Materials science Books

Book SynopsisThe vast majority of vibrations encountered in the real environment are random in nature. Such vibrations are intrinsically complicated and this volume describes the process that enables us to simplify the required analysis, along with the analysis of the signal in the frequency domain. The power spectrum density is also defined, together with the requisite precautions to be taken in its calculations as well as the processes (windowing, overlapping) necessary to obtain improved results. An additional complementary method – the analysis of statistical properties of the time signal – is also described. This enables the distribution law of the maxima of a random Gaussian signal to be determined and simplifies the calculation of fatigue damage by avoiding direct peak counting.Table of ContentsForeword to Series xiii Introduction xvii List of Symbols xix Chapter 1 Statistical Properties of a Random Process 1 1.1 Definitions 1 1.1.1 Random variable 1 1.1.2 Random process 2 1.2 Random vibration in real environments 2 1.3 Random vibration in laboratory tests 3 1.4 Methods of random vibration analysis 3 1.5 Distribution of instantaneous values 5 1.5.1 Probability density 5 1.5.2 Distribution function 6 1.6 Gaussian random process 7 1.7 Rayleigh distribution 12 1.8 Ensemble averages: through the process 12 1.8.1 n order average 12 1.8.2 Centered moments 14 1.8.3 Variance 14 1.8.4 Standard deviation 15 1.8.5 Autocorrelation function 16 1.8.6 Cross-correlation function 16 1.8.7 Autocovariance 17 1.8.8 Covariance 17 1.8.9 Stationarity 17 1.9 Temporal averages: along the process 23 1.9.1 Mean 23 1.9.2 Quadratic mean – rms value 25 1.9.3 Moments of order n 27 1.9.4 Variance – standard deviation 28 1.9.5 Skewness 29 1.9.6 Kurtosis 30 1.9.7 Crest Factor 33 1.9.8 Temporal autocorrelation function 33 1.9.9 Properties of the autocorrelation function 39 1.9.10 Correlation duration 41 1.9.11 Cross-correlation 47 1.9.12 Cross-correlation coefficient 50 1.9.13 Ergodicity 50 1.10 Significance of the statistical analysis (ensemble or temporal) 52 1.11 Stationary and pseudo-stationary signals 52 1.12 Summary chart of main definitions 53 1.13 Sliding mean 54 1.14 Test of stationarity 58 1.14.1 The reverse arrangements test (RAT) 58 1.14.2 The runs test 61 1.15 Identification of shocks and/or signal problems 65 1.16 Breakdown of vibratory signal into “events”: choice of signal samples 68 1.17 Interpretation and taking into account of environment variation 75 Chapter 2 Random Vibration Properties in the Frequency Domain 79 2.1 Fourier transform 79 2.2 Power spectral density 81 2.2.1 Need 81 2.2.2 Definition 82 2.3 Amplitude Spectral Density 89 2.4 Cross-power spectral density 89 2.5 Power spectral density of a random process 90 2.6 Cross-power spectral density of two processes 91 2.7 Relationship between the PSD and correlation function of a process 93 2.8 Quadspectrum – cospectrum 93 2.9 Definitions 94 2.9.1 Broadband process 94 2.9.2 White noise 95 2.9.3 Band-limited white noise 95 2.9.4 Narrow band process 96 2.9.5 Colors of noise 97 2.10 Autocorrelation function of white noise 98 2.11 Autocorrelation function of band-limited white noise 99 2.12 Peak factor 101 2.13 Effects of truncation of peaks of acceleration signal on the PSD 101 2.14 Standardized PSD/density of probability analogy 105 2.15 Spectral density as a function of time106 2.16 Sum of two random processes 106 2.17 Relationship between the PSD of the excitation and the response of a linear system 108 2.18 Relationship between the PSD of the excitation and the cross-power spectral density of the response of a linear system 111 2.19 Coherence function 112 2.20 Transfer function calculation from random vibration measurements 114 2.20.1 Theoretical relations 114 2.20.2 Presence of noise on the input 116 2.20.3 Presence of noise on the response 118 2.20.4 Presence of noise on the input and response 120 2.20.5 Choice of transfer function 121 Chapter 3 Rms Value of Random Vibration 127 3.1 Rms value of a signal as a function of its PSD 127 3.2 Relationships between the PSD of acceleration, velocity and displacement 131 3.3 Graphical representation of the PSD 133 3.4 Practical calculation of acceleration, velocity and displacement rms values 135 3.4.1 General expressions 135 3.4.2 Constant PSD in frequency interval 135 3.4.3 PSD comprising several horizontal straight line segments 137 3.4.4 PSD defined by a linear segment of arbitrary slope 137 3.4.5 PSD comprising several segments of arbitrary slopes 147 3.5 Rms value according to the frequency 147 3.6 Case of periodic signals 149 3.7 Case of a periodic signal superimposed onto random noise 151 Chapter 4 Practical Calculation of the Power Spectral Density 153 4.1 Sampling of signal 153 4.2 PSD calculation methods 158 4.2.1 Use of the autocorrelation function 158 4.2.2 Calculation of the PSD from the rms value of a filtered signal 158 4.2.3 Calculation of PSD starting from a Fourier transform 159 4.3 PSD calculation steps 160 4.3.1 Maximum frequency 160 4.3.2 Extraction of sample of duration T160 4.3.3 Averaging 167 4.3.4 Addition of zeros 170 4.4 FFT 175 4.5 Particular case of a periodic excitation 177 4.6 Statistical error 178 4.6.1 Origin 178 4.6.2 Definition 180 4.7 Statistical error calculation 180 4.7.1 Distribution of the measured PSD 180 4.7.2 Variance of the measured PSD 183 4.7.3 Statistical error 183 4.7.4 Relationship between number of degrees of freedom, duration and bandwidth of analysis 184 4.7.5 Confidence interval 190 4.7.6 Expression for statistical error in decibels 202 4.7.7 Statistical error calculation from digitized signal 204 4.8 Influence of duration and frequency step on the PSD 212 4.8.1 Influence of duration 212 4.8.2 Influence of the frequency step 213 4.8.3 Influence of duration and of constant statistical error frequency step 214 4.9 Overlapping 216 4.9.1 Utility 216 4.9.2 Influence on the number of degrees of freedom 217 4.9.3 Influence on statistical error 218 4.9.4 Choice of overlapping rate 221 4.10 Information to provide with a PSD 222 4.11 Difference between rms values calculated from a signal according to time and from its PSD 222 4.12 Calculation of a PSD from a Fourier transform 223 4.13 Amplitude based on frequency: relationship with the PSD 227 4.14 Calculation of the PSD for given statistical error 228 4.14.1 Case study: digitization of a signal is to be carried out 228 4.14.2 Case study: only one sample of an already digitized signal is available 230 4.15 Choice of filter bandwidth 231 4.15.1 Rules 231 4.15.2 Bias error 233 4.15.3 Maximum statistical error 238 4.15.4 Optimum bandwidth 240 4.16 Probability that the measured PSD lies between ± one standard deviation 243 4.17 Statistical error: other quantities 245 4.18 Peak hold spectrum 250 4.19 Generation of random signal of given PSD 252 4.19.1 Random phase sinusoid sum method 252 4.19.2 Inverse Fourier transform method 255 4.20 Using a window during the creation of a random signal from a PSD 256 Chapter 5 Statistical Properties of Random Vibration in the Time Domain 259 5.1 Distribution of instantaneous values 259 5.2 Properties of derivative process 260 5.3 Number of threshold crossings per unit time 264 5.4 Average frequency 269 5.5 Threshold level crossing curves 272 5.6 Moments 279 5.7 Average frequency of PSD defined by straight line segments 282 5.7.1 Linear-linear scales 282 5.7.2 Linear-logarithmic scales 284 5.7.3 Logarithmic-linear scales 285 5.7.4 Logarithmic-logarithmic scales 286 5.8 Fourth moment of PSD defined by straight line segments 288 5.8.1 Linear-linear scales 288 5.8.2 Linear-logarithmic scales 289 5.8.3 Logarithmic-linear scales 290 5.8.4 Logarithmic-logarithmic scales 291 5.9 Generalization: moment of order n 292 5.9.1 Linear-linear scales 292 5.9.2 Linear-logarithmic scales 292 5.9.3 Logarithmic-linear scales 292 5.9.4 Logarithmic-logarithmic scales 293 Chapter 6 Probability Distribution of Maxima of Random Vibration 295 6.1 Probability density of maxima 295 6.2 Moments of the maxima probability distribution 303 6.3 Expected number of maxima per unit time 304 6.4 Average time interval between two successive maxima 307 6.5 Average correlation between two successive maxima 308 6.6 Properties of the irregularity factor 309 6.6.1 Variation interval 309 6.6.2 Calculation of irregularity factor for band-limited white noise 313 6.6.3 Calculation of irregularity factor for noise of form G = Const.f b 316 6.6.4 Case study: variations of irregularity factor for two narrowband signals 320 6.7 Error related to the use of Rayleigh’s law instead of a complete probability density function 321 6.8 Peak distribution function 323 6.8.1 General case 323 6.8.2 Particular case of narrowband Gaussian process 325 6.9 Mean number of maxima greater than the given threshold (by unit time) 328 6.10 Mean number of maxima above given threshold between two times 331 6.11 Mean time interval between two successive maxima 331 6.12 Mean number of maxima above given level reached by signal excursion above this threshold 332 6.13 Time during which the signal is above a given value 335 6.14 Probability that a maximum is positive or negative 337 6.15 Probability density of the positive maxima 337 6.16 Probability that the positive maxima is lower than a given threshold 338 6.17 Average number of positive maxima per unit of time 338 6.18 Average amplitude jump between two successive extrema 339 6.19 Average number of inflection points per unit of time 341 Chapter 7 Statistics of Extreme Values 343 7.1 Probability density of maxima greater than a given value 343 7.2 Return period 344 7.3 Peak lp expected among Np peaks 344 7.4 Logarithmic rise 345 7.5 Average maximum of Np peaks 346 7.6 Variance of maximum 346 7.7 Mode (most probable maximum value) 346 7.8 Maximum value exceeded with risk α 346 7.9 Application to the case of a centered narrowband normal process 346 7.9.1 Distribution function of largest peaks over duration T 346 7.9.2 Probability that one peak at least exceeds a given threshold 349 7.9.3 Probability density of the largest maxima over duration T 350 7.9.4 Average of highest peaks 353 7.9.5 Mean value probability 355 7.9.6 Standard deviation of highest peaks 356 7.9.7 Variation coefficient 357 7.9.8 Most probable value 358 7.9.9 Median 358 7.9.10 Value of density at mode 360 7.9.11 Value of distribution function at mode 361 7.9.12 Expected maximum 361 7.9.13 Maximum exceeded with given risk α 361 7.10 Wideband centered normal process 363 7.10.1 Average of largest peaks 363 7.10.2 Variance of the largest peaks 366 7.10.3 Variation coefficient 367 7.11 Asymptotic laws 368 7.11.1 Gumbel asymptote 368 7.11.2 Case study: Rayleigh peak distribution 369 7.11.3 Expressions for large values of Np 370 7.12 Choice of type of analysis 371 7.13 Study of the envelope of a narrowband process 374 7.13.1 Probability density of the maxima of the envelope 374 7.13.2 Distribution of maxima of envelope 379 7.13.3 Average frequency of envelope of narrowband noise 381 Chapter 8 Response of a One-Degree-of-Freedom Linear System to Random Vibration 385 8.1 Average value of the response of a linear system 385 8.2 Response of perfect bandpass filter to random vibration 386 8.3 The PSD of the response of a one-dof linear system 388 8.4 Rms value of response to white noise 389 8.5 Rms value of response of a linear one-degree of freedom system subjected to bands of random noise 395 8.5.1 Case where the excitation is a PSD defined by a straight line segment in logarithmic scales 395 8.5.2 Case where the vibration has a PSD defined by a straight line segment of arbitrary slope in linear scales 401 8.5.3 Case where the vibration has a constant PSD between two frequencies 404 8.5.4 Excitation defined by an absolute displacement 409 8.5.5 Case where the excitation is defined by PSD comprising n straight line segments 411 8.6 Rms value of the absolute acceleration of the response 414 8.7 Transitory response of a dynamic system under stationary random excitation 415 8.8 Transitory response of a dynamic system under amplitude modulated white noise excitation 423 Chapter 9 Characteristics of the Response of a One-Degree-of-Freedom Linear System to Random Vibration 427 9.1 Moments of response of a one-degree-of-freedom linear system: irregularity factor of response 427 9.1.1 Moments 427 9.1.2 Irregularity factor of response to noise of a constant PSD 431 9.1.3 Characteristics of irregularity factor of response 433 9.1.4 Case of a band-limited noise 444 9.2 Autocorrelation function of response displacement 445 9.3 Average numbers of maxima and minima per second 446 9.4 Equivalence between the transfer functions of a bandpass filter and a one-degree-of-freedom linear system 449 9.4.1 Equivalence suggested by D.M Aspinwall 449 9.4.2 Equivalence suggested by K.W Smith 451 9.4.3 Rms value of signal filtered by the equivalent bandpass filter 453 Chapter 10 First Passage at a Given Level of Response of a One-Degree-of-Freedom Linear System to a Random Vibration 455 10.1 Assumptions 455 10.2 Definitions 459 10.3 Statistically independent threshold crossings 460 10.4 Statistically independent response maxima 468 10.5 Independent threshold crossings by the envelope of maxima 472 10.6 Independent envelope peaks 476 10.6.1 S.H Crandall method 476 10.6.2 D.M Aspinwall method 479 10.7 Markov process assumption 486 10.7.1 W.D Mark assumption 486 10.7.2 J.N Yang and M Shinozuka approximation 493 10.8 E.H Vanmarcke model 494 10.8.1 Assumption of a two state Markov process 494 10.8.2 Approximation based on the mean clump size 500 Appendix 511 Bibliography 571 Index 591 Summary of Other Volumes in the Series 597

