Mathematical theory of computation Books

Book SynopsisAdapted from a modular undergraduate course on computational mathematics, Concise Computer Mathematics delivers an easily accessible, self-contained introduction to the basic notions of mathematics necessary for a computer science degree. The text reflects the need to quickly introduce students from a variety of educational backgrounds to a number of essential mathematical concepts. The material is divided into four units: discrete mathematics (sets, relations, functions), logic (Boolean types, truth tables, proofs), linear algebra (vectors, matrices and graphics), and special topics (graph theory, number theory, basic elements of calculus). The chapters contain a brief theoretical presentation of the topic, followed by a selection of problems (which are direct applications of the theory) and additional supplementary problems (which may require a bit more work). Each chapter ends with answers or worked solutions for all of the problems.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The book is ideally suited as an adjunct to a course in computer mathematics or as a refresher for someone with some background in computer mathematics. … The book fulfills its purpose of providing a distilled treatment of the mathematics most commonly used in computer science. It is of most value to computer science students who need a place to find a succinct treatment of the topics covered.” (Marlin Thomas, Computing Reviews, April, 2014)“Each of the chapters opens with a short summary followed by a set of essential problems and then a set of supplementary problems. … it would be very useful for someone that needs a quick and effective review that includes problems.” (Charles Ashbacher, MAA Reviews, January, 2014)Table of ContentsSets and NumbersRelations and DatabasesFunctionsBoolean Algebra, Logic and QuantifiersNormal Forms, Proof and ArgumentVectors and Complex NumbersMatrices and ApplicationsMatrix Transformations for Computer GraphicsElements of Graph TheoryElements of Number Theory and CryptographyElements of CalculusElementary Numerical Methods

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Book SynopsisThis text aims to provide graduate students with a self-contained introduction to topics that are at the forefront of modern algebra, namely, coalgebras, bialgebras and Hopf algebras. The last chapter (Chapter 4) discusses several applications of Hopf algebras, some of which are further developed in the author’s 2011 publication, An Introduction to Hopf Algebras. The book may be used as the main text or as a supplementary text for a graduate algebra course. Prerequisites for this text include standard material on groups, rings, modules, algebraic extension fields, finite fields and linearly recursive sequences.The book consists of four chapters. Chapter 1 introduces algebras and coalgebras over a field K; Chapter 2 treats bialgebras; Chapter 3 discusses Hopf algebras and Chapter 4 consists of three applications of Hopf algebras. Each chapter begins with a short overview and ends with a collection of exercises which are designed to review and reinforce the material. Exercises range from straightforward applications of the theory to problems that are devised to challenge the reader. Questions for further study are provided after selected exercises. Most proofs are given in detail, though a few proofs are omitted since they are beyond the scope of this book.Trade Review“The goal of the book under review is to introduce graduate students to some basic results on coalgebras, bialgebras, Hopf algebras, and their applications. The book may be used as the main text or as a supplementary text for a graduate course. … This book should be very useful as a first introduction for someone who wants to learn about Hopf algebras and their applications.” (Jörg Feldvoss, zbMATH 1341.16034, 2016)Table of ContentsPreface.- Notation.- 1. Algebras and Coalgebras.- 2. Bialgebras.- 3. Hopf Algebras.- 4. Applications of Hopf Algebras.- Bibliography.

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Book SynopsisFor over two decades, this comprehensive manual has been the standard introduction and complete reference for writing articles and books containing mathematical formulas. If the reader requires a streamlined approach to learning LaTeX for composing everyday documents, Grätzer’s © 2014 Practical LaTeX may also be a good choice.In this carefully revised fifth edition, the Short Course has been brought up to date and reflects a modern and practical approach to LaTeX usage. New chapters have been added on illustrations and how to use LaTeX on an iPad.Key features: An example-based, visual approach and a gentle introduction with the Short Course A detailed exposition of multiline math formulas with a Visual Guide A unified approach to TeX, LaTeX, and the AMS enhancements A quick introduction to creating presentations with formulas From earlier reviews:Grätzer’s book is a solution. —European Mathematical Society NewsletterThere are several LaTeX guides, but this one wins hands down for the elegance of its approach and breadth of coverage.—Amazon.com, Best of 2000, Editor’s choiceA novice reader will be able to learn the most essential features of LaTeX sufficient to begin typesetting papers within a few hours of time… An experienced TeX user, on the other hand, will find a systematic and detailed discussion of LaTeX features.—Report on Mathematical PhysicsA very helpful and useful tool for all scientists and engineers. —Review of Astronomical ToolsTrade Review“George Grätzer’s books have been nearly as successful and enduring as the amazing software they are devoted to. This well known manual provides a reliable and thorough introduction and comprehensive reference for everyone who does not want to depend on various resources available online.” (C. Baxa, Monatshefte für Mathematik, Vol. 192 (2), 2020)Table of ContentsForeword.-Preface to the fifth Edition.-Introduction.-I. Mission Impossible.-1. Short course.-2. And a few more things....-II. Text and Math.-3. Typing text.-4. Text environments.-5. Typing math.-6. More math.-7. Multiline math displays.-III. Document Structure.-8. Documents.-9. The AMS article document class.-10. Legacy documents.-IV. PDF Documents.-11. The PDF file format.-12. Presentations.-13. Illustrations.-V. Customization.-14. Commands and environments.-VI. Long Documents.-15. BibTeX.-16. MakeIndex.-17. Books in LaTeX.-A. Math symbol tables.-B. Text symbol tables.-C. Some background.-D. LaTeX and the internet.-E. Postscript fonts.-F. LaTeX localized.-G. LaTeX on the iPad.-H. Final thoughts.-Bibliography.-Index.

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Book SynopsisPresenting a comprehensive resource for the mastery of network analysis in R, the goal of Network Analysis with R is to introduce modern network analysis techniques in R to social, physical, and health scientists. The mathematical foundations of network analysis are emphasized in an accessible way and readers are guided through the basic steps of network studies: network conceptualization, data collection and management, network description, visualization, and building and testing statistical models of networks. As with all of the books in the Use R! series, each chapter contains extensive R code and detailed visualizations of datasets. Appendices will describe the R network packages and the datasets used in the book. An R package developed specifically for the book, available to readers on GitHub, contains relevant code and real-world network datasets as well.Table of ContentsIntroducing Network Analysis in R.- The Network Analysis "5 Number Summary".- Network Data Management in R.- Basic Network Plotting and Layout.- Effective Network Graphic Design.- Advanced Network Graphics.- Actor Prominence.- Subgroups.- Affiliation Networks.- Random Network Models.- Statistical Network Models.- Dynamic Network Models.- Simulations.

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Book SynopsisThis must-read text/reference provides a practical guide to processes involved in the development and application of dynamic simulation models, covering a wide range of issues relating to testing, verification and validation. Illustrative example problems in continuous system simulation are presented throughout the book, supported by extended case studies from a number of interdisciplinary applications. Topics and features: provides an emphasis on practical issues of model quality and validation, along with questions concerning the management of simulation models, the use of model libraries, and generic models; contains numerous step-by-step examples; presents detailed case studies, often with accompanying datasets; includes discussion of hybrid models, which involve a combination of continuous system and discrete-event descriptions; examines experimental modeling approaches that involve system identification and parameter estimation; offers supplementary material at an associated website.Table of ContentsAn Introduction to Simulation Models and the Modelling ProcessConcepts of Simulation Model Testing, Verification and ValidationMeasures of Quality for Model ValidationSensitivity Analysis for Model EvaluationExperimental Data for Model ValidationMethods of Model VerificationMethods for the Invalidation/Validation of Simulation ModelsManagement Issues within Simulation Model Development and TestingCase Study: Development and Testing of a Simulation Model of Two Interconnected VesselsCase Study: Model Validation and Experiment Design for Helicopter Simulation Model Development and ApplicationsCase Study: Compartmental Models of the Gas-Exchange Processes of the Human LungsCase Study: Modelling of Elements of the Neuromuscular Systems Involved in the Regulation of Posture and Control of MovementFurther Discussion

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Book SynopsisThese lecture notes provide a systematic introduction to matrix models of quantum field theories with non-commutative and fuzzy geometries. The book initially focuses on the matrix formulation of non-commutative and fuzzy spaces, followed by a description of the non-perturbative treatment of the corresponding field theories. As an example, the phase structure of non-commutative phi-four theory is treated in great detail, with a separate chapter on the multitrace approach. The last chapter offers a general introduction to non-commutative gauge theories, while two appendices round out the text. Primarily written as a self-study guide for postgraduate students – with the aim of pedagogically introducing them to key analytical and numerical tools, as well as useful physical models in applications – these lecture notes will also benefit experienced researchers by providing a reference guide to the fundamentals of non-commutative field theory with an emphasis on matrix models and fuzzy geometries.Trade Review“The book collects almost all that has been achieved on the topic within the recent years, including all major results of many authors. As such, it is a nice reference work for graduate students and beginning researchers who want to pursue research in this area. Having all the results and different approaches collected in one place, together with the exhaustive list of references make this a valuable compendium to everyone working on noncommutative models of quantum field theory.” (Andrzej Sitarz, zbMATH 1371.81013, 2017)Table of ContentsPreface.- Introductory Remarks.- The Non-Commutative Moyal-Weyl Spaces Rd.- The Fuzzy Sphere.- Quantum Non-Commutative Phi-Four.- The Multitrace Approach.- Non-Commutative Gauge Theory.- Appendix A - The Landau States.- Appendix B - The Traces TrtAtB and TrtAtBtCtD.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 20th Brazilian Symposium on Formal Methods, SBMF 2017, which took place in Recifel, Brazil, in November/December 2017.The 16 papers presented together with three invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 37 submissions. They are organized in the following topical sections: formal methods integration and experience reports; model checking; refinement and verification; and semantics and languages.The chapter 'Rapidly Adjustable Non-Intrusive Online Monitoring for Multi-core Systems' is published open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.Table of ContentsFormal methods integration and experience reports.- Model checking.- Refinement and verification.- Semantics and languages.

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Book SynopsisThis book celebrates the work of Don Pigozzi on the occasion of his 80th birthday. In addition to articles written by leading specialists and his disciples, it presents Pigozzi’s scientific output and discusses his impact on the development of science. The book both catalogues his works and offers an extensive profile of Pigozzi as a person, sketching the most important events, not only related to his scientific activity, but also from his personal life. It reflects Pigozzi's contribution to the rise and development of areas such as abstract algebraic logic (AAL), universal algebra and computer science, and introduces new scientific results. Some of the papers also present chronologically ordered facts relating to the development of the disciplines he contributed to, especially abstract algebraic logic. The book offers valuable source material for historians of science, especially those interested in history of mathematics and logic.Table of ContentsA Mathematical Life; Pigozzi, Don.- Assertional logics, truth-equational logics, and the hierarchiesof abstract algebraic logic; Albuquerque, Hugo, Font, Josep Maria, Jansana, Ramon, and Moraschini, Tommaso.- Deduction-Detachment Theorem and Gentzen-Style Deductive Systems; Babenyshev, Sergey.- Introducing Boolean Semilattices; Bergman, Clifford.- The Equationally-Defined Commutator in Quasivarieties Generated by Two-Element Algebras; Czelakowski, Janusz.- A short overview of Hidden Logic; Ferreirim, Isabel and Martins, Manuel A.- Absorption and directed J´onsson terms; Kazda, Alexandr, Kozik, Marcin, McKenzie, Ralph and Moore, Matthew.- Relatively congruence modular quasivarieties of modules; Kearnes, Keith A. - The computational complexity of deciding whether a finite algebra generates a minimal variety; McNulty, George F.- Characterization of protoalgebraic k-deductive systems; Palasinska; Katarzyna.- Diagrammatic duality; Romanowska, Anna B. and Smith, Jonathan D.H.- Boolean product representations of algebras via binary polynomials; Salibra, Antonino, Ledda, Antonio, and Paoli, Francesco.- Paraconsistent constructive logic with strong negation as a contraction-free relevant logic; Spinks, Matthew and Veroff, Robert.- Possible classification of finite-dimensional compact Hausdorfftopological algebras; Taylor, Walter.- Categorical Abstract Algebraic Logic: Compatibility Operators and Correspondence Theorems; Voutsadakis; George.

