body Problems.- 139. Spin functions for two particles.- 140. Spin-dependent central force between nucleons.- 141. Powers of spin operators.- 142. Angular momentum eigenfunctions of two spin particles.- 143. Tensor force operator.- 144. Deuteron with tensor interaction.- 145. Electrical quadrupolc and magnetic dipole moments of deuteron.- 146. Spin functions of three particles.- 147. Neutron scattering by molecular hydrogen.- IV. Many-Body Problems.- A. Few Particles.- 148. Two repulsive particles on a circle.- 149. Three-atomic linear molecule.- 150. Centre-of-mass motion.- 151. Virial theorem.- 152. Slater determinant.- 153. Exchange in interaction terms with Slater determinant.- 154. Two electrons in the atomic ground state.- 155. Excited states of the helium atom.- 156. Excited S states of the helium atom.- 157. Lithium ground state.- 158. Exchange correction to lithium ground state.- 159. Dielectric susceptibility.- 160. Diamagnetic susceptibility of neon.- 161. Van der Waals attraction.- 162. Excitation degeneracy.- 163. Neutral hydrogen molecule.- 164. Scattering of equal particles.- 165. Anomalous proton-proton scattering.- 166. Inelastic scattering.- B. Very Many Particles: Quantum Statistics.- 167. Electron gas in a metal.- 168. Paramagnetic susceptibility of a metal.- 169. Field emission, uncorrected for image force.- 170. Field emission, corrected for image force.- 171. White dwarf.- 172. Thomas-Fermi approximation.- 173. Amaldi correction for a neutral atom.- 174. Energy of a Thomas-Fermi atom.- 175. Virial theorem for the Thomas-Fermi atom.- 176. Tietz approximation of a Thomas-Fermi field.- 177. Variational approximation of Thomas-Fermi field.....- 178. Screening of K electrons.- V. Non-Stationary Problems.- 179. Two-level system with time-independent perturbation.- 180. Periodic perturbation of two-level system.- 181. Dirac perturbation method.- 182. Periodic perturbation: Resonance.- 183. Golden Rule for scattering.- 184. Born scattering in momentum space.- 185. Coulomb excitation of an atom.- 186. Photoeffect.- 187. Dispersion of light. Oscillator strengths.- 188. Spin flip in a magnetic resonance device.- VI. The Relativistic Dirac Equation.- 189. Iteration of the Dirac equation.- 190. Plane Dirac waves of positive energy.- 191. Transformation properties of a spinor.- 192. Lorentz covariants.- 193. Parity transformation.- 194. Charge conjugation.- 195. Mixed helicity states.- 196. Spin expectation value.- 197. Algebraic properties of a Dirac wave spinor.- 198. Current in algebraic formulation.- 199. Conduction current and polarization current.- 200. Splitting up of Dirac equations into two pairs.- 201. Central forces in Dirac theory.- 202. Kepler problem in Dirac theory.- 203. Hydrogen atom fine structure.- 204. Radial Kepler solutions at positive kinetic energies.- 205. Angular momentum expansion of plane Dirac wave.- 206. Scattering by a central force potential.- 207. Continuous potential step.- 208. Plane wave at a potential jump.- 209. Reflected intensity at a potential jump.- VII. Radiation Theory.- 210. Quantization of Schrödinger field.- 211. Scattering in Born approximation.- 212. Quantization of classical radiation field.- 213. Emission probability of a photon.- 214. Angular distribution of radiation.- 215. Transition probability.- 216. Selection rules for dipole radiation.- 217. Intensities of Lyman lines.- 218. Compton effect.- 219. Bremsstrahlung.- Mathematical Append.- Coordinate systems.- ? function.- Bessel functions.- Legendre functions.- Spherical harmonics.- The hypergeometric series.- The confluent scries.- Some functions defined by integrals.- Index for Volumes I and II.