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Book SynopsisFatigue damage in a system with one degree of freedom is one of the two criteria applied when comparing the severity of vibratory environments. The same criterion is also used for a specification representing the effects produced by the set of vibrations imposed in a real environment. In this volume, which is devoted to the calculation of fatigue damage, Christian Lalanne explores the hypotheses adopted to describe the behavior of material affected by fatigue and the laws of fatigue accumulation. The author also considers the methods for counting response peaks, which are used to establish the histogram when it is not possible to use the probability density of the peaks obtained with a Gaussian signal. The expressions for mean damage and its standard deviation are established and other hypotheses are tested.Table of ContentsForeword to Series xiii Introduction xvii List of Symbols xix Chapter 1. Concepts of Material Fatigue 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. Reminders on the strength of materials 1 1.1.2. Fatigue 9 1.2. Types of dynamic loads (or stresses) 10 1.2.1. Cyclic stress 10 1.2.2. Alternating stress 12 1.2.3. Repeated stress 13 1.2.4. Combined steady and cyclic stress 13 1.2.5. Skewed alternating stress 14 1.2.6. Random and transitory stresses 14 1.3. Damage arising from fatigue 15 1.4. Characterization of endurance of materials 18 1.4.1. S-N curve 18 1.4.2. Influence of the average stress on the S-N curve 21 1.4.3. Statistical aspect 22 1.4.4. Distribution laws of endurance 23 1.4.5. Distribution laws of fatigue strength 26 1.4.6. Relation between fatigue limit and static properties of materials 28 1.4.7. Analytical representations of S-N curve 31 1.5. Factors of influence 41 1.5.1. General 41 1.5.2. Scale 42 1.5.3. Overloads 43 1.5.4. Frequency of stresses 44 1.5.5. Types of stresses 45 1.5.6. Non-zero mean stress 45 1.6. Other representations of S-N curves 48 1.6.1. Haigh diagram 48 1.6.2. Statistical representation of Haigh diagram 58 1.7. Prediction of fatigue life of complex structures 58 1.8. Fatigue in composite materials 59 Chapter 2. Accumulation of Fatigue Damage 61 2.1. Evolution of fatigue damage 61 2.2. Classification of various laws of accumulation 62 2.3. Miner’s method 63 2.3.1. Miner’s rule 63 2.3.2. Scatter of damage to failure as evaluated by Miner 67 2.3.3. Validity of Miner’s law of accumulation of damage in case of random stress 71 2.4. Modified Miner’s theory 73 2.4.1. Principle 73 2.4.2. Accumulation of damage using modified Miner’s rule 74 2.5. Henry’s method 77 2.6. Modified Henry’s method 79 2.7. Corten and Dolan’s method 79 2.8. Other theories 82 Chapter 3. Counting Methods for Analyzing Random Time History 85 3.1. General 85 3.2. Peak count method89 3.2.1. Presentation of method 89 3.2.2. Derived methods 92 3.2.3. Range-restricted peak count method 93 3.2.4. Level-restricted peak count method 93 3.3. Peak between mean-crossing count method 95 3.3.1. Presentation of method 95 3.3.2. Elimination of small variations 97 3.4. Range count method 98 3.4.1. Presentation of method 98 3.4.2. Elimination of small variations 100 3.5. Range-mean count method 101 3.5.1. Presentation of method 101 3.5.2. Elimination of small variations 104 3.6. Range-pair count method 106 3.7. Hayes’ counting method110 3.8. Ordered overall range counting method 112 3.9. Level-crossing count method 114 3.10. Peak valley peak counting method 118 3.11. Fatigue-meter counting method 123 3.12. Rainflow counting method 125 3.12.1. Principle of method 126 3.12.2. Subroutine for rainflow counting 131 3.13. NRL (National Luchtvaart Laboratorium) counting method 134 3.14. Evaluation of time spent at a given level 137 3.15. Influence of levels of load below fatigue limit on fatigue life 138 3.16. Test acceleration 138 3.17. Presentation of fatigue curves determined by random vibration tests 141 Chapter 4. Fatigue Damage by One-degree-of-freedom Mechanical System 143 4.1. Introduction 143 4.2. Calculation of fatigue damage due to signal versus time 144 4.3. Calculation of fatigue damage due to acceleration spectral density 146 4.3.1. General case 146 4.3.2. Particular case of a wideband response, e.g. at the limit r ?­ 0 151 4.3.3. Particular case of narrowband response 152 4.3.4. Rms response to narrowband noise G0 of width ?´f when G0 ?´ f ?­ constant 164 4.3.5. Steinberg approach 165 4.4. Equivalent narrowband noise 166 4.4.1. Use of relation established for narrowband response 167 4.4.2. Alternative: use of mean number of maxima per second 169 4.5. Calculation of damage from the modified Rice distribution of peaks 171 4.5.1. Approximation to real maxima distribution using a modified Rayleigh distribution 171 4.5.2. Wirsching and Light’s approach 175 4.5.3. Chaudhury and Dover’s approach 176 4.5.4. Approximate expression of the probability density of peaks 180 4.6. Other approaches 182 4.7. Calculation of fatigue damage from rainflow domains 185 4.7.1. Wirsching’s approach 185 4.7.2. Tunna’s approach 189 4.7.3. Ortiz-Chen’s method 191 4.7.4. Hancock’s approach 191 4.7.5. Abdo and Rackwitz’s approach 192 4.7.6. Kam and Dover’s approach 192 4.7.7. Larsen and Lutes (“single moment”) method 193 4.7.8. Jiao-Moan’s method 194 4.7.9. Dirlik’s probability density 195 4.7.10. Madsen’s approach 207 4.7.11. Zhao and Baker model 207 4.7.12. Tovo and Benasciutti method 208 4.8. Comparison of S-N curves established under sinusoidal and random loads 211 4.9. Comparison of theory and experiment 216 4.10. Influence of shape of power spectral density and value of irregularity factor 221 4.11. Effects of peak truncation 221 4.12. Truncation of stress peaks 222 4.12.1. Particular case of a narrowband noise 223 4.12.2. Layout of the S-N curve for a truncated distribution 232 Chapter 5. Standard Deviation of Fatigue Damage 237 5.1. Calculation of standard deviation of damage: Bendat’s method 237 5.2. Calculation of standard deviation of damage: Mark’s method 242 5.3. Comparison of Mark and Bendat’s results 247 5.4. Standard deviation of the fatigue life 253 5.4.1. Narrowband vibration 253 5.4.2. Wideband vibration 256 5.5. Statistical S-N curves 257 5.5.1. Definition of statistical curves 257 5.5.2. Bendat’s formulation 258 5.5.3. Mark’s formulation. 261 Chapter 6. Fatigue Damage using Other Calculation Assumptions 267 6.1. S-N curve represented by two segments of a straight line on logarithmic scales (taking into account fatigue limit) 267 6.2. S-N curve defined by two segments of straight line on log-lin scales 270 6.3. Hypothesis of non-linear accumulation of damage 273 6.3.1. Corten-Dolan’s accumulation law 273 6.3.2. Morrow’s accumulation model 275 6.4. Random vibration with non-zero mean: use of modified Goodman diagram 277 6.5. Non-Gaussian distribution of instantaneous values of signal 280 6.5.1. Influence of distribution law of instantaneous values 280 6.5.2. Influence of peak distribution 281 6.5.3. Calculation of damage using Weibull distribution 281 6.5.4. Comparison of Rayleigh assumption/peak counting 284 6.6. Non-linear mechanical system 286 Chapter 7. Low-cycle Fatigue 289 7.1. Overview 289 7.2. Definitions 290 7.2.1. Baushinger effect 290 7.2.2. Cyclic strain hardening 291 7.2.3. Properties of cyclic stress–strain curves 291 7.2.4. Stress–strain curve 291 7.2.5. Hysteresis and fracture by fatigue 295 7.2.6. Significant factors influencing hysteresis and fracture by fatigue 295 7.2.7. Cyclic stress–strain curve (or cyclic consolidation curve) 296 7.3. Behavior of materials experiencing strains in the oligocyclic domain 297 7.3.1. Types of behaviors 297 7.3.2. Cyclic strain hardening 297 7.3.3. Cyclic strain softening 299 7.3.4. Cyclically stable metals 300 7.3.5. Mixed behavior 301 7.4. Influence of the level application sequence 301 7.5. Development of the cyclic stress–strain curve 303 7.6. Total strain 304 7.7. Fatigue strength curve 305 7.8. Relation between plastic strain and number of cycles to fracture 306 7.8.1. Orowan relation 306 7.8.2. Manson relation 307 7.8.3. Coffin relation 307 7.8.4. Shanley relation 317 7.8.5. Gerberich relation 318 7.8.6. Sachs, Gerberich, Weiss and Latorre relation 318 7.8.7. Martin relation 318 7.8.8. Tavernelli and Coffin relation 319 7.8.9. Manson relation 319 7.8.10. Ohji et al. relation 321 7.8.11. Bui-Quoc et al. relation 321 7.9. Influence of the frequency and temperature in the plastic field 321 7.9.1. Overview 321 7.9.2. Influence of frequency 322 7.9.3. Influence of temperature and frequency 322 7.9.4. Effect of frequency on plastic strain range 324 7.9.5. Equation of generalized fatigue 325 7.10. Laws of damage accumulation 326 7.10.1. Miner rule 326 7.10.2. Yao and Munse relation 327 7.10.3. Use of the Manson–Coffin relation 329 7.11. Influence of an average strain or stress 329 7.12. Low-cycle fatigue of composite material 332 Chapter 8. Fracture Mechanics 335 8.1. Overview 335 8.2. Fracture mechanism 338 8.2.1. Major phases 338 8.2.2. Initiation of cracks 339 8.2.3. Slow propagation of cracks 341 8.3. Critical size: strength to fracture 341 8.4. Modes of stress application 343 8.5. Stress intensity factor 344 8.5.1. Stress in crack root 344 8.5.2. Mode I 346 8.5.3. Mode II 349 8.5.4. Mode III 350 8.5.5. Field of equation use 350 8.5.6. Plastic zone 352 8.5.7. Other form of stress expressions 354 8.5.8. General form 356 8.5.9. Widening of crack opening 357 8.6. Fracture toughness: critical K value 358 8.7. Calculation of the stress intensity factor 362 8.8. Stress ratio 365 8.9. Expansion of cracks: Griffith criterion 367 8.10. Factors affecting the initiation of cracks 369 8.11. Factors affecting the propagation of cracks 369 8.11.1. Mechanical factors 370 8.11.2. Geometric factors 372 8.11.3. Metallurgical factors 373 8.11.4. Factors linked to the environment 373 8.12. Speed of propagation of cracks 374 8.13. Effect of a non-zero mean stress 379 8.14. Laws of crack propagation 379 8.14.1. Head law 380 8.14.2. Modified Head law 381 8.14.3. Frost and Dugsdale 381 8.14.4. McEvily and Illg 382 8.14.5. Paris and Erdogan 383 8.15. Stress intensity factor 396 8.16. Dispersion of results 397 8.17. Sample tests: extrapolation to a structure 398 8.18. Determination of the propagation threshold KS 398 8.19. Propagation of cracks in the domain of low-cycle fatigue 400 8.20. Integral J 401 8.21. Overload effect: fatigue crack retardation 403 8.22. Fatigue crack closure 405 8.23. Rules of similarity 407 8.24. Calculation of a useful lifetime 407 8.25. Propagation of cracks under random load 410 8.25.1. Rms approach 411 8.25.2. Narrowband random loads 416 8.25.3. Calculation from a load collective 422 Appendix 427 Bibliography 441 Index 487 Summary of Other Volumes in the Series 491

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Book SynopsisOver the past two decades, the rapid development of nanochemistry and nanotechnology has allowed the synthesis of various materials and oxides in the form of nanopowders making it possible to produce new energetic compositions and nanomaterials. This book has a bottom-up structure, from nanomaterials synthesis to the application fields. Starting from aluminum nanoparticles synthesis for fuel application, it proposes a detailed state-of-the art of the different methods of preparation of aluminum-based reactive nanomaterials. It describes the techniques developed for their characterization and, when available, a description of the fundamental mechanisms responsible for their ignition and combustion. This book also presents the possibilities and limitations of different energetic nanomaterials and related structures as well as the analysis of their chemical and thermal properties. The whole is rounded off with a look at the performances of reactive materials in terms of heat of reaction and reactivity mainly characterized as the self-sustained combustion velocity. The book ends up with a description of current reactive nanomaterials applications underlying the promising integration of aluminum-based reactive nanomaterial into micro electromechanical systems.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi CHAPTER 1. NANOSIZED ALUMINUM AS METAL FUEL 1 1.1. Al nanoparticles manufacturing 2 1.1.1. Vapor-phase condensation methods 2 1.1.2. Wet chemistry 6 1.1.3. Mechanical methods 7 1.2. Example of Al nanoparticles passivation technique 8 1.2.1. Metallic coating 9 1.2.2. Organic coating 9 1.3. Characterization of Al nanoparticles properties 11 1.3.1. Light scattering methods 12 1.3.2. Gas adsorption method: specific surface measurement, BET diameter 13 1.3.3. Thermal analysis: purity or aluminum content percentage and oxide thickness 13 1.3.4. Chemical analysis 15 1.4. Oxidation of aluminum: basic chemistry and models 16 1.4.1. Initial stage of aluminum oxidation from first principles calculations 16 1.4.2. Thermodynamic modeling of Al oxidation under low heating rate 18 1.5. Why incorporate Al nanoparticles into propellant and rocket technology? 23 1.5.1. Reduction of the melting point 24 1.5.2. Increase in the reactivity 25 CHAPTER 2. APPLICATIONS: AL NANOPARTICLES IN GELLED PROPELLANTS AND SOLID FUELS 27 2.1. Gelled propellants 27 2.2. Solid propellants 29 2.3. Solid fuel 31 CHAPTER 3. APPLICATIONS OF AL NANOPARTICLES: NANOTHERMITES 33 3.1. Method of preparation 35 3.1.1. Ultrasonic nanopowder mixing 36 3.1.2. Rapid expansion of a supercritical dispersion 38 3.1.3. Molecular self-assembly of nanoparticles 39 3.2. Key parameters 42 3.2.1. The bulk density, theoretical density and compaction 42 3.2.2. The stochiometry 44 3.2.3. The size of Al and oxidizer particles 46 3.2.4. The passivation layer 49 3.3. Pressure generation tests 50 3.4. Combustion tests 52 3.4.1. Open tray experiments 52 3.4.2. Optical temperature measurement: spectroscopy 53 3.4.3. Photodiodes 54 3.4.4. Confined combustion tests 54 3.5. Ignition tests 56 3.5.1. Impact ignition 56 3.5.2. High-rate heating (106–107°C/s) 57 3.5.3. Low and uniform heating (10–100°C/s) 57 3.6. Electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitivity tests 58 CHAPTER 4. OTHER REACTIVE NANOMATERIALS AND NANOTHERMITE SYSTEMS 63 4.1. Sol–gel materials 63 4.2. Reactive multilayered foils 66 4.2.1. Bimetallic multilayered foils 67 4.2.2. Thermite multilayered foils 72 4.2.3. Summary 77 4.3. Dense reactive materials 77 4.3.1. Arrested reactive milling 78 4.3.2. Cold-spray consolidation 81 4.4. Core–shell structures 83 4.5. Reactive porous silicon 86 4.6. Other energetic systems 88 CHAPTER 5. COMBUSTION AND PRESSURE GENERATION MECHANISMS 91 5.1. General views of Al particle combustion: micro versus nano, diffusion-based kinetics 93 5.2. Stress in the oxide layer and shrinking core model 95 5.3. Aluminum oxidation through diffusion-reaction mechanisms 97 5.4. Melt-dispersion mechanism 99 5.5. Gas and pressure generation in nanothermites 100 5.5.1. Thermodynamic models 100 5.5.2. Application to Al/CuO 103 CHAPTER 6. APPLICATIONS 107 6.1. Reactive bonding 108 6.2. Microignition chips 110 6.3. Microactuation/propulsion 113 6.3.1. High energetic actuators 113 6.3.2. Fast impulse nanothermite thrusters 113 6.3.3. Smooth actuators 116 6.4. Material processing and others 119 CONCLUSIONS 121 BIBLIOGRAPHY 125 INDEX 149

