Marine engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis book provides a state-of-the-art review of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT). It offers developers a global perspective on floating offshore wind energy conversion technology, documenting the key challenges and practical solutions that this new industry has found to date. Drawing on a wide network of experts, it reviews the conception, early design stages, load & structural analysis and the construction of FOWT. It also presents and discusses data from pioneering projects. Written by experienced professionals from a mix of academia and industry, the content is both practical and visionary. As one of the first titles dedicated to FOWT, it is a must-have for anyone interested in offshore renewable energy conversion technologies.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- The offshore environment.- Overview of floating offshore wind technologies.- Design considerations.- Modelling of FOWTs.- State-of-the-art.

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Book SynopsisA fully revised and updated edition of the classic textbook introducing the concepts of ship stability, resistance and powering relevant to marine professionals, including naval architects and merchant navy deck and engineering officers.This indispensable guide to ship stability covers essential topics such as flotation and buoyancy, small angle, large angle and longitudinal stability, water density effects, bilging, ship resistance, and advanced hydrostatics. Each chapter has a comprehensive list of aims and objectives at the start of the topic, followed by a checklist at the end of the topic for students to ensure that they have developed all the relevant skills before moving onto the next topic area.The book features over 170 worked examples with fully explained solutions, enabling students to work through the examples to build up their knowledge and develop the necessary key skills. The worked examples range in difficulty from very simple one-step solution

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the principal topics in applied mechanics for professional trainees studying Merchant Navy Marine Engineering Certificates of Competency (CoC) as well as the core syllabi in applied mechanics for undergraduates studying for BSc, BEng and MEng degrees in marine engineering, naval architecture and other marine technology related programmes.This new edition has been fully updated to reflect the recent changes to the Merchant Navy syllabus and current pathways to a sea-going engineering career, specifically the increased emphasis that has been placed on colleges and universities now responsible for the academic requirements for those studying for a career in marine engineering. In particular this means the book has been updated to include more information about the general principles and applications of the exercises in the practical world of marine engineering. Each chapter has fully worked examples interwoven into the text, with test examples set at thTable of ContentsPreface Introduction 1. Statics 2. Kinematics 3. Dynamics 4. Work, Power and Energy 5. Centripetal Forces 6. Sliding Friction 7. Moments 8. Lifting Machines 9. Materials Under Stress 10. Bending of Beams 11. Torsion of Shafts 12. Hydrostatics: Study of Fluids at Rest 13. Hydrodynamics: Study of Fluids in Motion Solutions To Practice Examples Selection of Examination Questions Relevant to STCW ‘Management Level’ Selection of Examination Questions Relevant to STCW ‘Management Level’ Index

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Book SynopsisA new edition of this established text has been expanded and updated, treating this important field in a holistic manner. The structure of the previous book has been retained, but enhanced with new text and illustrations, and more numerical problems with a wider scope. Readers will find much on the background to the industry and details of such centrally important operations as refining, heat exchange, cracking, polymerisation and hydrogenation. There is a chapter on offshore matters, which includes some incidents that occurred since the first edition. National and international standards are considered as these relate to such things as site layout. The coverage of the fire and explosion behaviour of hydrocarbons has been extended, in particular in relation to flash points. The topic of leaked gas detection has been introduced, and there is considerable extension of the coverage of static electricity hazards. There is more on liquefied natural gas (LNG), including details of processes for its regasification. Natural gas condensate features, having grown considerably in importance since the first edition.Re-refining of crude oil products that have previously been used as lubricants or as hydraulic fluids has also experienced growth, and this too has its place in the book from the perspective of safety. Tight gas and coal bed methane feature, as does the controversial matter of hydraulic fracture to obtain them. The chemical processing chapter has been extended to include hydrocracking, hydrodesulphurisation and hydrodenitrogenation. The COMAH (Control of Major Accident Hazards) regulations are covered and sign conventions for hazards are explained with illustrations.Trade ReviewReviews of the first edition: 'A particularly useful feature for the practitioner and student is the inclusion within the text of worked examples... ...is particularly useful through its provision of a well grounded numerical approach to many of the detailed problems arising within process safety. ...provides much useful information on operational practice, which is not often found in such texts, as well as a valuable range of supporting case studies. ...should be relevant to both undergraduates and postgraduates, as well as those in industry approaching the subject for the first time'. Energy '...covers virtually all aspects of hydrocarbon safety...' ScienceDirect.com '...it is certainly a very useful and confidence-building text for inexperienced chemical engineers as they find their way in the hydrocarbon and other process industries. ...should form a compulsory part of the graduate process engineer's library and also is of great value to the third and forth year chemical engineering undergraduate student. ...would be a valuable addition to the library and as a paperback should be well within the financial reach of the student and young practising engineer'. Chemistry in Australia '...presents a great deal of information in a compact form. ...the book makes a valuable contribution... ...would certainly recommend it to chemical engineering and fire engineering undergraduates or those professionals that need to develop an understanding hydrocarbon process safety.' Fire Safety Journal '...can be used as a text for an introductory course on process safety. It also contains topics relevant to process hazards in the chemical process industries, and as such, will be useful to engineers working in these industries'. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries '...the book will form a useful source of material for teachers and students tackling safety in this broader area. ...is judged to provide a good introductory text for students... Teachers and students alike will find many of the demonstration numerical problems and solutions particularly helpful to establish ideas and approaches.' Process Safety and Environmental Protection '...is one of the few recent texts of this kind, dealing entirely with hydrocarbons. ...this book could be very useful...to teachers and students of engineering and chemistry...' SSC, Fuel Experimental Station '...safety is a difficult subject to teach as it requires both very quantitative information and more wide ranging information... This book provides us with both. Apart from expounding the calculation methods it introduces subjects such as HAZOP, COMAH and COSSH. One excellent feature is that there are questions of increasing complexity provided in all Chapters with comprehensive solutions at the end of the book. ...this is a useful book from which one can learn. It will be a great aid to instructors and students'. FuelTable of ContentsBackground to the oil and gas industry; Hydrocarbon leakage and dispersion; The combustion behaviour of hydrocarbons; Physical operations on hydrocarbons and associated hazards; Chemical operations on hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivative; Some relevant design principles; Some relevant measurement principles; Offshore oil and gas production; Hazards associated with particular hydrocarbon products; Toxicity hazards; Safe disposal of unwanted hydrocarbon; Means of obtaining hydrocarbons other than from crude oil and related safety issues; Solutions to example; True or false questions; Index

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Book SynopsisLost Sounds visits a number of lighthouses at different times over the last 130 years to reveal the philanthropic, scientific and romantic story of the fog signal - how it came about, how the machinery worked and, for the mariner and the keeper, what it sounded like! The development of fog signals complemented the expansion of lighthouse construction worldwide from the last quarter of the 19th century and represented the attempt to provide a vital navigation aid to mariners when the beam of light from the lighthouses lens was obscured by fog. Lost Sounds reveals the practical development of sound signals from the early percussion instruments to the later succession of compressed-air sirens and diaphones through to the last remaining electric emitters. However, it is much more than that - it is a record of another part of maritime history.Trade Review'... Alan has successfully produced an authoritative and seminal work of unparalleled depth. ... This book must rate alongside Douglas Hague and Rosemary Christie ... as a core work of reference and required reading by everyone remotely interested in coastal aids to navigation. It cannot be recommended too highly'. LAMP 'A labour of love, recommended reading in general for all romantics who, like me, regret that on fog-bound days Pendeen foghorn, or any other for that matter, will never be heard mooing or booming again, and in particular for lighthouse engineering buffs, Alan Renton's unique Lost Sounds ...' Western Morning News 'It is thoroughly researched, profusely illustrated with photographs and drawings, and well-written. ... there is considerable local appeal in the form of the cluster of fog warnings guarding the treacherous waters around Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly'. The West Briton 'Lost Sounds is a book for lighthouse and lightvessel enthusiasts or those curious about how such seamarks have been built and operated over the past couple of centuries. ... also contains much historical information about the construction and operation of many of our lighthouses and lightvessels.' The Nautical Magazine

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Book SynopsisThis thoroughly revised new edition provides state-of-the-art knowledge of structural dynamics for marine structures and covers fluid-structure interactions unique to offshore structures. Included are new data and theories on fluid wave mechanics and non-linear response of offshore structures under load.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Acknowledgments. Structures in the Offshore Environment (J. Wilson). Structure-Environmental Force Interactions (J. Wilson). Deterministic Descriptions of Offshore Waves (B. Muga). Wave Forces on Structures (J. Wilson). Deterministic Responses for Single Degree of Freedom Structures (J. Wilson). Statistical Descriptions of Offshore Waves (B. Muga). Statistical Responses for Single Degree of Freedom Linear Structures (J. Wilson). Multi-Degree of Freedom Linear Structures (J. Wilson). Applications of Multi-Degree of Freedom Analysis (J. Wilson). Continuous Systems (J. Wilson). Behavior of Piles Supporting Offshore Structures (L. Reese). Conversion Table. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntended for coastal engineers and marine scientists who desire to develop a fundamental physical understanding of ocean waves and be able to apply this knowledge to ocean and coastal analysis and design. Provides an introduction to the physical processes of ocean wave mechanics, an understanding of the basic techniques for wave analysis, techniques for practical calculation and prediction of waves and applied wave forecasting.Table of ContentsSea Surface Gravity Waves. Small Amplitude Wave Theory and Characteristics. Two-Dimensional Wave Transformation. Finite Amplitude Wave Theory. Three-Dimensional Wave Transformations. Wind-Generated Waves. Design Wave Determination. Wave-Structure Interaction. Long Waves. Laboratory Investigation of Surface Waves. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe very word barrages is evocative. In the context of tidal waters it conjures up pictures of massive structures and environmental change. Barrages represent the engineer s success where King Canute failed to stop the tide coming in. They are hardly a new concept as man has for centuries tried to harness tidal power to drive his machinery, but a new breed of barrage is emerging, aimed at regenerating depressed urban areas. One of the primary aims of such schemes has been to drown unsightly mud flats. If you happen to be a wading bird used to enjoying the worms that live in intertidal mud flats you may not share that perspective. Indeed, many people today tend to side with the birds, fish and other ecological wonders and often find themselves in conflict with the promoters of a barrage scheme. How far are their fears justified? Are the negative impacts as bad as some people have predicted or even worse? How accurately can the impacts be predicted by scientific methods? Can the barrage Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: CONCEPTS AND ISSUES. Tidal Barrages - Learning From Experience (T. Burt & I. Cruickshank). The Tidal Barriers for the Venice Lagoon (G. Cecconi). ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS. The Severn Estuary: To Barrage or Not to Barrage? (P. Williams & D. Worrall). Managing the Impact of a Barrage on Outdoor Recreation (C.McGarvey). CARDIFF BAY: HYDRAULIC REGIME. Physical Modelling - An Effective Tool for Assessment of Barrage Design and Performance(M. Littlewood, et al.). CARDIFF BAY BARRAGE. Cardiff Bay Barrage: Design (P. Hunter, et al.). ECOLOGICAL ISSUES. Impacts of Barrages on Saltmarshes and Other Wetlands (M.Hill). WATER QUALITY. The Impacts on Water Quality of the Venice Tidal Barriers (A.Bernstein & G. Cecconi). COSTS, BENEFITS AND DECISIONS.The Tees Barrage - A Success Story (D. Hall). Protecting Wetlands in Norfolk - The Benefits of a Bure Barrier (P. Barham, et al.). TAWE BARRAGE. Post Impoundment Fishery Investigations on the Tawe Barrage, SouthWales (D. Mee, et al.). RIVER FLOWS AND CONTROL. Environmental Impact Assessment of Barrages in Sindh Province,Parkistan (A. Rehan). PLANNING AND CONTROL. The Colne Barrier (S. Hayman & F. Burd).