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Book SynopsisThis is not an introduction to physics but an analysis of its founda­ tions. Indeed, the aims of this book are: (1) to analyze the form and content of some of the key ideas of physics; (2) to formulate several basic physical theories in an explicit and orderly (i. e. , axiomatic) fashion; (3) to exhibit their presuppositions and discuss some of their philosoph­ ical implications; (4) to discuss some of the controversial issues, and (5) to debunk certain dusty philosophical tenets that obscure the under­ standing of physics and hinder its progress. To the extent to which these goals are attained, the volume can serve as a companion to studies in theoretical physics aiming at deepening the understanding of the logical structure and the physical meaning of our science. In order to keep the book slender, whole fields of basic physical research had to be excluded - chiefly many-body physics, quantum field theories, and elementary particle theories. A large coverage was believed to be less important than a comparatively detailed analysis and reconstruction of three representative monuments: classical mechan­ ics, general relativity, and quantum mechanics, as well as their usually unrecognized presuppositions. The reader is invited to join the project and supply some of the many missing chapters - or to rewrite the present ones entirely.Table of ContentsFoundations Research.- 1. Object: Fundamental Theories.- 2. Aims: Analysis and Synthesis.- 3. Why Foundations ?.- 4. How FR ?.- 5. Present State of FR.- 6. Outlook.- 1 Toolbox.- 1. Form and Content.- 1.1. Language.- 1.2. Logic.- 1.3. Semantics.- 2. Predicates.- 2.1. Magnitudes.- 2.2. Constants.- 2.3. Semantical and Methodological Status.- 2.4. Dimensions.- 2.5. Scales and Units.- 3. Hypotheses.- 3.1. Assumptions.- 3.2. Law Statements.- 3.3. Variational Principles.- 3.4. Conservation Laws.- 4. Theories.- 4.1. Form and Content.- 4.2. Physical Axiomatics.- 4.3. Theory Construction.- 5. Theory Checking.- 5.1. Testability.- 5.2. Explanation and Prediction.- 5.3. Rival Theories and Programmes.- 2 Protophysics.- 1. Zerological Principles.- 2. Physical Probabilities.- 3. Chronology.- 4. Physical Geometry.- 5. General Systems Theory.- 6. Analytical “Dynamics”.- 6.1. General “Dynamics”.- 6.2. Excursus: Independent Axiomatization of Hamilton’s “Dynamics”.- 6.3. Transition from G to Lagrange’s “Dynamics”.- 6.4. Excursus: Independent Axiomatization of Lagrange’s “Dynamics”.- 6.5. Transition from G to Hamilton-Jacobi’s “Dynamics”.- 6.6. Extensions to Continuous Systems.- 6.7. Intertheory Relations.- 3 Classical Mechanics.- 1. Particle Mechanics.- 1.1. Background and Primitives.- 1.2. Axioms.- 1.3. Sample of Theorems.- 1.4. Analysis.- 2. Continuum Mechanics.- 2.1. Background and Building Blocks.- 2.2. Axioms.- 2.3. Typical Consequences.- 2.4. Tests.- 4 Classical Field Theories.- 1. Classical Electromagnetism.- 1.1. Microelectromagnetism.- 1.2. Alternative Formulations of Microelectromagnetism.- 1.3. Some Typical Theorems.- 1.4. Classical Electrodynamics.- 1.5. Phenomenological Macroelectromagnetism.- 1.6. Representational Macroelectromagnetism.- 1.7. Nonfield Theories of E.M..- 1.8. Testability of CEM.- 2. Special Relativity.- 2.1. Background and Heuristic Cue.- 2.2. Basis of Relativistic Kinematics.- 2.3. Some Logical Consequences.- 2.4. Relativistic Physics.- 2.5. Disputed Questions.- 3. General Relativity.- 3.1. Heuristic Components.- 3.2. Basis of General Relativity.- 3.3. Comments.- 3.4. Some Representative Theorems.- 3.5. Empirical Tests.- 5 Quantum Mechanics.- 1. Quantum Heuristics.- 2. Background and Building Blocks.- 3. Comprehensive Postulates.- 4. Comprehensive Theorems.- 5. Specific Postulates.- 6. Specific Theorems.- 7. Measurement Theory.- 8. Debated Questions.- Epilogue.

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Book SynopsisSince Valasek's discovery of the ferroelectric properties of Rochelle salt nearly 60 years ago, ferroelectricity has been regarded as one of the tradi- tional branches of dielectric physics. It has had important applications in lattice dynamics, quantum electronics, and nonlinear optics. The study of electron processes in ferroelectrics was begun with VUL's investigations of the ferroelectric properties of barium titanate [1.1]. In- trinsic and extrinsic optical absorption, band structure, conductivity and photoconductivity, carrier mobility. and transport mechanisms were examined in this compound, and in other perovskite ferroelectric semiconductors. An important discovery was that of the highly photosensitive photoconducting ferroelectrics of type AVBVICVIII (e.g. SbSI) by MERZ et al. in 1962 [1.2,3]. A large number of ferroelectric semiconductors (some photosensitive, some not) are now known, including broad-band materials (e.g. lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, barium and strontium niobate, and type-A~B~I compounds), BI and narrow-band semiconductors (e.g. type_AIVB compounds). A series of improper ferroelectric semiconductors and photosensitive ferroelastics have been discovered, of which Sb 0 I is an example. s 7 Owing to the uncertainty of their band structure, the difficulty in deter- mining the nature of the levels, the complexity of alloying, and their gen- erally low mobility values, ferroelectrics are rarely of interest regarded as nonlinear semiconductors. The most fruitful approach has been the study of the influence of electrons (especially nonequilibrium electrons) and electron excitations on phase transitions and ferroelectric properties. A large group of phenomena have recently been discovered and investigated.Table of Contents1. Introduction.- 2. The Thermodynamics of Photoferroelectrics.- 2.1 The Free Energy of a Ferroelectric Semiconductor.- 2.2 First- and Second-Order Phase Transitions.- 2.3 Effect of Electrons on Phase Transitions: Photoferroelectric Phenomena.- 2.4 The Energy-Gap Anomaly.- 2.5 Electrical Conductivity of Ferroelectric Semiconductors Near the Curie Point.- 3. The Microscopic Theory of Photoferroelectric Phenomena.