Linguistics Books

Book SynopsisThe Guidebook to Sociolinguistics presents a comprehensive introduction to the main concepts and terms of sociolinguistics, and of the goals, methods, and findings of sociolinguistic research.Trade Review“an accessible introduction … a beginner-friendly structure … an enticing introduction for undergraduate students … the author draws an inspiring picture of his research field that appeals to both the heart and the head … the exercises adapt well to most levels of linguistic knowledge - the voice of the guide is clear and articulate - this is an effortless and lively tour that cannot but inspire beginners and experienced scholars alike”. - English World Wide, 2016“A major strength of this book is indeed the focus on research. Bell not only provides different types of data from the field, but also detailed explanations on how data has been collected and interpreted. . . a fine candidate for an undergraduate sociolinguistics course. It introduces the key topics, provides lots of excellent and modern examples and is written in an accessible style suitable for introducing material to students not yet familiar with linguistic theory or social science research methodology.” - Linguistlist, 14 July 2014 “In seeking answers to these and myriad other questions through reading and engaging with Bell’s book, students and researchers alike will find substantive knowledge, lofty wisdom, and inspiration to carry forward the tradition of study of the world’s rich social and linguistic diversity in which Bell has long played a key part.” - Journal of Sociolinguistics, 3 June 2014Table of ContentsList of Figures xi List of Tables xiii Preface xv 1 What Are Sociolinguistics? 1 1.1 What is language? 2 1.2 What is a language? 4 1.3 What then are sociolinguistics? 6 1.4 Neighbouring and overlapping fields 12 1.5 A guide to the guidebook 14 2 A Profusion of Languages 19 2.1 Being multilingual 19 2.2 Six dimensions of bilingualism 25 2.3 Approaches to multilingualism 29 2.4 Language surveys and censuses 33 2.5 The case of Canada 34 2.6 Research activity: A bilingual survey 39 2.7 Summary 41 2.8 Further reading 42 3 Language Shift and Maintenance 47 3.1 Introducing language contact 47 3.2 Language functions 50 3.3 Shifting languages 54 3.4 Maintaining and revitalizing languages 57 3.5 The case for Māori 62 3.6 Research activity: doing a project (1) – the setup 67 3.7 Summary 70 3.8 Further reading 71 4 Language Birth and Death 75 4.1 Pidgins and creoles 76 4.2 Where do pidgins and creoles come from? 79 4.3 The creole continuum 83 4.4 Language danger and death 84 4.5 The microlinguistics of dying languages 89 4.6 The cases of Gaelic and Melanesian 91 4.7 Research activity: the making of Melanesian Pidgin 95 4.8 Summary 97 4.9 Further reading 98 5 Codes and Choices 103 5.1 Varieties, codes and repertoires 103 5.2 The speech community 105 5.3 Diglossia 108 5.4 Code switching 113 5.5 The sociolinguistics of code switching 114 5.6 The case of Oberwart 119 5.7 Research activity: observation versus self-report 123 5.8 Summary 125 5.9 Further reading 126 6 Situated Language 131 6.1 Situations, contexts and domains 131 6.2 Ethnographies of communication 134 6.3 Speakers in situ 138 6.4 Audiences for language 140 6.5 Speech acts and politeness 142 6.6 The sociolinguistics of interaction 146 6.7 Gender and conversation 149 6.8 The case of slang in Rio 151 6.9 Research activity: ethnographing the class 155 6.10 Summary 156 6.11 Further reading 157 7 Variation in Language 163 7.1 Foundations: New York City 163 7.2 Class in language 168 7.3 Ethnicity in language 172 7.4 Ethnic varieties of English 176 7.5 Gender in language 179 7.6 The case of ING 181 7.7 Research activity: doing a project (2) – data collection 186 7.8 Summary 189 7.9 Further reading 190 8 Language in Time 195 8.1 Age in language 195 8.2 Real time and apparent time 200 8.3 The linguistics of language change 204 8.4 Sound change 207 8.5 The social life of language change 209 8.6 Markets, networks and communities 214 8.7 The case of Belten High 218 8.8 Research activity: language change on the internet 221 8.9 Summary 223 8.10 Further reading 224 9 Language in Space 229 9.1 Dialectology 229 9.2 Making space 234 9.3 Dialect contact 238 9.4 Dialect birth 243 9.5 Dialect death 246 9.6 The case of colonial Englishes 247 9.7 Research activity: linguistic landscape 249 9.8 Summary 250 9.9 Further reading 251 10 Valuing Language 255 10.1 Ideologies of language 256 10.2 Language with attitude 259 10.3 Evaluating individual linguistic variables 264 10.4 The Indexical Cycle 268 10.5 Discriminating language 272 10.6 The case of Bakhtin 278 10.7 Research activity: doing a project (3) – results and reporting 282 10.8 Summary 286 10.9 Further reading 287 11 Styling Language and Identities 293 11.1 Two takes on style 293 11.2 Audience design 297 11.3 Referee design 303 11.4 Performing sociolinguistic identities 306 11.5 The case of Marlene Dietrich 310 11.6 Research activity: a performance language project 314 11.7 Summary 318 11.8 Further reading 319 12 Theory and Engagement 323 12.1 The place of the social in sociolinguistics 323 12.2 Structure and agency 326 12.3 Towards a socially constituted sociolinguistics 329 References 333 Index 357