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses general information, good practices and examples about thermo-physical properties, thermo-kinetic and thermo-mechanical couplings, instrumentation in thermal science, thermal optimization and infrared radiation.Table of ContentsPreface xv Chapter 1 Introduction to Heat Transfer During the Forming of Organic Matrix Composites 1Didier Delaunay Chapter 2 Experimental Determination and Modeling of Thermorphysical Properties 29Nicolas Boyard and Didier Delaunay Chapter 3 Experimental Determination and Modeling of Transformation Kinetics 77Nicolas Boyard, Jean-Luc Bailleul and M'hamed Boutaous Chapter 4 Phase Change Kinetics within Process Conditions and Coupling with Heat Transfer 121M'hamed Boutaous, Mattieu Zinet, Nicolas Boyard and Jean-Luc Bailleul Chapter 5 From the Characterization and Modeling of Cure-Dependent Properties of Composite Materials to the Simulation of Residual Stresses 157Yasir Nawab and Frederic Jacquemin Chapter 6 Heat Transfer in Composite Materials and Porous Media: Multiple-Scale Aspects and Effective Properties 175Michel Quintard Chapter 7 Thermal Optimization of Forming Processes 203Vincent Sobotka Chapter 8 Modeling of Thermoplastic Welding 235Gilles Regnier and Steven Le Corre Chapter 9 Multiphysics for Simulation of Forming Processes 269Luisa Silva, Patrice Laure, Thierry Coupez and Hugues Digonnet Chapter 10 Thermal Instrumentation for the Control of Manufacturing Processes of Organic Matrix Composite Materials 301Jean-Christophe Batsale and Christophe Pradere Chapter 11 Sensors for Heat Flux Measurement 333Fabien Cara and Vincent Sobotka Chapter 12 Thermal Radiative Properties of Polymers and Associated Composites 359Benoit Rousseau Chapter 13 Infrared Radiation Applied to Polymer Processes 385Yannick Le Maoult and Fabrice Schmidt List of Authors 425 Index 427

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Book SynopsisComplex behavior models (plasticity, cracks, visco elascticity) face some theoretical difficulties for the determination of the behavior law at the continuous scale. When homogenization fails to give the right behavior law, a solution is to simulate the material at a meso scale in order to simulate directly a set of discrete properties that are responsible of the macroscopic behavior. The discrete element model has been developed for granular material. The proposed set shows how this method is capable to solve the problem of complex behavior that are linked to discrete meso scale effects. Table of ContentsLIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES xv PREFACE xvii INTRODUCTION xxi CHAPTER 1. STATE OF THE ART: DISCRETE ELEMENT MODELING 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Classification of discrete methods 3 1.2.1. Quantum mechanical methods 4 1.2.2. Atomistic methods 5 1.2.3. Mesoscopic discrete methods 8 1.3. Discrete element method for continuous materials 16 1.4. Discrete-continuum transition: macroscopic variables 17 1.4.1. Stress tensor for discrete systems 18 1.4.2. Strain tensor for discrete systems 21 1.5. Conclusion 31 CHAPTER 2. DISCRETE ELEMENT MODELING OF MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF CONTINUOUS MATERIALS 33 2.1. Introduction 33 2.2. Explicit dynamic algorithm 35 2.3. Construction of the discrete domain 37 2.3.1. The cooker compaction algorithm 39 2.3.2. Geometrical characterization of the discrete domain 44 2.4. Mechanical behavior modeling 56 2.4.1. Cohesive beam model 58 2.4.2. Calibration of the cohesive beam static parameters 64 2.4.3. Calibration of the cohesive beam dynamic parameters 79 2.5. Conclusion 87 CHAPTER 3. DISCRETE ELEMENT MODELING OF THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF CONTINUOUS MATERIALS 93 3.1. Introduction 93 3.2. General description of the method 95 3.2.1. Characterization of field variable variation in discrete domain 95 3.2.2. Application to heat conduction 96 3.3. Thermal conduction in 3D ordered discrete domains 97 3.4. Thermal conduction in 3D disordered discrete domains 100 3.4.1. Determination of local parameters for each discrete element 102 3.4.2. Calculation of discrete element transmission surface 103 3.4.3. Calculation of local volume fraction 104 3.4.4. Interactions between each discrete element and its neighbors 105 3.5. Validation 106 3.5.1. Cylindrical beam in contact with a hot plane 106 3.5.2. Dynamically heated sheet 107 3.6. Conclusion 113 CHAPTER 4. DISCRETE ELEMENT MODELING OF BRITTLE FRACTURE 115 4.1. Introduction 115 4.2. Fracture model based on the cohesive beam bonds 118 4.2.1. Fracture criterion 118 4.2.2. Calibration 120 4.2.3. Convergence study 123 4.2.4. Validation 125 4.3. Fracture model based on the virial stress 132 4.3.1. Fracture criterion 132 4.3.2. Calibration 134 4.3.3. Convergence study 134 4.3.4. Validation 136 4.4. Conclusion 137 CONCLUSION 141 BIBLIOGRAPHY 145 INDEX 161

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Book SynopsisComplex behavior models (plasticity, crack, visco-elascticity) are facing several theoretical difficulties in determining the behavior law at the continuous (macroscopic) scale. When homogenization fails to give the right behavior law, a solution is to simulate the material at a mesoscale using the discrete element model (DEM) in order to directly simulate a set of discrete properties that are responsible for the macroscopic behavior. Originally, the discrete element model was developed for granular material. This book, the second in the Discrete Element Model and Simulation of Continuous Materials Behavior set of books, shows how to choose the adequate coupling parameters to avoid spurious wave reflection and to allow the passage of all the dynamic information both from the fine to the coarse model and vice versa. The authors demonstrate the coupling method to simulate a highly nonlinear dynamical problem: the laser shock processing of silica glass.Table of ContentsList of Figures ix List of Tables xv Preface xvii Introduction xix Part 1. Discrete-Continuum Coupling Method to Model Highly Dynamic Multi-Scale Problems 1 Chapter 1. State of the Art: Concurrent Discrete-continuum Coupling 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Coupling challenges 4 1.2.1. Dissimilar variables due to different mechanical bases 4 1.2.2. Wave reflections due to different analysis scales 4 1.3. Coupling techniques 10 1.3.1. Edge-to-edge coupling methods 11 1.3.2. Bridging domain coupling methods 15 1.3.3. Bridging-scale coupling methods 19 1.3.4. Other coupling techniques 23 1.4. Conclusion 25 Chapter 2. Choice of the Continuum Method to be Coupled with the Discrete Element Method 27 2.1. Introduction 27 2.2. Classification of the continuum methods 28 2.2.1. Grid-based methods 28 2.2.2. Meshless methods 33 2.3. Choice of continuum method 38 2.4. The constrained natural element method 41 2.4.1. Natural neighbor interpolation 41 2.4.2. Visibility criterion 48 2.4.3. Constrained natural neighbor interpolation 48 2.4.4. Numerical integration 49 2.5. Conclusion 51 Chapter 3. Development of Discrete-Continuum Coupling Method Between DEM and CNEM 53 3.1. Introduction 53 3.2. Discrete-continuum coupling method: DEM-CNEM 54 3.2.1. DEM-CNEM coupling formulation 54 3.2.2. Discretization and spatial integration 59 3.2.3. Time integration 62 3.2.4. Algorithmic 63 3.2.5. Implementation 66 3.3. Parametric study of the coupling parameters 67 3.3.1. Influence of the junction parameter l 71 3.3.2. Influence of the weight function α 73 3.3.3. Influence of the approximated mediator spaceM˜ 79 3.3.4. Influence of the width of the bridging zone LB 79 3.3.5. Dependence between LB andM˜ 81 3.4. Choice of the coupling parameters in practice 83 3.5. Validation 84 3.6. Conclusion 85 Part 2. Application: Simulation of Laser Shock Processing of Silica Glass 89 Chapter 4. Some Fundamental Concepts in Laser Shock Processing 91 4.1. Introduction 91 4.2. Theory of laser–matter interaction: high pressure generation 92 4.2.1. Generation of shock wave by laser ablation 93 4.2.2. Shock wave propagation in materials 96 4.2.3. Laser-induced damage in materials 106 4.3. Mechanical response of silica glass under high pressure 109 4.3.1. Silica glass response under quasi-static hydrostatic compression 109 4.3.2. Silica glass response under shock compression 114 4.3.3. Summary of the silica glass response under high pressure 118 4.4. Conclusion 119 Chapter 5. Modeling of the Silica Glass Mechanical Behavior 121 5.1. Introduction 121 5.2. Mechanical behavior modeling 122 5.2.1. Modeling assumption 123 5.2.2. Cohesive beam model 124 5.2.3. Quasi-static calibration and validation 127 5.2.4. Dynamic calibration and validation 139 5.3. Brittle fracture modeling 147 5.4. Conclusion 149 Chapter 6. Simulation of Laser Shock Processing of Silica Glass 151 6.1. Introduction 151 6.2. LSP test 153 6.3. LSP model 155 6.4. Results 159 6.5. Conclusion 163 Conclusion 165 Bibliography 171 Index 185

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Book SynopsisDedicated to SiC-based 1D nanostructures, this book explains the properties and different growth methods of these nanostructures. It details carburization of silicon nanowires, a growth process for obtaining original Si-SiC core-shell nanowires and SiC nanotubes of high crystalline quality, thanks to the control of the siliconout-diffusion. The potential applications of these particular nano-objects is also discussed, with regards to their eventual integration in biology, energy and electronics.Table of ContentsFOREWORD ix INTRODUCTION xiii LIST OF ACRONYMS xvii CHAPTER 1. PROPERTIES OF SIC-BASED ONE-DIMENSIONAL NANOSTRUCTURES 1 1.1. Intrinsic properties of silicon carbide 1 1.1.1. Crystallographic description 1 1.1.2. Physical and chemical properties of SiC 7 1.2. Properties of one-dimensional nanostructures 14 1.2.1. Definition and classification 14 1.2.2. High surface/volume ratio and its consequences 17 1.2.3. Specific properties at the nano metric scale 20 1.3. Conclusion 25 CHAPTER 2. STATE OF THE ART OF THE GROWTH OF SIC-1D NANOSTRUCTURES 27 2.1. State of the art of the growth of SiC nanowires 27 2.1.1. Silicidation of carbon nanotubes 28 2.1.2. Synthesis through the VLS mechanism 29 2.1.3. Development in the gaseous phase – VS mechanism 33 2.1.4. Carburization of Si nanowires 34 2.1.5. Conclusion on the growth of SiC nanowires 36 2.2. State of the art of the growth of SiC nanotubes 37 2.3. State of the art of the growth of SiC-based core–shell nanowires 39 2.3.1. Si–SiC core–shell nanowires 39 2.3.2. Other SiC-based core–shell nanowires 40 2.4. Conclusion 41 CHAPTER 3. AN ORIGINAL GROWTH PROCESS: THE CARBURIZATION OF SI NANOWIRES 43 3.1. Si nanowires 44 3.2. The carburization of bulk silicon 48 3.3. Experimental application 55 3.3.1. Carburization apparatus 55 3.3.2. Methods of characterization 56 3.4. Growth of core–shell Si–SiC nanowires 58 3.4.1. Introduction 58 3.4.2. Experimental study 59 3.5. Growth of silicon carbide nanotubes 73 3.5.1. Founding idea and experimental application 73 3.5.2. A word on the kinetics of carburization 77 3.6. Summary of the study of the carburization of silicon nanowires 79 3.6.1. Illustration of carburization mechanisms for the growth of Si–SiC nanowires or SiC nanotubes 79 3.6.2. The carburization of Si NW summarized: construction of an existence domain diagram 81 3.6.3. Criticism of the nanostructures obtained 84 CHAPTER 4. SIC-BASED ONE-DIMENSIONAL NANOSTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGIES 87 4.1. Top-down approach: SiC plasma etching for the production of SiC nanowires 87 4.2. Mechanics 90 4.3. Energy 91 4.4. Electronics 93 4.4.1. Integration of nanostructures in a nanowire transistor 93 4.5. For biology 99 4.6. Future work 100 CONCLUSION 103 BIBLIOGRAPHY 107 INDEX 127