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Book SynopsisThe growth in offshore fish farming in the past decade has produced a crucial need to develop engineering solutions to its unique problems. The search for cleaner waters and the need to avoid polluting coastlines, combined with a general desire for expansion, have meant that farmers are constructing farms in ever more aggressive wave environments. Design guidance for engineers is virtually non-existent - there are no specific standards - and methods adapted from other fields have had limited success. Inevitably interdisciplinary, this book draws on the international experience of engineers and aquaculturalists in an attempt set up a design philosophy.Table of ContentsInsurance and legal aspects Environmental aspects Design and construction of sea cages Research and development The way forward

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Book SynopsisWind Turbine Foundations presents the latest international research and case studies on offshore wind farm foundations. Edited by two leading experts it is an ideal resource for engineers and researchers seeking an overview of this area.

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Book SynopsisComprehensive reference covering the design of foundations for offshore wind turbines As the demand for green energy increases the offshore wind power industry is expanding at a rapid pace around the world. Design of Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines is a comprehensive reference which covers the design of foundations for offshore wind turbines, and includes examples and case studies. It provides an overview of a wind farm and a wind turbine structure, and examines the different types of loads on the offshore wind turbine structure. Foundation design considerations and the necessary calculations are also covered. The geotechnical site investigation and soil behavior/soil structure interaction are discussed, and the final chapter takes a case study of a wind turbine and demonstrates how to carry out step by step calculations. Key features: New, important subject to the industry. Includes calculations and case studies. Accompanied by a website hosting software and data fileTable of ContentsPreface xi About the Companion Website xv 1 Overview of a Wind Farm and Wind Turbine Structure 1 1.1 Harvesting Wind Energy 1 1.2 Current Scenario 2 1.2.1 Case Study: Fukushima Nuclear Plant and Near-Shore Wind Farms during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake 5 1.2.2 Why Did the Wind Farms Survive? 6 1.3 Components of Wind Turbine Installation 8 1.3.1 Betz Law: A Note on Cp 11 1.4 Control Actions of Wind Turbine and Other Details 11 1.4.1 Power Curves for a Turbine 14 1.4.2 What Are the Requirements of a Foundation Engineer from the Turbine Specification? 15 1.4.3 Classification of Turbines 15 1.5 Foundation Types 16 1.5.1 Gravity-Based Foundation System 18 1.5.1.1 Suction Caissons or Suction Buckets 19 1.5.1.2 Case Study: Use of Bucket Foundation in the Qidong Sea (Jiangsu Province, China) 22 1.5.1.3 Dogger Bank Met Mast Supported on Suction Caisson 22 1.5.2 Pile Foundations 22 1.5.3 Seabed Frame or Jacket Supported on Pile or Caissons 23 1.5.4 Floating Turbine System 25 1.6 Foundations in the Future 27 1.6.1 Scaled Model Tests 33 1.6.2 Case Study of a Model Tests for Initial TRL Level (3–4) 34 1.7 On the Choice of Foundations for a Site 35 1.8 General Arrangement of a Wind Farm 36 1.8.1 Site Layout, Spacing of Turbines, and Geology of the Site 37 1.8.2 Economy of Scales for Foundation 40 1.9 General Consideration for Site Selection 42 1.10 Development of Wind Farms and the Input Required for Designing Foundations 44 1.11 Rochdale Envelope Approach to Foundation Design (United Kingdom Approach) 46 1.12 Offshore Oil and Gas Fixed Platform and Offshore Wind Turbine Structure 48 1.13 Chapter Summary and Learning Points 50 2 Loads on the Foundations 51 2.1 Dynamic Sensitivity of Offshore Wind Turbine Structures 51 2.2 Target Natural Frequency of a Wind Turbine Structure 53 2.3 Construction of Wind Spectrum 58 2.3.1 Kaimal Spectrum 60 2.4 Construction of Wave Spectrum 61 2.4.1 Method to Estimate Fetch 63 2.4.2 Sea Characteristics for Walney Site 63 2.4.3 Walney 1Wind Farm Example 63 2.5 Load Transfer from Superstructure to the Foundation 64 2.6 Estimation of Loads on a Monopile-Supported Wind Turbine Structure 66 2.6.1 Load Cases for Foundation Design 67 2.6.2 Wind Load 70 2.6.2.1 Comparisons with Measured Data 72 2.6.2.2 Spectral Density of Mudline Bending Moment 76 2.6.3 Wave Load 76 2.6.4 1P Loading 79 2.6.5 Blade Passage Loads (2P/3P) 80 2.6.6 Vertical (Deadweight) Load 81 2.7 Order of Magnitude Calculations of Loads 81 2.7.1 Application of Estimations of 1P Loading 82 2.7.2 Calculation for 3P Loading 82 2.7.3 Typical Moment on a Monopile Foundation for Different-Rated Power Turbines 84 2.8 Target Natural Frequency for Heavier and Higher-Rated Turbines 85 2.9 Current Loads 86 2.10 Other Loads 87 2.11 Earthquake Loads 87 2.11.1 Seismic Hazard Analysis (SHA) 90 2.11.2 Criteria for Selection of Earthquake Records 91 2.11.2.1 Method 1: Direct Use of Strong Motion Record 91 2.11.2.2 Method 2: Scaling of Strong Motion Record to Expected Peak Bedrock Acceleration 91 2.11.2.3 Method 3: Intelligent Scaling or Code Specified Spectrum Compatible Motion 91 2.11.3 Site Response Analysis (SRA) 93 2.11.4 Liquefaction 94 2.11.5 Analysis of the Foundation 95 2.12 Chapter Summary and Learning Points 101 3 Considerations for Foundation Design and the Necessary Calculations 103 3.1 Introduction 103 3.2 Modes of Vibrations of Wind Turbine Structures 104 3.2.1 Sway-Bending Modes of Vibration 105 3.2.1.1 Example Numerical Application of Modes of Vibration of Jacket Systems 106 3.2.1.2 Estimation of Natural Frequency of Monopile-Supported Strctures 106 3.2.2 Rocking Modes of Vibration 109 3.2.3 Comparison of Modes of Vibration of Monopile/Mono-Caisson and Multiple Modes of Vibration 115 3.2.4 Why Rocking Must Be Avoided 116 3.3 Effect of Resonance: A Study of an Equivalent Problem 117 3.3.1 Observed Resonance in German North Sea Wind Turbines 119 3.3.2 Damping of Structural Vibrations of Offshore Wind Turbines 119 3.4 Allowable Rotation and Deflection of a Wind Turbine Structure 120 3.4.1 Current Limits on the Rotation at Mudline Level 120 3.5 Internationals Standards and Codes of Practices 122 3.6 Definition of Limit States 124 3.6.1 Ultimate Limit State (ULS) 124 3.6.2 Serviceability Limit State (SLS) 125 3.6.3 Fatigue Limit State (FLS) 126 3.6.4 Accidental Limit States (ALS) 126 3.7 Other Design Considerations Affecting the Limit States 126 3.7.1 Scour 127 3.7.2 Corrosion 129 3.7.3 Marine Growth 129 3.8 Grouted Connection Considerations for Monopile Type Foundations 129 3.9 Design Consideration for Jacket-Supported Foundations 130 3.10 Design Considerations for Floating Turbines 131 3.11 Seismic Design 132 3.12 Installation, Decommission, and Robustness 132 3.12.1 Installation of Foundations 132 3.12.1.1 Pile Drivability Analysis 133 3.12.1.2 Predicting the Increase in Soil Resistance at the Time of Driving (SRD) Due to Delays (Contingency Planning) 134 3.12.1.3 Buckling Considerations in Pile Design 134 3.12.2 Installation of Suction Caissons 138 3.12.2.1 First Stage 138 3.12.2.2 Second Stage 138 3.12.3 Assembly of Blades 138 3.12.4 Decommissioning 139 3.13 Chapter Summary and Learning Points 141 3.13.1 Monopiles 142 3.13.2 Jacket on Flexible Piles 146 3.13.3 Jackets on Suction Caissons 146 4 Geotechnical Site Investigation and Soil Behaviour under Cyclic Loading 147 4.1 Introduction 147 4.2 Hazards that Needs Identification Through Site Investigation 148 4.2.1 Integrated Ground Models 148 4.2.2 Site Information Necessary for Foundation Design 149 4.2.3 Definition of Optimised Site Characterisation 151 4.3 Examples