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Book SynopsisThe comparatively recent origins of pidgins and creoles provide them with a special place in linguistic theory. Debates about the origin and character of these languages have informed broader discussions within grammatical theory, historical linguistics, and sociolinguistics.Trade Review"This handbook provides a timely overview of a constantly changing and growing field and serves as a handy reference for anyone working on pidgins and creoles or related issues." James Walker, York University "A most informative handbook on pidgin and creole languages. Superbly edited, and written by the preeminent scholars in the field." Armin Schwegler, University of California, IrvineTable of ContentsNotes on Contributors vii List of Abbreviations xiv 1 Introduction 1 Silvia Kouwenberg and John Victor Singler Part I Properties of Pidgins and Creoles 17 2 Atlantic Creole Syntax 19 Donald Winford 3 Forging Pacific Pidgin and Creole Syntax: Substrate, Discourse, and Inherent Variability 48 Miriam Meyerhoff 4 Pidgin and Creole Morphology 74 Terry Crowley 5 Creole Phonology 98 Norval S. H. Smith 6 Pidgins versus Creoles and Pidgincreoles 130 Peter Bakker 7 Non-Indo-European Pidgins and Creoles 158 Kees Versteegh Part II Perspectives on Pidgin/creole Genesis 187 8 Pidgins/Creoles, and Second Language Acquisition 189 Jeff Siegel 9 Creole Genesis: The Impact of the Language Bioprogram Hypothesis 219 Tonjes Veenstra 10 Pidgins/Creoles and Historical Linguistics 242 Sarah G. Thomason 11 Pidgins/Creoles and Contact Languages: An Overview 263 Rajend Mesthrie 12 Creole Studies and Multilingualism 287 Pieter Muysken 13 A Demographic Perspective on Creole Formation 309 Jacques Arends 14 The Sociohistorical Context of Creole Genesis 332 John Victor Singler 15 The Cultural in Pidgin Genesis 359 Christine Jourdan Part III Pidgins/Creoles and Linguistic Explanation 383 16 Grammaticalization in Pidgins and Creoles 385 Adrienne Bruyn 17 Creoles, Markedness, and Default Settings: An Appraisal 411 Alain Kihm 18 Semantic Evidence in Pidgin and Creole Genesis 440 George Huttar 19 Pidgins, Creoles, and Variation 461 Peter L. Patrick Part IV Pidgins/Creoles and Kindred Languages 489 20 The Case of Signed Languages in the Context of Pidgin and Creole Studies 491 Judy Kegl 21 Pidgins/Creoles and African American English 512 Arthur K. Spears 22 Spanish-Based Creoles in the Caribbean 543 John M. Lipski Part V Pidgins/Creoles in Society 565 23 Pidgins/Creoles and Discourse 567 Geneviève Escure 24 Pidgins/Creoles and Education 593 Dennis Craig 25 Language Planning in Pidgins and Creoles 615 Hubert Devonish 26 Literary Representations of Creole Languages: Cross-Linguistic Perspectives from the Caribbean 637 Hélène Buzelin and Lise Winer Author Index 666 Language Index 677 Subject Index 682

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Book SynopsisThis text is a compendium of information about the pronunciation of casual English (English as it is used un-self-consciously in informal situations). It does not depend on prior knowledge of any particular phonological theory, but does require basic knowledge of linguistics.Trade Review"…the detailed information that is densely packed into this quite short text will be appreciated by many phoneticians, who will find it an exceptionally useful summary of the processes that affect conversational speech and the contexts under which they are most likely to occur." (Journal of the International Phonetic Association)Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables. Preface. 1 Setting the Stage. 1.1 Phonetics or Phonology? 1.2 Fast Speech? 2 Processes in Conversational English. 2.1 The Vulnerability Hierarchy. 2.2 Reduction Processes in English. 2.3 Stress as a Conditioning Factor. 2.4 Syllabic Conditioning Factors. 2.5 Other Processes. 2.6 Icons. 2.7 Weak Forms? 2.8 Combinations of these Processes. 3 Attempts at Phonological Explanation. 3.1 Past Work on Conversational Phonology. 3.2 Natural Phonology. 3.3 Variable Rules. 3.4 More on Rule Order. 3.5 Attempts in the 1990s. 3.6 And into the New Millennium. 4 Experimental Studies in Casual Speech. 4.1 Production of Casual Speech. 4.2 Perception of Casual Speech. 5 Applications. 5.1 Phonology. 5.2 First and Second Language Acquisition. 5.3 Interacting with Computers. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume focuses on the past and present development of African American vernacular English, particularly its development during the antebellum period and its trajectory of change in 20th-century. It studies an isolated bi-racial community situated in a distinctive dialect region.Trade Review"The Development of African American English is a masterpiece. The authors systematically examine linguistic and historical evidence from an area (Hyde County, North Carolina ) that has not figured in earlier discussions of African American Vernacular English . The result is a more complex and intricate picture of Black/White sociolinguistic relations,both now and in the past, than we have had to this point, with rich implications for how research on language variation and change should be conducted more generally." John R. Rickford, Stanford University "Wolfram and Thomas's investigation of language in a biracial Southern enclave has much to tell us. Their attention to key issues of theory and methodology informs their research and bolsters a set of carefully argued conclusions about the history of African American English. The authors' work takes on a broader significance by their willingness to tackle vexing questions, whether the issue is how to assess differences in intonation patterns between African Americans and European Americans or how to relate individual differences to community variation." John Singler, New York University "Specialized but of the utmost importance to dialectologists and sociologists, this volume is exhaustive, accurate, provocative, and compelling. Recommended enthusiastically for graduate students, researchers, and faculty." Choice, December 2002, Vol 40 No. 04Table of ContentsSeries Editor's Preface. List of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. 1. Introduction:. The Status of African American English. A Unique Data Base. The Hyde County Corpus. Data Analysis. Beyond Hyde County. 2. Issue in the Development of African American English:. Hypotheses on Earlier African American English. Issues in Reconstructing Earlier AAVE. The Nature of Earlier Written Texts. Spoken Language Data Representing Earlier AAVE. The Sociohistorical Context of Earlier African Americans. Variation in Earlier AAVE. Donor Source Attribution. African American English in the Twentieth Century. 3. Defining the Enclave Dialect Community:. Introduction. Historically Isolated Speech Communities. Geography. Economy. Historical Continuity. Social Relations. Group Identity. The Social Construction of Enclave Status. Language Change in Enclave Communities. Sociolinguistic Principles in the Configuration of Isolated Dialects. 4. The Social History of Mainland Hyde County: . Chesapeake Bay Origins. The Settlement of Hyde County. Hyde County from the Revolutionary War to the Civil War. Reconstruction to the Great Depression. Hyde County since 1940. Sociohistorical Effects on Language. 5. Morphosyntactic Alignment in Hyde County English: . Issues in Attribution. Past Tense be Regularization. The Historical Development of Leveling to Weren't. Was/Weren't Leveling in Hyde County. Copula/Auxiliary Is and Are Absence. The Historical Development of Copula Absence. |. Copula Absence in Hyde County. Third Person –S Marking. The Historical Development of Verbal –S Marking. Verbal –S Marking in Hyde County. Conclusion. 6. Vocalic Alignment in Hyde County:. An Overview of Hyde County Vowels. The Historical Background of Hyde County Vowels. Quantitative Analysis of Hyde County Vowels. Conclusions. 7. Consonantal Alignment in Hyde County: . Earlier Hyde County Consonants. The Case of Consonant Cluster Reduction. The Patterning of Cluster Reduction. The Case of Postvocalic r Vocalization. The Patterning of Postvocalic r-lessness. Post-/?/ r Vocalization. Conclusion. 8. Intonational Alignment in Hyde County English: . African American and European American Intonation. Analytical Methods. Results and Implications. Conclusions. 9. The Individual and Group in Earlier African American English: . The Individual and Group in Variation Studies. The Sample of Elderly African American Speakers. Some Diagnostic Variables. Rhoticity. Syllable-Coda Consonant Cluster Reduction. The Vowel System. Verbal –s Concord. Copula Absence. Past Tense be Leveling. Patterns of Correlation and Individuation. Variation in Earlier AAVE. 10. Beyond Hyde County: Te Past and Present Development of AAVE: . The Origin of African American English. The Regional Context of Earlier African American English. Levels of Linguistic Alignment. The Trajectory of Language Change. The Norming of AAVE. Issues in Vernacular Dialect Norming. Vernacular Language Norming in Hyde County. Explaining the Supraregional Norms of Contemporary AAVE. Conclusion. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe German Language introduces students of German to a linguistic way of looking at the language. Written from a Chomksyan perspective, this volume covers the basic structural components of the German language: syntax, morphology, phonetics, phonology, and the lexicon. Explores the linguistic structure of German from current theoretical perspectives. Written from a Chomksyan perspective, this volume covers the basic structural components of the German language: syntax, morphology, phonetics, phonology, and the lexicon. Serves as a valuable resource for students of German language and literature and for linguists with little or no background in the language. Includes exercises, definitions of key terms, and suggestions for further reading. Trade Review"The linguistics field should have volumes like this for all of the world's languages, or at least the world's major languages. The authors... have penned a comprehensive account of German phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, lexis, stylistics, dialectology, and the historical background - in short, the makings for an interesting and solid course in German linguistics." Multilingua "I think this book succeeds at what must be a near impossible task: to introduce beginning students to the structure of German and to linguistic analysis at the same time, and to do both in a reader-friendly way that doesn't compromise on academic seriousness. This is a book, then, which students, teachers and even researchers of German linguistics will welcome and from which undergraduate courses will benefit hugely." Heinz Giegerich, Professor of English Linguistics, University of Edinburgh "The challenge in designing a successful language course is to integrate enough general linguistic ideas to be able to describe the features of the language insightfully, while also illustrating the classical linguistic problems of the language concerned. This book succeeds in these aims, and deserves to find a place on the reading lists for all courses in German linguistics." Times Higher Education SupplementTable of ContentsPreface. Abbreviations. 1. Introduction:. 1.1. What Is The German Language?. 1.2. A Linguistic Description. 1.3. The Grammar And Grammatical Knowledge. 1.4. Other Linguistic Knowledge. 1.5. Further Reading. 2. Syntax:. 2.1. The Concept Of Syntax. 2.2. Phrase Structures Of German. 2.3. Case In German. 2.4. The Position Of The German Verb. 2.5. Syntactic Processes. 2.6. Further Reading. Exercises. 3. Morphology:. 3.1. Morphemes And Morphology. 3.2. Morphology And Word-Formation. 3.2.1. Inflection. 3.2.2. Derivation. 3.2.3. Compounding. 3.2.4. Conversion. 3.2.5. Other Morphological Processes. 3.3. The Relationship Between Morphology And Phonology. 3.4. Productivity. 3.5. Borrowings From Other Languages. 3.6. The Relationship Between Morphology And Syntax. 3.7. Further Reading. Exercises. 4. Phonetics:. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Air-Stream Type. 4.3. State Of The Glottis. 4.4. State Of The Velum. 4.5. Oral Articulators. 4.6. Manner. 4.7. Lip Position. 4.8. Vocoid Articulations. 4.9. Place Of Articulation. 4.10. Resonance. 4.11. Voice Onset Time. 4.12. The Transcription Of German And English. 4.13. Further Reading. Exercises. 5. Phonology:. 5.1. Preliminaries. 5.2. Syllable Structure. 5.3. The Obstruents. 5.4. Affricates. 5.5. Nasals. 5.6. Other Consonants. 5.7. Vowels. 5.8. Connected Speech. 5.8.1. Assimilation. 5.8.2. Lenition. 5.8.3. Shortening. 5.8.4. Deletion. 5.9. Further Reading. Exercises. 6. Lexis:. 6.1. The Lexicon And The Nature Of Lexical Entries. 6.2. Thematic Structure. 6.3. Categories Of Lexical Items. 6.4. The Meaning Of Lexical Items. 6.5. The Nature Of Lexical Items. 6.6. Relations Among Lexical Items. 6.7. Sense Relations. 6.8. Further Reading. Exercises. 7. Stylistics:. 7.1. Stylistics And The Style Of Text. 7.2. Style And Deviation. 7.3. Stylistic Principles. 7.4. Metaphor. 7.5. Repetition. 7.6. Iconicity. 7.7. Compression. 7.8. Ambiguity. 7.9. Cohesion. 7.10. Style And Choice. 7.11. Further Reading. Exercises. 8. Historical Background:. 8.1. Preliminaries. 8.2. Phonology. 8.3. Umlaut. 8.4. Morphology. 8.5. Syntactic Changes. 8.6. Lexical And Semantic Changes. 8.7. External Influences. 8.8. Further Reading. Exercises. 9. Contemporary Variation:. 9.1. Preliminaries. 9.2. Variation By Use. 9.3. Variation By User. 9.3.1. Regional Accents. 9.3.2. Morphological And Syntactic Variation. 9.3.3. Lexical Variation. 9.4. Further Reading. Exercises. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding English Grammar presents a linguistic introduction to the structure of English that is accessible to students who have had little or no opportunity to study the language. Familiarizes students with the essential structural characteristics of English. Features accessible coverage of syntax, morphology, and phonology, as well as basic linguistic concepts. Includes numerous examples, exercises, and an indexed glossary. Trade Review"As a linguistics author writing for the more general student audience, Wardhaugh has that uncommon ability to explain in a clear and readable style the essentials of English grammar." William Rutherford, University of Southern California "The profession desperately needs introductory texts that bring linguistics to students in a readable style without compromising the integrity of linguistic enquiry. Understanding English Grammar is such a text." Walt Wolfram, North Carolina State University "This is ideal for a full discussion of sentence complexity within a one-semester English grammar course." Bethany Dumas, University of TennesseeTable of ContentsPreface. Preface to the Second Edition. 1. Preliminaries. 2. Word Classes. 3. Constituents and Phrases. 4. Basic Clauses. 5. Coordination and Embedding. 6. Clausal Variation. 7. Underlying Relationships. 8. Rules and Principles. 9. Sounds and Systems. 10. Phonetic Realization. 11. Word Formation. 12. Words and Sounds. 13. Sounds in Context. 14. Further Reading. Indexed Glossary.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding English Grammar presents a linguistic introduction to the structure of English that is accessible to students who have had little or no opportunity to study the language. Familiarizes students with the essential structural characteristics of English. Features accessible coverage of syntax, morphology, and phonology, as well as basic linguistic concepts. Includes numerous examples, exercises, and an indexed glossary. Trade Review"As a linguistics author writing for the more general student audience, Wardhaugh has that uncommon ability to explain in a clear and readable style the essentials of English grammar." William Rutherford, University of Southern California "The profession desperately needs introductory texts that bring linguistics to students in a readable style without compromising the integrity of linguistic enquiry. Understanding English Grammar is such a text." Walt Wolfram, North Carolina State University "This is ideal for a full discussion of sentence complexity within a one-semester English grammar course." Bethany Dumas, University of TennesseeTable of ContentsPreface. Preface to the Second Edition. 1. Preliminaries. 2. Word Classes. 3. Constituents and Phrases. 4. Basic Clauses. 5. Coordination and Embedding. 6. Clausal Variation. 7. Underlying Relationships. 8. Rules and Principles. 9. Sounds and Systems. 10. Phonetic Realization. 11. Word Formation. 12. Words and Sounds. 13. Sounds in Context. 14. Further Reading. Indexed Glossary.

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Book Synopsis* The first book-length treatment of second and foreign language learners acquisition of pragmatics. * Comprehensive discussion of developmental interlanguage pragmatics, presenting an up-to-date account of research findings.Trade Review"This is a comprehensive and scholarly overview of the current state of research into IL pragmatic development. The structure of the book, with regular summaries, makes it easy to read and to consult. The way that existing research studies are reviewed, compared and critiqued, along with the suggestions for more interdisciplinary links and the identification of important research gaps is helpful and stimulating." Katie Gray, Department of Continuing Education, Oxford University - Language AwarenessTable of Contents1. Introduction: Interlanguage Pragmatics in Developmental Perspective. 2. Theories of Second Language. Pragmatic Development. Descriptive Studies. Theories and Constructs. Explaining Pragmatic Development. Chapter Summary. 3. Methods in Pragmatics Research. Approaches to Pragmatics across the Social Sciences. Spoken Interaction. Questionnaires. Oral and Narrative Self-reports. Chapter Summary. 4. Patterns of Second Language Pragmatic Development. Pragmatic Comprehension. Pragmatic and Discourse Ability. Speech Acts. Pragmatic Transfer and Development. Chapter Summary. 5. The Development of Pragmatics and Grammar. Re-opening the Research Agenda. Pragmatics Precedes Grammar. Grammar Precedes Pragmatics. Pragmatics and Grammar in Developmental Perspective. Chapter Summary. 6. Learning Context and Learning Opportunities. Length of Residence as a Factor in Pragmatic Development: The Longer the Better?. Input and Interaction in Non-instructional Settings. Input in Instructional Settings. Comparing L2 Pragmatic Learning in Foreign and Second Language Settings. Chapter Summary. 7. The Role of Instruction in Learning Second Language Pragmatics. Research on Instructed Second Language Acquisition. Learning Targets. Learner Characteristics and Learning Contexts. Teachability. Instruction versus Exposure. Different Teaching Approaches. Theories and Research Methods. Chapter Summary. 8. Individual Differences in the Acquisition of Second Language Pragmatics. Age. Gender. Motivation. Teachability. Social and Psychological Distance. Beyond Individual Differences: Social Identity in Learning L2 Pragmatics. Chapter Summary. 9. Prospects