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the mechanics and physics of fractures at various scales. Based on advanced continuum mechanics of heterogeneous media, it develops a rigorous mathematical framework for single macrocrack problems as well as for the effective properties of microcracked materials. In both cases, two geometrical models of cracks are examined and discussed: the idealized representation of the crack as two parallel faces (the Griffith crack model), and the representation of a crack as a flat elliptic or ellipsoidal cavity (the Eshelby inhomogeneity problem). The book is composed of two parts: The first part deals with solutions to 2D and 3D problems involving a single crack in linear elasticity. Elementary solutions of cracks problems in the different modes are fully worked. Various mathematical techniques are presented, including Neuber-Papkovitch displacement potentials, complex analysis with conformal mapping and Eshelby-based solutions. The second part is devoted to continuum micromechanics approaches of microcracked materials in relation to methods and results presented in the first part. Various estimates and bounds of the effective elastic properties are presented. They are considered for the formulation and application of continuum micromechanics-based damage models. Table of ContentsNotations xiii Preface xv Part 1. Elastic Solutions to Single Crack Problems 1 Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Plane Elasticity 3 1.1. Complex representation of Airy’s biharmonic stress function 3 1.2. Force acting on a curve or an element of arc 7 1.3. Derivation of stresses 9 1.4. Derivation of displacements 11 1.5. General form of the potentials φ and ψ 12 1.6. Examples 15 1.6.1. Circular cavity under pressure 15 1.6.2. Circular cavity in a plane subjected to uniaxial traction at infinity 16 1.7. Conformal mapping 18 1.7.1. Application of conformal mapping to plane elasticity problems 18 1.7.2. The domain Σ is the unit disc |ζ| ≤ 1 20 1.7.3. The domain Σ is the complement Σ− of the unit disc 23 1.8. The anisotropic case 26 1.8.1. General features 26 1.8.2. Stresses, displacements and boundary conditions 28 1.9. Appendix: mathematical tools 29 1.9.1. Theorem 1 30 1.9.2. Theorem 2 31 1.9.3. Theorem 3 31 Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Elasticity in View of Homogenization Theory 33 2.1. Green's function concept 33 2.2. Green’s function in two-dimensional conditions 34 2.2.1. The general anisotropic case 34 2.2.2. The isotropic case 35 2.3. Green’s function in three-dimensional conditions 38 2.3.1. The general anisotropic case 38 2.3.2. The isotropic case 39 2.4. Eshelby’s problems in linear microelasticity 41 2.4.1. The (elastic) inclusion problem 41 2.4.2. The Green operator of the infinite space 44 2.4.3. The Green operator of a finite domain 48 2.4.4. The inhomogeneity problem 50 2.4.5. The inhomogeneity problem with stress boundary conditions 51 2.4.6. The infinite heterogeneous elastic medium 52 2.5. Hill tensor for the elliptic inclusion 54 2.5.1. Properties of the logarithmic potential 54 2.5.2. Integration of the r,ir,l term 57 2.5.3. Components of the Hill tensor 59 2.6. Hill’s tensor for the spheroidal inclusion 60 2.6.1. Components of the Hill tensor 63 2.6.2. Series expansions of the components of the Hill tensor for flat spheroids 64 2.7. Appendix 65 2.8. Appendix: derivation of the χij 67 Chapter 3. Two-dimensional Griffith Crack 71 3.1. Stress singularity at crack tip 72 3.1.1. Stress singularity in plane elasticity: modes I and II 73 3.1.2. Stress singularity in antiplane problems in elasticity: mode III 78 3.2. Solution to mode I problem 80 3.2.1. Solution of PI 82 3.2.2. Solution of PI 90 3.2.3. Displacement jump across the crack surfaces 91 3.3. Solution to mode II problem 92 3.3.1. Solution of PII 93 3.3.2. Solution of PII 96 3.3.3. Displacement jump across the crack surfaces 97 3.4. Appendix: Abel’s integral equation 98 3.5. Appendix: Neuber–Papkovitch displacement potentials 101 Chapter 4. The Elliptic Crack Model in Plane Strains 103 4.1. The infinite plane with elliptic hole 103 4.1.3. Elliptic cavity in a plane subjected to a remote stress state at infinity 107 4.1.4. Stress intensity factors 108 4.1.5. Some remarks on unilateral contact 111 4.2. Infinite plane with elliptic hole: the anisotropic case 112 4.2.1. General properties 112 4.2.2. Complex potentials for an elliptic cavity in the presence of traction at infinity 115 4.2.3. Complex potentials for an elliptic cavity in the case of shear at infinity 116 4.2.5. Displacement discontinuities 121 4.2.6. Closed cracks 123 4.3. Eshelby approach 130 4.3.1. Mode I 130 4.3.2. Mode II 133 Chapter 5. Griffith Crack in 3D 137 5.1. Griffith circular (penny-shaped) crack in mode I 138 5.1.1. Solution of PI 139 5.1.2. Solution of PI 143 5.2. Griffith circular (penny-shaped) crack under shear loading 144 5.2.1. Solution of PII 146 5.2.2. Solution of PII 151 Chapter 6. Ellipsoidal Crack Model: the Eshelby Approach 155 6.1. Mode I 156 6.2. Mode II 159 Chapter 7. Energy Release Rate and Conditions for Crack Propagation 163 7.1. Driving force of crack propagation 163 7.2. Stress intensity factor and energy release rate 167 Part 2. Homogenization of Microcracked Materials 173 Chapter 8. Fundamentals of Continuum Micromechanics 175 8.1. Scale separation 175 8.2. Inhomogeneity model for cracks 177 8.2.1. Uniform strain boundary conditions 177 8.2.2. Uniform stress boundary conditions 181 8.2.3. Linear elasticity with uniform strain boundary conditions 182 8.2.4. Linear elasticity with uniform stress boundary conditions 185 8.3. General results on homogenization with Griffith cracks 187 8.3.1. Hill’s lemma with Griffith cracks 187 8.3.2. Uniform strain boundary conditions 188 8.3.3. Uniform stress boundary conditions 190 8.3.4. Derivation of effective properties in linear elasticity: principle of the approach 190 8.3.5. Appendix 194 Chapter 9. Homogenization of Materials Containing Griffith Cracks 197 9.1. Dilute estimates in isotropic conditions 197 9.1.1. Stress-based dilute estimate of stiffness 199 9.1.2. Stress-based dilute estimate of stiffness with closed cracks 202 9.1.3. Strain-based dilute estimate of stiffness with opened cracks 204 9.1.4. Strain-based dilute estimate of stiffness with closed cracks 205 9.2. A refined strain-based scheme 206 9.3. Homogenization in plane strain conditions for anisotropic materials 208 9.3.1. Opened cracks 208 9.3.2. Closed cracks 211 Chapter 10. Eshelby-based Estimates of Strain Concentration and Stiffness 213 10.1. Dilute estimate of the strain concentration tensor: general features 213 10.1.1. The general case 213 10.2. The particular case of opened cracks 215 10.2.1. Spheroidal crack 215 10.2.2. Elliptic crack 216 10.2.3. Crack opening change 218 10.3. Dilute estimates of the effective stiffness for opened cracks 220 10.3.1. Opened parallel cracks 222 10.3.2. Opened randomly oriented cracks 224 10.4. Dilute estimates of the effective stiffness for closed cracks 226 10.4.1. Closed parallel cracks 228 10.4.2. Closed randomly oriented cracks 228 10.5. Mori–Tanaka estimate of the effective stiffness 229 10.5.1. Opened cracks 231 10.5.2. Closed cracks 233 Chapter 11. Stress-based Estimates of Stress Concentration and Compliance 235 11.1. Dilute estimate of the stress concentration tensor 235 11.2. Dilute estimates of the effective compliance for opened cracks 236 11.2.1. Opened parallel cracks 237 11.2.2. Opened randomly oriented cracks 239 11.2.3. Discussion 239 11.3. Dilute estimate of the effective compliance for closed cracks 240 11.3.1. 3D case 241 11.3.2. 2D case 242 11.3.3. Stress concentration tensor 243 11.3.4. Comparison with other estimates 244 11.4. Mori–Tanaka estimates of effective compliance 244 11.4.1. Opened cracks 246 11.4.2. Closed cracks 246 11.5. Appendix: algebra for transverse isotropy and applications 246 Chapter 12. Bounds 251 12.1. The energy definition of the homogenized stiffness 252 12.2. Hashin–Shtrikman’s bound 255 12.2.1. Hashin–Shtrikman variational principle 255 12.2.2. Piecewise constant polarization field 259 12.2.3. Random microstructures 261 12.2.4. Application of the Ponte-Castaneda and Willis (PCW) bound to microcracked media 270 Chapter 13. Micromechanics-based Damage Constitutive Law and Application 273 13.1. Formulation of damage constitutive law 273 13.1.1. Description of damage level by a single scalar variable 274 13.1.2. Extension to multiple cracks 276 13.2. Some remarks concerning the loss of uniqueness of the mechanical response in relation to damage 277 13.3. Mechanical fields and damage in a hollow sphere subjected to traction 280 13.3.1. General features 280 13.3.2. Case of damage model based on the dilute estimate 284 13.3.3. Complete solution in the case of the damage model based on PCW estimate 285 13.4. Stability of the solution to damage evolution in a hollow sphere 296 13.4.1. The MT damage model 298 13.4.2. The general damage model [13.44] 300 Bibliography 305 Index 309

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Book SynopsisApplied RVE Reconstruction and Homogenization of Heterogeneous Materials Statistical correlation functions are a well-known class of statistical descriptors that can be used to describe the morphology and the microstructure-properties relationship. A comprehensive study has been performed for the use of these correlation functions for the reconstruction and homogenization in nano­composite materials. Correlation functions are measured from different techniques such as microscopy (SEM or TEM), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and can be generated through Monte Carlo simulations. In this book, different experimental techniques such as SAXS and image processing are presented, which are used to measure two-point correlation function correlation for multi-phase polymer composites. Higher order correlation functions must be calculated or measured to increase the precision of the statistical continuum approach. To achieve this aim, a new approximation methodology is utilized to obtain N-point correlation functions for multiphase heterogeneous materials. The two-point functions measured by different techniques have been exploited to reconstruct the microstructure of heterogeneous media. Statistical continuum theory is used to predict the effective thermal conductivity and elastic modulus of polymer composites. N-point probability functions as statistical descriptors of inclusions have been exploited to solve strong contrast homogenization for effective thermal conductivity and elastic modulus properties of heterogeneous materials. Finally, reconstructed microstructure is used to calculate effective properties and damage modeling of heterogeneous materials.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Literature Survey 1 1.1 Random heterogeneous material 1 1.2 Two-point probability functions 2 1.3 Two-point cluster functions 4 1.4 Lineal-path function 4 1.5 Reconstruction 4 1.5.1 X-ray computed tomography (experimental) 4 1.5.2 X-ray computed tomography (applications to nanocomposites) 6 1.5.3 FIB/SEM (experimental) 6 1.5.4 Reconstruction using statistical descriptor (numerical) 10 1.6 Homogenization methods for effective properties 11 1.7 Assumption of statistical continuum mechanics 12 1.8 Representative volume element 13 Chapter 2 Calculation of Two-Point Correlation Functions 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Monte Carlo calculation of TPCF 17 2.3 Two-point correlation functions of eigen microstructure 19 2.4 Calculation of two-point correlation functions using SAXS or SANS data 21 2.4.1 Case study for structural characterization using SAXS data 24 2.5 Necessary conditions for two-point correlation functions 28 2.6 Approximation of two-point correlation functions 30 2.6.1 Examination of the necessary conditions for the proposed estimation 34 2.6.2 Case study for the approximation of a TPCF 39 2.7 Conclusion 42 Chapter 3 Approximate Solution for N-Point Correlation Functions for Heterogeneous Materials 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Approximation of three-point correlation functions 45 3.2.1 Decomposition of higher order statistics 45 3.2.2 Decomposition of two-point correlation functions 46 3.2.3 Decomposition of three-point correlation functions 47 3.3 Approximation of four-point correlation functions 51 3.4 Approximation of N-point correlation functions 56 3.5 Results 60 3.5.1 Computational verification 60 3.5.2 Experimental validation 62 3.6 Conclusions 66 Chapter 4 Reconstruction of Heterogeneous Materials Using Two-Point Correlation Functions 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Monte Carlo reconstruction methodology 69 4.2.1 3D cell generation 72 4.2.2 Cell distribution 75 4.2.3 Cell growth 77 4.2.4 Optimization of the statistical correlation functions 79 4.2.5 Percolation 79 4.2.6 Three-phase solid oxide fuel cell anode microstructure 81 4.2.7 Reconstruction of multiphase heterogeneous materials 82 4.3 Reconstruction procedure using the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm 86 4.4 Phase recovery algorithm 91 4.5 3D reconstruction of non-eigen microstructure using correlation functions 96 4.5.1 Microstructure reconstruction using Monte Carlo methodology 96 4.5.2 Sample production 97 4.5.3 Monte Carlo calculation of a two-point correlation function 98 4.5.4 Microstructure optimization 99 4.5.5 Results and discussion 99 4.6 Conclusion 101 Chapter 5 Homogenization of Mechanical and Thermal Behavior of Nanocomposites Using Statistical Correlation Functions: Application to Nanoclay-based Polymer Nanocomposites 103 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Modified strong-contrast approach for anisotropic stiffness tensor of multiphase heterogeneous materials 104 5.3 Strong-contrast approach to effective thermal conductivity of multiphase heterogeneous materials 112 5.4 Simulation and experimental verification 117 5.4.1 Computer-generated model 118 5.4.2 Thermal conductivity 120 5.4.3 Mechanical model 122 5.4.4 Experimental part 125 5.5 Results and discussion 127 5.5.1 Thermal conductivity 127 5.5.2 Thermo-mechanical properties 128 5.6 Conclusion 130 Chapter 6 Homogenization of Reconstructed RVE 133 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Finite element homogenization of the reconstructed RVEs 134 6.2.1 Reconstruction of FIB-SEM RVEs 134 6.2.2 Finite element analysis of RVEs 138 6.3 Finite element homogenization of the statistical reconstructed RVEs 141 6.3.1 FEM analysis of reconstruction RVE using statistical correlation functions 141 6.3.2 Finite element analysis of RVEs 143 6.4 FEM analysis of debonding-induced damage model for polymer composites 149 6.4.1 Representative volume element (RVE) 150 6.4.2 Cohesive zone model 152 6.4.3 Material behavior and FE simulation 157 6.4.4 The effect of the GNP’s volume fraction and aspect ratio in perfectly bonded nanocomposite 158 6.4.5 Comparing the effect of the GNP’s volume fraction and aspect ratio in perfectly bonded and cohesively bonded nanocomposites 160 6.4.6 The effect of the GNP’s aspect ratio and volume fraction in weakly bonded nanocomposite 163 6.5 Conclusion and future work 166 Appendices 169 Appendix A 171 Appendix B 175 Bibliography 179 Index 185

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the steps needed to monitor health assessment systems and the anticipation of their failures: choice and location of sensors, data acquisition and processing, health assessment and prediction of the duration of residual useful life. The digital revolution and mechatronics foreshadowed the advent of the 4.0 industry where equipment has the ability to communicate. The ubiquity of sensors (300,000 sensors in the new generations of aircraft) produces a flood of data requiring us to give meaning to information and leads to the need for efficient processing and a relevant interpretation. The process of traceability and capitalization of data is a key element in the context of the evolution of the maintenance towards predictive strategies.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. PHM and Predictive Maintenance 1 1.1. Anticipative maintenance and prognostics 1 1.1.1. New challenges and evolution of the maintenance function 1 1.1.2. Towards an anticipation of failure mechanisms 3 1.2. Prognostics and estimation of the remaining useful life (RUL) 5 1.2.1. What is it? Definition and measures of prognostics 5 1.2.2. How? Prognostic approaches 6 1.3. From data to decisions: the PHM process 9 1.3.1. Detection, diagnostics and prognostics 9 1.3.2. CBM Architecture and PHM process 10 1.4. Scope of the book 12 Chapter 2. Acquisition: From System to Data 15 2.1. Motivation and content 15 2.2. Critical components and physical parameters 16 2.2.1. Choice of critical components – general approach 16 2.2.2. Dependability analysis of the system and related tools 17 2.2.3. Physical parameters to be observed 19 2.3. Data acquisition and storage 20 2.3.1. Choice of sensors 22 2.3.2. Data acquisition 23 2.3.3. Preprocessing and data storage 24 2.4. Case study: toward the PHM of bearings 25 2.4.1. From the “train” system to the critical component “bearing” 25 2.4.2. Experimental platform Pronostia 26 2.4.3. Examples of obtained signals 30 2.5. Partial synthesis 30 Chapter 3. Processing: From Data to Health Indicators 33 3.1. Motivation and content 33 3.2. Feature extraction 35 3.2.1. Mapping approaches 35 3.2.2. Temporal and frequency features 36 3.2.3. Time–frequency features 38 3.3. Feature reduction/selection 48 3.3.1. Reduction of the feature space 48 3.3.2. Feature selection . 54 3.4. Construction of health indicators 62 3.4.1. An approach based on the Hilbert-Huang transform 62 3.4.2. Approach description and illustrative elements 62 3.5. Partial synthesis 63 Chapter 4. Health Assessment, Prognostics and Remaining Useful Life – Part A 67 4.1. Motivation and content 67 4.2. Features prediction by means of connectionist networks 69 4.2.1. Long-term connectionist predictive systems 69 4.2.2. Prediction by means of “fast” neural networks 77 4.2.3. Applications in PHM problems and discussion 84 4.3. Classification of states and RUL estimation 88 4.3.1. Health state assessment without a priori information about the data 88 4.3.2. Toward increased performances: S-MEFC algorithm 93 4.3.3. Dynamic thresholding procedure 95 4.4. Application and discussion 97 4.4.1. Tests data and protocol 97 4.4.2. Illustration of the dynamic thresholding procedure 101 4.4.3. Performances of the approach 104 4.5. Partial synthesis 105 Chapter 5. Health Assessment, Prognostics, and Remaining Useful Life – Part B 109 5.1. Motivation and object 109 5.2. Modeling and estimation of the health state 111 5.2.1. Fundamentals: the Hidden Markov Models (HMM) 111 5.2.2. Extension: mixture of Gaussians HMMs 117 5.2.3. State estimation by means of Dynamic Bayesian Networks 118 5.3. Behavior prediction and RUL estimation 124 5.3.1. Approach: Prognostics by means of DBNs 124 5.3.2. Learning of state sequences 124 5.3.3. Health state detection and RUL estimation 126 5.4. Application and discussion 129 5.4.1. Data and protocol of the tests 129 5.4.2. Health state identification 131 5.4.3. RUL estimation 133 5.5. Partial synthesis 135 Conclusion and Open Issues 137 Bibliography 143 Index 163