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Book Synopsis1 Einführung und mathematische Grundlagen.- 1.1 Einführung in die Fragestellung.- 1.2 Allgemeine mathematische Grundbegriffe.- 1.3 Berechenbarkeit.- 1.4 Erzeugungssysteme, Termmengen.- 2 Aussagenlogik.- 2.1 Aussagenlogische Formeln, die Syntax.- 2.2 Interpretationen und Belegungen.- 2.3 Tautologien und logische Äquivalenz.- 2.4 Ausdrucksstärke, Normalformen, Kompaktheitssatz.- 3 Prädikatenlogik.- 3.1 Einleitung.- 3.2 Syntax der Prädikatenlogik.- 3.3 Semantik und logische Grundbegriffe.- 3.4 Formalisierung des logischen Schließens.- 3.5 Normalformen prädikatenlogischer Formeln.- 3.6 Herbrand-Strukturen, Kompaktheit und rekursive Aufzählbarkeit der logischen Konsequenz.- 3.7 Die Unentscheidbarkeit der Prädikatenlogik.- 3.8 Prädikatenlogik mit Gleichheit.- 3.9 Theorien.- 3.10 Ausdrucksstärke der Prädikatenlogik 1. Stufe.- 4 Grundlagen der Logischen Programmierung.- 4.1 Logik-Programme.- 4.2 Unifikation.- 4.3 Berechnungen von Logik-Programmen.- 4.4 Korrektheit und Vollständigkeit des Resolutionsverfahrens.- 5 Modale Aussagenlogik.- 5.1 Einführung in die Modallogik.- 5.2 Entscheidbarkeit.- 5.3 Von der Modallogik zur Temporären Logik.- Übungsaufgaben.- Das Griechische Alphabet.- Verzeichnis der verwendeten Symbole.- Stichwort- und Namensverzeichnis.Table of Contents1 Einführung und mathematische Grundlagen.- 1.1 Einführung in die Fragestellung.- 1.2 Allgemeine mathematische Grundbegriffe.- 1.3 Berechenbarkeit.- 1.4 Erzeugungssysteme, Termmengen.- 2 Aussagenlogik.- 2.1 Aussagenlogische Formeln, die Syntax.- 2.2 Interpretationen und Belegungen.- 2.3 Tautologien und logische Äquivalenz.- 2.4 Ausdrucksstärke, Normalformen, Kompaktheitssatz.- 3 Prädikatenlogik.- 3.1 Einleitung.- 3.2 Syntax der Prädikatenlogik.- 3.3 Semantik und logische Grundbegriffe.- 3.4 Formalisierung des logischen Schließens.- 3.5 Normalformen prädikatenlogischer Formeln.- 3.6 Herbrand-Strukturen, Kompaktheit und rekursive Aufzählbarkeit der logischen Konsequenz.- 3.7 Die Unentscheidbarkeit der Prädikatenlogik.- 3.8 Prädikatenlogik mit Gleichheit.- 3.9 Theorien.- 3.10 Ausdrucksstärke der Prädikatenlogik 1. Stufe.- 4 Grundlagen der Logischen Programmierung.- 4.1 Logik-Programme.- 4.2 Unifikation.- 4.3 Berechnungen von Logik-Programmen.- 4.4 Korrektheit und Vollständigkeit des Resolutionsverfahrens.- 5 Modale Aussagenlogik.- 5.1 Einführung in die Modallogik.- 5.2 Entscheidbarkeit.- 5.3 Von der Modallogik zur Temporären Logik.- Übungsaufgaben.- Das Griechische Alphabet.- Verzeichnis der verwendeten Symbole.- Stichwort- und Namensverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisDrei Ziele haben Stoffauswahl und Darstellung dieses Buches: Studierende erlernen die Codierung von Algorithmen mit MODULA-2, einer modernen imperativen Programmiersprache, die so einfach und sauber ist, dass die Grundbegriffe der Programmierung klar und systematisch eingeführt werden können, die sich aber andererseits auch in der Praxis bewährt. Wichtig ist auch die Möglichkeit, in MODULA-2 den Objektbegriff vorzubereiten. Theoretische Aspekte, z.B. Berechenbarkeit, Grammatiken, Semantik und Programmierverifikation, werden ganz überwiegend im Zusammenhang mit konkreten Problemen der Programmierung behandelt, so dass der praktische Nutzen jederzeit erkennbar bleibt.Trade Review"Das mit vielen vollständigen Programmbeispielen aufgelockerte Skript eignet sich daher für Studiengänge der Hauptfach-, Nebenfach-, oder sogenannten Bindestrich-Informatik, in denen Konzepte und Praxis der Programmierung nicht separat, sondern gegenseitig stützend entwickelt werden sollen." RKW - BücherdienstTable of Contents1. Grundlagen.- 1.1 Algorithmus und Berechenbarkeit.- 1.1.1 Algorithmus.- 1.1.2 Turing-Maschine.- 1.1.3 Berechenbarkeit.- 1.2 Sprache und Grammatik.- 1.2.1 Sprache.- 1.2.2 Grammatik.- 1.3 Rechner.- 1.3.1 Von-Neumann-Rechnerarchitektur.- 1.3.2 Rechnersysteme.- 1.4 Informatik als Wissenschaft.- 2. Imperative Programmierung — die Sprache Modula-2.- 2.1 Syntaxdarstellungen.- 2.2 Elementare funktionale Modula-2-Programme.- 2.2.1 Eine Modula-2-Teilsprache.- 2.2.2 Programmverzweigungen.- 2.2.3 Funktionen und Prozeduren.- 2.2.4 Elementare Datentypen, Aufzählungs- und Bereichstypen.- 2.2.5 Eingabevariablen.- 2.2.6 Rekursive Funktionen und Prozeduren.- 2.2.7 Nachteile funktional-rekursiver Programme.- 2.3 Iterative Programme.- 2.3.1 Wertzuweisungen und Referenzparameter.- 2.3.2 Gültigkeitsbereich und Lebensdauer.- 2.3.3 Anweisungen zur Iteration.- 2.3.4 Vergleich iterativer und rekursiver Lösungen.- 2.3.5 Sprunganweisungen.- 2.3.6 Prozedurtypen.- 2.4 Komplexe Datentypen.- 2.4.1 Mengen (Sets).- 2.4.1.1 Darstellung und Manipulation von Mengen.- 2.4.1.2 Ein Beispiel für Sets.- 2.4.2 Arrays (Felder).- 2.4.3 Records (Verbunde).- 2.4.3.1 Einfache Records.- 2.4.3.2 Records mit Varianten.- 2.4.4 Zeiger (Pointer) und dynamische Variablen.- 2.4.4.1 Die Speicherung auf der Halde.- 2.4.4.2 Operationen auf Zeigern.- 2.4.4.3 Verkettete Listen.- 2.4.4.4 Anwendungen und Probleme dynamischer Variablen.- 2.4.5 Dateien (Files).- 2.4.5.1 Eigenschaften und formale Beschreibung.- 2.4.5.2 Dateien in Pascal.- 2.4.5.3 Dateien in Modula-2.- 3. Abstraktion.- 3.1 Abstraktionskonzepte in Programmiersprachen.- 3.2 Abstraktion in Modula-2.- 3.2.1 Das Prinzip der separaten Übersetzung.- 3.2.2 Modularisierung eines Programms.- 3.2.3 Datenkapselung.- 3.2.4 Abstrakte Datentypen.- 3.2.4.1 Das Prinzip des Abstrakten Datentyps.- 3.2.4.2 Abstrakte Datentypen Schlange und Stack.- 3.2.4.3 Abstrakter Datentyp für große Zahlen.- 3.2.4.4 Abstrakter Datentyp für komplexe Zahlen.- 4. Semantik, Verifikation und Test.- 4.1 Konzepte für eine Semantikdefinition.- 4.1.1 Semantik: Begriff und Motivation.- 4.1.2 Grundprinzipien von Semantiknotationen.- 4.1.3 Ein Beispiel für die operationale Semantik.- 4.2 Spezifikation und Verifikation von Programmen.- 4.2.1 Vor-und Nachbedingungen.- 4.2.2 Schwächste Vorbedingungen.- 4.2.3 Die Verifikation.- 4.2.4 Beschreibung einer Schleife durch eine Invariante.- 4.2.5 Konstruktion iterativer Programme.- 4.2.6 Zusammenfassung.- 4.3 Test.- 4.3.1 Begriffsbildung und Prinzipien.- 4.3.1.1 Begriffliche Abgrenzung.- 4.3.1.2 Aufgabenteilung und Zielsetzung.- 4.3.1.3 Material und Resultate des Tests.- 4.3.2 Grenzen des Testens.- 4.3.3 Die Konstruktion von Testdaten.- 4.3.4 Zusammenfassung.- 5. Programmierparadigmen und -sprachen.- 5.1 Programmierparadigmen.- 5.1.1 Imperatives Programmieren.- 5.1.2 Funktionales Programmieren.- 5.1.3 Logik-basiertes Programmieren.- 5.1.4 Objektorientiertes Programmieren.- 5.1.5 Regel-basiertes Programmieren.- 5.1.6 Programmierung von Mehrprozessor-Systemen.- 5.2 Übersicht über Programmiersprachen.- 6. Datenstrukturen und Algorithmen.- 6.1 Komplexität und Effizienz.- 6.1.1 Motivation und Begriffsbildung.- 6.1.2 Effizienz und Komplexität von Algorithmen.- 6.1.3 Komplexität von Funktionen und Sprachen.- 6.2 Graphen und Bäume.- 6.2.1 Graphen.- 6.2.2 Bäume.- 6.3 Suchen in gegebenen Datenstrukturen.- 6.3.1 Suchen in Tabellen.- 6.3.2 Suchen von Zeichenketten.- 6.4 Datenorganisationen für effizientes Suchen.- 6.4.1 Suchverfahren auf Bäumen.- 6.4.1.1 Binäre Suchbäume.- 6.4.1.2 AVL-Bäume.- 6.4.1.3 Optimale Suchbäume.- 6.4.1.4 B-Bäume.- 6.4.1.5 Weitere balancierte Suchbäume.- 6.4.2 Hashing.- 6.4.2.1 Begriffsbildung und Anforderungen.- 6.4.2.2 Perfektes Hashing.- 6.4.2.3 Kollisionsbehandlung.- 6.4.2.4 Löschen in Hash-Tabellen.- 6.4.2.5 Aufwandsabschätzung.- 6.4.2.6 Implementierung von Kollisionsbehandlungen.- 6.5 Sortieren.- 6.5.1 Klassifizierung und allgemeine Betrachtungen.- 6.5.2 Interne Sortierverfahren.- 6.5.2.1 Einfache Sortierverfahren.- 6.5.2.2 Schnelle Sortierverfahren.- 6.5.2.3 Implementierung ausgewählter Sortierverfahren.- 6.5.2.4 Aufwandsvergleich der Sortierverfahren.- 6.5.2.5 Sortieren durch Streuen und Sammeln.- 6.5.3 Externe Sortierverfahren.- 6.5.3.1 Direktes Mischen.- 6.5.3.2 Natürliches Mischen.- 6.5.3.3 Mehrwege-Mischen.- 6.6 Speicherverwaltung.- 6.6.1 Algorithmische Konzepte.- 6.6.2 Implementierung von Stacks.- Anhang A: Mathematische Grundbegriffe und Formeln.- Anhang B: Syntaxdiagramme für Modula-2.- Literatur.- Abkürzungsverzeichnis.- Modula-2-Index.

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Book SynopsisDer Student erhält eine zuverlässige und detaillierte Übersicht über das konkrete Studienangebot der Fachhochschule. Gleichzeitig bekommt er konkrete Praktikums- und Karriereoptionen aufgezeigt: Mit spannenden Praktikerportraits und über 70 Firmenprofilen solcher Unternehmen, die die Vorzüge des FH-Studiums für das eigene Unternehmen zu schätzen wissen. Das neue Werk versteht sich als aktuelles und umfassendes Servicehandbuch, Übersicht und Orientierungshilfe für Studienbewerber, Studienanwärter, Fachhochschulstudenten und -absolventen. Es bietet einen detaillierten Einblick in das Studium der IT-Studiengänge an der Fachhochschule und die damit verbundenen Berufs- und Karrierechancen. Trade Review"Angesichts des Bedarfs gerade von FH-Absolventen dürfte der Führer auf breites Interesse stoßen." (ekz-Bibliotheksdienst, ID 29/02)Table of ContentsBildungsauftrag der Fachhochschule - Gestaltung der Praxisnähe - FH-Professoren: Erreichbare Coaches - IT-Studiengänge an der Fachhochschule - Praktika, Persönliche Qualifizierung - Tipps für Studium und Berufseinstieg - Erfolgs-Stories von IT-Praktikern mit FH-Abschluss - Fachhochschulen stellen sich vor - Unternehmen stellen sich vor

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Algorithmen.- 1.1 Was ist ein Algorithmus?.- Euklidischer Algorithmus.- Die Fähigkeiten des Computers.- 1.2 Lineare Anweisungsfolge.- Variable und Konstante.- Name von Variablen.- Wertzuweisung.- Programmablaufplan.- Hilfsvariable.- Ein- und Ausgabe von Daten.- Die Zahlenmengen der EDV.- Abschneiden und Runden.- Abschneiden.- Runden.- 1.3 Bedingte Anweisungen (Verzweigungen).- Sortierprobleme.- Zusammengesetzte Bedingungen.- 1.4 Schleifen.- Laufanweisungen.- Auflösen von Laufanweisungen.- Schleifen mit Bedingungen.- Ineinandergeschachtelte Schleifen.- 1.5 Felder.- Sortieren eines Feldes.- Tabellen.- Äquidistante Schlüsselwerte.- Sequentielles Suchen und Interpolieren in geordneten Tabellen.- Binäres Suchen.- Doppelt indizierte Felder.- 1.6 Funktionen.- Funktionen mit mehreren Parametern.- 1.7 Unterprogramme.- 2. Algol.- 2.1 Was ist eine Programmiersprache?.- 2.2 Lineare Anweisungsfolge.- Abschneiden.- Runden.- Die Programmierung von Termen.- 2.3 Bedingte Anweisungen (Verzweigungen).- Sortierprobleme.- Zusammengesetzte Bedingungen.- 2.4 Schleifen.- Auflösen der Laufanweisung.- Schleifen mit Bedingung.- Ineinandergeschachtelte Laufanweisungen.- 2.5 Felder.- Sortieren eines Feldes.- Tabellen.- Äquidistante Tabellen.- Sequentielles Suchen in geordneten Tabellen.- Binäres Suchen.- Doppelt indizierte Felder.- 2.6 Funktionen.- Standardfunktionen.- Funktionen mit mehreren Parametern.- 2.7 Unterprogramme.- Zusammenfassung der ALGOL-Begriffe.- 3. Fortran.- 3.1 Was ist eine Programmiersprache?.- 3.2 Die Programmierung einer linearen Anweisungsfo1ge.- Erläuternde Kommentare zu einem FORTRAN-Programm.- Ausgabe von Text.- Die Programmierung von Termen.- Abschneiden und Runden.- 3.3 Bedingte Anweisungen (Verzweigungen).- Sortierprobleme.- Zusammengesetzte Bedingungen.- 3.4 Schleifen.- Aufgelöste Schleifenanweisung.- Schleifen mit Bedingung.- Ineinandergeschachtelte Schleifenanweisung.- 3.5 Felder.- Suchen und Interpolieren in Tabellen.- Tabellen mit äquidistanten Schlüsselwerten.- Tabellen mit geordneten Schlüsselwerten.- Doppelt indizierte Felder.- 3.6 Funktionen.- Standardfunktionen.- Funktionen mit mehreren Parametern.- 3.7 Unterprogramme.- Zusammenfassung der Grundbegriffe der Programmiersprache FORTRAN.- 4. Aufgaben.- E Aufgaben aus elementaren Stoffgebieten.- M Aufgaben aus der Mengenlehre.- Z Aufgaben mit ganzen Zahlen (Zahlentheorie).- S Aufgaben mit Gesamtheiten reeller Zahlen (Statistik, Tabellen).- G Aufgaben mit Gleichungen und Ungleichungen.- F Aufgaben über Funktionen.- A Aufgaben über Vektoren und analytische Geometrie.- T Aufgaben aus der Trigonometrie.- R Aufgaben über Folgen und Reihen.- N Näherungsmethoden.- I Aufgaben aus der Integralrechnung.- V Verschiedenes.- Geschichtlicher Überblick.- Weiterführende Literatur.- Stichwortverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisGegenstand dieses Werkes sind die Theorie und Praxis der modernen funktionalen Programmierung. Dabei betrachten die Autoren aber nicht nur das, was mittels der heute implementierten Sprachen wie HASKELL, OPAL, ML usw. machbar ist, sondern weisen auch auf aktuelle Entwicklungen hin. Zum einen werden fortgeschrittene Programmiertechniken vorgestellt, wie z.B. die Verwendung unendlicher Datenstrukturen, Parser als Funktionen höherer Ordnung, Approximations-Algorithmen, Lösung von Gleichungssystemen usw. Zum anderen werden aber auch Sprachkonzepte diskutiert, wie z.B. eine systematische Form der Modularisierung oder besonders ausdrucksstarke und flexible Formen der Typisierung. Ein besonderes Gewicht wird generell auf die Integration verschiedener Paradigmen gelegt, wie etwa die Verbindung mit Konzepten der objektorientierten, der nebenläufigen oder der Constraint-basierten Programmierung. In diesem Zusammenhang wird speziell auch die Bedeutung von Monaden analysiert und kritisch hinterfragt.Trade ReviewAus den Rezensionen: "Bei diesem Titel … werden … fortgeschrittene Leser angesprochen, die mit den Grundlagen der funktionalen Programmierung vertraut sind. … ‘Im Vordergrund stehen Ideen und Konzepte einer eleganten, sicheren und produktiven Form des Programmierens‘, wobei der Blick in die Zukunft gerichtet ist und Konzepte und Methoden vorgestellt werden, die erst in den Sprachen der nächsten Generation verfügbar sein werden. Geeignet für Bibliotheken … an Hochschulstandorten … Das Lehrbuch kann noch weiter genutzt werden." (Isigkeit, in: ekz-Informationsdienst, 2006)Table of ContentsElementare Funktionale Programmierung Eine Wiederholung.- Das Strittigste vorab: Notationen.- Grundlagen der Funktionalen Programmierung.- Faulheit währt unendlich.- Parser als Funktionen höherer Ordnung.- Strukturierung von Programmen.- Gruppen: Die Basis der Modularisierung.- Operatoren auf Gruppen (Morphismen).- Die Idee der Typisierung.- Typen.- Subtypen (Vererbung).- Polymorphe und abhängige Typen.- Spezifikationen und Typklassen: Wie Typen typisiert werden.- Beispiel: Berechnung von Fixpunkten.- Beispiel: Monaden.- Datenstrukturen.- Netter stack und böse Queue.- Compilertechniken für funktionale Datenstrukturen.- Funktionale Arrays und Numerische Mathematik.- Map: Wenn Funktionen zu Daten werden.- Beispiel: Synthese von Programmen.- Integration von Paradigmen.- Zeit und Zustand in der funktionalen Welt.- Objekte und Ein-/Ausgabe.- Agenten und Prozesse.- Graphische Schnittstellen (GUIs).- Massiv parallele Programme.- Integration von Konzepten anderer Programmierparadigmen.