- 3.1 Ferroelectric Phase Transitions and the Soft Vibration Mode..- 3.2 Effect of Screening on the Soft Vibration Mode.- 3.3 Ferroelectric Phase Transitions and Interband Electron-Phonon Interactions.- 3.4 Change in Dipole Moment of Centres on Optical Recharging.- 3.5 Phasons and Fluctuons.- 4. Screening of Spontaneous Polarization.- 4.1 Debye Length as Screening Length Parameter in Ferroelectrics.- 4.2 Screening and Periodic Structure of Interphase Boundaries in Ferroelectrics.- 5. Photoferroelectric Phenomena and Photostimulated Phase Transitions.- 5.1 Thermodynamics of Photoferroelectric Phenomena.- 5.2 Photostimulated Shift of Phase Transition Temperature and Photohysteresis Effect.- 5.3 Influence of Electron Excitations on Spontaneous Polarization.- 5.4 Photodeformation Effect.- 5.5 Photoinduced Rayleigh Scattering in BaTiO3.- 6. The Anomalous Photovoltaic Effect in Ferroelectrics.- 6.1 The APV Effect in Ferroelectrics.- 6.2 Photovoltaic Current with Short-Circuited Electrodes.- 6.3 The Nature of the AP Effect in Ferroelectrics.- 6.3.1 Asymmetry of Impurity Centers and Frank-Condon Relaxation.- 6.3.2 Photoinduced Fluctuations.- 7. The Photorefractive Effect in Ferroelectrics.- 7.1. Mechanisms of the PR Effect in Ferroelectrics.- 7.1.1 The AP Effect.- 7.1.2 The Influence of Electron Excitations on Spontaneous Polarization.- 7.1.3 The Diffusion of Nonequilibrium Carriers.- 7.1.4 The Photoconductivity in an External Field.- 7.2. Photorefractive Holographic Recording.- 7.3 Photorefractive Sensitivity.- 7.4 Effect of Photorefraction on Multiphoton Excitation.- 8. Screening Phenomena.- 8.1 Influence of Nonequilibrium Carriers on Screening of Interfaces.- 8.2 Influence of Screening on Switching Processes.- 8.2.1 Photoswitching in SbSI.- 8.2.2 Photoswitching in PLZT.- 8.3 The Photodomain Effect.- 8.3.1 The Photodomain Effect in SbSI and BaTiO3.- 8.3.2 The Influence of Intrinsic Illumination on Pyrocurrents in SbSI and BaTiO3.- 8.4 Screening and Short-Circuit Photocurrents.- References.

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Table of ContentsSymmetry and invariance properties of the coupling parameters.- Different models for the potential energy in crystals.- Dynamics of molecular crystals.- Anharmonic effects in thermodynamical properties.- Point defects in crystal lattices.- Interaction of phonons with particles and radiation.

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Book SynopsisLearn what it takes to create and implement a truly successful seed policy!This unique book brings together international experts on seed policy and law. While other books approach the subject from the perspective of seed industry development and privatization, Seed Policy, Legislation, and Law makes clear that a successful national seed policy must be based on a thorough analysis of connected issues such as biodiversity and rural development. In addition to giving you an essential overview of seed regulatory reform, this book will also bring you up to date on recent developments in the field, such as intellectual property and the biosafety of GMOs.Seed Policy, Legislation, and Law examines: quality control issues in developing countries case studies from Turkey, Uganda, and Bangladesh property rights for plant varieties the regulation of genetically modified seeds in emerging economies agro-biodiversity as it relates to seed policy why a farmer seed system is essential in a national seed sector the impact of the transition from central seed sector planning to a free market how international seed associations can impact policy development new technological developments like GURTs and appropriate policy responses Table of ContentsPreface; Seed Policy, Legislation and Law: Widening a Narrow Focus; SEED POLICY The Importance of the Farmers’ Seed Systems in a Functional National Seed Sector; Seed Sectors in Transition: From Centrally Planned to Free Market; Policy Measures for Stimulating Indigenous Seed Enterprises; Challenges and Limitations of the Market; The Role of International Seed Associations in International Policy Development; Policy Response to Technological Developments: The Case of GURTs; SEED LEGISLATION AND COUNTRY CASES Seed Regulatory Reform: An Overview; Seed Quality Control in Developing Countries; Variety Controls; The Rules for International Seed Trade; Progresses in the Turkish Seed Industry; Seed Industry Development and Seed Legislation in Uganda; Seed Regulatory Frameworks in a Small Farmer Environment: The Case of Bangladesh; UPCOMING ISSUES Property Rights on Plant Varieties: An Overview; Regulating Genetically-Modified Seeds in Emerging Economies; An Agrobiodiversity Perspective on Seed Policies

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the treatability of hazardous wastes by different physicochemical treatment processes according to the Quantitative Structure and Activity Relationship (QSAR) between kinetic rate constants and molecular descriptors. The author explores how to use these models to select treatment processes according to the molecular structure of organic pollutants. He covers how to use them to predict treatability of organic pollutants having similar molecular structures by each treatment process in both homogeneous and heterogeneous media. The book is a guide for assessing the treatability of pollutants prior to designing a treatment process and a reference on advanced oxidation processes.Table of ContentsThis book examines the treatability of hazardous wastes by different physicochemical treatment processes according to the Quantitative Structure and Activity Relationship (QSAR) between kinetic rate constants and molecular descriptors. The author explores how to use these models to select treatment processes according to the molecular structure of organic pollutants. He covers how to use them to predict treatability of organic pollutants having similar molecular structures by each treatment process in both homogeneous and heterogeneous media. The book is a guide for assessing the treatability of pollutants prior to designing a treatment process and a reference on advanced oxidation processes.