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Book SynopsisManufacturing industries strive to improve the quality and reliability of their products, while simultaneously reducing production costs. To do this, modernized work tools must be produced; this will enable a reduction in the duration of the product development cycle, optimization of product development procedures, and ultimately improvement in the productivity of design and manufacturing phases. Numerical simulations of forming processes are used to this end, and in this book various methods and models for forming processes (including stamping, hydroforming and additive manufacturing) are presented. The theoretical and numerical advances of these processes involving large deformation mechanics on the basis of large transformations are explored, in addition to the various techniques for optimization and calculation of reliability. The advances and techniques within this book will be of interest to professional engineers in the automotive, aerospace, defence and other industries, as well as graduates and undergraduates in these fields.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Forming Processes 1 1.1. Introduction& 1 1.2. Different processes 1 1.2.1. Smelting 2 1.2.2. Machining 3 1.2.3. Powder metallurgy 5 1.3. Hot and cold forming 6 1.3.1. Influence of the static parameters 9 1.3.2. Hydroforming 12 1.3.3. The limitations of the process 13 1.3.4. Deep drawing 14 1.4. Experimental characterization 14 1.5. Forming criteria 16 1.5.1. Influence of the structure of sheet metal 18 1.5.2. Physical strain mechanisms 20 1.5.3. Different criteria 21 Chapter 2. Contact and Large Deformation Mechanics 23 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Large transformation kinematics 23 2.2.1. Kinematics of the problem in spatial coordinates 24 2.3. Transformation gradient 25 2.4. Strain measurements 26 2.4.1. Polar decomposition of F 26 2.4.2. Strain rate tensor 27 2.4.3. Canonical decomposition of F 28 2.4.4. Kinematics of the problem in convective coordinates 28 2.4.5. Transformation tensor 29 2.4.6. Strain rate measures 32 2.4.7. Strain tensor 35 2.5. Constitutive relations 36 2.5.1. Large elastoplastic transformations 38 2.5.2. Kinematic decomposition of the transformation 41 2.6. Incremental behavioral problem 42 2.6.1. Stress incrementation 42 2.6.2. Strain incrementation 44 2.6.3. Solution of the behavior problem 46 2.7. Definition of the P.V.W. in major transformations 49 2.7.1. Equilibrium equations 49 2.7.2. Definition of the P.V.W 50 2.7.3. Incremental formulation 51 2.8. Contact kinematics 52 2.8.1. Definition of the problem and notations 52 2.8.2. Contact formulation 53 2.8.3. Formulation of the friction problem 53 2.8.4. Friction laws 54 2.8.5. Coulomb's law 54 2.8.6. Tresca's law 55 Chapter 3. Stamping 57 3.1. Introduction 57 3.2. Forming limit curve 59 3.3. Stamping modeling: incremental problem 60 3.3.1. Modeling of sheet metal 61 3.3.2. Spatial discretization: finite elements method 62 3.3.3. Choice of sheet metal and finite element approximation 63 3.4. Modeling tools 64 3.4.1. Tool surface meshing into simple geometry elements 64 3.4.2. Analytical representation of tools 65 3.4.3. Bezier patches 65 3.5. Stamping numerical processing 72 3.5.1. Problem statement 73 3.5.2. The augmented Lagrangian method 75 3.6. Numerical simulations 79 3.6.1. Sollac test 81 Chapter 4. Hydroforming 83 4.1. Introduction 83 4.2. Hydroforming 85 4.2.1. Tube hydroforming 85 4.2.2. Sheet metal hydroforming 86 4.3. Plastic instabilities in hydroforming 87 4.3.1. Tube buckling 88 4.3.2. Wrinkling 90 4.3.3. Necking 91 4.3.4. Springback 92 4.4. Forming limit curve 92 4.5. Material characterization for hydroforming 94 4.5.1. Tensile testing 95 4.5.2. Bulge testing 95 4.6. Analytical modeling of a inflation test 97 4.6.1. Hill48 criterion in planar stresses 97 4.7. Numerical simulation 100 4.8. Mechanical characteristic of tube behavior 101 Chapter 5. Additive Manufacturing 105 5.1. Introduction 105 5.2. RP and stratoconception 107 5.3. Additive manufacturing definitions 109 5.4. Principle 113 5.4.1. Principle of powder bed laser sintering/melting 114 5.4.2. Principle of laser sintering/melting by projecting powder 116 5.5. Additive manufacturing in the IT-based development process 117 5.5.1. Concept "from the object to the object" 117 5.5.2. Key element of the IT development process 118 Chapter 6. Optimization and Reliability in Forming 121 6.1. Introduction 121 6.2. Different approaches to optimization processes 122 6.2.1. Limitations of the deterministic approaches 124 6.3. Characterization of forming processes by objective functions 125 6.4. Deterministic and probabilistic optimization of a T-shaped tube 126 6.4.1. Problem description 126 6.4.2. Choice of the objective function and definition of the stresses 127 6.4.3. Choice of the uncertain parameters 128 6.4.4. Choice of the objective function and the stresses 130 6.4.5. Deterministic formulation of the optimization problem 132 6.4.6. Probabilistic formulation of the optimization problem 133 6.4.7. Optima sensitivity to uncertainties 140 6.5. Deterministic and optimization-based reliability of a tube with two expansion regions 142 6.5.1. Problem description 142 6.5.2. Deterministic and reliabilist formulation of the optimization problem 147 6.6. Optimization-based reliability of circular sheet metal hydroforming 150 6.6.1. Problem description 150 6.6.2. Construction of the objective function and of the stresses 151 6.6.3. Effects diagram 151 6.6.4. Deterministic solution of the optimization problem 155 6.6.5. Reliabilist solution of the optimization problem 157 6.6.6. Effect of uncertainties on the optimal variables 159 6.7. Deterministic and robust optimization of a square plate 160 6.7.1. Robust resolution of the optimization problem 166 6.8. Optimization of thin sheet metal 168 Chapter 7. Application of Metamodels to Hydroforming 171 7.1. Introduction 171 7.2. Sources of uncertainty in forming 172 7.3. Failure criteria 173 7.3.1. Failure criteria for necking 174 7.3.2. Failure criteria for wrinkling 174 7.4. Evaluation strategy of the probability of failure 175 7.4.1. Finite element model and choice of uncertainty parameters 176 7.4.2. Identification of failure modes and definition of boundary states 180 7.4.3. Identification of elements and critical areas 181 7.5. Critical strains probabilistic characterization 185 7.5.1. Choice of numerical experimental design 186 7.5.2. Construction of metamodels 186 7.5.3. Validation and statistical analysis of metamodels 187 7.5.4. Fitting of distributions 187 7.6. Necking and wrinkling probabilistic study 193 7.7. Effects of the correlations on the probability of failure 196 7.7.1. Spatial estimation of the probability of failures 197 Chapter 8. Parameters Identification in Metal Forming 199 8.1. Introduction 199 8.2. Identification methods 199 8.2.1. Validation test 200 8.3. Welded tube hydroforming 203 8.3.1. Thin sheet metal hydroforming 205 Appendices 213 Appendix 1. Optimization in Mechanics 215 Appendix 2. Reliability in Mechanics 223 Appendix 3. Metamodels 233 Bibliography 243 Index 253

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Book SynopsisLeakage and emmission control is a critical function in process plant, industrial equipment, machinery, and transportation systems. This volume reflects many of the recent advances in sealing technology with topics including: tribology; static seals; and mechanical seals.Table of ContentsPart 1 Tribology: tribological behaviour of PTFE seal materials in sealing contact with steel and ceramic coatings; influence of the sealing surface characteristics on friction behaviour. Part 2 Dynamic seals - 1: the sealing mechanisms of rotary shaft seals with reference to the elastomer deformation in the contact zone; a study on the fluid-flow and the film-thickness of radial shaft seals using fluorescent microcapsule visualization and laser-induced fluorescent method; prediction of lip seal performance - an advanced FEA/interface iterative solver; material models for finite element analysis based on the example of rotary lip seals for pressure. Part 3 Modelling: gas pressure and leakage rate in static seals; cost-effective perfluoroelastomer sealing solutions for aggressive environments; increased confidence in sealing system design using FEA simulations; simulation of fluid seals by coupled fluid-solid-mechanical analysis. Part 4 Static seals: experience with bolted-flanged joints and the selection of gaskets to minimize fugitive emissions; fastener phobia in fluid sealing; an alternative to asbestos for high-temperature gasketting applications; the further development of a high-temperature sealing material based upon chemically exfoliated vermiculite; the use of serrated core metallic gaskets on air coolers. Part 5 Mechanical seals - 1: towards the universal mechanical seal for industrial pumps; development and application of double pulse gas-liquid face seals; condition monitoring of mechanical seals using actively generated ultrasonic waves; reactor coolant pump seal response to loss of cooling. Part 6 Dynamic seals - 2: optimal surface roughness of the shafts co-operating with oil lip seals; leakage of radial lip seals at large eccentricities; face packing seals - new opportunities for pump rotor hermetic sealing; study of sealing capability of magnetic fluid shaft seals. Part 7 Emissions: joint industry project on the measurement of fugitive emissions from valve stems; improved gland packings for control valves; fugitive emissions from VCM - PVC units - results of the ECVM survey; in-situ repair of double "O" ring seals on CO2 pressure boundaries. Part 8 Mechanical seals -2: the influence of the duty parameter G on the PV limit in mechancial seals; an advanced test bench for mechanical face seals testing; development and tests of the advance wear-resistant mechanical face seals; analysis of lubricant regime transition, experimentally observed in liquid face seals, using an analytical model for thermoelastic face distortion. Part 9 Non-contacting: a model of zero pressure differences and zero leakage for non-contacting spiral groove liquid face seals; determination of optimal parameters of labyrinth-screw seals and pumps; advanced aerostatic dry gas seal; influence of centrifugal growth of runner on floating bushing oil seal performance and compressor stability using finite element methods.

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Book SynopsisVibrations in Rotating Machinery provides an opportunity for the reader to be informed of new developments and industrial applications of current trechnology relevant to the vibration of machines and assemblies.Table of ContentsBladed systems; balancing; case studies; surface influences; rub; impacts and rub; identification; active control; bearings and rotors; rotors; bearings; bearing and seals; condition monitoring and cracked rotors; condition monitoring; theoretical considerations.

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Book SynopsisStandardized processing routes for PM fabrication Powder Metallurgy in Design: Wear, Corrosion and Fatigue Resistance is an essential resource for anyone in the field. Powder metallurgy allows engineers to control the microstructure of the metal, resulting in materials more suitable for the fabrication of unique parts with unique properties — yet the process of formulating these metals is itself unique. This book standardizes and codifies the necessary processing routes, and helps engineers incorporate the potential of these products into the design stage of a project.Table of ContentsPowder metallurgy - the process and possibilities; design powder metallurgy for adhesive wear resistance; designing with tungsten carbide for erosive/corrosive applications; tungsten carbide for abrasion resistant aplications; designign with powder metallurgy for increased fatigue life; using powder metallury for friction metals.

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Book SynopsisFlow-Induced Vibration of Power and Process Plant Components is an indispensable, single source of information on the most common flow-induced vibration problems in power and process plant components. Based on the author’s own experience that most errors in engineering analysis come from confusions in the units, the book begins with a short chapter on units and dimensions. It also provides step-by-step examples in dual US and SI units, leading to the final objective of design analysis, problem solving, diagnosis, and trouble shooting covering: Fundamentals of vibration; Acoustics and structural dynamics; Vibration of structures in quiescent fluids; Vortex-induced vibration; Turbulence-induced vibration; Impact, fatigue, and wear caused by flowinduced vibration; Acoustically induced vibration; Signal analysis and diagnostic techniques. CONTENTS INCLUDE: The kinematics of vibration and acoustics Fundamentals of structural dynamics Vortex-induced vibration Fluid-elastic instability of tube bundles Axial and leakage-flow-induced vibrations Impact, fatigue and wear Signal analysis and diagnostic techniques Table of ContentsUnits and dimensions; the kinematics of vibration and acoustics; fundamentals of structural dynamics; vibration of structures in quiescent fluid 1 - the hydrodynamic mass; vibration of structures in quiescent fluids 2 - simplified methods; vortex-induced vibration; fluid-elastic instability of tube bundles; turbulence-induced vibration in parallel flow; turbulence-induced vibration in cross-flow; axial and leakage-flow induced vibrations; impact, fatigue and wear; acoustically induced vibration and noise; signal analysis and diagnostic techniques.

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Book SynopsisNow available in a new improved format, this second edition is completely revised and updated. An Introductory Guide to Flow Measurement is an indispensable guide for the busy practising engineer. It provides a ready source of information on flowmeters, their operation, installation, and relative advantages and disadvantages in different applications. This revised edition retains the succinct style of the original, with plenty of clear line diagrams and shading to highlight key points, it is comprehensive and easy-to-use. The material is based on the author’s own lectures at Cranfield Institute of Technology, UK, but incorporates lessons learned through using the first edition as a teaching tool during the 13 years since its first publication. It aims to transmit as much information as possible, as efficiently as possible, in as short a time as possible. Essential reading for any engineer faced with a flow measurement problem – this book will enable the reader to assess advice received from manufacturers and contribute to discussions with experts. Existing and new readers alike will welcome this updated version of the well established and highly regarded Introductory Guide to Flow Measurement. Key areas considered include: Accuracy; flow behavior, and fluid parameters Calibration techniques Selection Momentum flowmeters Volumetric flowmeters Mass flowmeters Probes and tracers Recent developments and future trends Table of ContentsPart 1 Introduction: accuracy; flowmeter systems; flow in pipes; effect on flowmeters; essential equations of flow; fluid parameters; multiphase flows. Part 2 Calibration: datum conditions; steady flow; calibration rigs for liquids; calibration rigs for gases; master meters; site calibrations; general comments. Part 3 Selection: considerations in selecting a flowmeter; nature of the fluid to be metered; flowmeter constraints; environment; special effects; price; choosing. Part 4 Momentum flowmeters: orifice plate meter; Venturi meter; special orifice plates and flow nozzles; critical nozzle (sonic nozzle); other differential pressure devices; target meter (drag plate); variable area, Rotameter (R) or float-in-tube meter; momentum-sensing flowmeters - general comments. Part 5 Volumetric flowmeters: positive displacement meters; turbine meters; oscillatory meters; electromagnetic meters; ultrasonic meters. Part 6 Mass flowmeters: introduction; thermal mass flow measurement; angular momentum fuel flowmeter; Coriolis flowmeters. Part 7 Probes and tracers: probes; averaging pitot; tracers; conclusions. Part 8 Recent developments and likely future trends in flow measurement: instruments; meters for multiphase flow; developing technologies; manufacture and management; conclusions.

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Book SynopsisA collection of papers from an IMechE event held in February 2004. Materials are critical to the safety, reliability, performance and total life cycle costs of machines, and are therefore of great importance to both users and suppliers. The papers in this volume review: The increasing availability and improvements of superior materials over the last decade, moving from niche markets to a wide field of applications The advancement of materials from the experimental stage to the point where they can make real contributions to machine life and reliability New developing or nontraditional materials which have real potential for future reduction in life cycle costs of fluid machinery. Advanced Materials for Fluid Machinery will be of value to all those involved in materials for fluid machinery, including manufacturers and users, material suppliers, refurbishers, contractors, consultants, materials specialists and researchers.Table of ContentsS965/001/2004 Developments in the use of stainless steels for pumps and valves R Francis and L M Phillips 1; S965/002/2004 A cavitation-resistant casting alloy for pumps - status after ten years' commercial use C McCaul 15; S965/003/2004 Applications of advanced materials in centrifugal pumps B Germaine, P Meuter, and W Duchting 29; S695/004/2004 Using polymer composite wear materials in centrifugal pumps S A Smith 47; S965/005/2004 Centrifugal compressor redesign utilizing carbon fibre composite impellers D A Sarin, O A Majamaki, J K Kuokkanen, and A G Sheard 67; S965/006/2004 Chemically formed ceramic coatings S R Gibson 83; S965/007/2004 Meeting the challenges in pump durability by advanced surface engineering A Neville, V A D Souza, L M Phillips, P A Smith, P Gourdji, and H W Wang 95; S965/008/2004 Challenges of living with erosion-corrosion R J K Wood 113; S965/009/2004 Laser Engineered Net Shaping[trademark] - technology, applications, and opportunities in fluid machinery M Hedges 133; Authors' Index 145

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Book SynopsisThis book serves as a practical guide for applications of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, a nondestructive elemental analysis technique, to the study and understanding of archaeology. Descriptions of XRF theory and instrumentation and an introduction to field applications and practical aspects of archaeology provide new users to XRF and/or new to archaeology with a solid foundation on which to base further study. Considering recent trends within field archaeology, information specific to portable instrumentation also is provided. Discussions of qualitative and quantitative approaches and applications of statistical methods relate back to types of archaeological questions answerable through XRF analysis. Numerous examples, figures, and spectra from the authors' field work are provided including chapters specific to pigments, ceramics, glass, construction materials, and metallurgical materials.