of Offshore Ground Profiles 151 4.3.1 Offshore Ground Profile from North Sea 151 4.3.2 Ground Profiles from Chinese Development 152 4.4 Overview of Ground Investigation 157 4.4.1 Geological Study 157 4.4.2 Geophysical Survey 157 4.4.3 Geotechnical Survey 158 4.5 Cone Penetration Test (CPT) 160 4.6 Minimum Site Investigation for Foundation Design 164 4.7 Laboratory Testing 164 4.7.1 Standard/Routine Laboratory Testing 165 4.7.2 Advanced Soil Testing for Offshore Wind Turbine Applications 165 4.7.2.1 Cyclic Triaxial Test 166 4.7.2.2 Cyclic Simple Shear Apparatus 170 4.7.2.3 Resonant Column Tests 172 4.7.2.4 Test on Intermediate Soils 174 4.8 Behaviour of Soils under Cyclic Loads and Advanced Soil Testing 174 4.8.1 Classification of Soil Dynamics Problems 175 4.8.2 Important Characteristics of Soil Behaviour 177 4.9 Typical Soil Properties for Preliminary Design 179 4.9.1 Stiffness of Soil from Laboratory Tests 179 4.9.2 Practical Guidance for Cyclic Design for Clayey Soil 181 4.9.3 Application to Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations 183 4.10 Case Study: Extreme Wind and Wave Loading Condition in Chinese Waters 184 4.10.1 Typhoon-Related Damage in the Zhejiang Province 186 4.10.2 Wave Conditions 187 5 Soil–Structure Interaction (SSI) 191 5.1 Soil–Structure Interaction (SSI) for Offshore Wind Turbines 192 5.1.1 Discussion on Wind–Wave Misalignment and the Importance of Load Directionality 193 5.2 Field Observations of SSI and Lessons from Small-Scale Laboratory Tests 195 5.2.1 Change in Natural Frequency of the Whole System 195 5.2.2 Modes of Vibration with Two Closely Spaced Natural Frequencies 195 5.2.3 Variation of Natural Frequency with Wind Speed 196 5.2.4 Observed Resonance 197 5.3 Ultimate Limit State (ULS) Calculation Methods 197 5.3.1 ULS Calculations for Shallow Foundations for Fixed Structures 197 5.3.1.1 Converting (V, M, H) Loading into (V, H) Loading Through Effective Area Approach 200 5.3.1.2 Yield Surface Approach for Bearing Capacity 200 5.3.1.3 Hyper Plasticity Models 201 5.3.2 ULS Calculations for Suction Caisson Foundation 201 5.3.2.1 Vertical Capacity of Suction Caisson Foundations 202 5.3.2.2 Tensile Capacity of Suction Caissons 203 5.3.2.3 Horizontal Capacity of Suction Caissons 203 5.3.2.4 Moment Capacity of Suction Caissons 204 5.3.2.5 Centre of Rotation 206 5.3.2.6 Caisson Wall Thickness 207 5.3.3 ULS Calculations for Pile Design 207 5.3.3.1 Axial Pile Capacity (Geotechnical) 208 5.3.3.2 Axial Capacity of the Pile (Structural) 211 5.3.3.3 Structural Sections of the Pile 212 5.3.3.4 Lateral Pile Capacity 214 5.4 Methods of Analysis for SLS, Natural Frequency Estimate, and FLS 216 5.4.1 Simplified Method of Analysis 216 5.4.2 Methodology for Fatigue Life Estimation 223 5.4.3 Closed-Form Solution for Obtaining Foundation Stiffness of Monopiles and Caissons 223 5.4.3.1 Closed-Form Solution for Piles (Rigid Piles or Monopiles) 224 5.4.3.2 Closed-Form Solutions for Suction Caissons 227 5.4.3.3 Vertical Stiffness of Foundations (Kv) 228 5.4.4 Standard Method of Analysis (Beam on Nonlinear Winkler Foundation) or p-y Method 228 5.4.4.1 Advantage of p-y Method, and Why This Method Works 230 5.4.4.2 API Recommended p-y Curves for Standard Soils 231 5.4.4.3 p-y Curves for Sand Based on API 232 5.4.4.4 p-y Curves for Clay 232 5.4.4.5 Cyclic p-y Curves for Soft Clay 235 5.4.4.6 Modified Matlock Method 236 5.4.4.7 ASIDE: Note on the API Cyclic p-y Curves 237 5.4.4.8 Why API p-y Curves Are Not Strictly Applicable 237 5.4.4.9 References for p-y Curves for Different Types of Soils 238 5.4.4.10 What Are the Requirements of p-y Curves for Offshore Wind Turbines? 238 5.4.4.11 Scaling Methods for Construction of p-y Curves 238 5.4.4.12 p-y Curves for Partially Liquefied Soils 240 5.4.4.13 p-y Curves for Liquefied Soils Based on the Scaling Method 241 5.4.5 Advanced Methods of Analysis 241 5.4.5.1 Obtaining KL, KR, and KLR from Finite Element Results 243 5.5 Long-Term Performance Prediction for Monopile Foundations 245 5.5.1 Estimation of Soil Strain around the Foundation 247 5.5.2 Numerical Example of Strains in the Soil around the Pile 15 Wind Turbines 249 5.6 Estimating the Number of Cycles of Loading over the Lifetime 253 5.6.1 Calculation of the Number of Wave Cycles 256 5.6.1.1 Sub-step 1. Obtain 50-Year Significant Wave Height 256 5.6.1.2 Sub-step 2. Calculate the Corresponding Range of Wave Periods 257 5.6.1.3 Sub-step 3. Calculate the Number of Waves in a Three-Hour Period 257 5.6.1.4 Sub-step 4. Calculate the Ratio of the Maximum Wave Height to the Significant Wave Height 257 5.6.1.5 Sub-step 5. Calculate the Range of Wave Periods Corresponding to the Maximum Wave Height 257 5.7 Methodologies for Long-Term Rotation Estimation 258 5.7.1 Simple Power Law Expression Proposed by Little and Briaud (1988) 259 5.7.2 Degradation Calculation Method Proposed by Long and Vanneste (1994) 260 5.7.3 Logarithmic Method Proposed by Lin and Liao (1999) 260 5.7.4 Stiffness Degradation Method Proposed by Achmus et al. (2009) 261 5.7.5 Accumulated Rotation Method Proposed by Leblanc et al. (2010) 261 5.7.6 Load Case Scenarios Conducted by Cuéllar (2011) 262 5.8 Theory for Estimating Natural Frequency of the Whole System 262 5.8.1 Model of the Rotor-Nacelle Assembly 263 5.8.2 Modelling the Tower 263 5.8.3 Euler-Bernoulli Beam – Equation of Motion and Boundary Conditions 264 5.8.4 Timoshenko Beam Formulation 264 5.8.5 Natural Frequency versus Foundation Stiffness Curves 266 5.8.6 Understanding Micromechanics of SSI 268 6 Simplified Hand Calculations 273 6.1 Flow Chart of a Typical Design Process 273 6.2 Target Frequency Estimation 274 6.3 Stiffness of a Monopile and Its Application 276 6.3.1 Comparison with SAP 2000 Analysis 287 6.4 Stiffness of a Mono-Suction Caisson 287 6.5 Mudline Moment Spectra for Monopile Supported Wind Turbine 291 6.6 Example for Monopile Design 299 Appendix A Natural Frequency of a Cantilever Beam with Variable Cross Section 333 Appendix B Euler-Bernoulli Beam Equation 337 Appendix C Tower Idealisation 341 Appendix D Guidance on Estimating the Vertical Stiffness of Foundations 345 Appendix E Lateral Stiffness KL of Piles 347 Appendix F Lateral Stiffness KL of Suction Caissons 349 Bibliography 351 Index 369

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Book SynopsisThe new edition of LaQue''s classic text on marine corrosion, providing fully updated control engineering practices and applications Extensively updated throughout, the second edition of La Que''s Handbook of Marine Corrosion remains the standard single-source reference on the unique nature of seawater as a corrosive environment. Designed to help readers reduce operational and life cycle costs for materials in marine environments, this authoritative resource provides clear guidance on design, materials selection, and implementation of corrosion control engineering practices for materials in atmospheric, immersion, or wetted marine environments. Completely rewritten for the 21st century, this new edition reflects current environmental regulations, best practices, materials, and processes, with special emphasis placed on the engineering, behavior, and practical applications of materials. Divided into three parts, the book first explains the fundamentals of Table of ContentsList of Contributors xix Preface xxi 1 The Nature of Marine Environments 1Bopinder Phull 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Seawater Chemistry 2 1.2.1 Chemical Composition of Seawater 2 1.2.1.1 Role of Ions 3 1.2.1.2 Dissolved Gases 5 1.2.1.3 Scale-Forming Compounds 8 1.2.1.4 Suspended Matter 9 1.2.1.5 pH 10 1.2.1.6 Chlorination 10 1.3 Physical 11 1.3.1 Temperature 11 1.3.2 Electrolytic