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Book SynopsisTesting is the primary hardware and software verification technique used by industry today. Usually, it is ad hoc, error prone, and very expensive. In recent years, however, many attempts have been made to develop more sophisticated formal testing methods. This coherent book provides an in-depth assessment of this emerging field, focusing on formal testing of reactive systems. This book is based on a seminar held in Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, in January 2004. It presents 19 carefully reviewed and revised lectures given at the seminar in a well-balanced way ensuring competent complementary coverage of all relevant aspects. An appendix provides a glossary for model-based testing and basics on finite state machines and on labelled transition systems. The lectures are presented in topical sections on testing of finite state machines, testing of labelled transition systems, model-based test case generation, tools and case studies, standardized test notation and execution architectures, and beyond testing.Table of ContentsTesting of Finite State Machines.- I. Testing of Finite State Machines.- 1 Homing and Synchronizing Sequences.- 2 State Identification.- 3 State Verification.- 4 Conformance Testing.- II. Testing of Labeled Transition Systems.- Testing of Labeled Transition Systems.- 5 Preorder Relations.- 6 Test Generation Algorithms Based on Preorder Relations.- 7 I/O-automata Based Testing.- 8 Test Derivation from Timed Automata.- 9 Testing Theory for Probabilistic Systems.- III. Model-Based Test Case Generation.- Model-Based Test Case Generation.- 10 Methodological Issues in Model-Based Testing.- 11 Evaluating Coverage Based Testing.- 12 Technology of Test-Case Generation.- 13 Real-Time and Hybrid Systems Testing.- IV. Tools and Case Studies.- Tools and Case Studies.- 14 Tools for Test Case Generation.- 15 Case Studies.- V. Standardized Test Notation and Execution Architecture.- Standardized Test Notation and Execution Architecture.- 16 TTCN-3.- 17 UML 2.0 Testing Profile.- VI. Beyond Testing.- Beyond Testing.- 18 Run-Time Verification.- 19 Model Checking.- VII. Appendices.- Appendices.- 20 Model-Based Testing – A Glossary.- 21 Finite State Machines.- 22 Labelled Transition Systems.

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Book SynopsisThis is a thoroughly revised and enlarged second edition that presents the main results of descriptive complexity theory, that is, the connections between axiomatizability of classes of finite structures and their complexity with respect to time and space bounds. The logics that are important in this context include fixed-point logics, transitive closure logics, and also certain infinitary languages; their model theory is studied in full detail. The book is written in such a way that the respective parts on model theory and descriptive complexity theory may be read independently.Table of ContentsPreliminaries.- The Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé Method.- More on Games.- 0-1 Laws.- Satisfiability in the Finite.- Finite Automata and Logic: A Microcosm of Finite Model Theory.- Descriptive Complexity Theory.- Logics with Fixed-Point Operators.- Logic Programs.- Optimization Problems.- Logics for PTIME.- Quantifiers and Logical Reductions.

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Book SynopsisThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Symposium, Latin American Theoretical Informatics, LATIN 2006, held in March 2006. The 66 revised full papers presented together with seven invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 224 submissions. The papers presented are devoted to a broad range of topics in theoretical computer science with a focus on algorithmics and computations related to discrete mathematics as well as on cryptography, data compression and Web applications.Table of ContentsKeynotes.- Algorithmic Challenges in Web Search Engines.- RNA Molecules: Glimpses Through an Algorithmic Lens.- Squares.- Matching Based Augmentations for Approximating Connectivity Problems.- Modelling Errors and Recovery for Communication.- Lossless Data Compression Via Error Correction.- The Power and Weakness of Randomness in Computation.- Regular Contributions.- A New GCD Algorithm for Quadratic Number Rings with Unique Factorization.- On Clusters in Markov Chains.- An Architecture for Provably Secure Computation.- Scoring Matrices That Induce Metrics on Sequences.- Data Structures for Halfplane Proximity Queries and Incremental Voronoi Diagrams.- The Complexity of Diffuse Reflections in a Simple Polygon.- Counting Proportions of Sets: Expressive Power with Almost Order.- Efficient Approximate Dictionary Look-Up for Long Words over Small Alphabets.- Relations Among Notions of Security for Identity Based Encryption Schemes.- Optimally Adaptive Integration of Univariate Lipschitz Functions.- Classical Computability and Fuzzy Turing Machines.- An Optimal Algorithm for the Continuous/Discrete Weighted 2-Center Problem in Trees.- An Algorithm for a Generalized Maximum Subsequence Problem.- Random Bichromatic Matchings.- Eliminating Cycles in the Discrete Torus.- On Behalf of the Seller and Society: Bicriteria Mechanisms for Unit-Demand Auctions.- Pattern Matching Statistics on Correlated Sources.- Robust Model-Checking of Linear-Time Properties in Timed Automata.- The Computational Complexity of the Parallel Knock-Out Problem.- Reconfigurations in Graphs and Grids.- -Varieties, Actions and Wreath Product.- Local Construction of Planar Spanners in Unit Disk Graphs with Irregular Transmission Ranges.- An Efficient Approximation Algorithm for Point Pattern Matching Under Noise.- Oblivious Medians Via Online Bidding.- Efficient Computation of the Relative Entropy of Probabilistic Automata.- A Parallel Algorithm for Finding All Successive Minimal Maximum Subsequences.- De Dictionariis Dynamicis Pauco Spatio Utentibus.- Customized Newspaper Broadcast: Data Broadcast with Dependencies.- On Minimum k-Modal Partitions of Permutations.- Two Birds with One Stone: The Best of Branchwidth and Treewidth with One Algorithm.- Maximizing Throughput in Queueing Networks with Limited Flexibility.- Network Flow Spanners.- Finding All Minimal Infrequent Multi-dimensional Intervals.- Cut Problems in Graphs with a Budget Constraint.- Lower Bounds for Clear Transmissions in Radio Networks.- Asynchronous Behavior of Double-Quiescent Elementary Cellular Automata.- Lower Bounds for Geometric Diameter Problems.- Connected Treewidth and Connected Graph Searching.- A Faster Algorithm for Finding Maximum Independent Sets in Sparse Graphs.- The Committee Decision Problem.- Common Deadline Lazy Bureaucrat Scheduling Revisited.- Approximate Sorting.- Stochastic Covering and Adaptivity.- Algorithms for Modular Counting of Roots of Multivariate Polynomials.- Hardness Amplification Via Space-Efficient Direct Products.- The Online Freeze-Tag Problem.- I/O-Efficient Algorithms on Near-Planar Graphs.- Minimal Split Completions of Graphs.- Design and Analysis of Online Batching Systems.- Competitive Analysis of Scheduling Algorithms for Aggregated Links.- A 4-Approximation Algorithm for Guarding 1.5-Dimensional Terrains.- On Sampling in Higher-Dimensional Peer-to-Peer Systems.- Mobile Agent Rendezvous in a Synchronous Torus.- Randomly Colouring Graphs with Girth Five and Large Maximum Degree.- Packing Dicycle Covers in Planar Graphs with No K 5–e Minor.- Sharp Estimates for the Main Parameters of the Euclid Algorithm.- Position-Restricted Substring Searching.- Rectilinear Approximation of a Set of Points in the Plane.- The Branch-Width of Circular-Arc Graphs.- Minimal Eulerian Circuit in a Labeled Digraph.- Speeding up Approximation Algorithms for NP-Hard Spanning Forest Problems by Multi-objective Optimization.- RISOTTO: Fast Extraction of Motifs with Mismatches.- Minimum Cost Source Location Problems with Flow Requirements.- Exponential Lower Bounds on the Space Complexity of OBDD-Based Graph Algorithms.- Constructions of Approximately Mutually Unbiased Bases.- Improved Exponential-Time Algorithms for Treewidth and Minimum Fill-In.

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Book SynopsisThe workshop on Computability and Complexity in Analysis, CCA 2000, was hosted by the Department of Computer Science of the University of Wales Swansea, September 17{19, 2000. It was the fourth workshop in a successful series of workshops: CCA’95 in Hagen, Germany, CCA’96 in Trier, Germany, and CCA’98 in Brno, Czech Republic. About 40 participants from the countries United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, Italy, Russia, France, Denmark, Greece, and Ireland contributed to the success of this meeting. Altogether, 28 talkswere p- sented in Swansea. These proceedings include 23 papers which represent a cro- section through recent research on computability and complexity in analysis. The workshop succeeded in bringing together people interested in computability and complexity aspects of analysis and in exploring connections with nume- cal methods, physics and, of course, computer science. It was rounded o by a number of talks and papers on exact computer arithmetic and by a competition of v e implemented systems. A report on this competition has been included in these proceedings. We would like to thank the authors for their contributions and the referees for their careful work, and we hope for further inspiring and constructive meetings of the same kind. April 2001 Jens Blanck Vasco Brattka Peter Hertling Organization CCA2000was hosted by the Department of Computer Science of the University of Wales Swansea and took place on September 17{19, 2000.Table of ContentsComputability and Complexity in Analysis.- Effectivity of Regular Spaces.- The Degree of Unsolvability of a Real Number.- A Survey of Exact Arithmetic Implementations.- Standard Representations of Effective Metric Spaces.- Banach-Mazur Computable Functions on Metric Spaces.- A Generic Root Operation for Exact Real Arithmetic.- Effective Contraction Theorem and Its Application.- Polynomially Time Computable Functions over p-Adic Fields.- On the Computational Content of the Krasnoselski and Ishikawa Fixed Point Theorems.- Formalisation of Computability of Operators and Real-Valued Functionals via Domain Theory.- Computing a Required Absolute Precision from a Stream of Linear Fractional Transformations.- ?-Approximable Functions.- Computabilities of Fine-Continuous Functions.- The iRRAM: Exact Arithmetic in C++.- The Uniformity Conjecture.- Admissible Representations of Limit Spaces.- Characterization of the Computable Real Numbers by Means of Primitive Recursive Functions.- Effective Fixed Point Theorem over a Non-Computably Separable Metric Space.- Computational Dimension of Topological Spaces.- Some Properties of the Effective Uniform Topological Space.- On Computable Metric Spaces Tietze-Urysohn Extension Is Computable.- Is the Linear Schrödinger Propagator Turing Computable?.- A Computable Spectral Theorem.- Report on Competition.- Exact Real Arithmetic Systems: Results of Competition.

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Book Synopsisto the Encyclopaedia Subseries on Operator Algebras and Non-Commutative Geometry The theory of von Neumann algebras was initiated in a series of papers by Murray and von Neumann in the 1930's and 1940's. A von Neumann algebra is a self-adjoint unital subalgebra M of the algebra of bounded operators of a Hilbert space which is closed in the weak operator topology. According to von Neumann's bicommutant theorem, M is closed in the weak operator topology if and only if it is equal to the commutant of its commutant. Afactor is a von Neumann algebra with trivial centre and the work of Murray and von Neumann contained a reduction of all von Neumann algebras to factors and a classification of factors into types I, II and III. C* -algebras are self-adjoint operator algebras on Hilbert space which are closed in the norm topology. Their study was begun in the work of Gelfand and Naimark who showed that such algebras can be characterized abstractly as involutive Banach algebras, satisfying an algebraic relation connecting the norm and the involution. They also obtained the fundamental result that a commutative unital C* -algebra is isomorphic to the algebra of complex valued continuous functions on a compact space - its spectrum. Since then the subject of operator algebras has evolved into a huge mathematical endeavour interacting with almost every branch of mathematics and several areas of theoretical physics.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:"... These notes [by E.Stormer] describe the main approaches to noncommutative entropy, together with several ramifications and variants. The notion of generator and variational principle are used to give applications to subfactors and C*-algebra formalism of quantum statistical mechanics. The author considers the most frequently studied examples, including Bernoulli shifts, Bogolyubov automorphisms, dual automorphisms on crossed products, shifts on infinite free products, and binary shifts on the CAR-algebra. The mathematical techniques and ideas are beautifully exposed, and the whole paper is a rich resource on the subject, either for the expert or the beginner. ..."V.Deaconu, Mathematical Reviews 2004"... the author gives a clear presentation of the dramatic developments in the classification theory for simple C*-algebras that have taken place over the past 25 years or so. ... As there is such a large amount of literature on the subject, this monograph article is particularly useful to the relative novice who wants to know the fundamental results in the theory without wading through a massive amount of detail. ...This monograph-length article is extremely well-written, filled with concrete examples, and has an exhaustive bibliography. I recommend it as an excellent introduction to graduate students and other mathematicians who want to bring themselves up-to-date on the subject. .."J.A.Packer, Mathematical Reviews 2004“Both contributions to this volume are high-end, excellently written research reviews, reflecting very thoroughly the current status in the respectively treated subbranches of the quickly evolving complex field of C* algebra theory. They both give a beautiful lay-out of the vast research program in the field which has been going on for decades … as well as to the standard works. … an excellent, very thorough, concise and needed overview for the researcher who is active in this field.” (Mark Sioen, Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society, 2007) Table of ContentsI. Classification of Nuclear, Simple C*-algebras.- II. A Survey of Noncommutative Dynamical Entropy.