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Book SynopsisWritten by a leading researcher in the field, this fascinating examination of the relations between grammar, text, and discourse is designed to provoke critical discussion on key issues in discourse analysis which are not always clearly identified and examined. Written by a leading researcher in the field Continues the enquiry into discourse analysis that Zellig Harris initiated 50 years ago, which raised a number of problematic issues that have remained unresolved ever since Introduces the notion of pretext as an additional factor in the general interpretative process Focuses attention specifically on the work of critical discourse analysis (CDA) in light of the issues discussed Trade Review“This book is beautifully written, clearly and cogently argued and illustrated with interesting and persuasive examples. It is excellent for use with students, who would otherwise struggle in a field replete with difficult, if not tortuous, key texts.” Malcolm Coulthard, University of Birmingham “It is unusual in discourse analysis to find a book as thought-provoking or as wide-ranging as this. Any student of pragmatics, discourse analysis (critical or otherwise), text linguistics or corpus linguistics will need to consider carefully what Henry Widdowson has to say; his positions are too well argued to be simply ignored.” Michael Hoey, University of Liverpool "Text, Context, Pretext covers much ground in discourse analysis ranging from its early precursors (e.g. B Malinowski, Z. Harris) to its contemporary practitioners. The notion of pretext provides a new approach to the discussion of critical issues in (critical) discourse analysis." Journal of Sociolinguistics "The Volume, greatly ro its credit, raises the awareness of various critical issues which need to be considered when embarking on research in Critical Discourse Analysis." Discourse & SocietyTable of ContentsPreface. 1. Text and discourse. 2. Text and grammar. 3. Context. 4. Context and Co-text. 5. Pretext. 6. Critical discourse analysis. 7. Text and corpus analysis. 8. Analysis and interpretation. 9. Approach and method. 10. Conclusion. References. Index of names. Index of subjects.

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Book SynopsisWritten by a leading researcher in the field, this fascinating examination of the relations between grammar, text, and discourse is designed to provoke critical discussion on key issues in discourse analysis which are not always clearly identified and examined. Written by a leading researcher in the field Continues the enquiry into discourse analysis that Zellig Harris initiated 50 years ago, which raised a number of problematic issues that have remained unresolved ever since Introduces the notion of pretext as an additional factor in the general interpretative process Focuses attention specifically on the work of critical discourse analysis (CDA) in light of the issues discussed Trade Review“This book is beautifully written, clearly and cogently argued and illustrated with interesting and persuasive examples. It is excellent for use with students, who would otherwise struggle in a field replete with difficult, if not tortuous, key texts.” Malcolm Coulthard, University of Birmingham “It is unusual in discourse analysis to find a book as thought-provoking or as wide-ranging as this. Any student of pragmatics, discourse analysis (critical or otherwise), text linguistics or corpus linguistics will need to consider carefully what Henry Widdowson has to say; his positions are too well argued to be simply ignored.” Michael Hoey, University of Liverpool "Text, Context, Pretext covers much ground in discourse analysis ranging from its early precursors (e.g. B Malinowski, Z. Harris) to its contemporary practitioners. The notion of pretext provides a new approach to the discussion of critical issues in (critical) discourse analysis." Journal of Sociolinguistics "The Volume, greatly ro its credit, raises the awareness of various critical issues which need to be considered when embarking on research in Critical Discourse Analysis." Discourse & SocietyTable of ContentsPreface. 1. Text and discourse. 2. Text and grammar. 3. Context. 4. Context and Co-text. 5. Pretext. 6. Critical discourse analysis. 7. Text and corpus analysis. 8. Analysis and interpretation. 9. Approach and method. 10. Conclusion. References. Index of names. Index of subjects.