Resistivity of Seawater 13 1.3.3 Velocity Effects 14 1.3.4 Effects of Depth 17 1.3.5 Splash and Tidal Zones 18 1.3.6 Bottom Sediments 20 1.4 Biological Effects 21 1.4.1 Microorganisms, Biofilms, and Biofouling 21 1.5 Testing 24 References 25 2 Electrochemistry and Forms of Corrosion 29David A. Shifler 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Corrosion Thermodynamics 30 2.3 Corrosion Kinetics 30 2.4 Passivity 33 2.5 Corrosion Mechanistic Modes 34 2.5.1 Stray Current Corrosion 35 2.5.2 Galvanic Corrosion 35 2.5.3 Crevice Corrosion 37 2.5.4 Pitting 38 2.5.5 Intergranular Corrosion 38 2.5.6 Microbiological-Influenced Corrosion 40 2.5.7 Dealloying 41 2.5.8 Flow-Influenced Corrosion 42 2.6 Environmentally Induced Cracking 43 2.6.1 Stress Corrosion Cracking 43 2.6.2 Fatigue and Corrosion Fatigue 44 2.6.3 High-Temperature Corrosion 45 2.7 Factors Influencing Corrosion 46 References 47 3 Atmospheric Corrosion in Marine Environments 49David G. Enos 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Understanding the Environment (Important Factors) 49 3.2.1 Humidity 51 3.2.2 Temperature 53 3.2.3 Solid and Liquid Contaminants (Salt Particulates, Seawater Aerosol, Dust, etc.) 53 3.2.4 Gaseous Contaminants 55 3.2.5 Physical Environment 55 3.3 Basic Electrochemistry of Atmospheric Corrosion 57 3.4 Corrosion Testing 59 3.4.1 Accelerated Testing 59 3.4.2 Long-Term Field Testing 59 3.5 Modeling 59 3.6 Summary 60 Acknowledgment 60 References 60 4 Localized Corrosion 63David A. Shifler 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Pitting 63 4.2.1 Cast Irons 65 4.2.2 Carbon Steels 66 4.2.3 Stainless Steels 66 4.2.4 Nickel Alloys 69 4.2.5 Aluminum Alloys 72 4.2.6 Copper Alloys 73 4.2.7 Titanium Alloys 77 4.3 Crevice Corrosion 78 4.3.1 Cast Irons 81 4.3.2 Carbon Steels 82 4.3.3 Stainless Steels 82 4.3.4 Nickel Alloys 86 4.3.5 Aluminum Alloys 89 4.3.6 Copper Alloys 91 4.3.7 Titanium Alloys 92 4.4 Intergranular Corrosion 93 4.4.1 Cast Irons 94 4.4.2 Carbon Steels 94 4.4.3 Stainless Steels 95 4.4.4 Nickel Alloys 97 4.4.5 Aluminum Alloys 98 4.4.6 Copper Alloys 101 4.4.7 Titanium Alloys 102 4.5 Dealloying 102 4.5.1 Cast Irons 103 4.5.2 Carbon Steels 104 4.5.3 Stainless Steels 104 4.5.4 Nickel Alloys 104 4.5.5 Aluminum Alloys 104 4.5.6 Copper Alloys 105 4.5.7 Titanium Alloys 108 References 108 Further Reading 121 5 Galvanic Corrosion 123Roger Francis 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 Conditions Necessary for Galvanic Corrosion 124 5.3 Factors Affecting Galvanic Corrosion 125 5.3.1 Electrode Potential 125 5.3.2 Potential Variability 126 5.3.3 Electrode Efficiency 127 5.3.4 Electrolyte 129 5.3.5 Area Ratio 129 5.3.6 Aeration and Flow Rate 132 5.3.7 Metallurgical Condition and Composition 133 5.3.8 Stifling Effects 134 5.4 Alloy Groups 135 5.4.1 Group 1 Alloys 136 5.4.2 Group 2 Alloys 136 5.4.3 Group 3 Alloys 138 5.4.4 Group 4 Alloys 140 5.5 Marine Atmospheres 142 5.5.1 Factors Affecting Atmospheric Corrosion 142 5.5.2 Materials Compatibility 143 5.5.3 Atmospheric Variability 145 5.5.4 Tropical Atmospheres 145 5.6 Methods of Prevention 147 5.6.1 Materials 147 5.6.2 Insulation and Separation 147 5.6.3 Painting/Coatings 148 5.6.4 Cathodic Protection (CP) 149 5.6.5 Inhibitors 150 5.7 Design 150 References 151 6 The Effects of Turbulent Flow on Corrosion in Seawater 155K. Daniel Efird 6.1 Introduction 155 6.1.1 Evaluating Flow Effects 155 6.2 The Basics of Turbulent Flow and Corrosion 156 6.2.1 The Nature of Turbulent Flow 156 6.2.2 Disturbed Flow 159 6.3 Erosion-Corrosion 159 6.3.1 Cavitation Corrosion 160 6.4 Flow Effects for Specific Materials 161 6.4.1 Carbon and Low Alloy Steels and Cast Irons 161 6.4.2 Copper Alloys 162 6.4.3 Passive Alloys 163 6.5 Flow Effects in Specific Facility Applications 164 6.A Wall Shear Stress and Mass Transfer Coefficient Defined 167 6.A.1 Wall Shear Stress 167 6.A.2 Mass Transfer Coefficient 168 6.A.3 Interrelationship of Mass Transfer Coefficient and Wall Shear Stress 168 6.B University of Tulsa Erosion Model 169 References 169 7 Biological Fouling and Corrosion Processes 173Brenda J. Little and Jason S. Lee 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 Development of Marine Fouling 174 7.2.1 Microfouling 174 7.2.2 Macrofouling 176 7.3 Influence of Marine Fouling on Corrosion 177 7.3.1 Corrosion Mechanisms Related to Generic Properties of Fouling Organisms 177 7.3.1.1 Oxygen Concentration Cells 177 7.3.1.2 Ennoblement 178 7.3.1.3 Galvanic Corrosion 178 7.3.2 Reactions Attributed to Specific Groups of Bacteria and Archaea 179 7.3.2.1 Sulfate Reduction 179 7.3.2.2 Sulfide Reactions with Specific Metals 179 7.3.2.3 Acid Production 181 7.3.2.4 Microbial Oxidation/Reduction of Iron 181 7.4 Diagnosis 182 7.5 Control and Prevention 182 7.5.1 Coatings 183 7.5.2 Biocidal Treatments 183 7.5.3 Cathodic Protection 183 7.5.4 Deoxygenation 184 7.5.5 Flow 185 7.6 Commentary 185 References 186 8 Marine Biofouling 191Simone Dürr, Robert Edyvean, and Eleanor Ramsden-Lister 8.1 What Is Biofouling? 191 8.2 Development of Biofouling on New Artificial Surfaces 192 8.2.1 Macromolecules (Conditioning Film) 192 8.2.2 Bacteria 192 8.2.3 Diatoms, Protozoans 195 8.2.4 Larvae and Spores 195 8.3 Established Biofouling Communities 197 8.4 The Effect of Biofouling on the Corrosion of Metals in the Marine Environment 199 8.5 Past and Present Antifouling Strategies on Metals Used in the Marine Environment 201 8.5.1 Tributyltin (TBT) Self-Polishing Copolymer Paints 201 8.5.2 Controlled Depletion Polymers (CDPs)/Self-Polishing Containing Biocides and Booster Biocides 201 8.5.3 Foul Release Coatings 202 8.5.4 Electrochemical Control 203 8.5.5 Electrochlorination 204 8.5.6 Ultrasonics for Antifouling 204 8.5.7 Mechanical Cleaning and Prevention 205 8.5.8 Enzymes 205 8.5.9 Biomimetics and Bioinspiration 206 8.6 Conclusion 206 References 207 9 Environmentally Enhanced Fatigue 215James Burns 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 Precorrosion Effects 218 9.3 Loading Environment Effects 221 9.4 Crack Initiation 221 9.5 Crack Propagation 223 9.5.1 Aluminum 223 9.5.2 Titanium 225 9.5.3 Steel 226 9.6 Effect of Corrosion Mitigation Techniques on Fatigue 230 9.7 Conclusion 231 References 232 10 Effects of Stress – Environment Assisted Cracking 239John R. Scully 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 High-Strength Steels 242 10.2.1 Physical Metallurgy 242 10.2.2 General Susceptibility Trends 243 10.2.3 Dependence on Applied Potential 245 10.3 Stainless Steels 249 10.3.1 Physical Metallurgy 249 10.3.2 General Susceptibility Trends 251 10.3.3 Dependence on Applied Potential 254 10.4 Precipitation Hardened Stainless Steels 254 10.4.1 Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy of Precipitation Hardened Stainless Steel 254 10.4.2 General Susceptibility Trends 255 10.4.3 Effect of Applied Potential 260 10.5 Titanium Alloys 261 10.5.1 Physical Metallurgy 261 10.5.2 General Susceptibility Trends 263 10.5.3 Effect of Potential 264 10.6 High-Strength Aluminum Alloys 266 10.6.1 Physical Metallurgy 266 10.6.2 General Susceptibility Trends 268 10.6.3 Effects of Potential 271 10.7 Nickel Base Alloys 272 10.7.1 Physical Metallurgy 272 10.7.2 General Susceptibility Trends 273 10.7.2.1 Effects of Applied Potential 277 10.8 Copper, Copper Alloys, and Aluminum Bronze Alloys 277 10.8.1 Physical Metallurgy 277 10.8.2 General Susceptibility Trends 278 10.9 Magnesium Alloys 279 10.9.1 Physical Metallurgy 279 10.9.2 General Susceptibility Trends and Effects of Potential 279 References 280 11 Cathodic Delamination 291Thomas Ramotowski 11.1 Introduction 291 11.2 Mechanisms for Cathodic Delamination 293 11.3 Cathodic Delamination Mitigation Strategies 296 