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Book SynopsisThe world can be an amazing place if you know the right questions to ask: How much does a ghost reduce a house's value? How are winemakers responding to climate change? How much should you tip your Uber driver? Should your dog fear Easter more than fireworks? The keen minds of The Economist love to look beyond everyday appearances to find out what really makes things tick. In this latest collection of The Economist Explains, they have gathered the weirdest and most counter-intuitive answers they've found in their endless quest to explain our bizarre world. Take a peek at some Unconventional Wisdom - and pass it on! The world only gets more amazing when discoveries are shared.Trade ReviewThe Father Christmas of knowledge -- Giles CorenPraise for Go Figure: Books like this make you wary of ever guessing the answer to anything -- Mark Mason * Daily Mail *

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Book SynopsisThis open access book chronicles the rise of a new scientific paradigm offering novel insights into the age-old enigmas of existence. Over 300 years ago, the human mind discovered the machine code of reality: mathematics. By utilizing abstract thought systems, humans began to decode the workings of the cosmos. From this understanding, the current scientific paradigm emerged, ultimately discovering the gift of technology. Today, however, our island of knowledge is surrounded by ever longer shores of ignorance. Science appears to have hit a dead end when confronted with the nature of reality and consciousness. In this fascinating and accessible volume, James Glattfelder explores a radical paradigm shift uncovering the ontology of reality. It is found to be information-theoretic and participatory, yielding a computational and programmable universe.Table of ContentsPart I Climbing to the Summit.- Deciphering the Rules of Nature.- The Simplicity of Complexity.- Crafting Technology.- Part II The Downfall.- The Truth about Reality.- The Missing Foundations of Science.- Problems with Consciousness.- Part III A New Horizon.- So, How Can You Be Sure?.- A Universe Built of Information.- Fabricating Reality.

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Book SynopsisPhysik für Biologen - Kein trockener Stoff nur für die Prüfung! Eine Einführung in die Grundlagen der klassischen und modernen Physik sowie in die physikalischen Gesetzmäßigkeiten der Natur. Physik für Biologen - Die Grundlagen verstehen und die Wissenschaft vom Leben wird lebendig!Table of ContentsKlassische Physik.- Einführung.- Die Physik des Massenpunkts.- Die Physik des starren Körpers.- Die Physik des deformierbaren Körpers.- Die Physik der Flüssigkeiten.- Thermodynamik.- Mechanische Schwingungen und Wellen.- Das elektrische und das magnetische Feld.- Zeitlich veränderliche Felder.- Optik.- Moderne Physik.- Einführung.- Die spezielle Relativitätstheorie.- Die Quantelung des Lichts.- Materiewellen.- Atomphysik.- Kernphysik.- Quantenphysik der Vielteilchensysteme.- Molekülphysik.- Anhänge.

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Book SynopsisThis monograph deals with curious and little-known acoustic systems of commun­ ication based on whistling that are in use at the present time in many parts of the world and have had, on the evidence available, even greater currency in the past. In spite of their wide distribution, they have not so far received the attention they might have been expected to attract: linguistically and in other ways they are most interesting. For it should be realized that they are much more than mere codes or conventional systems of signals; they function in exactly the same way as speech (in the sense we normally use the term), being in fact rather extraordinary realizations of the languages spoken in the re­ gions where they occur. They utilize the vocabulary, grammar and, in many cases to a large extent, the phonology of the local speech. However their phonetic system is profoundly modified acoustically and (in some cases less so) from the point of view of articulation, because the glottal tone of every­ day communication, the "voice", is repl aced by a whistl e which carries the in­ formation. The advantage of this procedure, from the point of view of the user, is a vastly increased range as well as, under certain circumstances, a degree of secrecy. It will be shown that whistled languages appear in two main, very different forms.Table of Contents1. Introduction and Historical Sketch.- 2. Ecology.- 3. Physics of the Signal; Range.- 4. The Mechanism of Whistle Production.- 5. Phonology and Phonetics of Whistled Speech.- 6. Extra-Linguistic Information Contents of the Signal.- 7. Whistling in the Animal Kingdom.- Conclusions.