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Book SynopsisThis monograph covers the recent major advances in various areas of set theory. From the reviews: "One of the classical textbooks and reference books in set theory....The present ‘Third Millennium’ edition...is a whole new book. In three parts the author offers us what in his view every young set theorist should learn and master....This well-written book promises to influence the next generation of set theorists, much as its predecessor has done." --MATHEMATICAL REVIEWSTrade ReviewFrom the reviews of the third edition: "Thomas Jech’s text has long been considered a classic survey of the state of the set theory … . As every logician will know, this is a work of extraordinary scholarship, essential for any graduate logician who needs to know where the current boundaries of research are situated. Each chapter ends with a valuable historical survey and there is an extensive bibliography. This will continue to be the bible for set theorists in the new century." (Gerry Leversha, The Mathematical Gazette, March, 2005) "The book does masterly what it is supposed to do. … every mathematician who wishes to refresh his knowledge of set theory will read it with pleasure. … They will also find historical notes, and precise references … . A very comprehensive bibliography, and detailed indexes complete the work. This book fills a serious gap in the literature and there is no doubt that it will become a standard reference … . One can strongly recommend its acquisition for any mathematical library." (Jean-Roger Roisin, Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society, Vol. 11 (3), 2004) "One of the classical textbooks and reference books in set theory is Jech’s Set Theory. … The present ‘Third Millennium’ edition … is a whole new book. In three parts the author offers us what in his view every young set theorist should learn and master. … This well-written book promises to influence the next generation of set theorists, much as its predecessor has done over the last quarter of a century." (Eva Coplakova, Mathematical Reviews, 2004 g) "Jech’s book, ‘Set Theory’ has been a standard reference for over 25 years. This ‘Third Millennium Edition’, not only includes all the materials in the first two editions, but also covers recent developments of set theory during the last 25 years. We believe that this new version will become a standard reference on set theory for the next few years." (Guohua Wu, New Zealand Mathematical Society Newsletter, April, 2004) "Jech’s classic monograph has been a standard reference for a generation of set theorists. Though … labeled ‘The Third Millennium Edition’, the present work is in fact a new book. ... Even sections presenting older results have been rewritten and modernized. Exercises have been moved to the end of each section. The bibliography, the section on notation, and the index have been considerably expanded as well. This new edition will certainly become a standard reference on set theory for years to come." (Jörg D. Brendle, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1007, 2003) "Thomas Jech’s Set Theory contains the most comprehensive treatment of the subject in any one volume. The present third edition is a revised and expanded version … . The third edition has three parts. The first, Jech says, every student of set theory should learn, the second every set theorist should master and the third consists of various results reflecting ‘the state of the art of set theory at the turn of the new millennium’. This last part especially contains a lot of new material." (Martin Bunder, The Australian Mathematical Society Gazette, Vol. 30 (2), 2003)Table of ContentsBasic Set Theory.- Axioms of Set Theory.- Ordinal Numbers.- Cardinal Numbers.- Real Numbers.- The Axiom of Choice and Cardinal Arithmetic.- The Axiom of Regularity.- Filters, Ultrafilters and Boolean Algebras.- Stationary Sets.- Combinatorial Set Theory.- Measurable Cardinals.- Borel and Analytic Sets.- Models of Set Theory.- Advanced Set Theory.- Constructible Sets.- Forcing.- Applications of Forcing.- Iterated Forcing and Martin’s Axiom.- Large Cardinals.- Large Cardinals and L.- Iterated Ultrapowers and L[U].- Very Large Cardinals.- Large Cardinals and Forcing.- Saturated Ideals.- The Nonstationary Ideal.- The Singular Cardinal Problem.- Descriptive Set Theory.- The Real Line.- Selected Topics.- Combinatorial Principles in L.- More Applications of Forcing.- More Combinatorial Set Theory.- Complete Boolean Algebras.- Proper Forcing.- More Descriptive Set Theory.- Determinacy.- Supercompact Cardinals and the Real Line.- Inner Models for Large Cardinals.- Forcing and Large Cardinals.- Martin’s Maximum.- More on Stationary Sets.

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Book SynopsisThis volume contains selected papers for the Parcella '88, the Fourth International Workshop on "Parallel Processing by Cellular Automata and Arrays" held in Berlin from October 17 to 21, 1988. The profile of the Parcella workshop series is focused on problems of processing by regular structures, i.e. their "flexibilization" or adapting to "irregular" algorithms and, closely related to this, on the "regularization" of algorithms for their embedding into regular structures. It seems that these problems will have an increasing priority within the list of central problems in parallelization and will determine the profile of Parcella for the next years.Table of ContentsMultiprocessor arrays: Topology, efficiency and fault-tolerance.- Unsolved theoretical problems in homogeneous structures.- On simultaneous realizations of boolean functions, with applications.- Parallel microprogramming as a tool for multi-microprocessor systems.- A survey of parallel computational geometry algorithms.- Parallel memories for straight line and rectangle access.- Programming with active data.- Prolog implementations for cellular architectures.- Modular highly-parallel computation and architectures.- Parallel computation and supercomputers and applications.- Fast parallel algorithms and the complexity of parallelism (basic issues and recent advances).- Process-structured architectures to transform information flowing through.- Basic research for cellular processing.- Parallel algorithms in image processing.- VLSI arrays implementing parallel line-drawing algorithms.- Parallel conflict-free optimal access to complete extended q-ary trees.- Systolic preconditioning algorithms for the jacobi iterative solution of sparse linear systems.- Multiprocessor systems for large numerical applications.- Systolic array for eigenvalue of jacobi matrix.- A transitive closure algorithm for a 16-state cellprocessor.- Control of sensory processing — A hypothesis on and simulation of the architecture of an elementary cortical processor.- Bounds for l-selection and related problems on grids of processors.- Recursive design of communication schemes for parallel computation with relacs.- Solution of dense systems of linear equations using cellular processors.- Running order statistics on a bit-level systolic array.- Realization of sets of permutations by permutation networks.- Simulation of learning networks.- Given's rotation on an instruction systolic array.- Worst case analysis for reducing algorithms on instruction systolic arrays with simple instruction sets.- Self-checking processing elements in cellular arrays.- Cellular diagnostic in parallel systems.- Reliable networks for boolean functions with small complexity.- Pipeline-automata — A model for acyclic systolic systems.

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Book SynopsisThis book is written for those who are interested in a fonnalization of human reasoning, especially in order to build "intelligent" computer systems. Thus, it is mainly designed for the Artificial Intelligence community, both students and researchers, although it can be useful for people working in related fields like cognitive psychology. The major theme is not Artificial Intelligence applications, although these are discussed throughout in sketch fonn. Rather, the book places a heavy emphasis on the fonnal development of default logic, results and problems. Default logic provides a fonnalism for an important part of human reasoning. Default logic is specifically concerned with common sense reasoning, which has recently been recognized in the Artificial Intelligence literature to be of fundamental importance for knowledge representation. Previously, fonnalized reasoning systems failed in real world environments, though succeeding with an acceptable ratio in well-defined environments. This situation enabled empirical explorations and the design of systems without theoretical justification. In particular, they could not be compared since there was no basis to judge their respective merits. Default logic turned out to be very fruitful by proving the correctness of some of them. We hope that this book will initiate other successful developments in default logic.Table of Contents1. Default Reasoning.- 2. Formal Logic as a Knowledge Representation Scheme.- 3. First Order Logic.- 4. Nonmonotonic Extensions for First Order Logic.- 5. Presentation of Default Logic.- 6. Formal Development of Default Logic.- 7. Normal Defaults.- 8. Further Topics in Default Logic.- 9. Fragments of Default Logic.- 10. Problems with Default Logic.- 11. Default Logic Revisited.- 12. Circumscription.- 13. Other Logic Formalizations of Nonmonotonic Reasoning.- Appendix: Origin of the Theorems.- References.- Table of Symbols.

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Book SynopsisKonrad Zuse is one of the great pioneers of the computer age. He created thefirst fully automated, program controlled, freely programmable computer using binary floating-point calculation. It was operational in 1941. He built his first machines in Berlin during the Second World War, with bombs falling all around, and after the war he built up a company that was taken over by Siemens in 1967. Zuse was an inventor in the traditional style, full of phantastic ideas, but also gifted with a powerful analytical mind. Single-handedly, he developed one of the first programming languages, the Plan Calculus, including features copied only decades later in other languages. He wrote numerousbooks and articles and won many honors and awards. This is his autobiography, written in an engagingly lively and pleasant style, full of anecdotes, reminiscences, and philosophical asides. It traces his life from his childhood in East Prussia, through tense wartime experiences and hard times building up his business after the war, to a ripe old age andwell-earned celebrity.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The book tells the story of an inventor and an entrepreneur. It is refreshing because it allows one to see things outside of the box, beyond the more traditional story, so that he or she can better appreciate key aspects of computing and computation. Furthermore, the book tells the story of a father, a hard worker, and a recognized inventor, including pictures and plenty of anecdotes. … The book is probably the only reliable source about Konrad Zuse’s life and contributions to the world.” (Hector Zenil, ACM Computing Reviews, November, 2011)Table of Contents1 Ancestors and parents — Early childhood memories — School days — Metropolis — Abitur.- 2 Studies (not without detours and by-ways) and general studies — First inventions — The Akademischer Verein Motiv — Student life between science and politics.- 3 The early years of the computer (and a digression on its prehistory) — Colleagues remember — From mechanics to electromechanics — Schreyer’s electronic computing machine — First outside contacts — Thoughts on the future.- 4 Outbreak of the war and (first) call-up — Structural engineer in aircraft construction — The Z2 and Z3 — Second call-up — Zuse Ingenieurbüro und Apparatebau, Berlin — The first process computer.- 5 Origins of the Z4 — News from the United States — Attempt at a Ph.D. dissertation — Computing machine for logic operations — Final months of the war in Berlin — The evacuation — Z4 completed in Göttingen — Final war days in the Allgäu.- 6 End of the war — Refugees in Hinterstein — The Plankalkül — The computing universe — Automation and self-reproducing systems — A logarithmic computing machine — Computer development in Germany and the United States — Move to Hopferau near Füssen — The mill of the Patent Office.- 7 The Zuse-Ingenieurbüro, Hopferau bei Füssen — First business partners: IBM and Remington Rand — The first pipelining design — Founding of ZUSE KG in Neukirchen — The Z4 in the ETH in Zurich — The computer in Europe: taking stock — Lost opportunities — The first German contract: the Z5.- 8 The partners leave — Computing machine for land use zoning — Electronics gains acceptance — First funds from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft — Losing one’s way (and possibly a lost opportunity) — The array processor — Custom work for geodesists — The Graphomat Z64 — Growth and crisis of ZUSE KG — The end.- 9 Free for science (again) — Honors — A look to the future.- Appendices.- 1. From Forms to Program Control.- 2. Construction of Devices.- 3. On Computer Architecture.- 4. On the Plan Calculus.- 5. Lecture on the Occasion of the Award of the Honorary Doctorate by the Technical University of Berlin (Extract).- 6. The Computer Did Not Fall from Heaven.- Notes.- References.- Name Index.- Computer Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering, FASE'98, held as part of the Joint European Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS'98, held in Lisbon, Portugal, in March/April 1998.Besides two invited presentations and three system demonstrations, this volume presents 18 revised full papers selected from a total of 59 submissions. Among the various fundamental software engineering issues addressed are formal methods, specification languages, refinement, object-oriented modeling, software architectures, statecharts, model checking, etc.Table of ContentsExtreme programming: A humanistic discipline of software development.- Some mistakes I have and what I have learned from them.- Specifying and analyzing dynamic software architectures.- Observational proofs with critical contexts.- Integrating AORTA with model-based data specification languages.- Specifying safety-critical embedded systems with statecharts and Z: A case study.- Specifying embedded systems with statecharts and Z: An agenda for cyclic software components.- Algebra transformation systems and their composition.- Navigation expressions in object-oriented modelling.- Compositional verification of reactive systems specified by graph transformation.- Reflections on the design of a specification language.- Constructs, concepts and criteria for reuse in concurrent object-oriented languages.- Backtracking-free design planning by automatic synthesis in metaframe.- Model-checking CSP-Z.- Rule-based refinement of high-level nets preserving safety properties.- Automated formal analysis of networks: FDR models of arbitrary topologies and flow-control mechanisms.- Behaviour analysis and safety conditions: A case study in CML.- Distributed safety controllers for web services.- A refinement calculus for statecharts.- Refining formal specifications of human computer interaction by graph rewrite rules.- RELVIEW — A system for calculating with relations and relational programming.- ALBERT: A formal language and its supporting tools for requirements engineering.- Moby/plc — A design tool for hierarchical real-time automata.

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Book SynopsisWritten with graduate and advanced undergraduate students in mind, this textbook introduces computational logic from the foundations of first-order logic to state-of-the-art decision procedures for arithmetic, data structures, and combination theories. The textbook also presents a logical approach to engineering correct software. Verification exercises are given to develop the reader's facility in specifying and verifying software using logic. The treatment of verification concludes with an introduction to the static analysis of software, an important component of modern verification systems. The final chapter outlines courses of further study.Trade Review"...this book, which addresses the verification of sequential programs, exhibits all the features of a field that has finally fully matured. The material is substantial; it is organized very thoughtfully; the writing is concise but simple, easy to follow, and illustrated with ample examples... Overall, this book is very well written, thoughtfully constructed, and substantive yet accessible. It is bound to become a standard textbook in program verification." (Fatma Mill, ACM Computing Reviews, August 2008)Table of ContentsFoundations.- Propositional Logic.- First-Order Logic.- First-Order Theories.- Induction.- Program Correctness: Mechanics.- Program Correctness: Strategies.- Algorithmic Reasoning.- Quantified Linear Arithmetic.- Quantifier-Free Linear Arithmetic.- Quantifier-Free Equality and Data Structures.- Combining Decision Procedures.- Arrays.- Invariant Generation.- Further Reading.