References 298 12 High Temperature Corrosion in Marine Environments 301David A. Shifler 12.1 Introduction 301 12.1.1 High Temperature Corrosion and Degradation Processes 301 12.2 Boilers 302 12.3 Diesel Engines 306 12.4 Gas Turbine Engines 309 12.4.1 High-Temperature Coatings 317 12.4.2 Factors Affecting Operational Life 319 12.5 Incinerators 319 12.6 Fuels 324 References 328 13 Design for Corrosion Control in Marine Environments 335David A. Shifler 13.1 Introduction 335 13.2 General Design Approach 336 13.3 Corrosion Control Design Choices for Marine Structures 339 13.3.1 Materials 339 13.3.2 Organic Coatings 339 13.3.3 Metallic Coatings 340 13.3.4 Cathodic Protection 341 13.3.5 Inhibitors 341 13.4 Structural Designs that Minimize Corrosion 342 13.5 Inspection to Evaluate Conformance to Design, Repair Criteria 345 13.6 Ship Design in Marine Environments 346 13.6.1 Military Ships and Assets 346 13.6.2 Commercial Ship Design 348 13.6.3 Cruise Ship Design 349 13.7 Offshore Structural Design in Marine Environments 350 13.8 Summary 351 References 351 Further Reading 353 Ships 353 Offshore Structures 354 14 Modeling of Marine Corrosion Processes 355Jason S. Lee, David G. Enos, Roger Francis, Sean Brossia, and David A. Shifler 14.1 Introduction 355 14.2 Computational Approaches 355 14.3 Assumptions in Modeling 356 14.4 Galvanic Corrosion 357 14.5 Localized Corrosion 359 14.5.1 Crevices 360 14.5.2 Cracks 363 14.5.3 Pitting 363 14.5.4 Intergranular Corrosion 364 14.6 General Corrosion 364 14.7 Atmospheric Corrosion Models 365 14.7.1 Holistic Atmospheric Corrosion Model 365 14.7.2 GILDES Model 366 14.8 Cathodic Protection 367 14.9 Recent Modeling Advances 369 14.9.1 Future Directions of DFT 370 14.10 Limitations and Future Needs 371 14.11 Summary 372 References 373 15 Marine Corrosion Testing 379David A. Shifler and David G. Enos 15.1 Introduction 379 15.2 Corrosion Test Planning 379 15.3 Types of Corrosion Testing 381 15.3.1 Laboratory Testing 381 15.3.2 Salt Spray/Salt Fog Testing 383 15.3.2.1 Types of Salt Spray Environments 384 15.3.2.2 Limitations of Salt Spray Testing 385 15.3.3 Mixed Flowing Gas (MFG) Exposure Testing 386 15.3.4 Immersion Testing 389 15.3.5 Electrochemical Testing 393 15.3.5.1 Direct Current Electrochemical Methods 393 15.3.5.2 Nondestructive Electrochemical Methods 396 15.3.6 High Velocity Flow Testing 397 15.3.7 Environmental Cracking Test Methods 398 15.3.8 High Temperature Testing – Burner-Rigs 401 15.3.9 Molten Salt Tests 401 15.3.9.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 402 15.3.10 Microbiological Tests 403 15.4 Field Evaluation 405 15.4.1 In-Service Testing 408 15.4.1.1 Simulated Service Testing 410 15.4.2 Standards for Seawater Testing 410 References 412 16 Nonmetallic Materials in Marine Service 421Wayne Tucker 16.1 Introduction 421 16.2 Selection and Application 422 16.2.1 Material Definitions 422 16.2.2 Resistance to Environmental Factors 423 16.2.3 Mechanical and Physical Properties 423 16.3 Wood 424 16.3.1 Introduction 424 16.3.2 Degrading Factors 424 16.4 Plywood and Other Wood Composites 427 16.5 Concrete 428 16.5.1 Introduction 428 16.5.2 Marine Environmental Effects 429 16.5.3 Protection of Reinforced Concrete 430 16.5.4 Epoxy Coated Rebars (ECR) 431 16.5.5 Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) 432 16.5.6 Repairs 432 16.6 Polymers 433 16.6.1 Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRPs) 433 16.6.2 Environmental Effects 435 16.6.3 Fatigue of Marine Composites 436 16.6.4 Microbial Degradation 436 16.6.5 Ceramics and Glass 436 References 437 17 Electronics and Electrical Equipment in a Marine Environment 441James A. Ellor 17.1 Introduction 441 17.2 Primary Corrosion Phenomena in a Marine Environment 442 17.2.1 Types of Corrosion 444 17.2.1.1 Galvanic Corrosion 444 17.2.1.2 Electrolytic Corrosion 445 17.2.1.3 Electrochemical Migration 445 17.3 Protection from the Environment 446 17.3.1 Conformal Coatings 446 17.3.2 Enclosures 447 17.3.3 Hermetic Seals 448 17.3.4 Dehumidification 448 17.3.5 Corrosion Inhibitors 449 17.3.6 Water-Displacing Compounds 449 17.4 Corrosion Testing for Electronics in a Marine Environment 449 17.5 Conclusions 450 References 451 18 Structural Alloys in Marine Service 453David A. Shifler 18.1 Cast Irons 453 18.1.1 Cast Iron Metallurgy 454 18.1.2 Cast Iron Corrosion Behavior 457 18.2 Carbon Steels 458 18.2.1 Carbon Steel Chemistries 460 18.2.1.1 Effects of Alloying Additions 460 18.2.2 Surface Oxides/Corrosion Products 463 18.2.3 Heat Treating 464 18.2.4 Marine Steels 468 18.3 Stainless Steels 473 18.3.1 Stainless Steel Types 474 18.3.1.1 Austenitic Stainless Steels 474 18.3.1.2 Ferritic Stainless Steels 475 18.3.1.3 Martensitic Stainless Steels 478 18.3.1.4 Duplex Stainless Steels 478 18.3.1.5 Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels 479 18.3.2 Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels 479 18.3.3 Marine Uses of Stainless Steels 481 18.4 Nickel and Nickel Alloys 481 18.4.1 Corrosion Resistant Nickel and Nickel Alloys 483 18.4.2 High-temperature Nickel Alloys – Superalloys 486 18.5 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 490 18.5.1 Aluminum Alloy Familites 490 18.5.2 Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloys 494 18.5.3 Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum Alloys 496 18.6 Copper and Copper Alloys 497 18.6.1 General Corrosion and Mechanical Properties 497 18.6.2 Bronze Alloys 498 18.6.3 Brasses 502 18.6.4 Copper–Nickel Alloys 503 18.7 Titanium and Titanium Alloys 506 18.7.1 Chemistry and Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys 507 18.7.2 General Corrosion Behavior 510 18.8 Factors Affecting Alloy Corrosion Behavior in Marine Service 510 18.8.1 Surface Properties and Processes 510 18.8.1.1 Passivity 510 18.8.2 Material Bulk Properties 513 18.8.3 Joining Effects on Materials 514 18.8.4 Cathodic Protection 518 References 518 Additional Reading and References 525 19 Marine Coatings 527Charles G. Munger, Louis Vincent, and David A. Shifler 19.1 Introduction 527 19.2 Characteristics of a Ideal Marine Coating 528 19.3 Coating Degradation and Failures 532 19.4 Surface Preparation 532 19.5 Coating Inspection, Selection, and Application for Controlling Corrosion 536 19.6 Coatings for Marine Service 539 19.6.1 Metallized Coatings 539 19.6.1.1 Metal-Containing Primers 542 19.6.1.2 Cadmium Plating 543 19.6.1.3 Cadmium Options 543 19.6.2 Organic Coatings 544 19.6.2.1 Coating Thickness Measurements 544 19.7 Types of Coatings for Marine Vessels 545 19.7.1 Conversion Coatings 547 19.7.1.1 Hexavalent Chromate Conversion Coatings 547 19.7.1.2 Hexavalent Chromate Alternatives 547 19.7.1.3 Phosphate Coatings 548 19.7.2 Organic Coatings and Nanocomposites 548 19.7.3 Shop Primers 549 19.7.4 Universal Primers 550 19.7.5 Zinc-Rich Coatings 550 19.7.6 Organic Primers 551 19.7.7 Tie-Coats 552 19.7.8 Abrasion Resistant Coatings 552 19.7.9 Cargo Tank Linings 553 19.7.9.1 Tank Lining Chemical Resistance 554 19.7.10 Bilge Coatings 554 19.7.11 Ballast Tank Linings 555 19.7.12 Cofferdam and Void Coatings 558 19.7.13 Potable Water Tank Linings 558 19.7.14 Cosmetic Finishes – Topside Area and Interior Living and Working Spaces 559 19.7.15 Deck Coatings – Including Heli-Deck Surfaces 560 19.7.16 Hull Coatings – Freeboard Area 562 19.7.17 Maintenance Painting Programs 563 19.8 Offshore Structures 563 References 565 20 Biofouling Control 573David A. Shifler 20.1 The Nature of Biofouling 573 20.2 Fouling Effects on Ships 574 20.2.1 Control of Biofouling 576 20.2.1.1 Biocidal Antifoulant Coatings 576 20.3 Non-biocidal Antifoulant Methods and Coatings 579 20.4 Maintenance, Monitoring, and Testing 582 References 587 21 Cathodic Protection 