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Table of Contents1 Stromsteuernde Hochvakuum-, Gas- und Festkörper-Entladungsgeräte.- I. Hoehvakuumdioden und ihre Entladungsformen.- A. Energieprofile emittierter Elektronen zwischen Kathode und Anode..- 1. „Kontaktspannung“ Uk.- 2. Energieprofile für UK < UA (bremsendes Kontaktfeld; Fall der stromsteuernden Glühkathodenröhren).- 3. Energieprofile für UK > UA (beschleunigendes Kontaktfeld; Fall des thermionischen Energiewandlers).- B. Kennliniengleichungen für Hochvakuumdioden mit ebener bzw. zylinderförmiger Massivglühkathode.- 1. Sättigungsbereich (Ua < Us).- 2. Anlaufstrombereich (Ua > 0).- a) Diode mit ebenen Elektroden.- b) Diode mit zylinderförmigen Elektroden.- 3. Raumladungsbereich (0 < Ua< Us).- a) Diode mit ebenen Elektroden.- b) Diode mit zylinderförmigen Elektroden.- c) Graphisch-experimentelle Bestimmung der Raumladungskonstanten K.- C. Daten von Hochvakuum-Gleichrichtern.- 1. Betriebsdaten.- 2. Emissions- und Heizdaten.- 3. Konstruktionsarten.- D. Röntgenröhren.- 1. Mechanismus der Röntgenstrahlerzeugung.- 2. Strahlungsleistung einer Röntgenröhre.- 3. Wirkungsgrad, Güte und Belastbarkeit einer Röntgenröhre.- 4. Absorption von Röntgenstrahlen.- 5. Technische Röntgenanlagen.- a) Aufbau von Röntgenröhren.- b) Schaltungen zum Betrieb von Röntgenröhren.- c) Anwendungen von Röntgenröhren.- E. Hochvakuum-Photodioden (Photozellen).- 1. Lichtstärke und Lichtfluß.- 2. Lichtempfindlichkeit von Photozellen.- 3. Ia-Ua-Kennlinienfeld und Betriebsschaltung einer Photozelle.- 4. Ausführungsformen und Daten technischer Photozellen.- II. Gasgefüllte Dioden und ihre Entladungsformen.- A. Dioden mit selbständigen Entladungen.- 1. Glimmentladungs-Dioden.- a) Dioden mit normaler Glimmentladung (Stromdichte jn = 0,01 bis 10 mA/cm2; Gasdruck etwa 10?2 bis 10 Torr).- b) Dioden mit anormaler Glimmentladung (Stromdichte jan > 10 mA/cm2).- c) Dioden mit „behinderter“ Glimmentladung.- d) Dioden mit „Hohlkathoden-Entladung“.- e) Dioden mit „Spritzentladung“.- 2. Lichtbogen-Dioden.- a) Der Quecksilberdampf-Gleichrichter.- b) Die Wolfram- Punktlichtlampe.- c) Bogenlampen mit Kohleelektroden.- B. Dioden mit unselbständigen Gasentladungen.- 1. Dioden mit unselbständiger Kaltkathoden-Gasentladung.- a) Ionisationskammer.- b) Gasgefüllte Photozelle.- c) Gasentladungs- (Geiger-Müller-(Zählrohre.- d) Corona-Stabilisatorröhren.- 2. Dioden mit (unselbständiger) Glühkathoden-Gasentladung.- a) Ia-Ua-Kennlinien einer Glühkathoden-Gasdiode bei verschiedenem Druck.- b) Räumlicher Potential verlauf in einer Glühkathoden-Gasdiode bei wachsendem Gasdruck.- c) Ausführungsformen von Gasdioden mit Glühkathoden.- C. Dimensionierung von Gasdioden auf Grund ihrer Entladungseigenschaften.- 1. Bestimmung der Entladungseigenschaften mit Hilfe der Sondenmethodik.- 2. Ähnlichkeitsgesetze für Gasdioden.- III. Hochvakuumtrioden.- A. Kennliniengleichungen.- B. Potential verlauf und Elektronenbahnen.- 1. Triode mit ebenen Elektroden.- 2. Triode mit Zylindere lektroden.- C. Berechnung des Durchgriffs.- 1. Triode mit ebenen Elektroden.- 2. Triode mit zylindrischen Elektroden.- D. Abhängigkeit des Durchgriffs von den Betriebsdaten.- 1. Vergrößerung des Durchgriffs mit Abnahme von Ia durch Inselbildung.- 2. Verkleinerung d es Durchgriffs durch Raumladung.- E. Ausführungsformen von Hochvakuumtrioden.- 1. Trioden für niedrige Leistungen und Frequenzen bis 1000 MHz.- 2. Trioden für niedrige Leistungen und Frequenzen über 1000 MHz (Scheibentrioden).- 3. Trioden für hohe Leistungen (Sendetrioden).- 4. Nachteile der Trioden.- IV. Hochvakuum-Mehrpolröhren.- A. Steuerspannung in Mehrgitterröhren.- B. Stromverteilung in Mehrgitterröhren mit einem positiven Gitter.- C. Potentialverlauf in Mehrgitterröhren.