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Book SynopsisSolidification is one of the oldest processes for producing complex shapes for applications ranging from art to industry, and remains as one of the most important commercial processes for many materials. Since the 1980s, numerous fundamental developments in the understanding of solidification processes and microstructure formation have come from both analytical theories and the application of computational techniques using commonly available powerful computers. This book integrates these developments in a comprehensive volume that also presents and places them in the context of more classical theories. This second edition highlights the key concepts within each chapter to help guide the reader through the most important aspects of the topics. The figures are now in color, in order to improve the visualization of phenomena and concepts. Recent important developments in the field since the first edition was published have also been added. The three-part text is aimed at graduate and professional engineers. The first part, Fundamentals and Macroscale Phenomena, presents the thermodynamics of solutions and then builds on that subject to motivate and describe equilibrium phase diagrams. Transport phenomena are discussed next, focusing on the issues of most importance to liquid-solid phase transformations, then moving on to describing in detail both analytical and numerical approaches to solving such problems. The second part, Microstructure, employs these fundamental concepts for the treatment of nucleation, dendritic growth, microsegregation, eutectic and peritectic solidification, and microstructure competition. This part concludes with a chapter describing the coupling of macro- and microscopic phenomena in microstructure development. The third and final part describes various types of Defects that may occur, with emphasis on porosity, hot tearing and macrosegregation, presented using the modeling tools and microstructure descriptions developed earlier.Table of ContentsOverview Introduction Solidification processes References PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS AND MACROSCALE PHENOMENA Thermodynamics Introduction Thermodynamics of unary systems Binary alloys Departure from equilibrium Exercises References Phase diagrams Motivation Binary systems Ternary systems Exercises References Balance Equations Introduction Mass balance Momentum balance Energy balance Solute balance in multicomponent systems Scaling Exercises References Analytical solutions for solidification Introduction Solidification in a superheated melt Solidification in an undercooled melt The effect of curvature Exercises References Numerical methods for solidification Introduction Heat conduction without phase change Heat conduction with phase change Fluid flow Optimization and inverse methods Exercises References PART II MICROSTRUCTURE Nucleation Introduction Homogeneous nucleation Heterogeneous nucleation Mechanisms for grain refinement Exercises References Dendritic growth Introduction Free growth Constrained growth Growth of a needle crystal Convection and dendritic growth Phase-field methods Exercises References Eutectics, peritectics and microstructure selection Introduction Eutectics Peritectics Phase selection and coupled zone Exercises References Microsegregation and homogenization Introduction 1-D microsegregation models for binary alloys Homogenization and solution treatment Multicomponent alloys Exercises References Macro- and microstructures Introduction Equiaxed grains growing in a uniform temperature field Grains nucleating and growing in a thermal gradient Columnar grains Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition Micro-macroscopic models Exercises References PART III DEFECTS Porosity Introduction Governing equations Interdendritic fluid flow and pressure drop Thermodynamics of gases in solution Nucleation and growth of pores Boundary conditions Application of the concepts Exercises References Deformation during solidification and hot tearing Introduction Thermomechanics of castings Deformation of the mushy zone Hot tearing Hot tearing criteria and models Exercises References Macrosegregation Introduction Macrosegregation during planar front solidification Composition field and governing equations Macrosegregation induced by solidification shrinkage Macrosegragation induced by fluid flow Macrosegregation induced by solid movement Exercises References

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Book SynopsisThis indispensable handbook provides comprehensive coverage of the current state-of-the-art in inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels – from synthesis and characterization to cutting-edge applications and their potential market impact. Built upon Springer’s successful Aerogels Handbook published in 2011, this handbook features extensive revisions and timely updates, reflecting the changes in this fast-growing field. Aerogels are the lightest solids known to man. Up to 1000 times lighter than glass and with a density only four times that of air, they possess extraordinarily high thermal, electrical, and acoustic insulation properties, and boast numerous entries in Guinness World Records. Originally based on silica, R&D efforts have extended this class of materials to incorporate non-silicate inorganic oxides, natural and synthetic organic polymers, carbon, metal, and ceramic materials. Composite systems involving polymer-crosslinked aerogels and interpenetrating hybrid networks have been developed and exhibit remarkable mechanical strength and flexibility. Even more exotic aerogels based on clays, chalcogenides, phosphides, quantum dots, and biopolymers such as chitosan are opening new applications for the construction, transportation, energy, defense and healthcare industries. Applications in electronics, chemistry, mechanics, engineering, energy production and storage, sensors, medicine, nanotechnology, military and aerospace, oil and gas recovery, thermal insulation, and household uses are being developed.Readers of this fully updated and expanded edition will find an exhaustive source for all aerogel materials known today, their fabrication, upscaling aspects, physical and chemical properties, and the most recent advances towards applications and commercial use. This key reference is essential reading for a combined audience of graduate students, academic researchers, and industry professionals.Table of ContentsPART A: Unit Operations: Processing Steps used in Aerogel Science.- Sol-Gel.- Solvent Exchange and Functionalization.- Supercritical drying of aerogels: theory and practice.- Freeze drying.- Postprocessing.- PART B: Characterization.- Structural Characterization of Aerogels.- Mechanical Characterization of Aerogels.- Thermal Properties of Aerogels.- Permeability of Aerogels.- Simulation and Modeling of Aerogels Using Atomistic and Mesoscale Methods.- Part C: Oxide Based Aerogels.- SiO2 aerogels.- Hydrophobic Silica Aerogels.- Superhydrophobic and Flexible Aerogels and Xerogels derived from organosilane precursors.- Sodium Silicate-based Aerogels.- A Robust Approach to Inorganic Aerogels: The Use of Epoxides in Sol-Gel Synthesis.- High Temperature Oxide Aerogels.- Preparation of TiO2 Aerogels-Like Materials under Ambient Pressure.- ZrO2 Aerogels.- Part D: Synthetic Polymer Aerogels.- Phenolic-type aerogels and derived carbons: the paradigms of resorcinol-formaldehyde and polybenzoxazine chemistries.- Isocyanate-derived aerogels and applications.- Aerogels from Engineering Polymers: Polyimide and Polyamide Aerogels.- Part E: Biopolymer Aerogels.- Cellulose Aerogels: Monoliths, Beads and Fibers.- Silica Biopolymer Aerogel Nanocomposites.- Polysaccharide (non-cellulosic) aerogels.- Nanocellulose Aerogels.- Potential of anisotropic cellulosic aerogels.- Part F: Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Aerogels.- Polymer Crosslinked Aerogels.- Improving Elastic Properties of Polymer-Reinforced Aerogels.- Aerogels containing metal, alloy and oxide nanoparticles embedded into dielectric matrices.- Tuning the physical properties of aerogels by spatially selective modification.- Aerogels through ultrasonically-assisted synthesis.- Part G: Carbon-Based Aerogels.- Preparation and Application of Carbon Aerogels.- Nanocarbons: Diamond, Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Graphene Aerogels.- Nanotube Aerogels made through Elastic Smoke.- Part H: Frontier / Emerging Aerogels.- Chalcogenide Aerogels.- Fluorinated and Fluoride Inorganic Aerogels.- Nanoparticle-Based Inorganic Aerogels.- Metal aerogels.- Noble Metal Aerogels.- Nanoporous metal foams made by combustion synthesis.- Interpenetrating phenolic/oxide networks and carbothermal synthesis of metallic aerogels as energetic materials.- Synthesis of largescale nanoporous metallic networks by PVD.- Part I: Applications.- Aerogels and Sol-Gel Composites as Nanostructured Energetic Materials.- Aerogel as thermal super-insulating materials: an overview.- Aerogels as platforms for chemical sensors.- Aerogels for Electrochemical energy storage applications.- Transparent Silica Aerogel Blocks for High-Energy Physics Research.- Aerogels for fusion target fabrication.- Porous Glasses, Binary Glasses and Composite Glasses from Aerogels.- Aerogels for Environmental Applications.- Aerogels for Pollution Mitigation.- Application of Aerogels in Optical Devices.- Biomedical Applications of Aerogels.- in vivo Biomedical Applications of Aerogels.- Pharmaceutical Applications of Aerogels.- Applications of Aerogels in Space Exploration.- Airbone Ultrasonic Transducer.- Aerogels for foundry applications.- Aer()sculpture: A Free-Dimensional Space Art.- Aerogels from industrial waste.- Part J: Commercial Products and Industry Overview.- Industry overview.- Part K: Recipes and Designs.- Recipes and Designs.- Subject index.- Glossary, Acronyms and Abbreviations.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines recent developments in inert anodes for aluminum electrolysis. It describes the composition and application of the most promising metal ceramic inert anode materials and nickel-oxide nanotechnology in the aluminum industry. The volume addresses concepts, analysis, properties, conductivity and corrosion, microstructure and microanalysis, and machinability of inert anodes for aluminum electrolysis. The book will be valuable to the aluminum industry, where inert anodes are having a profound impact in creating more energy saving, greener, and more functional aluminum materials in high-strength and high-temperature applications.Table of ContentsResearch background of inert anodes for aluminum electrolysis.- Nanomaterials and Nanocermets.- Nancermet anodes for aluminum electrolysis.- Metallographic analysis of cermet materials.- X-ray diffraction analysis of nanocermets.- Bulk density, apparent porosity, and density of nanocermets.- Conductivity of nanocermets.- Corrosion resistance of nanocermet.- Post processing of samples.- Characterization of specimen structure of nanocermets.- Measurement of mechanical properties of NiFe2O4 nanocermet.- Microstructure and microanalysis of cermet materials.- Optimization and machinability of nanocermets for aluminum electrolysis.

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Book SynopsisThis book guides beginners in the areas of thin film preparation, characterization, and device making, while providing insight into these areas for experts. As chemically deposited metal oxides are currently gaining attention in development of devices such as solar cells, supercapacitors, batteries, sensors, etc., the book illustrates how the chemical deposition route is emerging as a relatively inexpensive, simple, and convenient solution for large area deposition. The advancement in the nanostructured materials for the development of devices is fully discussed.Table of ContentsProgress in Solution Processed Mixed Oxides.- Properties and Applications of the Electrochemically Synthesized Metal Oxide Thin Films.- Structural and Electronic Properties of Various Useful Metal Oxides.- Properties of Metal Oxides: Insights from First Principles Calculations.- Recent Progress in Metal Oxide for Photovoltaic Application.- Structural and Electronic Properties of Metal Oxides and their Applications in Solar Cells.- Optically active Metal Oxides for Photovoltaic Applications.- Metal oxides for Perovskite solar cells.- Doped metal oxide thin films for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell and other non-dye loaded.- Doped Metal Oxide Thin Films for Enhanced Solar Energy Applications.- Mixed Transition Metal Oxides for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production.- Plasmonic Metal Nanoparticles Decorated ZnO Nanostructures for Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Applications.- Oxygen-deficient metal oxide nanostructures for photocatalytic activities.- Oxygen-Deficient Iron Oxide Nanostructures for Photocatalytic Activities.- Properties of Titanium Dioxide-Based Nanostructures on Transparent Glass Substrates for Water Splitting and Photocatalytic Application.- Mixed Transition Metal Oxides for Energy Applications.- Nanosheets Derived Porous Materials and Coatings for Energy Storage Applications.- Role of Carbon Derivatives in Enhancing Metal Oxides Performances as Electrodes for Energy Storage Devices.- Hydrothermal synthesis of metal oxide composite cathode materials for high energy.- Metal Oxide Composite Cathode Material for High Energy Density Batteries.- Chemically Processed Transition Metal Oxides for Post-Lithium-Ion Battery Applications.- Nanostructured Metal Oxide-Based Electrode Materials for Ultracapacitors.- Nanoporous Metal Oxides for Supercapacitor Applications.- Nanoporous transition metal oxide-based electrodes for supercapacitor application.- Liquid phase deposition of nanostructured materials for Supercapacitor Applications.- Chemically processed metal oxides for sensing application: Heterojunction room.- Chemically Synthesized Novel Materials for Gas Sensing Applications Based on Metal Oxides Nanostructure.- Low-Temperature Processed Metal Oxides and Ion-exchanging Surfaces as pH Sensor.- Performance Evaluation of P-type Semiconducting Metal Oxides Based Gas Sensors.- Development Of InSb Nanostructures On GaSb Substrate By Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition: Design Considerations And Characterization.

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Book SynopsisThe book highlights recent developments in the field of biomedical sensors with a focus on technology and design aspects of novel sensors and sensor systems. Diagnosis plays a central role in healthcare and requires a variety of novel biomedical sensors and sensor systems. This creates an enormous ongoing demand for sensors for both the everyday life as well as for medical care. Technologies concerning the analysis of human activities as well as for the early detection of diseases are moving into the focus of interest and form the basis for supporting human health and quality of life. As such, the book offers a key reference guide about novel medical sensors and systems for students, engineers, sensors designers and technicians.Table of ContentsA Survey of Human Action Recognition using Accelerometer Data.- Ultra Thin Nanocomposite In-Sole Pressure Sensor Matrix for Gait Analysis.- Piezo-resistive Pressure and Strain Sensors for Biomedical and Tele-manipulation Applications.- Wireless Body Sensor Networks with Enhanced Reliability by Data Aggregation based on Machine Learning Algorithms.- Accelerated Human Movement Detection Algorithm using combined Global Descriptors on GPU Based on CUDA.- Human Breathing Monitoring by Graphene Oxide Based Sensors.- Impediametric Detection of Human Interleukin 10 on Diazonium Salt Alectroaddressed Gold Microelectrode Surfaces.- Review on Recent Advances in Urinary Biomarkers based Electrochemical Sensors for Prostate Cancer Detection.- Recent Advances in Ultrasensitive miRNA Biomarkers Detection.- Early Detection of Helicobacter Pylori Bacteria in Complex Samples.

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Book SynopsisIn this collection, scientists and engineers from across industry, academia, and government present their latest improvements and innovations in all aspects of metal forming science and technology, with the intent of facilitating linkages and collaborations among these groups. Chapters cover the breadth of metal forming topics, from fundamental science to industrial application.