593James A. Ellor, David A. Shifler, and Robert A. Bardsley 21.1 Theory 593 21.2 Reference Cells 596 21.3 Methods of Applying Cathodic Protection 597 21.3.1 Cathodic Protection Using Sacrificial Anodes 597 21.3.2 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) 600 21.3.2.1 Impressed Current Anodes Materials 601 21.3.2.2 Sacrificial Anodes 602 21.3.2.3 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection 604 21.4 Design Basics 604 21.4.1 Calcareous Deposits and Impacts on Protection Criteria 605 21.4.2 Polarization Characteristics Over Time 607 21.4.3 Design Using Physical Scale Modeling 608 21.4.4 Computer-Assisted Design 609 21.4.5 Protective (Dielectric) Shields 609 21.4.6 Protection Current Requirements 610 21.4.7 Polarization Potential Criteria of Protection 611 21.4.8 Automated Control Systems 611 21.5 Cathodic Protection in Marine Service 612 21.5.1 Small Boats and Large Commercial and Marine Vessels 612 21.5.2 Offshore Structures 615 21.5.3 Bridges, Wharves, and Jetties 617 21.5.4 Marine Pipelines 621 21.6 Concerns with the Use of Cathodic Protection 623 21.6.1 Corrosion/Cathodic Protection Monitoring 624 References 626 22 Corrosion Monitoring in Seawater 633Sean Brossia 22.1 Introduction 633 22.2 Electrochemical Methods 634 22.2.1 Linear Polarization Resistance 634 22.2.2 Potential Measurements 636 22.2.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 637 22.2.4 Electrochemical Noise 641 22.2.5 Electrochemical Frequency Modulation 641 22.2.6 Wirebeam/Multielectrode Array Methods 641 22.3 Non-Electrochemical Methods 644 22.4 Challenges 647 22.5 Applications 648 22.6 Summary and Conclusions 649 References 650 23 Marine Fasteners 653David A. Shifler 23.1 Introduction 653 23.2 Failure Modes 654 23.3 General Fastener Design 655 23.4 Fastener Materials Selection 656 23.4.1 Standards and Specifications 656 23.4.2 Low-Alloy Steels 659 23.4.3 Stainless Steels 659 23.4.4 Aluminum Alloys 659 23.4.5 Copper Alloys 660 23.4.6 Nickel Alloys 660 23.4.7 Titanium Alloys 660 23.5 Fastener Behavior Above the Waterline 661 23.6 Fastener Behavior in Submerged, Below the Waterline 661 23.7 Corrosion Protection for Fasteners 662 References 663 Further Reading 666 24 Marine and Offshore Piping Systems 667David A. Shifler 24.1 Piping Systems 667 24.1.1 Bilge System 667 24.1.2 Ballast System 667 24.1.3 Firefighting Systems 668 24.1.4 Drainage Systems 668 24.1.5 Fresh-Water Systems 668 24.1.6 Fuel and Flammable Liquid Piping 668 24.1.7 Ventilation Systems – Ships 669 24.1.8 Hydrocarbon Piping (Oil and Gas) 669 24.1.9 Vent System – Offshore 669 24.1.10 Flare System 669 24.1.11 Firewater Utility Piping 669 24.1.12 Risers 670 24.1.13 Subsea Piping 670 24.2 Piping System Design 671 24.3 Materials Selection 672 24.4 Failure Modes of Piping Systems 674 24.4.1 Uniform Corrosion 674 24.4.2 Pitting and Crevice Corrosion 675 24.4.3 Galvanic Corrosion 677 24.4.4 Abrasion 681 24.4.5 Erosion and Erosion Corrosion 681 24.4.6 Variable Temperature Swings 684 24.4.7 Wear and Impact 684 24.4.8 Fatigue 685 24.4.9 Water Hammer 685 24.5 Corrosion Control Methods 686 References 686 Further Reading 689 25 Corrosion Control and Preservation of Historic Marine Artifacts 691David A. Shifler 25.1 Introduction 691 25.2 Basic Conservation Procedures 694 25.2.1 Laboratory Conservation Procedures 695 25.3 Degradation, Corrosion, and Conservation of Marine Artifacts 695 25.3.1 Corrosion and Conservation of Ferrous Alloys 696 25.3.2 Corrosion and Conservation of Other Metals and Alloys 700 25.3.2.1 Corrosion and Conservation of Copper Artifacts 701 25.3.2.2 Corrosion and Conservation of Silver Artifacts 701 25.3.3 Corrosion and Conservation of Lead, Tin, Pewter 702 References 703 Further Reading 705 Marine Archaeology Conservation 705 Index 707

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Book SynopsisLocalization for underwater robots remains a challenging issue. Typical sensors, such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, cannot be used under the surface and other inertial systems suffer from a strong integration drift. On top of that, the seabed is generally uniform and unstructured, making it difficult to apply Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) methods to perform localization. Reliable Robot Localization presents an innovative new method which can be characterized as a raw-data SLAM approach. It differs from extant methods by considering time as a standard variable to be estimated, thus raising new opportunities for state estimation, so far underexploited. However, such temporal resolution is not straightforward and requires a set of theoretical tools in order to achieve the main purpose of localization. This book not only presents original contributions to the field of mobile robotics, it also offers new perspectives on constraint programming and set-membership approaches. It provides a reliable contractor programming framework in order to build solvers for dynamical systems. This set of tools is illustrated throughout this book with realistic robotic applications.Table of ContentsPreface xi Notations xiii Abbreviations xvii Introduction xix Part 1. Interval Tools 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Chapter 1. Static Set-membership State Estimation 5 1.1. Introduction 5 1.2. Interval analysis 8 1.2.1. Once upon a time 8 1.2.2. Intervals 10 1.2.3. Inclusion functions 14 1.2.4. Pessimism and wrapping effect 16 1.3. Constraint propagation 19 1.3.1. Constraint networks 19 1.3.2. Contractors 21 1.3.3. Application to static range-only robot localization 24 1.4. Set-inversion via interval analysis 25 1.4.1. Subpaving 25 1.4.2. SIVIA algorithm for set-inversion 28 1.4.3. Illustration involving contractions 29 1.4.4. Kernel characterization of an interval function 33 1.5. Discussions 35 1.5.1. From sensors to reliable results 36 1.5.2. Numerical libraries 37 1.5.3. Reliable tool for proof purposes 38 1.6. Conclusion 38 Chapter 2. Constraints Over Sets of Trajectories 41 2.1. Towards dynamic state estimation 41 2.1.1. Overall motivations 41 2.1.2. The approach presented in this book 43 2.2. Tubes 44 2.2.1. Definitions 44 2.2.2. Tube analysis 45 2.2.3. Contractors 48 2.3. Implementation 50 2.3.1. Data structure 52 2.3.2. Build a tube from real datasets 54 2.3.3. Tubex, dedicated tube library 57 2.4. Application: dead-reckoning of a mobile robot 57 2.4.1. Test case 58 2.4.2. Constraint network 58 2.4.3. Resolution 59 2.5. Discussions 60 2.5.1. Limits 60 2.5.2. Extract the most probable trajectory from a tube 61 2.5.3. Application to path planning 62 2.6. Conclusion 63 Part 2. Constraints-related Contributions 65 Introduction to Part 2 67 Chapter 3. Trajectories under Differential Constraints 69 3.1. Introduction 69 3.1.1. The differential problem 69 3.1.2. Attempts with set-membership methods 70 3.1.3. Contribution of this work 72 3.2. Differential contractor for L d/dt: ẋ(·) = v(·) 73 3.2.1. Definition and proof 74 3.2.2. Contraction of the derivative 79 3.2.3. Implementation 80 3.3. Contractor-based approach for state estimation 82 3.3.1. Constraint network of state equations 84 3.3.2. Fixed-point propagations 85 3.3.3. Theoretical example of interest ẋ = −sin(x) 87 3.4. Robotic applications 90 3.4.1. Causal kinematic chain 90 3.4.2. Higher-order differential constraints 93 3.4.3. Kidnapped robot problem 93 3.4.4. Actual experiment with the Daurade AUV 94 3.5. Conclusion 99 Chapter 4. Trajectories Under Evaluation Constraints 101 4.1. Introduction 101 4.1.1. Contribution of this work 101 4.1.2. Motivations to deal with time uncertainties 102 4.2. Generic contractor for trajectory evaluation 105 4.2.1. Tube contractor for the constraint Leval : z = y(t) 