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Book SynopsisThis introduction to computational geometry focuses on algorithms. Motivation is provided from the application areas as all techniques are related to particular applications in robotics, graphics, CAD/CAM, and geographic information systems. Modern insights in computational geometry are used to provide solutions that are both efficient and easy to understand and implement.Trade Review"An excellent introduction to the field is given here, including a general motivation and usage cases beyond simple graphics rendering or interaction." from the ACM Reviews by William Fahle, University of Texas at Dallas, USATable of ContentsComputational Geometry: Introduction.- Line Segment Intersection: Thematic Map Overlay.- Polygon Triangulation: Guarding an Art Gallery.- Linear Programming: Manufacturing with Molds.- Orthogonal Range Searching: Querying a Database.- Point Location: Knowing Where You Are.- Voronoi Diagrams: The Post Office Problem.- Arrangements and Duality: Supersampling in Ray Tracing.- Delaunay Triangulations: Height Interpolation.- More Geometric Data Structures: Windowing.- Convex Hulls: Mixing Things.- Binary Space Partitions: The Painter's Algorithm.- Robot Motion Planning: Getting Where You Want to Be.- Quadtrees: Non-Uniform Mesh Generation.- Visibility Graphs: Finding the Shortest Route.- Simplex Range Searching: Windowing Revisited.- Bibliography.- Index.

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Book SynopsisSoftware product line engineering has proven to be the methodology for developing a diversity of software products and software intensive systems at lower costs, in shorter time, and with higher quality. In this book, Pohl and his co-authors present a framework for software product line engineering which they have developed based on their academic as well as industrial experience gained in projects over the last eight years. They do not only detail the technical aspect of the development, but also an integrated view of the business, organisation and process aspects are given. In addition, they explicitly point out the key differences of software product line engineering compared to traditional single software system development, as the need for two distinct development processes for domain and application engineering respectively, or the need to define and manage variability. Table of ContentsPart I Introduction Introduction to Software Product Line Engineering. - A Framework for Software Product Line Engineering. - Overview on the Example Domain: Home Automation Part II Variability Principles of Variability. - Documenting Variability in Requirements. - Documenting Variability in Design. - Documenting Variability in Realisation Part III Domain Engineering Product Management. - Domain Requirements Engineering. - Domain Design. - Domain Realisation. - Domain Testing. - Using COTS Components as Domain Artefacts Part IV Application Engineering Application Requirements Engineering. - Application Design. - Application Realisation. - Application Testing Part V Organisation Aspects Organisation. - Transition Process Part VI Experiences Experiences with Software Product Lines Appendix

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Book SynopsisKonrad Zuse is one of the great pioneers of the computer age. He created thefirst fully automated, program controlled, freely programmable computer using binary floating-point calculation. It was operational in 1941. He built his first machines in Berlin during the Second World War, with bombs falling all around, and after the war he built up a company that was taken over by Siemens in 1967. Zuse was an inventor in the traditional style, full of phantastic ideas, but also gifted with a powerful analytical mind. Single-handedly, he developed one of the first programming languages, the Plan Calculus, including features copied only decades later in other languages. He wrote numerousbooks and articles and won many honors and awards. This is his autobiography, written in an engagingly lively and pleasant style, full of anecdotes, reminiscences, and philosophical asides. It traces his life from his childhood in East Prussia, through tense wartime experiences and hard times building up his business after the war, to a ripe old age andwell-earned celebrity.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The book tells the story of an inventor and an entrepreneur. It is refreshing because it allows one to see things outside of the box, beyond the more traditional story, so that he or she can better appreciate key aspects of computing and computation. Furthermore, the book tells the story of a father, a hard worker, and a recognized inventor, including pictures and plenty of anecdotes. … The book is probably the only reliable source about Konrad Zuse’s life and contributions to the world.” (Hector Zenil, ACM Computing Reviews, November, 2011)Table of Contents1 Ancestors and parents — Early childhood memories — School days — Metropolis — Abitur.- 2 Studies (not without detours and by-ways) and general studies — First inventions — The Akademischer Verein Motiv — Student life between science and politics.- 3 The early years of the computer (and a digression on its prehistory) — Colleagues remember — From mechanics to electromechanics — Schreyer’s electronic computing machine — First outside contacts — Thoughts on the future.- 4 Outbreak of the war and (first) call-up — Structural engineer in aircraft construction — The Z2 and Z3 — Second call-up — Zuse Ingenieurbüro und Apparatebau, Berlin — The first process computer.- 5 Origins of the Z4 — News from the United States — Attempt at a Ph.D. dissertation — Computing machine for logic operations — Final months of the war in Berlin — The evacuation — Z4 completed in Göttingen — Final war days in the Allgäu.- 6 End of the war — Refugees in Hinterstein — The Plankalkül — The computing universe — Automation and self-reproducing systems — A logarithmic computing machine — Computer development in Germany and the United States — Move to Hopferau near Füssen — The mill of the Patent Office.- 7 The Zuse-Ingenieurbüro, Hopferau bei Füssen — First business partners: IBM and Remington Rand — The first pipelining design — Founding of ZUSE KG in Neukirchen — The Z4 in the ETH in Zurich — The computer in Europe: taking stock — Lost opportunities — The first German contract: the Z5.- 8 The partners leave — Computing machine for land use zoning — Electronics gains acceptance — First funds from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft — Losing one’s way (and possibly a lost opportunity) — The array processor — Custom work for geodesists — The Graphomat Z64 — Growth and crisis of ZUSE KG — The end.- 9 Free for science (again) — Honors — A look to the future.- Appendices.- 1. From Forms to Program Control.- 2. Construction of Devices.- 3. On Computer Architecture.- 4. On the Plan Calculus.- 5. Lecture on the Occasion of the Award of the Honorary Doctorate by the Technical University of Berlin (Extract).- 6. The Computer Did Not Fall from Heaven.- Notes.- References.- Name Index.- Computer Index.

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Book SynopsisThe algorithmic solution of problems has always been one of the major concerns of mathematics. For a long time such solutions were based on an intuitive notion of algorithm. It is only in this century that metamathematical problems have led to the intensive search for a precise and sufficiently general formalization of the notions of computability and algorithm. In the 1930s, a number of quite different concepts for this purpose were pro­ posed, such as Turing machines, WHILE-programs, recursive functions, Markov algorithms, and Thue systems. All these concepts turned out to be equivalent, a fact summarized in Church's thesis, which says that the resulting definitions form an adequate formalization of the intuitive notion of computability. This had and continues to have an enormous effect. First of all, with these notions it has been possible to prove that various problems are algorithmically unsolvable. Among of group these undecidable problems are the halting problem, the word problem theory, the Post correspondence problem, and Hilbert's tenth problem. Secondly, concepts like Turing machines and WHILE-programs had a strong influence on the development of the first computers and programming languages. In the era of digital computers, the question of finding efficient solutions to algorithmically solvable problems has become increasingly important. In addition, the fact that some problems can be solved very efficiently, while others seem to defy all attempts to find an efficient solution, has called for a deeper under­ standing of the intrinsic computational difficulty of problems.Trade ReviewP. Bürgisser, M. Clausen, M.A. Shokrollahi, and T. Lickteig Algebraic Complexity Theory "The book contains interesting exercises and useful bibliographical notes. In short, this is a nice book."—MATHEMATICAL REVIEWS From the reviews: "This book is certainly the most complete reference on algebraic complexity theory that is available hitherto. … superb bibliographical and historical notes are given at the end of each chapter. … this book would most certainly make a great textbook for a graduate course on algebraic complexity theory. … In conclusion, any researchers already working in the area should own a copy of this book. … beginners at the graduate level who have been exposed to undergraduate pure mathematics would find this book accessible." (Anthony Widjaja, SIGACT News, Vol. 37 (2), 2006)Table of Contents1. Introduction.- I. Fundamental Algorithms.- 2. Efficient Polynomial Arithmetic.- 3. Efficient Algorithms with Branching.- II. Elementary Lower Bounds.- 4. Models of Computation.- 5. Preconditioning and Transcendence Degree.- 6. The Substitution Method.- 7. Differential Methods.- III. High Degree.- 8. The Degree Bound.- 9. Specific Polynomials which Are Hard to Compute.- 10. Branching and Degree.- 11. Branching and Connectivity.- 12. Additive Complexity.- IV. Low Degree.- 13. Linear Complexity.- 14. Multiplicative and Bilinear Complexity.- 15. Asymptotic Complexity of Matrix Multiplication.- 16. Problems Related to Matrix Multiplication.- 17. Lower Bounds for the Complexity of Algebras.- 18. Rank over Finite Fields and Codes.- 19. Rank of 2-Slice and 3-Slice Tensors.- 20. Typical Tensorial Rank.- V. Complete Problems.- 21. P Versus NP: A Nonuniform Algebraic Analogue.- List of Notation.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a concise, self-contained, up-to-date introduction to extremal combinatorics for nonspecialists. There is a strong emphasis on theorems with particularly elegant and informative proofs, they may be called gems of the theory. The author presents a wide spectrum of the most powerful combinatorial tools together with impressive applications in computer science: methods of extremal set theory, the linear algebra method, the probabilistic method, and fragments of Ramsey theory. No special knowledge in combinatorics or computer science is assumed – the text is self-contained and the proofs can be enjoyed by undergraduate students in mathematics and computer science. Over 300 exercises of varying difficulty, and hints to their solution, complete the text.This second edition has been extended with substantial new material, and has been revised and updated throughout. It offers three new chapters on expander graphs and eigenvalues, the polynomial method and error-correcting codes. Most of the remaining chapters also include new material, such as the Kruskal—Katona theorem on shadows, the Lovász—Stein theorem on coverings, large cliques in dense graphs without induced 4-cycles, a new lower bounds argument for monotone formulas, Dvir's solution of the finite field Kakeya conjecture, Moser's algorithmic version of the Lovász Local Lemma, Schöning's algorithm for 3-SAT, the Szemerédi—Trotter theorem on the number of point-line incidences, surprising applications of expander graphs in extremal number theory, and some other new results.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the second edition:“This is an entertaining and impressive book. I say impressive because the author managed to cover a very large part of combinatorics in 27 short chapters, without assuming any graduate-level knowledge of the material. … The collection of topics covered is another big advantage of the book. … The book is ideal as reference material or for a reading course for a dedicated graduate student. One could teach a very enjoyable class from it as well … .” (Miklós Bóna, The Mathematical Association of America, May, 2012)"[R]eaders interested in any branch of combinatorics will find this book compelling. ... This book is very suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate mathematics and computer science majors. It requires a very solid grounding in intermediate-level combinatorics and an appreciation for several proof methods, but it is well worth the study." (G.M. White, ACM Computing Reviews, May 2012)“This is the second edition of a well-received textbook. It has been extended with new and updated results. Typographical errors in the first edition are corrected. … This textbook is suitable for advanced undergraduate or graduate students as well as researchers working in discrete mathematics or theoretical computer science. The author’s enthusiasm for the subject is evident and his writing is clear and smooth. This is a book deserving recommendation.” (Ko-Wei Lih, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1239, 2012)“This is an introductory book that deals with the subject of extremal combinatorics. … The book is nicely written and the author has included many elegant and beautiful proofs. The book contains many interesting exercises that will stimulate the motivated reader to get a better understanding of this area. … author’s goal of writing a self-contained book that is more or less up to date … and that is accessible to graduate and motivated undergraduate students in mathematics and computer science, has been successfully achieved.” (Sebastian M. Cioabă, Mathematical Reviews, January, 2013)Table of ContentsPreface.- Prolog: What this Book Is About.- Notation.- Counting.- Advanced Counting.- Probabilistic Counting.- The Pigeonhole Principle.- Systems of Distinct Representatives.- Sunflowers.- Intersecting Families.- Chains and Antichains.- Blocking Sets and the Duality.- Density and Universality.- Witness Sets and Isolation.- Designs.- The Basic Method.- Orthogonality and Rank Arguments.- Eigenvalues and Graph Expansion.- The Polynomial Method.- Combinatorics of Codes.- Linearity of Expectation.- The Lovász Sieve.- The Deletion Method.- The Second Moment Method.- The Entropy Function.- Random Walks.- Derandomization.- Ramseyan Theorems for Numbers.- The Hales–Jewett Theorem.- Applications in Communications Complexity.- References.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis tutorial book presents revised and extended lecture notes for a selection of the contributions presented at the International Summer School on Generative and Transformational Techniques in Software Engineering (GTTSE 2009), which was held in Braga, Portugal, in July 2009. The 16 articles comprise 7 long tutorials, 6 short tutorials and 3 participants contributions; they shed light on the generation and transformation of programs, data, models, metamodels, documentation, and entire software systems. The topics covered include software reverse and re-engineering, model driven engineering, automated software engineering, generic language technology, and software language engineering.Table of ContentsAn Introduction to Software Product Line Refactoring.- Excerpts from the TXL Cookbook.- Model Synchronization: Mappings, Tiles, and Categories.- An Introductory Tutorial on JastAdd Attribute Grammars.- Model Driven Language Engineering with Kermeta; EASY Meta-programming with Rascal.- The Theory and Practice of Modeling Language Design for Model-Based Software Engineering—A Personal Perspective.- Code Transformations for Embedded Reconfigurable Computing Architectures.- Model Transformation Chains and Model Management for End-to-End Performance Decision Support; Building Code Generators with Genesys: A Tutorial Introduction; The Need for Early Aspects.- Lightweight Language Processing in Kiama .- Some Issues in the ‘Archaeology’ of Software Evolution; Teaching Computer Language Handling – From Compiler Theory to Meta-modelling; C++ Metastring Library and Its Applications.- Language Convergence Infrastructure.

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Book SynopsisThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, CAV 2011, held in Snowbird, UT, USA, in July 2011. The 35 revised full papers presented together with 20 tool papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 161 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on the following workshops: 4th International Workshop on Numerical Software Verification (NSV 2011), 10th International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Methods in Verifications (PDMC 2011), 4th International Workshop on Exploiting Concurrency Efficiently and Correctly (EC2 2011), Frontiers in Analog Circuit Synthesis and Verification (FAC 2011), International Workshop on Satisfiability Modulo Theories, including SMTCOMP (SMT 2011), 18th International SPIN Workshop on Model Checking of Software (SPIN 2011), Formal Methods for Robotics and Automation (FM-R 2011), and Practical Synthesis for Concurrent Systems (PSY 2011).