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers peer-reviewed contributions presented at the 3rd RILEM Spring Convention and Conference, held at Guimarães and hosted by the University of Minho, Portugal, on March 9-14, 2020. The theme of the Conference was “Ambitioning a Sustainable Future for Built Environment: comprehensive strategies for unprecedented challenges”, which was aimed at discussing current challenges and impacts of the built environment on sustainability. The present volume is dedicated to the topic “Service life extension of existing structures”, which covers the most recent scientific and technological developments in the understanding of the evolution and degradation of construction materials and structural systems. Analytical and numerical, as well as experimental approaches, aimed at characterizing, modelling and predicting the evolution of the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of construction materials and structural systems are regarded. Multiphysics models are also considered, as well as other strategies that contribute for an accurate characterization and prediction the service life and the evolution of existing and novel construction materials under normal or extreme environmental exposure or loading conditions. New strategies to promote the smart repairing or the recovery of material properties, as well as the service life extension, are also considered. The following subtopics are included: service life models and multiphysics approaches; smart structures, innovative monitoring and intervention strategies; management and optimized maintenance strategies; integrated rehabilitation and strengthening approaches.Table of Contents

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Book Synopsis This book presents selected peer-reviewed contributions from the 2020 International Conference on “Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications”, PHENMA 2020 (26–29 March 2021, Kitakyushu, Japan), focusing on processing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications of advanced materials. The book describes a broad spectrum of promising nanostructures, crystal structures, materials, and composites with unique properties. It presents nanotechnological design approaches, environmental-friendly processing techniques, and physicochemical as well as mechanical studies of advanced materials. The selected contributions describe recent progress in computational materials science methods and algorithms (in particular, finite-element and finite-difference modelling) applied to various technological, mechanical, and physical problems. The presented results are important for ongoing efforts concerning the theory, modelling, and testing of advanced materials. Other results are devoted to promising devices with higher accuracy, increased longevity, and greater potential to work effectively under critical temperatures, high pressure, and in aggressive environments.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers peer-reviewed contributions presented at the 3rd RILEM Spring Convention and Conference, held at Guimarães and hosted by the University of Minho, Portugal, on March 9-14, 2020. The theme of the Conference was “Ambitioning a Sustainable Future for Built Environment: comprehensive strategies for unprecedented challenges”, which was aimed at discussing current challenges and impacts of the built environment on sustainability. The present volume is dedicated to the topic “Shift to a circular economy”, which is focussed on sustainability and covers the research and recent technologies on the use and development of sustainable materials and structural systems, as well as on recycling and reusing. It also covers the implementation of industrial processes leading to minimized waste, including digital fabrication and deconstruction, as well as integrative approaches that lead to the achievement of the concept of circular economy. Additionally, this topic covers research on novel or existing construction materials and systems based on local resources and regional practices. The following subtopics are included: industrialized construction systems minimizing waste; recycling and reuse of materials and components; 4Ls: local constructions with local materials through local approaches for local development; Digital Manufacturing; design for deconstruction; smart demolition techniques; timber structures; Life-Cycle Assessment of construction materials and technologies; recycling of pavements and materials in roads.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a collection of recent research works related to blast resistant design, building pathologies, seismic coating, bottle-shaped concrete struts, delayed ettringite formation and waterproofing. It features eight chapters on building pathologies as well as a detailed set of references and suggestions for further reading. Offering a systematic review of the current state of knowledge, it is a valuable resource for scientists, students, practitioners, and lecturers in various scientific and engineering disciplines, including civil and materials engineering, as well as and other interested parties. Table of ContentsApplication of Blast Resistant Design Model for Safer Cities.- Design of Facade for Blast Resistant Buildings.- Application of Geometric Patterns in Architectural Design Process.- A Novel Seismic Outer Coating for Rehabilitation of Existing Masonry Buildings .- Numerical Analysis of Bottle-Shaped Isolated Struts Concrete Deteriorated by Delayed Ettringite Formation.- Concrete Samples Extracted from Pile Caps and Affected by Internal Swelling Reactions: A Diagnostic Analysis.- Diagnosis and Assessment of Deep Pile Cap Foundation of a Tall Building Affected by Internal Expansion Reactions.- Waterproof Roofing System Pathology Phenomenology Analysis as a Background Support for Diagnosis and Design.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a collection of recent research works related to blast resistant design, building pathologies, seismic coating, bottle-shaped concrete struts, delayed ettringite formation and waterproofing. It features eight chapters on building pathologies as well as a detailed set of references and suggestions for further reading. Offering a systematic review of the current state of knowledge, it is a valuable resource for scientists, students, practitioners, and lecturers in various scientific and engineering disciplines, including civil and materials engineering, as well as and other interested parties. Table of ContentsApplication of Blast Resistant Design Model for Safer Cities.- Design of Facade for Blast Resistant Buildings.- Application of Geometric Patterns in Architectural Design Process.- A Novel Seismic Outer Coating for Rehabilitation of Existing Masonry Buildings .- Numerical Analysis of Bottle-Shaped Isolated Struts Concrete Deteriorated by Delayed Ettringite Formation.- Concrete Samples Extracted from Pile Caps and Affected by Internal Swelling Reactions: A Diagnostic Analysis.- Diagnosis and Assessment of Deep Pile Cap Foundation of a Tall Building Affected by Internal Expansion Reactions.- Waterproof Roofing System Pathology Phenomenology Analysis as a Background Support for Diagnosis and Design.

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Book SynopsisThe book presents new technologies for easy and economical construction of light concrete structures saving materials and CO2. The new super-light technology allows a designer to place forces, where it is optimal, and save material everywhere else. The book also supports this “Direct Engineering” principle with a number of new details and structural principles. The new pearl-chain technology makes it possible to design optimal shapes such as arches, vaults, cupolas, floating tunnels, and shells etc. from inexpensive, and mass-produced components. The new super-light deck-elements presented in the book are now produced in six factories in Denmark, Finland, and USA, and the number is increasing. The book will be of interest for all structural engineers, who would like to save materials, CO2 and optimize their structures, for students learning about the new technologies, and for contractors and architects, who want to investigate new building technologies.Table of ContentsHistory.- Materials.- Super-light structures.- Slabs and beams.- Columns and walls.- Pearl-chain structures.- Arch bridges and vaults.- Shells.- Structural detailing.- Sustainability.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents synthesis, characterization, and applications of macroporous, mesoporous, nanoporous, hierarchical porous, porous metals, and porous ceramics. Special emphasis is given to the preparation of porous activated carbon materials and porous ionic liquid-derived materials for CO2 emissions mitigation. Additionally, a chapter includes the physical and mathematical modeling in porous media. Many analytical techniques for characterization are discussed in this book. Also, the biomedical and industrial applications of porous materials in adsorption, catalysis, biosensors, drug delivery, nanotechnology are described. The content helps solving fundamental and applied problems in porous materials with length scales varying from macro- to nano-level. Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisChallenges in Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials, Mechanics of Biological Systems and Materials, and Micro-and Nanomechanics, Volume 2 of the Proceedings of the 2021 SEM Annual Conference & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, the second volume of four from the Conference, brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Experimental Mechanics, including papers in the following general technical research areas: Characterization Across Length Scales Extreme Conditions & Environmental Effects Damage, Fatigue and Fracture Structure, Function and Performance Rate Effects in Elastomers Viscoelasticity & Viscoplasticity Research in Progress Extreme Nanomechanics In-Situ Nanomechanics Expanding Boundaries in Metrology Micro and Nanoscale Deformation MEMS for Actuation, Sensing and Characterization 1D & 2D Materials Cardiac Mechanics Cell Mechanics Biofilms and Microbe Mechanics Traumatic Brain Injury Orthopedic Biomechanics Ligaments and Soft MaterialsTable of ContentsChapter 1. Advance of Collaborative Twinning Fields in Magnesium AZ31 via the Strain and Residual Intensity Channels in Microscopic Image Correlation.- Chapter 2. Time Dependent Materials Response of Transverse Impact on Model Beams.- Chapter 3. Wearable Device for Tremor Suppression.- Chapter 4. Fractional Viscoelastic Modeling Enabling Accurate Atomic Force Microscope Contact Resonance Spectroscopy Characterization.- Chapter 5. A Method for Measuring Displacement and Strain Around a Crack of Rubber Sheets Using Digital Image Correlation.- Chapter 6. Understanding the Nano-scale Deformation Mechanisms of Polyurea from in-situ AFM Tensile Experiments.- Chapter 7. Porosity Determination and Classification of Laser Powder Bed Fusion AlSi10Mg Dogbones Using Machine Learning.- Chapter 8. Constitutive Modelling of the Dynamic Behavior of Cork Material.- Chapter 9. The Penetration Dynamics of a Violent Cavitation Bubble through a Hydrogel-water Interface.- Chapter 10. Effects of Hydration on the Mechanical Response of a PVA Hydrogel.- Chapter 11. Gaussian Process to Identify Hydrogel Constitutive Model.- Chapter 12. Effect of Host Surface Factors on Biocompatible Adhesion Index.- Chapter 13. Mass Mitigation in Structural Designs Via Dynamic Properties.- Chapter 14. High Temperature Burst Creep Properties of Nuclear-grade FeCrAl Fuel Cladding.

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Book SynopsisMechanics of Composite, Hybrid, and Multifunctional Materials, Fracture, Fatigue, Failure and Damage Evolution, Volume 3 of the Proceedings of the 2021 SEM Annual Conference & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, the third volume of four from the Conference, brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on a wide range of areas, including:Recycled Constituent CompositesDamage DetectionAdvanced Imaging of CompositesMultifunctional MaterialsComposite InterfacesTunable CompositesNovel Experimental MethodsExtreme EnvironmentsInterfacial FractureIntegration of Models & ExperimentsMechanics of Energy & Energetic MaterialsIntegration of Models & ExperimentsIn Situ Techniques for Fatigue & FractureMicroscale & Microstructural Effects on Mechanical BehaviorTable of ContentsChapter 1. Effects of Water Saturation and Low Temperature Coupling on the Mechanical Behavior Mechanical Behavior of Carbon and E-Glass Epoxy Laminates.- Chapter 2. Initiation and Propagation Fracture Toughness of AA7475-T7651 under Different Loading Conditions.- Chapter 3. Flow Stress and Fracture Toughness Behavior of AA5083 under Quasi-static Loading.- Chapter 4. Development of Carbon-glass Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites: Applications in Offshore Wind Turbine Blades.- Chapter 5. Effect of the Graphene Nano Platelets (GnP) on the Mechanical Properties in Recycled PP Based Hybrid Composites.- Chapter 6. Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Recycled AA7075 Based Composites reinforced with ZrO2 - gamma-Al203 Fibre and SiC.- Chapter 7. Recycled “Al431+A1050” based Composites Reinforced with “TiC” Ceramic Powders for Aeronautical Applications.- Chapter 8. Experimental and Finite Element Study of Recycled Aluminium (AA7075) Matrix Composites Reinforced of TiC/MoS2/-Al2O3 Fibre/Nb2Al.- Chapter 9. Tailored Behaviour of Scrap Copper Matrix Composites Reinforced with "Zn-Ni-Al" Low Cost Shape Memory Structures.- Chapter 10. Mechanical Properties of Recycled Rubber modified Epoxy Resin based Composites for Aircraft Auxiliary Structures.- Chapter 11. Manufacturing of Thin Sheet “Ni-Ti” Based Composites Reinforced with Nb2Al/TiB2 through hot-forged Bonding: Sandwich Structures.- Chapter 12. Design of Nb-Aluminium (Nb2Al) Intermetallics based Composites An Experimental and Numerical Approach for Toughening Mechanism.- Chapter 13. Numerical Modeling of Recycled Rubber Based Composites Reinforced with Glass Fibers at High Strain Rates.- Chapter 14. Piezoelectric Actuators as Control Surfaces for Morphing Vehicle.- Chapter 15. Alternative Concretes: Study of Concrete Performance with Addition of Copper Tailings Reinforced and Steel Fiber.- Chapter 16. Cyclical Instrumented Indentation Testing for Fatigue Characterization of Metals.- Chapter 17. Toughening Mechanism of Recycled Rubber Based Composites Reinforced with Glass Fibers + Alumna Fibers for Military Applications.- Chapter 18. Sensitivity Analysis of a Concrete Structure Subjected to Cyclic Loading Using a Polynomial Chaos Expansion Method.

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Book SynopsisThis book gives a complete overview of the roll stamping process of metal forming. This fundamentally new technique features an integrated local loading of the plastic deformation zone of the workpiece, simultaneously combining the die forging operation and local deformation of the deformation zone by rotating rollers or drive rolls. The book presents the basics of the theory behind roll stamping, delivering a complete technical analysis including the key results of mathematical modeling studies and a discussion of methodologies for designing novel roll stamping techniques. The aim of the new metal forming processes proposed in the book is directed toward the production of competitive equipment for fabrication of various mechanical parts having enhanced materials and physical properties in combination with a low cost of production and maintenance. This book is an ideal resource for any student or practicing engineer working with the roll stamping process.Table of ContentsAnalysis of Methods for the Production of Axisymmetric Parts with Given Specifications.- Development of the Calculation Procedure for Production Processes of Metal Forming.- Roll Stamping of Long Bar Stock.- Roll Stamping of Piece Blanks.- Force Parameters of Roll Stamping.- Mathematical Modeling of Roll Stamping.- Main Production Processes of Roll Stamping.

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Book SynopsisThe Magnesium Technology Symposium at the TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition is one of the largest yearly gatherings of magnesium specialists in the world. Papers represent all aspects of the field, ranging from primary production to applications and recycling. Moreover, papers explore everything from basic research findings to industrialization. Magnesium Technology 2022 is a definitive reference that covers a broad spectrum of current topics, including novel extraction techniques; primary production; alloys and their production; integrated computational materials engineering; thermodynamics and kinetics; plasticity mechanisms; cast products and processing; wrought products and processing; forming, joining, and machining; corrosion and surface finishing; fatigue and fracture; dynamic response; structural applications; degradation and biomedical applications; emerging applications; additive manufacturing of powders; and recycling, ecological issues, and life cycle analysis.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an overview of the applications of ion beam techniques in oxide materials. Oxide materials exhibit defect-induced physical properties relevant to applications in sensing, optoelectronics and spintronics. Defects in these oxide materials also lead to magnetism in non-magnetic materials or to a change of magnetic ordering in magnetic materials. Thus, an understanding of defects is of immense importance. To date, ion beam tools are considered the most effective techniques for producing controlled defects in these oxides. This book will detail the ion beam tools utilized for creating defects in oxides.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Ion Beam Techniques.- Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation.- Low Energy Ion Irradiation.- Consequences of Ion Interaction.- Investigation of Defects in Oxides for Various Applications.- Summary and Future Prospects.