105 4.2.2. Implementation 111 4.2.3. Application to state estimation 113 4.3. Robotic applications 114 4.3.1. Range-only robot localization with low-cost beacons 114 4.3.2. Reliable correction of a drifting clock 121 4.4. Conclusion 127 Part 3. Robotics-related Contributions 129 Introduction to Part 3 131 Chapter 5. Looped Trajectories: From Detections to Proofs 133 5.1. Introduction 133 5.1.1. The difference between detection and verification 133 5.1.2. Proprioceptive versus exteroceptive measurements 134 5.1.3. The two-dimensional case 135 5.2. Proprioceptive loop detections 135 5.2.1. Formalization 136 5.2.2. Loop detections in a bounded-error context 137 5.2.3. Approximation of the solution set T 138 5.3. Proving loops in detection sets 141 5.3.1. Formalism: zero verification 141 5.3.2. Topological degree for zero verification 141 5.3.3. Loop existence test 145 5.3.4. Reliable number of loops 149 5.4. Applications 151 5.4.1. The Redermor mission 152 5.4.2. The Daurade mission 156 5.4.3. Optimality of the approach 159 5.5. Conclusion 163 Chapter 6. A Reliable Temporal Approach for the SLAM Problem 165 6.1. Introduction 165 6.1.1. Motivations 165 6.1.2. SLAM formalism 167 6.1.3. Inter-temporalities 169 6.2. Temporal SLAM method 172 6.2.1. General assumptions 172 6.2.2. Temporal resolution 173 6.2.3. Lp⇒z: inter-temporal implication constraint 174 6.2.4. The Cp⇒z contractor 178 6.2.5. Temporal SLAM algorithm 186 6.3. Underwater application: bathymetric SLAM 190 6.3.1. Context 190 6.3.2. Daurade’s underwater mission, October 20, 2015 194 6.3.3. Daurade’s underwater mission, October 19, 2015 199 6.3.4. Overview of the environment 202 6.4. Discussions 203 6.4.1. Relation to the state of the art 203 6.4.2. About a Bayesian resolution 205 6.4.3. Biased sensors 205 6.4.4. Fluctuating measurements 205 6.5. Conclusion 207 Conclusion 211 References 217 Index 229

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Book SynopsisDealing exclusively with underwater instrumentation, control, and communication technology for subsea oil and gas production, Subsea Control and Data Acquisition has been structured to cover relevant experience and challenges in frontier subsea developments. Aimed at professionals active in subsea production systems, in particular those engaged in the control and monitoring of such installations, and engineers keen to keep abreast of current practice and technologies, this volume covers operational experience of long offset control and monitoring, as well as enhanced oil recovery and discusses relevant topics in subsea and hole monitoring, such as, Reliability Enhanced oil recovery Subsea and down hole monitoring Long offset control Subsea communication/control Reliability of systems plays a dominant role, and the effect of regional legislation is not forgotten; this volume includes contributions from experienced experts from major oil companies to challenge the reader. The accompanying CD can be requested from the UK Editorial team. Send requests to Debbie Cox, decox@wiley.com.Table of ContentsReliability. Subsea electrics - design for diagnostics and reparability. Obsolescence of electronics - potential impact on subsea controls from an operator's standpoint. BP subsea control systems and umbilicals - improvement strategies. Cost optimisation in testing welds of duplex stainless steel for umbilicals and implementation in a new DNV recommended practice for umbilicals. Enhanced Oil Recovery. Experience and challenges in frontier subsea developments. Subsea production control system designed to contribute to increased oil recovery (IOR). Subsea and Down Hole Monitoring. Permanent seismic sensing system for hydrocarbon reservoirs. Next generation subsea control module. Design, development and implementation of an "add-on" subsea control system. Long Offset Control. Long offset control systems, which facilitate subsea-to-breach field developments, with a particular reference to the Statoil Snohvit project. Ormen Lange - long offset monitoring and control. Subsea production controls for Total's Nuggets development - production evolution to meet demanding requirements, and lessons learned from offshore integration and commissioning. Subsea Communication/Control. Subsea production control fluids - the impact of new environmental legislation. Wet plant trends and challenges for offshore networks. Communication on power lines - constraints and experience. Fibre optics communication system reliability. Standardisation solutions for subsea downhole interface - IWIS project update. Challenges, product development, and qualification of the Kristin Field. Authors Index.

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Book SynopsisIn order to apply the damage tolerance design philosophy to design marine structures, accurate prediction of fatigue crack growth under service conditions is required. Now, more and more people have realized that only a fatigue life prediction method based on fatigue crack propagation (FCP) theory has the potential to explain various fatigue phenomena observed. In this book, the issues leading towards the development of a unified fatigue life prediction (UFLP) method based on FCP theory are addressed. Based on the philosophy of the UFLP method, the current inconsistency between fatigue design and inspection of marine structures could be resolved.This book presents the state-of-the-art and recent advances, including those by the authors, in fatigue studies. It is designed to lead the future directions and to provide a useful tool in many practical applications. It is intended to address to engineers, naval architects, research staff, professionals and graduates engaged in fatigue prevention design and survey of marine structures, in fatigue studies of materials and structures, in experimental laboratory research, in planning the repair and maintenance of existing structures, and in rule development. The book is also an effective educational aid in naval architecture, marine, civil and mechanical engineering.Prof. Weicheng Cui is the Dean of Hadal Science and Technology Research Center of Shanghai Ocean University, China. Dr. Xiaoping Huang is an associate professor of School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. Dr. Fang Wang is an associate professor of Hadal Science and Technology Research Center of Shanghai Ocean University, China.Table of ContentsCurrent understanding of fatigue mechanisms of metals.- Description of fatigue loading.- General procedure for a unified fatigue life prediction (UFLP) method for marine structures.- Technical problems to be resolved for developing a UFLP.- Some applications & demonstrations of UFLP.- Code development based on UFLP for marine structures.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. International Regulation affecting Marine Engines 2. Theory and General Principles 3. Dual-Fuel and Gas Engines 4. Exhaust Emissions and Control 5. Fuels and Lubes: Chemistry and Treatment 6. Performance 7. Engine and Plant Selection 8. Turbocharging 9. Fuel Injection 10. Waste Heat Recovery 11. Low-Speed Engines - Introduction 12. MAN B and W Low-Speed Engines 13. Japanese Diesel (Mitsubishi) Low-Speed Engines 14. Winterthur Gas and Diesel Engines 15. Wärtsilä (Sulzer) Low-Speed Engines 16. Other Low-Speed Engines 17. Medium-Speed Engines - Introduction 18. ABC Engines 19. Caterpillar 20. Deutz 21. Doosan 22. Himsen 23. MaK 24. MAN Diesel 25. Rolls-Royce 26. Wärtsila 27. Yanmar 28. Other Medium-Speed Engines 29. Low-Speed Four-Stroke Trunk Piston Engines 30. High-Speed Engines 31. Gas Turbines 32. Engine room Safety Matters and Regulation

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