- D. Typische Mehrgitterröhren.- 1. Tetroden.- a) Raumladegitter-Tetrode.- b) Schirmgitter-Tetrode.- c) Ausführungsformen und Anwendungen von Tetroden.- 2. Pentoden.- a) Wirkungsweise und Kennlinien.- b) Typische Daten und Anwendungen.- 3. Hexoden, Heptoden und Oktoden.- a) Wirkungsweise und Kennlinien.- b) Anwendungen.- E. Photovervielfacherröhren (“Photomultiplier”).- 1. VervielfachungsVorgänge.- 2. Typische Betriebsdaten.- 3. Bauformen.- 4. Anwendungen.- F. Mehrpolige Hochvakuum-Schalt- und Zählröhren.- 1. Dekadische Elektronenstrahl-Schaltröhre mit axialem Magnetfeld..- a) Aufbau.- b) Schaltvorgang.- 2. Dekadische Zählröhre mit Leuchtschirm-Anzeige.- V. Gasgefüllte Mehrpolröhren.- A. Glühkathoden-Gastriode (Thyratron).- 1. Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.- 2. Betriebsdaten.- 3. Anwendungen.- B. Gastrioden mit flüssiger Quecksilberkathode (Zündstift-Trioden).- 1. Ignitron.- 2. Excitron.- 3. Anwendungen.- C. Kaltkathoden-Mehrpolröhren.- 1. Schaltröhren (Relaisröhren).- 2. Zählröhren.- 3. Signalröhren.- VI. Zweipolige Festkörper-Entladungsgeräte.- A. Charakteristische Daten anorganischer Halbleiter.- B. Festkörperdioden.- 1. Elektrische Eigenschaften und Bändermodelle.- 2. Ausführungsformen von Festkörperdioden.- a) Selendioden.- b) Cu2O-Dioden (Kupferoxydul-Gleichrichter).- c) Germanium- und Siliziumdioden.- d) Kapazitätsdioden.- e) Zenerdioden.- f) Tunneldioden.- g) Rückwärts- (Backward-)Dioden.- C. Photo widerstände, Photodioden und Photoelemente.- 1. Innerer lichtelektrischer Effekt.- 2. Ausführungsformen von lichtempfindlichen Halbleiter-Bauelementen.- a) Photowiderstände.- b) Photodioden.- c) Photoelemente.- D. Heißleiter (Thermistoren).- VII. Festkörper-Mehrpolgeräte.- A. Niederfrequenz-, Hochfrequenz- und Leistungs-Transistoren.- 1. Niederfrequenz-Transistoren.- 2. Hochfrequenz-Transistoren.- 3. Leistungs-Transistoren.- B. Sonderformen von Transistoren.- 1. Spitzentransistor.- 2. Unipolar- (Feldeffekt-)Transistor.- 3. Schalt-Transistor.- 4. Transistor-Tetrode (Doppelbasis-Transistor).- 5. Phototransistor.- C. Thyristoren (gesteuerte Silizium-Gleichrichter).- 1. Spannungsgesteuerter Thyristor.- 2. Lichtgesteuerte Thyristoren.- D. Doppelbasisdiode (“Faden-Transistor”).- VIII. Weitere Festkörper-Entladungsgeräte.- A. Elektrolumineszenz-Lampen und-Bildverstärker.- 1. Mechanismus der Elektrolumineszenz.- 2. Ausführungsformen von Elektrolumineszenz-Lampen.- a) Lampe mit ZnS-Leuchtstoffschicht.- b) Infrarot-Strahler mit GaAs-Sperrschicht.- 3. Festkörper-Bildverstärker.- B. Atombatterien.- 1. Prinzip.- 2. Ausführungen.- a) Atombatterie mit direkter Erregung („Quantentransformator“).- b) Atombatterie mit indirekter Erregung.- C. Kristallzähler.- 1. Einkristallzähler.- 2. Sperrschichtzähler.- a) Germanium- und Silizium-p-n-Sperrschichtzähler.- b) Germanium- bzw. Silizium-p-i-n-Sperrschichtzähler.- 3. Kristall-Auslösezähler.- D. Hallgeneratoren.- E. Halbleiter-Kühlelemente.- IX. Mikro-Transistorsysteme.- A. Integrierte Dünnfilmschaltungen.- B. Integrierte Halbleiterschaltungen.- X. Laser.- A. Spontane und induzierte Strahlungsemission.- B. Laserarten.- 1. Festkörper-Laser.- a) Rubin-Laser.- b) Dioden-Laser.- 2. Gas-Laser.- C. Eigenschaften und Anwendungen der Laserstrahlung.- 1. Eigenschaften.- 2. Technische Anwendungen.- XI. Literaturverzeichnis zum Kapitel 1.- 2 Elektronenoptische Geräte.- I. Elektronenlinsen.- A. Bedingungen für die „optische“ Ausbreitung eines Elektronenstrahls.- 1. Weglängen-Bedingung.- 2. Bedingung hinsichtlich der Ladungsabstoßung.- B. Elektrische Elektronenlinsen.- 1. Allgemeines.- a) Einteilungsarten.- b) Elektrische Eigenschaften.- 2. Scheibenlinsen.- a) Allgemeine Berechnung der Brennweiten.- b) Brennweitenformeln für typische Scheibenlinsen.