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Book SynopsisThe purpose of this Handbook is to highlight both theory and applications of weighted automata. Weighted finite automata are classical nondeterministic finite automata in which the transitions carry weights. These weights may model, e. g. , the cost involved when executing a transition, the amount of resources or time needed for this,or the probability or reliability of its successful execution. The behavior of weighted finite automata can then be considered as the function (suitably defined) associating with each word the weight of its execution. Clearly, weights can also be added to classical automata with infinite state sets like pushdown automata; this extension constitutes the general concept of weighted automata. To illustrate the diversity of weighted automata, let us consider the following scenarios. Assume that a quantitative system is modeled by a classical automaton in which the transitions carry as weights the amount of resources needed for their execution. Then the amount of resources needed for a path in this weighted automaton is obtained simply as the sum of the weights of its transitions. Given a word, we might be interested in the minimal amount of resources needed for its execution, i. e. , for the successful paths realizing the given word. In this example, we could also replace the “resources” by “profit” and then be interested in the maximal profit realized, correspondingly, by a given word.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:"This book is an excellent reference for researchers in the field, as well as students interested in this research area. The presentation of applications makes it interesting to researchers from other fields to study weighted automata. ... One of the main arguments in favor of this handbook is the completeness of its index table — usually a faulty section in such volumes. The chapters are globally well-written and self-contained, thus pleasant to read, and the efforts put to maintain consistency in vocabulary thorough the book are very appreciable." (Michaël Cadilhac, The Book Review Column 43-3, 2012)“The book presents a broad survey, theory and applications, of weighted automata, classical nondeterministic automata in which transitions carry weights. … The individual articles are written by well-known researchers in the field: they include extensive lists of references and many open problems. The book is valuable for both computer scientists and mathematicians (being interested in discrete structures).” (Cristian S. Calude, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1200, 2011)Table of ContentsFoundations.- Semirings and Formal Power Series.- Fixed Point Theory.- Concepts of Weighted Recognizability.- Finite Automata.- Rational and Recognisable Power Series.- Weighted Automata and Weighted Logics.- Weighted Automata Algorithms.- Weighted Discrete Structures.- Algebraic Systems and Pushdown Automata.- Lindenmayer Systems.- Weighted Tree Automata and Tree Transducers.- Traces, Series-Parallel Posets, and Pictures: A Weighted Study.- Applications.- Digital Image Compression.- Fuzzy Languages.- Model Checking Linear-Time Properties of Probabilistic Systems.- Applications of Weighted Automata in Natural Language Processing.

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Book SynopsisComputer science is the science of the future, and already underlies every facet of business and technology, and much of our everyday lives. In addition, it will play a crucial role in the science the 21st century, which will be dominated by biology and biochemistry, similar to the role of mathematics in the physical sciences of the 20th century. In this award-winning best-seller, the author and his co-author focus on the fundamentals of computer science, which revolve around the notion of the algorithm. They discuss the design of algorithms, and their efficiency and correctness, the inherent limitations of algorithms and computation, quantum algorithms, concurrency, large systems and artificial intelligence. Throughout, the authors, in their own words, stress the ‘fundamental and robust nature of the science in a form that is virtually independent of the details of specific computers, languages and formalisms'. This version of the book is published to celebrate 25 years since its first edition, and in honor of the Alan M. Turing Centennial year. Turing was a true pioneer of computer science, whose work forms the underlying basis of much of this book. Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the third edition:“This book should be on any short list for a central course in computer science. It is designed to provide a uniform background on which all students might draw. It has a good-humored, easy style, which would make any reader unwilling to close the book after opening it anywhere. All computer scientists should have this book. … the bibliography is organized in a convenient chapter-by-chapter form, which makes the book useful for advanced work, and the exercises will help instructors identify capable students.” (Harvey Cohn, ACM Computing Reviews, August, 2012)“This is a reprint of the 3rd edition on the occasion of the 25th year of the existence of the book; it is also intended to honor Alan Turing’s 100th birthday. … it is highly readable, even if one is largely acquainted with the field. It is very well written, containing many illustrative examples, suited also for the non-specialist.” (Gunther Schmidt, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1243, 2012)Table of ContentsPreliminaries.- and Historical Review.- Algorithms and Data.- Programming Languages and Paradigms.- Methods and Analysis.- Algorithmic Methods.- The Correctness of Algorithms.- The Efficiency of Algorithms.- Limitations and Robustness.- Inefficiency and Intractability.- Noncomputability and Undecidability.- Algorithmic Universality and Its Robustness.- Relaxing the Rules.- Parallelism, Concurrency, and Alternative Models.- Probabilistic Algorithms.- Cryptography and Reliable Interaction.- The Bigger Picture.- Software Engineering.- Reactive Systems.- Algorithmics and Intelligence.

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Book SynopsisThis book is intended for students in computer science, formal linguistics, mathematical logic and to colleagues interested in categorial grammars and their logical foundations. These lecture notes present categorial grammars as deductive systems, in the approach called parsing-as-deduction, and the book includes detailed proofs of their main properties. The papers are organized in topical sections on AB grammars, Lambek’s syntactic calculus, Lambek calculus and montague grammar, non-associative Lambek calculus, multimodal Lambek calculus, Lambek calculus, linear logic and proof nets and proof nets for the multimodal Lambek calculus.

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Book SynopsisThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems, MODELS 2013, held in Miami, FL, USA, in September/October 2013. The 47 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 180 submissions. They are organized in topical sections named: tool support; dependability; comprehensibility; testing; evolution; verification; product lines; semantics; domain-specific modeling languages; models@RT; design and architecture; model transformation; model analysis; and system synthesis.Table of ContentsTool support.- Dependability.- Comprehensibility.- Testing.- Evolution.- Verification.- Product lines.- Semantics.- Domain-specific modeling languages.- Design and architecture.- Model transformation.- Model analysis.- System synthesis.

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Book SynopsisComputer science is the science of the future, and already underlies every facet of business and technology, and much of our everyday lives. In addition, it will play a crucial role in the science the 21st century, which will be dominated by biology and biochemistry, similar to the role of mathematics in the physical sciences of the 20th century. In this award-winning best-seller, the author and his co-author focus on the fundamentals of computer science, which revolve around the notion of the algorithm. They discuss the design of algorithms, and their efficiency and correctness, the inherent limitations of algorithms and computation, quantum algorithms, concurrency, large systems and artificial intelligence. Throughout, the authors, in their own words, stress the ‘fundamental and robust nature of the science in a form that is virtually independent of the details of specific computers, languages and formalisms'. This version of the book is published to celebrate 25 years since its first edition, and in honor of the Alan M. Turing Centennial year. Turing was a true pioneer of computer science, whose work forms the underlying basis of much of this book. Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the third edition:“This book should be on any short list for a central course in computer science. It is designed to provide a uniform background on which all students might draw. It has a good-humored, easy style, which would make any reader unwilling to close the book after opening it anywhere. All computer scientists should have this book. … the bibliography is organized in a convenient chapter-by-chapter form, which makes the book useful for advanced work, and the exercises will help instructors identify capable students.” (Harvey Cohn, ACM Computing Reviews, August, 2012)“This is a reprint of the 3rd edition on the occasion of the 25th year of the existence of the book; it is also intended to honor Alan Turing’s 100th birthday. … it is highly readable, even if one is largely acquainted with the field. It is very well written, containing many illustrative examples, suited also for the non-specialist.” (Gunther Schmidt, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1243, 2012)Table of ContentsPreliminaries.- and Historical Review.- Algorithms and Data.- Programming Languages and Paradigms.- Methods and Analysis.- Algorithmic Methods.- The Correctness of Algorithms.- The Efficiency of Algorithms.- Limitations and Robustness.- Inefficiency and Intractability.- Noncomputability and Undecidability.- Algorithmic Universality and Its Robustness.- Relaxing the Rules.- Parallelism, Concurrency, and Alternative Models.- Probabilistic Algorithms.- Cryptography and Reliable Interaction.- The Bigger Picture.- Software Engineering.- Reactive Systems.- Algorithmics and Intelligence.