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Book SynopsisAccessibly written, Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach provides detailed coverage of all major writing systems of historical or structural significance with thorough discussion of structure, history, and social context as well as important theoretical issues. Discusses systems as diverse as Chinese, Greek, and Maya.Trade Review"The author and publishers can be congratulated on an excellent work; if I were teaching a class on writing systems now, this would be my first choice as a textbook." --William Bright, review in Written Language and Literacy "This is an excellent comprehensive textbook for university courses on writing systems (grammatology), with enough preliminary remarks of a theoretical nature to enable the student to master the scripts from around the world, including cuneiform of various types, Semitic, Greek, Roman, etc. It is written in a clear style with a very good glossary and up-to-date bibliography." --Alan S. Kaye, California State University, FullertonTable of ContentsAcknowledgments. A Note on Dates. 1. Introduction. Importance Of Writing. Definition Of Writing. Aspects Of Writing. Further Reading. Terms. Exercises. 2. Theoretical Preliminaries. Graphemes And Allographs. Arrangement Of Symbols. Relationship To Language. Diglossia. Further Reading. Terms. Exercises. 3. Chinese. Background, History, And Sociolinguistics. Phonology Of Modern Standard Chinese. Relationship Of Language And Writing In Chinese. Origin And Structure Of Chinese Characters. Internal Structure Of Chinese Characters. How Many Characters Does Chinese Have?. Recent Reforms. Further Reading. Terms. Exercises. 4. Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese. Japanese. Korean. Vietnamese. Further Reading. Terms. Exercises. 5. Cuneiform. Background And History. Tokens And The Invention Of Writing. Materials Of Writing. Social Context Of Cuneiform Writing. An Early Sumerian Tablet From Uruk. Internal Structure Of Cuneiform. Example Text. Other Cuneiform Writing. Further Reading. Terms. Exercises. 6. Egyptian. Language Family. Background And History. Phonology Of Old Egyptian. Origin Of Egyptian Writing. Styles Of Writing. Social Context Of Writing. Internal Structure Of Egyptian Writing. Example Text. Decipherment. Further Reading. Terms. Exercises. 7. Semitic. Semitic Language Family. Origin Of The Semitic Abjad. Development Of The Semitic Abjad. Hebrew. Arabic. The Ethiopic Abugida. The Distinctiveness Of Abjads. Further Reading. Terms. Exercises. 8. The Greek Alphabet. Background And History. Greek Scripts Before The Alphabet. Development Of The Greek Alphabet. Abjad To Alphabet. The Relationship Of Language And Writing In Greek. Scripts Derived From The Greek Alphabet. Further Reading. Terms. Exercises. 9. The Roman Alphabet. From Greece To Italy. Etruscan. Latin. The Roman Alphabet. Examples Of Roman Writing. Later History Of The Roman Alphabet. Orthographic Depth: Two Examples. Further Reading. Terms. Exercises. 10. English. Background And History. Old English. Middle English. Modern English. Spelling And Sound Changes. Spelling Reform. Further Reading. Terms. Exercises. 11. The Indian Abugida And Other Asian Phonographic Writing. Background And History. Indus Valley Writing. Bra?Hmi@ And Kharos.T.Hi. Devana?Gari@ As Applied To Sanskrit. Southeast Asian Writing. The Tibetan Abugida. The ’Phags-Pa Script. The Mongolian And Manchu Alphabets. Further Reading. Terms. Exercises. 12. Maya. History And Background. Structure Of The Maya Writing System. The Maya Calendar. Example Text. Further Reading. Terms. Exercises. 13. Other Writing Systems. Cherokee. Cree. Inuktitut. Runic. Ogham. Pahawh Hmong. Bliss. Further Reading. Terms. Exercises. 14. Classification Of Writing Systems. Phonetic, Semantic, And Glottographic Writing. Glottographic Writing. Gelb’s Unilinear Theory Of Development. Syllabic Vs. Moraic. Korean Hankul As A Featural System. Conclusion. Further Reading. Terms. Appendix A: Some Basic Linguistic Notions. Appendix B: The International Phonetic Alphabet. Appendix C. English Transcription. Appendix D: Glossary. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a collection of a linguistic autobiographiesa by 23 British linguists who played a major role in the development of the subject in Britain during the second half of the twentieth century. aeo Includes contributions from 23 major British linguists. aeo Provides an overview of the rapid growth of linguistics in the last 50 years.Table of ContentsPreface vii Jean Aitchison 1 W. Sidney Allen 14 R. E. Asher 28 John Bendor-Samuel 43 Gillian Brown 53 N. E. Collinge 67 Joseph Cremona 78 David Crystal 91 Gerald Gazdar 104 M. A. K. Halliday 116 Richard Hudson 127 John Laver 139 Geoffrey Leech 155 John Lyons 170 Peter Matthews 200 Anna Morpungo Davies 213 Frank Palmer 228 Randolph Quirk 239 R. H. Robins 249 Neil Smith 262 J. L. M. Trim 274 Peter Trudgill 286 John Wells 297 General Index 307