- c) Anwendungen der Scheibenlinsen.- 3. Rohrlinsen.- a) Einrohrlinse mit Netz.- b) Zweirohrlinse (mit gleichem Rohrdurchmesser).- c) Einrohrlinse mit zwei Netzen.- d) Anwendungen der Rohrlinsen.- C. Magnetische Elektronenlinsen.- 1. Allgemeines.- a) Einteilungsarten.- b) Elektrische Eigenschaften.- 2. Allgemeine Berechnung der Brennweite und der Bilddrehung.- 3. Magnetische Linsen ohne Feldumkehr.- a) Kurze Luftspulen.- b) Kurze Eisenspulen (ohne Feldumkehr).- c) Anwendungen der kurzen Luft- bzw. Eisenspulen ohne Feldumkehr.- 4. Magnetische Linsen mit einfacher Feldumkehr.- a) Eisenfreie Linsen.- b) Eisenlinsen.- c) Anwendungen.- 5. Magnetische Linsen mit doppelter Feldumkehr.- a) Eisenfreie Linsen.- b) Eisenlinsen.- c) Anwendungen.- D. Elektronenoptische Abbildungsgesetze.- 1. Bildkonstruktion.- 2. Linsengleichung und Abbildungsmaßstab.- a) Linsengleichung.- b) Abbildungsmaßstab.- 3. Linsengleichung und Abbildungsmaßstab für elektrische und magnetische Linsen.- a) Elektrische Linsen.- b) Magnetische Linsen.- E. Abbildungsfehler.- 1. Schärfefehler des Bildpunktes.- a) Öffnungsfehler (sphärische Aberration).- b) Astigmatismus.- c) Komafehler.- 2. Maßstabsfehler (Verzeichnung).- a) Die kissenförmige Verzeichnung.- b) Die tonnenförmige Verzeichnung.- 3. Anisotrope Bildfehler.- a) Anisotroper Astigmatismus.- b) Anisotrope Verzeichnung („Zerdrehung“).- 4. Vergleich der Bildfehler bei elektrischen und magnetischen Linsen.- II. Immersionssysteme.- A. Vorsammelsysteme in Kathodenstrahl- und Laufzeitröhren.- B. Sammelsysteme in Röntgenröhren.- C. Abbildungssysteme mit langer Magnetspule.- D. Bündelungssysteme in Verstärker- und Senderöhren.- E. Kugel- und Plattenkondensator-Immersionssystem.- F. Statisch-periodische Elektronenstrahl-Fokussiersysteme.- 1. Elektrische Systeme.- a) Rohrlinsensystem für kreiszylindrische Elektronenstrahlen.- b) Rohrlinsensystem für hohlzylindrische Elektronenstrahlen.- c) Slalom-Fokussiersystem.- 2. Magnetische Systeme.- III. Elektronenoptische Ablenkorgane.- A. Allgemeine Eigenschaften der Ablenkorgane.- B. Doppelsymmetrische elektrische Ablenkorgane.- 1. Lange parallele Ablenkplatten.- 2. Kurze parallele Ablenkplatten.- 3. Geneigte kurze Ablenkplatten.- 4. Gekrümmte und geknickte Ablenkplatten.- 5. Elektrisches Ablenksystem mit sinusförmiger Randpotentialverteilung.- C. Doppelsymmetrische magnetische Ablenkorgane.- 1. Eisenfreie Ablenkspule mit „langem“ homogenem Magnetfeld.- 2. Eisenfreie Ablenkspule mit „kurzem“ homogenem Magnetfeld.- 3. Eisenfreie Parallelleiter-Kreiszylinderspule.- 4. Eisenfreie gekreuzte elliptische Ablenkspule.- 5. Eisenspule mit Polwicklung.- 6. Eisenspule mit Schenkelwicklung.- 7. Vergleich des Ablenk Vermögens verschiedener Luftspulen.- 8. Rotierende Ablenkspule.- D. Fehler der doppelsymmetrischen Ablenkorgane und ihre Kompensation.- 1. Verzeichnung.- a) Maßstabsfehler.- b) Koordinatenkrümmung.- 2. Astigmatismus und Bildwölbung.- a) Definition.- b) Ursachen.- c) Korrekturen.- 3. Komafehler.- 4. Trapezfehler.- E. Einfachsymmetrische Ablenkorgane.- 1. Ablenkorgane zur Trapezentzerrung.- a) In Elektronenstrahlröhren mit geneigtem Bildschirm.- b) In Elektronenstrahlröhren mit elektrischer Unsymmetrie der Ablenkspannung.- 2. Ablenkorgane für Polarkoordinaten.- 3. Fokussierende (abbildende) Ablenkorgane.- a) Eigenschaften und Einteilung.- b) Fokussierende elektri-sche Ablenkorgane.- c) Fokussierende magnetische Ablenkorgane.- d) Aufbau typischer Massenspektrographen.- F. Fehler der einfachsymmetrischen Ablenkorgane von Elektronenstrahlröhren und ihre Kompensation.- 1. Fehlerarten und -Ursachen.- 2. Fehlerkorrektur.- IV. Elektronenoptischc Ähnlichkeitsgesetze 286.- A. Geometrisch ähnliche Vergrößerung oder Verkleinerung der Dimensionen.