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Book SynopsisDynamic complexity results from hidden, un­known factors—or more precisely, interactions between factors—that can unexpectedly im­pact the perfor­mance of systems. When the influences of dynamic complexity are not meas­ured and understood, new never-seen-before behaviors can come as unwelcomed surprises, which disrupt the performance of systems. Left alone, processes that were once prized for their effi­ciency unexpectedly begin to degrade—costs increase, while volumes and quality decline. Evidence of problems may come too late for effective resolution as technology advance­ments induce rapid change and compress the time available to react to that change. The results of dynamic complexity are always negative and unmanaged dynamic complexity can bring business or global systems to the point of sudden chaos. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic, 2008 Credit Crunch and 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster are global examples of the dangers of undiagnosed dynamic complexity.With increasing frequency executive leaders today are discovering that their business and IT system performance levels are not meeting expectations. In most cases these performance deficiencies are caused by dynamic complexity, which lies hidden like a cancer until the symptoms reveal themselves—often when it is too late to avoid negative impacts on business outcomes. This book examines the growing business problem of dynamic complexity and presents a path to a practical solution. To achieve better predictability, organizations must be able to expose new, dangerous patterns of behavior in time to take corrective actions and know which actions will yield the optimal results. The book authors promote new methods of risk management that use data collection, analytics, machine learning and automation processes to help organizations more accurately predict the future and take strategic actions to improve performance outcomes. The presented means of achieving this goal are based upon the authors’ practical experiences, backed by scientific principles, and results achieved through consulting engagements with over 350 global organizations.Table of ContentsIntroducing and understanding the challenge.- Probability of uncertainty; Complexity Dynamics and how they can drag down the efficiency of a business.- Mathematics and Modeling.- Introduction to patterns, dynamic patterns and compound patterns.- Perturbation theory helps us.- Emulative deconstruction theory.- The components and characteristics of the solution.- Introduction to the WATCHWEB.- Proposed methodology for the WATCHWEB.- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisObject-Process Methodology (OPM) is an intuitive approach to systems engineering. This book presents the theory and practice of OPM with examples from various industry segments and engineering disciplines, as well as daily life. OPM is a generic, domain independent approach that is applicable almost anywhere in systems engineering.Table of ContentsI Foundations of Object-Process Methodology.- 1 A Taste of OPM.- 1.1 The Wedding Example: A Sneak Preview of OPM.- 1.2 OPM Building Blocks: Objects, Processes, and States.- 1.3 Specialization and Inheritance.- 1.4 Aggregation and the Result Link.- Summary.- Problems.- 2 Object-Process Diagrams.- 2.1 Objects and Aggregation.- 2.2 Structural Relations and Structural Links.- 2.3 Processes and Procedural Links.- 2.4 System Diagram: The Top-Level OPD.- 2.5 Zooming into the Transaction Executing Process.- 2.6 The OPD Set.- 2.7 How to Read an OPD.- 2.7.1 Flow of Control.- 2.7.2 The Timeline in OPDs.- 2.7.3 Object States and Conditions.- 2.8 Completing the In-Zoomed Transaction Executing OPD.- 2.8.1 Logical XOR, AND, and OR Operators.- 2.8.2 The System Map.- 2.8.3 The Ultimate OPD.- 2.8.4 Zooming Out of Transaction Executing.- Summary.- Problems.- 3 Object-Process Language.- 3.1 Motivation for a Language.- 3.1.1 Real-Time Textual Feedback.- 3.1.2 Closing the Requirements-Implementation Gap.- 3.2 Structural Links and Structure Sentences.- 3.2.1 The First OPL Sentence.- 3.2.2 The First OPL Aggregation Sentence.- 3.3 The OPL Paragraph and the Graphics-Text Principle.- 3.3.1 Extending the OPL Paragraph.- 3.3.2 Enabling Sentences.- 3.3.3 Transformation Sentences.- 3.3.4 The SD Paragraph.- 3.4 More OPL Sentence Types.- 3.4.1 State Enumeration and Condition Sentences.- 3.4.2 AND, XOR, and OR Logical Operators.- 3.4.3 The SD1 Paragraph.- 3.4.4 In-Zooming and Out-Zooming Sentences.- 3.5 Boolean Objects and Determination Sentence.- 3.5.1 Boolean Condition Sentences.- 3.5.2 Compound Condition Sentences.- 3.5.3 State-Specified Generation Sentence.- 3.5.4 Converting a Dual-State Object into a Boolean Object.- 3.6 OPD-OPL Item Pairs and Synergy.- Summary.- Problems.- 4 Objects and Processes.- 4.1 Existence, Things, and Transformations.- 4.1.1 Objects.- 4.1.2 Transformation and Processes.- 4.2 Processes and Time.- 4.2.1 Cause and Effect.- 4.2.2 Syntactic vs. Semantic Sentence Analysis.- 4.2.3 The Process Test.- 4.3 Things.- 4.3.1 Things and Entities.- 4.3.2 The Perseverance of Things.- 4.3.3 The Essence of Things.- 4.3.4 Symbolizing Physical Things.- 4.3.5 The Origin of Things.- 4.3.6 The Complexity of Things.- 4.3.7 Thing Types.- 4.3.8 The Relativity of Object and Process Importance.- 4.3.9 Object and Process Naming.- 4.4 Informatical Objects.- 4.4.1 Telling Informatical and Physical Objects Apart.- 4.4.2 Systems and Information Systems.- 4.4.3 Translation of Informatical Objects.- 4.4.4 Toward “Pure” Informatical Objects.- 4.5 Object Identity.- 4.5.1 Change of State or Change of Identity?.- 4.5.2 Classes and Instances of Objects and Processes.- Summary.- Problems.- II Concepts of OPM Systems Modeling.- 5Dynamics.- 5.1 States.- 5.1.1 Object States and Status.- 5.1.2 Change and Effect.- 5.1.3 Explicit and Implicit Status Representations.- 5.1.4 The Input, Output, and Effect Links.- 5.1.5 State Suppression and the Effect Link.- 5.1.6 State Expression.- 5.2 Existence and Transformation.- 5.2.1 Result and Consumption Links.- 5.2.2 Procedural Links, Enablers, and Transformées.- 5.2.3 Enablers.- 5.2.4 Agents.- 5.2.5 Instruments.- 5.2.6 Enabling Links.- 5.2.7 Transformées.- 5.2.8 Odd Man Out: The Invocation Linkt.- 5.3 Object Roles with Respect to a Process.- 5.3.1 Enablers and Affectees.- 5.3.2 The Involved, Preprocess, and Postprocess Object Sets.- 5.3.3 Condition and Agent Condition Links.- 5.3.4 Operator, Operand, and Transform?.- Summary.- Problems.- 6Structure.- 6.1 Structural Relations.- 6.1.1 Structural Links.- 6.1.2 Structural Relation Directions.- 6.1.3 Unidirectional Structural Link.- 6.1.4 OPD Sentences.- 6.1.5 The Reciprocity of a Structural Relation.- 6.1.6 Null Tags and Their Default OPL Reserved Phrases.- 6.1.7 Structural Relations as Static Verbs.- 6.2 Participation Constraints and Cardinality.- 6.2.1 Participation Constraints.- 6.2.2 Parameterized Participation Constraints.- 6.2.3 Range Participation Constraints.- 6.2.4 Shorthand Notations and Reserved Phrases.- 6.2.5 Cardinality.- 6.2.6 Participation Constraints in Procedural Relations.- 6.3 The Distributive Law and Forks.- 6.3.1 Forks.- 6.3.2 Fork Degree.- 6.3.3 Fork Comprehensiveness.- 6.4 The Transitivity of Structural Relations.- 6.5 The Four Fundamental Structural Relations.- Summary.- Problems.- 7Aggregation and Exhibition.- 7.1 Aggregation-Participation: Underlying Concepts.- 7.1.1 Aggregation-Participation as a Tagged Structural Relation.- 7.1.2 The Aggregation-Participation Symbol.- 7.1.3 Sets and Order.- 7.1.4 Aggregate Naming.- 7.1.5 Aggregating Processes.- 7.2 Aggregation Hierarchy and Comprehensiveness.- 7.2.1 Aggregation Hierarchy.- 7.2.2 Aggregation Comprehensiveness.- 7.2.3 Parameterized Participation Constraints.- 7.2.4 Participation Level and Aggregational Complexity.- 7.3 Exhibition-Characterization: Underlying Concepts.- 7.3.1 The Name Exhibition-Characterization.- 7.3.2 The Exhibition-Characterization Symbol.- 7.3.3 Attribute and Operation Are Features.- 7.3.4 Exhibition Complexity.- 7.4 Features in 00 vs. OPM.- 7.5 The Four Thing-Feature Combinations.- 7.5.1 The Object-Attribute Combination.- 7.5.2 The Object-Operation Combination.- 7.5.3 The Process-Attribute Combination.- 7.5.4 Process-Operation Combination.- 7.6 The Feature Hierarchy.- 7.7 Feature-Related Natural Language Issues.- 7.7.1 Attribute Naming Dilemmas.- 7.7.2 Reserved Objects and the Measurement Unit Reserved Object.- 7.7.3 Continuous Values and Multi-Valued Attributes.- 7.7.4 Mathematical Inequalities in OPM.- 7.8 Reflective Metamodeling of an Attribute.- 7.8.1 The Size of an Attribute.- 7.8.2 The Mode of an Attribute.- 7.8.3 The Touch of an Attribute.- 7.8.4 The Source of a Feature.- 7.8.5 The Operation a Feature Carries.- Summary.- Problems.- 8 Generalization and Instantiation.- 8.1 Generalization-Specialization: Introduction.- 8.1.1 Specialization Symbol and Sentence.- 8.1.2 Process Specialization.- 8.2 Inheritance.- 8.2.1 Feature Inheritance.- 8.2.2 Structural Relations Inheritance.- 8.2.3 Procedural Link Inheritance.- 8.2.4 State Inheritance.- 8.2.5 State Specialization.- 8.2.6 Process Specialization.- 8.2.7 Generalization Complexity.- 8.3 Qualification.- 8.3.1 Qualification Inheritance.- 8.3.2 Multiple Qualification Inheritance.- 8.4 Classification-Instantiation.- 8.4.1 Classes and Instances.- 8.4.2 The Relation Between Instantiation and Specialization.- 8.4.3 The Relativity of Instance.- 8.4.4 Instance Qualification.- 8.4.5 Process Instances.- 8.4.6 Classification Complexity.- 8.5 Modifiers and Instances.- 8.5.1 Natural Language Modifiers and Shortcuts.- 8.5.2 Adjectives and Attributes.- 8.5.3 Adverbs and Operations.- 8.6 Specializations of the Involved Object Set Members.- 8.7 Non-Comprehensiveness.- 8.7.1 Non-Comprehensiveness of Fundamental Structural Relations.- 8.7.2 Non-Comprehensiveness of States and Values.- Summary.- Problems.- 9 Managing Systems’ Complexity.- 9.1 The Need for Complexity Management.- 9.1.1 Middle-Out as the De-Facto Architecting Practice.- 9.1.2 Determining the Extent of Refinement.- 9.1.3 Towards Quantifying Complexity.- 9.2 Divide and Conquer: By Aspects or by Details?.- 9.2.1 Why is Detail Decomposition Good?.- 9.2.2 When Should a New OPD Be Created?.- 9.3 The Attributes of Scaling.- 9.3.1 The Purpose of Scaling.- 9.3.2 The Mode of Scaling.- 9.3.3 Controlling Visibility by In- and Out-Zooming.- 9.3.4 The Distributivity of Procedural Links.- 9.3.5 Unfolding and Folding.- 9.3.6 State Expressing and Suppressing.- 9.3.7 Primary and Secondary Operands.- 9.4 Abstracting.- 9.4.1 Consolidating.- 9.4.2 Zoom consolidating.- 9.4.3 Paths and Path Labels.- 9.4.4 Zoom Consolidating Pitfalls.- 9.4.5 Zoom Consolidating Conditions.- 9.4.6 Fold Consolidating.- 9.5 What Happens to Procedural Links During Abstracting?.- 9.5.1 Procedural Link Precedence.- 9.5.2 Semi-Folding and Semi-Unfolding.- 9.5.3 Selective Semi-Folding and Semi-Unfolding.- 9.6 Looking at the Big Picture: The System Map and the OPM Construct Pairs.- Summary.- Problems.- III Building Systems with OPM.- 10 Systems and Modeling.- 10.1 Defining Systems.- 10.1.1 Some Existing Definitions.- 10.1.2 Function.- 10.1.3 The Various Functions of Stone.- 10.2 System Defined.- 10.2.1 System as a Relative Term.- 10.2.2 System as a Subjective Term.- 10.2.3 The Function of Naturaland Artificial Systems.- 10.3 Goal, Concept, and Function.- 10.3.1 The Intent and Goal of Artificial Systems.- 10.3.2 Telling System Function and Dynamics Apart.- 10.3.3 Function, Structure, and Behavior.- 10.4 System Architecture.- 10.4.1 Function vs. Dynamics.- 10.4.2 The Concept Behind a System.- 10.4.3 The Origin and Essence of Systems.- 10.5 Objects, Systems, and Products.- 10.5.1 Product Defined.- 10.5.2 The Object-System-Product Hierarchy.- 10.5.3 Goods, Services, and Projects.- 10.6 Documenting Functions of the System Architecture.- 10.6.1 The Function Hierarchy.- 10.6.2 Function Boxes and Function Sentences.- 10.6.3 Functionality.- 10.7 From Systems to Models.- 10.7.1 Some Model Definitions.- 10.7.2 Model Defined.- 10.8 Modeling Paradigms.- 10.8.1 Natural Language as a Modeling Tool.- 10.8.2 Mathematical and Symbolic Modeling.- 10.8.3 Graphic Modeling and Knowledge Representation.- 10.9 Reflective Metamodeling.- Summary.- Problems.- 11 System Lifecycle and Evolution.- 11.1 System Lifecycle.- 11.1.1 Lifecycle of Artificial Systems.- 11.1.2 Software and Product Development Processes.- 11.2 Systems Analysis and the Scientific Method.- 11.3 Categorization vs. Interdisciplinarity.- 11.4 System Engineering and the Role of the System Architect.- 11.5 An OPM Model of System Lifecycle Phases.- 11.5.1 Top-Level Description of System Evolution.- 11.5.2 Initiating the System.- 11.5.3 Developing the System.- 11.5.4 Analyzing.- 11.5.5 The Refining-Abstracting Cycles.- 11.5.6 Designing.- 11.5.7 The Waterfall Model vs. Iterative and Incremental Development.- 11.5.8 Deploying the System.- 11.6 Zooming into Analyzing.- 11.7 Zooming into Designing and Implementing.- 11.8 From Design to Implementation.- Summary.- Problems.- 12 States and Values.- 12.1 State-specified Objects and Links.- 12.1.1 Initial, Ultimate and Default States.- 12.1.2 The Transformation Attribute of a Process.- 12.1.3 Object as a Role Player for State.- 12.1.4 State Maintaining Processes.- 12.1.5 Sentences and Phrases of States and Values.- 12.1.6 Single Value Sentence.- 12.2 Telling States Apart from Values.- 12.3 Metamodeling the Attributes of Value and Their States.- 12.3.1 Numeric and Symbolic Values.- 12.3.2 Mapping Object States onto Attribute Values.- 12.4 Compound States and State Space.- 12.4.1 The Attribute Feasibility Matrix.- 12.4.2 Logical Compound States.- Summary.- Problems.- 13 Advanced OPM Concepts.- 13.1 Real-Time Issues.- 13.1.1 Sequential vs. Parallel Process Execution.- 13.1.2 Process Synchronization.- 13.1.3 Events.- 13.1.4 Chronon and Event.- 13.1.5 Basic Triggering Event Types.- 13.2 Process and State Duration.- 13.3 Processing states.- 13.4 Probability in Procedural Relations.- 13.5 Scope and Name Disambiguation.- 13.5.1 The Fundamental DAG.- 13.5.2 Scope of an Object.- 13.6 The Reserved Words “of” and “which”.- 13.6.1 The Reserved Word “of” and the Dot Operator.- 13.6.2 Using “of” with Tagged Structural Relations.- 13.6.3 The Reserved Word “which”.- 13.6.4 Operation: A Process Without Side Effect.- 13.7 Structure-Related Issues.- 13.7.1 Transitivity Strength.- 13.7.2 Hamiltonian Distance.- 13.7.3 The Fractal Relation.- 13.7.4 Covariance and Contravariance.- 13.8 OPM Metamodeling Issues.- 13.8.1 AMetamodelofThing.- 13.8.2 The Specialization-Specification Hierarchy.- 13.8.3 A Refined Generic Processing Model.- 13.8.4 Time Exception Handling.- 13.9 The OPM Construct Hierarchy.- Summary.- Problems.- 14 Systems Theory.- 14.1 The Informatics Hierarchy.- 14.1.1 Computers Are Climbing the Informatics Hierarchy.- 14.1.2 Knowledge and Understanding.- 14.2 Ontology.- 14.3 General Systems Theory.- 14.3.1 A Brief History of General Systems Theory.- 14.3.2 The Hierarchy of System Levels.- 14.4 Autopoietic vs. Allopoietic Systems.- 14.5 Systems and Humans.- 14.6 Systems Theory Characteristics.- 14.6.1 Previously Defined Characteristics.- 14.6.2 System, Environment and Beneficiaries.- 14.6.3 Control and Feedback.- 14.7 Classical Physics vs. Quantum Theory.- 14.7.1 Visualization.- 14.7.2 Causality.- 14.7.3 Locality.- 14.7.4 Self-Identity.- 14.7.5 Objectivity.- 14.8 Objectifying: Converting a Process into an Object.- Summary.- Problems.- 15 Object-Oriented Modeling.- 15.1 The Evolution of System Analysis Methods.- 15.1.1 Data Flow Diagrams.- 15.1.2 Entity-Relationship Diagrams and Their Combination with DFD.- 15.1.3 The Object-Oriented Paradigm.- 15.2 Pre-UML Object-Oriented Methods.- 15.2.1 Object Modeling Technique.- 15.2.2 Object-Oriented Software Engineering.- 15.2.3 Object-Oriented Analysis and Object-Oriented Design.- 15.2.4 Object-Oriented Systems Analysis.- 15.2.5 Object-Oriented Analysis & Design.- 15.2.6 Object Life-Cycles.- 15.2.7 The Booch Method.- 15.2.8 MOSES.- 15.2.9 The Fusion Method.- 15.2.10 OPEN Modeling Language.- 15.3 Unified Modeling Language-UML.- 15.4 Metamodeling in OO Methods.- 15.5 OO Methods - A Summary.- 15.6 Software Development Approaches and Trends.- 15.6.1 Aspect-Oriented Programming.- 15.6.2 The Rational Unified Process.- 15.6.3 Extreme Programming.- 15.6.4 Agile Modeling.- 15.7 Challenges for OO Methods.- 15.7.1 A Historic Perspective.- 15.7.2 The Encapsulation Challenge.- 15.7.3 The Model Multiplicity Challenge.- 15.7.4 Empirical Evidence of the Model Multiplicity Problem.- 15.7.5 The Complexity Management Challenge.- 15.8 OPM and OO.- 15.8.1 The UML 2.0 Initiative.- 15.8.2 Systemantica: an OPM Supporting Tool.- 15.8.3 OPM Applications and Research: Present and Future.- Summary.- Problems.- Appendix A: The ATM System.- References.

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Book SynopsisDas Buch Arithmetik ist eine Übersetzung des vierten Kapitels der legendären Werkreihe "The Art of Computer Programming" von Donald E. Knuth in der neuesten Fassung. Es handelt sich um eine umfangreiche Einführung in die Computeralgebra, die den neuesten Stand der Forschung berücksichtigt. Donald E. Knuth versteht es, die Algorithmen didaktisch sehr geschickt und ohne Kompromisse bei der Strenge aufzubereiten. Das Buch enthält außerdem Hunderte von Aufgaben verschiedener Schwierigkeitsgrade mit Lösungen. Der Übersetzer, Prof. Dr. R. Loos, lehrt an der Universität Tübingen.Table of Contents4 — Arithmetik.- 4.1. Stellenwertsysteme.- 4.2. Gleitkomma-Aritlunetik.- 4.2.1. Einfachgenaue Rechnungen.- 4.2.2. Genauigkeit der Gleitkonuna-Arithmetik.- *4.2.3. Doppeltgenaue Rechnungen.- 4.2.4. Verteilung von Gleitkomrnazahlen.- 4.3. Mehrfachgenaue Aritlunetik.- 4.3.1. Die klassischen Algorithmen.- *4.3.2. Modulare Aritlnnetik.- *4.3.3. Wie schnell könn en wir multiplizieren?.- 4.4. Basiswechsel.- 4.5. Rationale Arithmetik.- 4.5.1. Brüche.- 4.5.2. Der größte gemeinsame Teiler.- *4.5.3. Analyse des euklidschen Algorithmus.- 4.5.4. Zerlegung in Prirnfaktoren.- 4.6. Polynornarithmetik.- 4.6.1. Division von Polynomen.- *4.6.2. Faktorisierung von Polynomen.- 4.6.3. Auswertung von Potenzen.- 4.6.4. Auswertung von Polynomen.- *4.7. Operationen an Potenzreihen.- Lösungen zu den Übungsaufgaben.- Anhang A — Tafeln numerischer Größen.- 1. Fundamentale Konstanten (dezimal).- 2. Fundamentale Konstanten (oktal).- 3. Harrnonische Zahlen , Bernoulli-Zahlen, Fibonacci-Zahlen.- Anhang B — Index der Bezeichnungen.- Index und Glossar.