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Book SynopsisThe story of microscopy over the years is one of wonder, revelation, and even love. What better words could there be to describe the amazing things that we have been able to see, learn and accomplish thanks to the progress made in this field? A love story between a pieace of glass and the rainbow with an original soundtrack mad of poetry and music. From Galilei’s initial foray into basic optical microscopy, including the Camillo Golgi and Giuliano Toraldo di Francia lessons, to such later developments as time-resolved microscopy, multi-photon microscopy and three-dimensional microscopy to innovations such as optical nanoscopy, bioimaging and super resolution imaging, the book seeks to take the reader, be they scientist or layperson, on a journey through the evolution of the microscope and its many uses, including in the field of medicine. The author uses visible light as a through-line to unite the various chapters, as well as using fluorescence as a touchpoint from which to map the changes in the science, a significant choice, as it, along with label-free approaches and the addition of artificial intelligence, form the natural environment for development of the modern multi-messenger microscope towards bioimaging at the nanoscale.Table of Contents1. A Curious premise"My grandma was a beautiful woman...". This chapter tells about the motivation to decide to do research in life and why with the optical microscope. 2. Just observe!The optical microscope to observe living systems, from organs to proteins. The challenge from its invention to "tomorrow" to decipher cancer and neurological disorders. 3.The colours of the rainbowWe all live under the rainbow, colours are delivering the energy needed to explore the living by watching. 4. The sharpener of the lightWhen a curved piece of glass meets the light allows to see those fine dietails hidden to the eyes. 5. A three-dimensional worldFlatlandia is a novel, the real world is developed along three spatial dimensions and the optical microscope can produce three-dimensional animated "postcard" by simply changing the lens focus when observing around. 6. Modern times: the space and time of observationsTime is the fourth dimension that increases the budget of information at our disposal to understand what's going on at different time time and space scales. 7. Two photon are better than oneQuantum mechanics allows to start a joyful revolution in optical microscopy with relevant implicantions in medicine and biology. Two photon is a unique entity. 8. Super eyes to see beyond physical limitsLaws of physics limit the perfomances of the light microscope. No doubts. The image reconstrution channel has no limits if you are able to add information and the optical microscope an unlimited super power to visualize details. 9. Without a netNow is time to remove the net. We are skilled enough. So lets control the shape of light to get information without fluorescent labes. 10. The liquid microscope of the futureIllumination produces multiple messages tuning across time and space scales and artificial intelligence can merge them to deciphering nature. Liquid tunable microscopy could provide the opportunity to see things differently and to change our point of view, abandoning the obsession of representing the “real world” we have in mind when forming an image. Lets see further!11. Pop microscopy"Grown-ups never understand anything on their own, and it is tiring for children to always have to give them explanations. "We use nice images to bring you to instruments and applications like in a pop song that people whistle in the shower. 12. AcknowledgmentsIt is a love narration in the love story between a curved piece of glass and the rainbow.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the work of RILEM Technical Committee 270-CIM: Benchmarking Chloride Ingress Models on Real-life Case Studies - Theory and Practice. It provides a comparative benchmark analysis of various types of chloride ingress models with emphasis on short, medium and long-term predictions. The book is subdivided in five chapters. The first chapter is an introduction on the benchmark and selected cases. The second chapter reports theoretical backgrounds of various analytical and numerical models for chloride ingress, followed by a short description of the models employed in the benchmark analysis. Chapter three describes the benchmark results of the Marine Submerged case, and chapter 4 of the Road Sprayed case. The last chapter reports conclusions, guidelines for calibration and recommendations. The book will benefit academics, designers, engineers, consultants, but also asset owners and standardization committees interested in durability and service life assessment of concrete structures.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the developments in engineering design application. The chapters on mechanical, materials, computer and process engineering provide the foundation for the design and development of improved structures, materials and processes. They present alternatives with cost reduction and environmental demands. The book content links the interaction of classical engineering with the health, medical and environmental sector.Table of Contents1. Computational Evaluation of a Lightweight Automotive Camber Link Component Composed of Aluminum.- 2. Front Impact Simulation of Urban Bus.- 3. Design and Manufacturing of an IC and Electrical Engine Race Car.- 4. Design of a Neuro-Fuzzy System in the Characterization of Wear Images of Rotor Blades of a Gas Turbine.- 5. Quasi–Static Ropeway Simulation Using Parallel Computing.

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Book SynopsisThe book describes the main approaches to produce and synthesize iron and steel through hydrogen-based technologies. Depending on the processing route and on the energy demand, the best available techniques and the most forward-looking solutions are explained. The book is edited with the contribution representing a range of industries in order to evaluate the industrial feasibility of each selected technology. It presents the most efficient solutions applied by ironmaking and steelmaking factories all around the world. Table of ContentsChapter1. Hydrogen revolution.- Chapter2. Hydrogen as energy carrier.- Chapter3. Hydrogen in reduction processes.- Chapter4. Hydrogen production from recycled gases.- Chapter5. Hydrogen ironmaking.- Chapter6. Hydrogen from electrolysis.- Chapter7. Hydrogen direct reduced iron.- Chapter8. Hydrogen plasma reduction.- Chapter9. Flash ironmaking.- Chapter10. Hydrogen economy.

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Book SynopsisThis book investigates the fabrication of different types of flexible sensors and their subsequent implementation for energy-harvesting applications. A range of techniques, including 3D printing, soft lithography, laser ablation, micro-contract printing, screen-printing, inkjet printing and others have been used to form the flexible sensors with varied characteristics. These sensors have been used for biomedical, environmental and healthcare applications on the basis of their performances. The quality of these flexible sensors has depended on certain types of nanomaterials that have been used to synthesize the conductive parts of the prototypes. These nanomaterials have been based on different sizes and shapes, whose quality varied on the basis of certain factors like crystallinity, shapes and sizes. One of the primary utilization of these nanotechnology-based flexible sensors has been the harvesting of energy where nano-generators and nano-harvesters have been formed to generate and store energy, respectively, on small and moderate magnitudes. Mechanical and thermal energies have been harvested on the basis of the piezoelectric, pyroelectric and triboelectric effects created by the formed prototypes. The work highlights the amalgamation of these sectors to spotlight the essence of these types of sensors and their intended application. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- ​Need of flexible sensors in the sensing world.- Impact of nanotechnology of the quality of the flexible sensors.- Fabrication and implementation of nanomaterials-assisted flexible sensors.- Fabrication and implementation of nanomaterials-assisted flexible sensors.- Flexible piezoelectric and triboelectric sensors for energy harvesting applications.- Flexible piezoelectric and triboelectric sensors for energy harvesting applications.- Flexible piezoelectric and triboelectric sensors for energy harvesting applications.- Flexible piezoelectric and triboelectric sensors for energy harvesting applications.- Flexible piezoelectric and triboelectric sensors for energy harvesting applications.- Conclusion and future opportunities.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents selected, peer-reviewed proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Mechanical Engineering, Automation and Sustainable Development 2021 (AMAS2021), held in the city of Ha Long, Vietnam, from November 4 to 7, 2021. AMAS2021 is a special meeting of the International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS), with a strong focus on automation and fostering an overall approach to assist policy makers, industries, and researchers at various levels to position local technological development toward sustainable development. The contributions published in this book stem from a wide spectrum of research, ranging from micro- and nanomaterial design and processing, to special applications in mechanical technology, environmental protection, green development, and climate change mitigation. A large group of contributions selected for these proceedings also focus on modeling and manufacturing of ecomaterials.Table of ContentsMaterials machining, Processing technologies, Advanced machinability and Machine design (mechatronics, CAD/CAM/CAE) for reduction of environmental impacts.- Advanced materials, Materials properties and Material applications towards sustainability.- Automatic control, Automation, Information and Communication technology, Artificial intelligence.

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Book SynopsisThis book reports on topics at the interface between manufacturing and materials engineering, with a special emphasis on smart and sustainable manufacturing. It describes innovative research in design engineering and manufacturing technology, covering the development and characterization of advanced materials alike. It also discusses key aspects related to ICT in engineering education. Based on the 5th International Conference on Design, Simulation, Manufacturing: The Innovation Exchange (DSMIE-2022), held on June 7-10, 2022, in Poznan, Poland, this first volume of a 2-volume set provides academics and professionals with extensive information on trends and technologies, and challenges and practice-oriented experience in all the above-mentioned areas.Table of ContentsMechatronic Actuator for Adaptive Machining Control.- Design and Validation of a Feeding System for the Systematic Production of Needle Beds.- An Increase in the Efficiency of Selected Production Processes Using Lean Tools.- Quality Control Monitoring in 3D Printing.

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Book SynopsisThis interdisciplinary book covers the fundamentals of optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavities, light–matter interaction, and biomolecular structure with a focus on applications in biosensing. Novel biosensors based on the hybridization of WGM microcavities and localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in metal nanoparticles have emerged as the most sensitive microsystem biodetection technology that boasts single molecule detection capability without the need for amplification and labeling of the analyte. The book provides an ample survey of the physical mechanisms of WGMs and LSPRs for detecting affinity, concentration, size, shape and orientation of biomarkers, while informing the reader about different classes of biomolecules, their optical properties and their importance in label-free clinical diagnostics.This expanded and updated second edition features a new chapter that introduces the reader to advanced in vivo biosensing techniques using WGM microcavities, looking at photothermal sensing, methods for trapping neutral atoms around WGM microcavities, and practical aspects of optoplasmonic sensing. The second Edition now provides a comprehensive introduction to the use of WGM microcavities in physical sensing which includes measurements with frequency combs, macro and micro (one atom) lasers, gyroscopes, optomechanical and parity-time-symmetric sensor devices.Chapter-end problems round out this comprehensive and fundamental textbook, inspiring a host of up-and-coming physicists, bioengineers, and medical professionals to make their own breakthroughs in this blossoming new field. This textbook can be used for both introductory and advanced courses about the modern optics of optical microcavities.Table of ContentsSensing with Light.- Surface Plasmon Resonance.- Whispering Gallery Modes in Optical Microcavities.- Applications of WGM Microcavities in Physics.- Single Molecule Sensing.- Fundamentals of Quantum Optics.- Molecular cavity QED.

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Book SynopsisThis book showcases the state of the art in the field of sensors and microsystems, revealing the impressive potential of novel methodologies and technologies. It covers a broad range of aspects, including: bio-, physical and chemical sensors, actuators, micro- and nano-structured materials, mechanisms of interaction and signal transduction, polymers and biomaterials, sensor electronics and instrumentation, analytical microsystems, recognition systems and signal analysis and sensor networks as well as manufacturing technologies, environmental, food, energy and biomedical applications. The contents reflect the outcomes of the activities of AISEM (Italian Association of Sensors and Microsystems) in 2021. Co-Edited by B. Andò, F. Baldini, G. Betta, D. Compagnone, S. Conoci, E. Comini, V. Ferrari, E. La Salandra, L. Lorenzelli, A.G. Mignani, G. Marrazza, G. Neri, P. Siciliano.

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Book SynopsisThe book presents topical theoretical and experimental studies for developing advanced methods of detecting materials fracture and assessing their structural state using acoustic emission. It introduces new mathematical models characterizing the displacement fields arising from crack-like defects and establishes a new criterion for classifying different types of materials fracture based on specific parameters obtained from wavelet transforms of acoustic emission signals. The book applies this approach to experimental studies in three types of materials—fiber-reinforced composites, dental materials, and hydrogen-embrittled steels.Table of Contents1 Macrofracture of Structural Materials and Methods of Determining its Type................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Types of Structural Materials Fracture................................................................ 1 1.2 Application of the Acoustic Emission Method to Detect the Fracture of Structural Materials...................................................................... 8 1.3 Detection of Defects by Signals of Magnetoelastic Acoustic Emission ................................................................ 19 1.4 Methods of Spectral Analysis of AE Signals................................................... 21 1.5 Application of Wavelet Transform for Analysis of AE signals........................................................................................... 31 References............................................................................................................................... 43 2 Mathematical Models for Displacement Fields Caused by the Crack in an Elastic Half-Space............................................................................ 61 2.1 Basic Relations of Three-Dimensional Dynamic Problems of the Theory of Elasticity for Bodies with Cracks........................................... 62 2.2 Modeling of Wave Displacements Field on the Half-Space Surface due to Displacement of the Internal Crack Faces............................... 68 References............................................................................................................................ 102 3 Energy Criterion for Identification of the Types of Material Macrofracture............................................................................................. 105 3.1 Methods for Identifying the Types of Macrofracture................................... 105 3.2 Construction of the Energy Criterion.............................................................. 108 3.3 Continuous Wavelet Transform of the AE Signals Emitted under Fracture of Aluminum and its Alloy...................................................... 123 3.4 Specific Features of the Acoustic Emission Signals During Fracture of Aluminum Alloy Welded Joints under Quasi-Static Loading............................................................................................ 130 3.5 AE-identification of the Types of Fracture during Low-Temperature Creep Crack Growth........................................................... 135 3.6 Application of the Wavelet Transform to Study the Features of Non-Metallic Materials Fracture................................................... 140 References............................................................................................................................ 144 vii 4 Evaluation of the Types and Mechanisms of Fracture of Composite Materials According to Energy Criteria...................................... 151 4.1 Specific Features of Macrofracture of the Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites............................................................................ 152 4.2 AE-diagnostics of Fracture of the Aramid Fiber Reinforced Composites............................................................................ 159 References............................................................................................................................ 179 5 Ranking of Dental Materials and Orthopedic Constructions by their Tendency to Fracture.................................................................................. 185 5.1 State-of-the Art of Researches on Mechanical Properties of Dental Materials............................................................................................. 186 5.2 Determination of the Characteristics of Materials for Temporary Fixed Constructions of Dentures...................................................................... 187 5.3 Evaluation of the Types of Dental Polymer Fracture by the Energy Criterion........................................................................................... 199 5.4 Peculiarities of Some Tooth-Endocrown Systems Fracture under Quasi-Static Loading............................................... 205 References............................................................................................................................ 220 6 Rating of Hydrogen Damaging of Steels by Wavelet Transform of Magnetoelastic Acoustic Emission Signals................................. 227 6.1 Some Aspects of Operation the Technical Systems in Hydrogenous Medium................................................................................... 228 6.2 Method for Estimating the Hydrogen Damage of Structural Materials by Wavelet Transform of MAE Signals........................................ 232 6.3 Approbation of the Research Technigue on Specimens of Long-Term Operated Pipe Steels..................................................................... 244 References............................................................................................................................ 255

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Book SynopsisThis monograph provides a compact introduction into the classical, i.e. rate-independent, plasticity theory. Starting from the engineering stress-strain diagram, the concept of elastic and elasto-plastic material behavior is introduced, as well as the concept of uniaxial and multiaxial stress states. Continuum mechanical modeling in the elasto-plastic range requires, in regards to the constitutive equation, in addition to the elastic law (e.g. Hooke’s law), a yield condition, a flow rule and a hardening rule. These basic equations are thoroughly introduced and explained for one-dimensional stress states. Considering three-dimensional plasticity, different sets of stress invariants to characterize the stress matrix and the decomposition of the stress matrix in its hydrostatic and deviatoric part are introduced. Furthermore, the concept of the yield condition, flow rule and hardening rule is generalized for multiaxial stress states. Some typical yield conditions are introduced and their graphical representation in different stress spaces is discussed in detail. The book concludes with an introduction in the elasto-plastic finite element simulation of mechanical structures. In the context of numerical approximation methods, the so-called predictor-corrector methods are used to integrate the constitutive equations. This is again introduced in detail based on one-dimensional stress states and afterwards generalized to the three-dimensional case. Test your knowledge with questions and answers about the book in the Springer Nature Flashcards app.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Theory of One-Dimensional Plasticity.- Theory of Three-Dimensional Plasticity.- Elasto-Plastic Finite Element Simulations.

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Book SynopsisThis open access textbook fills a gap, in that it introduces readers to the theory and applications of the Phase-Field technique. Phase Field, over the years, has emerged as a standard tool for materials research, just as the Finite-Element technique has in structure mechanics. Whereas the few existing textbooks on this topic are intended for advanced readers, this one is made accessible to the widest possible audience, through an engaging, lecture format. The content grows out of a course the authors teach for graduate students at Ruhr-University Bochum. Even readers who may, at first, have no clue at all what a “Phase Field” is and for what it is used, are invited on a journey from general physics of thermodynamics and wave mechanics, through applications in all fields of materials science, up to the central questions of physical being. On this journey all the necessary techniques are detailed, mostly formulated in a mathematical language easily understood by engineers and natural scientists.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Analytics.- Capillarity.- Temperature.- Concentration,- Multi-phase-field approach.- Stress–strain and fluid flow.- Quantum phase field.- OpenPhase.- OpenPhase examples.

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