- 1. Elektrische Linsen.- 2. Magnetische Kreisringlinse ohne Feldumkehr.- 3. Elektrische und magnetische Ablenkorgane.- B. Änderung der Spannungen bzw. Ströme.- 1. Elektrische Elektronenlinsen.- 2. Magnetische Elektronenlinsen.- 3. Immersionssysteme.- 4. Elektrische und magnetische Ablenkorgane.- C. Änderung der Teilchenladung bzw. Teilchenmasse.- 1. Elektrische und magnetische Linsen.- 2. Elektrische und magnetische Ablenkorgane.- V. Elektronenstrahl-Wandlerröhren.- A. Elektronenoptische Bild-Bild-Wandlerröhren („Bildwandler“).- 1. Prinzipieller Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.- a) Bildwandler ohne Elektronenstrahlfokussierung.- b)Bildwandler mit Elektronenstrahlfokussierung.- 2. Bildfehler bei Wandlern mit elektrostatischem System.- a) Der Maßstabsfehler.- b) Chromatische und sphärische Aberration.- c) Koma und Astigmatismus.- 3. Ausführungsformen von Bildwandlern.- a) Dioden.- b) Trioden.- c) Tetrode (mit Nach-beschleunigung).- d) Bildwandler mit mehreren Sekundäremissionsstufen.- e) Röntgenbild Verstärker.- 4. Anwendungen.- a) Die Medizin.- b) Die Photographie.- c) Die Mikroskopie.- d) Untersuchung von undurchsichtigen Medien.- B. Signal-Bild-Wandlerröhren.- 1. Oszillographenröhren.- a) Die Art der Ablenkung.- b) Die Ablenkempfindlichkeit.- c) Die Beschleunigungsspannung.- d) Die obere Grenzfrequenz.- e) Die maximale Schreibgeschwindigkeit.- f) Die Lichtausbeute, Farbe und Nachleuchtdauer des Leuchtschirms.- 2. Fernseh-Bildröhren.- a) Schwarz-Weiß-Fernsehbildröhren.- b) Lochblenden- Bildröhre für Farbfernsehen.- 3. Bildradar- und Bildspeicherröhren.- a) Bildradarröhren.- b) Bildspeicherröhren.- C. Bild-Signal-Wandlerröhren.- 1. Superikonoskop.- 2. Superorthikon.- 3. Vidikon.- D. Signal-Signal-Wandlerröhren.- VI. Elektronenmikroskope.- A. Prinzip und Kenngrößen.- B. Aufbau und Eigenschaften verschiedener Elektronenmikroskope.- 1. Durchstrahlungs-Elektronenmikroskope.- a) Aufbau.- b) Streu Vorgänge bei der Bildentstehung.- 2. Spezielle Ausführungsformen.- a) Emissions-Elektronenmikroskop.- b) Spiegel-Elektronenmikroskop.- c) Schatten-Elektronenmikroskop.- 3. Technische Daten neuerer Elektronenmikroskope.- VII. Teilchenbeschleuniger.- A. Linearbeschleuniger.- 1. Einstufiger Gleichspannungs-Linearbeschleuniger.- 2. Mehrstufiger Gleichspannungs-Linearbeschleuniger.- 3. Mehrstufige HF-Linearbeschleuniger.- a) Linearbeschleuniger mit Rohrlinsensystem.- b) Linear-beschleuniger mit hintereinanderliegenden Lochscheibenresonatoren.- 4. Anwendungen der Linearbeschleuniger.- B. Ionen-Spiralbahn-Beschleuniger mit zwei HF-Elektroden in einem konstanten magnetischen Führungsfeld (Zyklotron).- 1. Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.- 2. Richtungs- und Phasenfokussierung des Ionenstrahls.- 3. Technische Daten und Anwendungen.- C. Kreisbahn-Induktionsbeschleuniger.- 1. Betatron („Elektronenschleuder“).- a) Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.- b) Betriebsbedingungen des Betatrons.- c) Technische Daten.- 2. Deuteriumerhitzer für die Kernfusion.- a) Prinzip.- b) Aufbau und Wirkungsweise einer Kernfusionsanlage.- c) Pinch-Effekt.- D. Kreisbahn-Beschleuniger mit magnetischem Führungsfeld und zwei oder mehr HF-Elektroden (Synchrotrons).- 1. Elektronen-Synchrotron.- a) Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.- b) Vorteile des Elektronen-Synchrotrons.- c) Technische Daten und Anwendung.- 2. Synchrozyklotron.- a) Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.- b) Technische Daten und Anwendungen.- 3. Protonen-Synchrotron.- a) Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.- b) Technische Daten.- VIII. Literaturverzeichnis zum Kapitel 2.- IX. Übungsaufgaben zu Band I und II.

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