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Book SynopsisThe design and analysis of data structures and efficient algorithms has gained considerable importance in recent years. The concept of "algorithm" is central in computer science, and "efficiency" is central in the world of money. I have organized the material in three volumes and nine chapters. Vol. 1: Sorting and Searching (chapters I to III) Vol. 2: Graph Algorithms and NP-completeness (chapters IV to VI) Vol. 3: Multi-dimensional Searching and Computational G- metry (chapters VII and VIII) Volumes 2 and 3 have volume 1 as a common basis but are indepen­ dent from each other. Most of volumes 2 and 3 can be understood without knowing volume 1 in detail. A general kowledge of algorith­ mic principles as laid out in chapter 1 or in many other books on algorithms and data structures suffices for most parts of volumes 2 and 3. The specific prerequisites for volumes 2 and 3 are listed in the prefaces to these volumes. In all three volumes we present and analyse many important efficient algorithms for the fundamental computa­ tional problems in the area. Efficiency is measured by the running time on a realistic model of a computing machine which we present in chapter I. Most of the algorithms presented are very recent inven­ tions; after all computer science is a very young field. There are hardly any theorems in this book which are older than 20 years and at least fifty percent of the material is younger than 10 years.Table of ContentsI. Foundations.- 1. Machine Models: RAM and RASP.- 2. Randomized Computations.- 3. A High Level Programming Language.- 4. Structured Data Types.- 4.1 Queues and Stacks.- 4.2 Lists.- 4.3 Trees.- 5. Recursion.- 6. Order of Growth.- 7. Secondary Storage.- 8. Exercises.- 9. Bibliographic Notes.- II. Sorting.- 1. General Sorting Methods.- 1.1 Sorting by Selection, a First Attempt.- 1.2 Sorting by Selection: Heapsort.- 1.3 Sorting by Partitioning: Quicksort.- 1.4 Sorting by Merging.- 1.5 Comparing Different Algorithms.- 1.6 Lower Bounds.- 2. Sorting by Distribution.- 2.1 Sorting Words.- 2.2 Sorting Reals by Distribution.- 3. The Lower Bound on Sorting, Revisited.- 4. The Linear Median Algorithm.- 5. Exercises.- 6. Bibliographic Notes.- III. Sets.- 1. Digital Search Trees.- 1.1 Tries.- 1.2 Static Tries or Compressing Sparse Tables.- 2. Hashing.- 2.1 Hashing with Chaining.- 2.2 Hashing with Open Addressing.- 2.3 Perfect Hashing.- 2.4 Universal Hashing.- 2.5 Extendible Hashing.- 3. Searching Ordered Sets.- 3.1 Binary Search and Search Trees.- 3.2 Interpolation Search.- 4. Weighted Trees.- 4.1 Optimum Weighted Trees, Dynamic Programming, and Pattern Matching.- 4.2 Nearly Optimal Binary Search Trees.- 5. Balanced Trees.- 5.1 Weight-Balanced Trees.- 5.2 Height-Balanced Trees.- 5.3 AdvancedTopicson(a,b)-Trees.- 5.3.1 Mergable Priority Queues.- 5.3.2 Amortized Rebalancing Cost and Sorting Presorted Files.- 5.3.3 Finger Trees.- 5.3.4 Fringe Analysis.- 6. Dynamic Weighted Trees.- 6.1 Self-Organizing Data Structures and Their Amortized and Average Case Analysis.- 6.1.1 Self-Organizing Linear Lists.- 6.1.2 Splay Trees.- 6.2 D-trees.- 6.3 An Application to Multidimensional Searching.- 7. A Comparison of Search Structures.- 8. Subsets of a Small Universe.- 8.1 The Boolean Array (Bitvector).- 8.2 The O(log log N) Priority Queue.- 8.3 The Union-Find Problem.- 9. Exercises.- 10. Bibliographic Notes.- IX. Algorithmic Paradigms.

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Book SynopsisThe present book is based on the conference Software Development and Reality Construction held at SchloB Eringerfeld in Germany, September 25 - 30, 1988. This was organized by the Technical University of Berlin (TUB) in cooperation with the German National Research Center for Computer Science (GMD), Sankt Augustin, and sponsored by the Volkswagen Foundation whose financial support we gratefully acknowledge. The conference was an interdisciplinary scientific and cultural event aimed at promoting discussion on the nature of computer science as a scientific discipline and on the theoretical foundations and systemic practice required for human-oriented system design. In keeping with the conversational style of the conference, the book comprises a series of individual contributions, arranged so as to form a coherent whole. Some authors reflect on their practice in computer science and system design. Others start from approaches developed in the humanities and the social sciences for understanding human learning and creativity, individual and cooperative work, and the interrelation between technology and organizations. Thus, each contribution makes its specific point and can be read on its own merit. But, at the same time, it takes its place as a chapter in the book, along with all the other contributions, to give what seemed to us a meaningful overall line of argumentation. This required careful editorial coordination, and we are grateful to all the authors for bearing with us throughout the slow genesis of the book and for complying with our requests for extensive revision of some of the manuscripts.Table of ContentsPrologue.- 1 Thinking About Computer Science.- 1.1 Human Questions in Computer Science.- 1.2 Learning from our Errors.- 2 Living Computer Science.- 2.1 The Technical and the Human Side of Computer Science.- 2.2 Hermeneutics and Path.- 2.3 Computing: Yet Another Reality Construction.- 2.4 How Many Choices Do We Make? How Many Are Difficult?.- 2.5 From Scientific Practice to Epistemological Discovery.- 3 On Reality Construction.- 3.1 Self-Organization and Software Development.- 3.2 Software Development as Reality Construction.- 3.3 The Idea that Reality is Socially Constructed.- 4 Learning to Know.- 4.1 Scientific Expertise as a Social Process.- 4.2 How to Communicate Proofs or Programs.- 4.3 Making Errors, Making Sense, Making Use.- 4.4 Artifacts in Software Design.- 5 Computer Science and Beyond.- 5.1 The Denial of Error.- 5.2 Towards a New Understanding of Data Modelling.- 5.3 A Reappraisal of Information Science.- 6 Understanding the Computer Through Metaphors.- 6.1 Perspectives and Metaphors for Human-Computer Interaction.- 6.2 Software Tools in a Programming Workshop.- 6.3 Soft Engines — Mass-Produced Software for Working People?.- 6.4 Artificial Intelligence: A Hermeneutic Defense.- 7 Designing for People.- 7.1 Shared Responsibility: A Field of Tension.- 7.2 A Subject-Oriented Approach to Information Systems.- 7.3 Anticipating Reality Construction.- 7.4 On Controllability.- 7.5 Work Design for Human Development.- 8 Epistemological Approaches to Informatics.- 8.1 Truth and Meaning Beyond Formalism.- 8.2 Informatics and Hermeneutics.- 8.3 Language and Software, or: Fritzl’s Quest.- 8.4 Activity Theory as a Foundation for Design.- 8.5 Reflections on the Essence of Information.- Epilogue.- List of Authors.

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Book SynopsisDem Leser werden neben praxisnahen Beispielen zu jedem Thema auch zahlreiche Übungsaufgaben mit Lösungen zur Verfügung gestellt. Somit kann der zukünftige Studierende sich zunächst orientieren, ob seine Fähigkeiten für das gewünschte Ingenieurstudium bereits ausreichend sind oder ob er mehr hierfür tun muss.Table of ContentsMathematische Grundlagen.- Elementare Geometrie.- Funktionen.- Differentialrechnung.- Integralrechnung.- Vektorrechnung.- Matrizenrechnung.- Wahrscheinlichkeits- und Fehlerrechnung.- Folgen und Reihen.- Ausblick: Komplexe Zahlen und Differentialgleichungen.

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Book SynopsisFabian Lorig develops a procedure model for hypothesis-driven simulation studies which supports the design, conducting, and analysis of simulation experiments. It is aimed at facilitating the execution of simulation studies with regard to the replicability and reproducibility of the results. In comparison to existing models, this approach is based on a formally specified hypothesis. Each step of the simulation study can be adapted to the central hypothesis and performed in such a way that it can optimally contribute to the verification and thus to the confirmation or rejection of the hypothesis.Table of ContentsFoundations and Methods of Simulation.- Assistance and Automation of Simulation.- Requirements Analysis on Hypotheses in Simulation.- Hypothesis-Driven Simulation Studies.- Services for the Assistance of Simulation Studies.- Case Study: Supply Chain Management.

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Edited in collaboration with FoLLI, the Association of Logic, Language and Information this book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 21st Workshop on Logic, Language, Information and Communication, WoLLIC 2014, held in Valparaiso, Chile, in September 2014. The 15 contributed papers presented together with 6 invited lectures were carefully reviewed and selected from 29 submissions. The focus of the workshop was on the following subjects Inter-Disciplinary Research involving Formal Logic, Computing and Programming Theory, and Natural Language and Reasoning.

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Book SynopsisThe overall structure of this new edition is three-tier: Part I presents the basics, Part II is concerned with methodological issues, and Part III discusses advanced topics. In the second edition the authors have reorganized the material to focus on problems, how to represent them, and then how to choose and design algorithms for different representations. They also added a chapter on problems, reflecting the overall book focus on problem-solvers, a chapter on parameter tuning, which they combined with the parameter control and "how-to" chapters into a methodological part, and finally a chapter on evolutionary robotics with an outlook on possible exciting developments in this field.The book is suitable for undergraduate and graduate courses in artificial intelligence and computational intelligence, and for self-study by practitioners and researchers engaged with all aspects of bioinspired design and optimization.Trade Review“This book aims to give a thorough introduction to evolutionary computing, covering techniques and methodological issues. … the book does a good job of giving a general overview of the field. It assumes very little initial knowledge and the breath of its coverage is very impressive. … the supporting website does contain suggested further reading for each of the chapters.” (Barry Wilkes, bcs The Chartered Institute for IT, bcs.org, May, 2016)“This second edition of the book under review is very timely and corresponds to Evolutionary Computation (EC)’s status as an established methodology. … The chapter subdivision into different algorithms used in the first edition … has been replaced by a more suitable student/researcher-oriented approach; this is also supported by the website www.evolutionarycomputation.org, which contains a trove of exercises, slides and extra bibliographic references.” (Anna I. Esparcia-Alcázar, Mathematical Reviews, May, 2016)“Introduction to Evolutionary Computing is an excellent and readable text that should find a place on the bookshelf of anyone who researches and/or teaches in this domain. Suitable for a graduate course or upper-level undergraduate course in Evolutionary Computing, it is also a superior and well-organized reference book. … papers and presentations cited in the text provide a marvelous literature review. … The clarity of exposition and detail are excellent … .” (Jeffrey L. Popyack, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, Vol. 17 (2), 2016)Table of ContentsProblems to Be Solved.- Evolutionary Computing: The Origins.- What Is an Evolutionary Algorithm?.- Representation, Mutation, and Recombination.- Fitness, Selection, and Population Management.- Popular Evolutionary Algorithm Variants.- Hybridisation with Other Techniques: Memetic Algorithms.- Nonstationary and Noisy Function Optimisation.- Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms.- Constraint Handling.- Interactive Evolutionary Algorithms.- Coevolutionary Systems.- Theory.- Evolutionary Robotics.- Parameters and Parameter Tuning.- Parameter Control.- Working with Evolutionary Algorithms.- References.

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Book SynopsisParameterized Complexity in the Polynomial Hierarchy was co-recipient of the E.W. Beth Dissertation Prize 2017 for outstanding dissertations in the fields of logic, language, and information. This work extends the theory of parameterized complexity to higher levels of the Polynomial Hierarchy (PH). For problems at higher levels of the PH, a promising solving approach is to develop fixed-parameter tractable reductions to SAT, and to subsequently use a SAT solving algorithm to solve the problem. In this dissertation, a theoretical toolbox is developed that can be used to classify in which cases this is possible. The use of this toolbox is illustrated by applying it to analyze a wide range of problems from various areas of computer science and artificial intelligence.Table of ContentsComplexity Theory and Non-determinism.- Parameterized Complexity Theory.- Fpt-Reducibility to SAT.- The Need for a New Completeness Theory.- A New Completeness Theory.- Fpt-algorithms with Access to a SAT Oracle.- Problems in Knowledge Representation and Reasoning.- Model Checking for Temporal Logics.- Problems Related to Propositional Satisfiability.- Problems in Judgment Aggregation.- Planning Problems.- Graph Problems.- Relation to Other Topics in Complexity Theory.- Subexponential-Time Reductions.- Non-Uniform Parameterized Complexity.- Open Problems and Future Research Directions.- Conclusion.- Compendium of Parameterized Problems.- Generalization to Higher Levels of the Polynomial Hierarchy.

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Book SynopsisThis book explains compactly, without theoretical superstructure and with as little mathematical formalism as possible, the essential concepts in the encryption of messages and data worthy of protection. The focus is on the description of the historically and practically important cipher, signature and authentication methods. Both symmetric encryption and public-key ciphers are discussed. In each case, the strategies used to attack and attempt to "crack" encryption are also discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the practical use of ciphers, especially in the everyday environment. The book is suitable for working groups at STEM schools and STEM teacher training, for introductory courses at universities as well as for interested students and adults.Table of ContentsBasics and history.- Symmetric ciphers.- Public-key ciphers.- Digital signature.

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Book SynopsisThese transactions publish research in computer-based methods of computational collective intelligence (CCI) and their applications in a wide range of fields such as performance optimization in IoT, big data, reliability, privacy, security, service selection, QoS and machine learning. This 37th issue contains 9 selected papers which present new findings and innovative methodologies as well as discuss issues and challenges in the field of collective intelligence from big data and networking paradigms while addressing security, privacy, reliability and optimality to achieve QoS to the benefit of final users. Table of ContentsThe decline of the Buchholz tiebreaker system: a preferable alternative.- Constructing Varied and Attractive Shortlists from Databases: A Group Decision Approach Algorithms for measuring indirect control in corporate networks and effects of divestment.- Algorithms for measuring indirect control in corporate networks and effects of divestment.- Lies, Damned Lies, and Crafty Questionnaire Design.- Solidarity Measures.- Transportation problem with fuzzy unit costs. Z-fuzzy numbers approach.- The new ecological paradigm, functional stupidity and university sustainability – a polish case study.- A Model of a Parallel Design Environment for the Development of Decision-making IoT.

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