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Book SynopsisIntercultural Discourse and Communication: The Essential Readings is a collection of articles that discuss major theoretical approaches, case studies of cultural and sub--cultural contact from around the globe, issues of identity in a biculturala individuals, and the a real worlda implications of intercultural contact and conflict.Trade Review“After twenty-five years teaching cross-cultural communication using a reading packet I put together myself, at last here is a Reader that I feel I can use. Kiesling and Paulston have assembled a rich collection of essays spanning a broad range of cultural contexts representing an anthropological/sociolinguistic approach to intercultural discourse.” Deborah Tannen, GeorgetownUniversity “The subtitle The Essential Readings aptly describes this collection. It provides a convenient source of classic primary texts for graduate courses in cross-cultural communication, as well as for personal professional libraries. The organization of articles as foundational/ theoretical works, case studies, cultural content and identity pieces, and applications to ‘real-world’ problems makes this Reader highly adaptable for diverse foci of interest within interactional sociolinguistics.” Muriel Saville-Troike, University of Arizona "A significant resource for both undergraduate and graduate students studying sociolinguistics, communication, social anthropology, and social psychology." Journal of Sociolinguistics “As a collection, this volume will definitely be of interest to researchers, instructors, and students of intercultural communication…Kiesling and Paulston have successfully met the challenge of deciding what to include. The selection and especially the sequencing of the work is well motivated…Care has been taken to include essays that concentrate on presenting issues from the perspective of speakers from a less dominant group.” The Linguist List "This book offers foundational and new theoretical readings, as well as case studies of cultural and sub-cultural contact and conflicts in the 'real world'." PragmaticsTable of ContentsNotes on Authors. Preface. Acknowledgements.. PART I: Approaches to Intercultural Discourse. Introduction. 1. Models of the Interaction of Language and Social Life: Toward a Descriptive Theory (Dell Hymes). 2. Ethnography of Speaking: Toward a Linguistics of the Praxis (Alessandro Duranti). 3. Interethnic Communication (John J. Gumperz)'. 4. communicating in a Multilingual Society: Some Missed Opportunities (Rajendra Singh, Jayant Lele, and Gita Martohardjono). 5. Linguistic Etiquette (Gabriele Kasper). 6. Constructing Social Identity: A Language Socialization Perspective (Elinor Ochs). 7. Norms of Sociocultural Meaning in Language: Indexicality, Stance, and Cultural Models (Scott F. Kiesling). Discussion Questions.. PART II: Intercultural Communication: Case Studies. Introduction. 8. Why Tell Stories? Contrasting Themes and Identities in the Narratives of Maori and Pakeha Women and Men (Janet Holmes). 9. New York Jewish Conversational Style (Deborah Tannen). 10. Swedishness as an Obstacle in Cross-Cultural Interaction (Ake Daun). 11. The Presence and Absence of Speech in the Communication of Gender (Penelope Harvey). 12. Hearing What's Not Said and Missing What Is: Black Language in White Public Space (H. Samy Alim). 13. Pronouns of Address in Swedish: Social Class Semantics and a Changing System (Christina Bratt Paulston). 14. Off-Record Indirectness and the Notion of Imposition (Maria Sifianou). 15. Cultural Differences in Framing: American and Japanese Group Discussions (Suwako Watanabe). PART III: Cultural Contact: Issues of Identity. Introduction. 16. Learning Language/ Learning Self (Karen Ogulnick). 17. The Language of Multiple Identities among Dominican Americans (Benjamin Bailey). 18. Biculturalism: Some Reflections and Speculations (Christina Bratt Paulston). Discussion Questions. . PART IV: Implications. Introduction. 19. A Comparison of Indian and Anglo Communicative Behavior in Classroom Interaction (Susan U. Philips). 20. Beyond Difference and Domination? Intercultural Communication in Legal Contexts (Diana Eades). Discussion Questions. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntercultural Discourse and Communication: The Essential Readings is a collection of articles that discuss major theoretical approaches, case studies of cultural and sub--cultural contact from around the globe, issues of identity in a biculturala individuals, and the a real worlda implications of intercultural contact and conflict.Trade Review“After twenty-five years teaching cross-cultural communication using a reading packet I put together myself, at last here is a Reader that I feel I can use. Kiesling and Paulston have assembled a rich collection of essays spanning a broad range of cultural contexts representing an anthropological/sociolinguistic approach to intercultural discourse.” Deborah Tannen, GeorgetownUniversity “The subtitle The Essential Readings aptly describes this collection. It provides a convenient source of classic primary texts for graduate courses in cross-cultural communication, as well as for personal professional libraries. The organization of articles as foundational/ theoretical works, case studies, cultural content and identity pieces, and applications to ‘real-world’ problems makes this Reader highly adaptable for diverse foci of interest within interactional sociolinguistics.” Muriel Saville-Troike, University of Arizona "A significant resource for both undergraduate and graduate students studying sociolinguistics, communication, social anthropology, and social psychology." Journal of Sociolinguistics “As a collection, this volume will definitely be of interest to researchers, instructors, and students of intercultural communication…Kiesling and Paulston have successfully met the challenge of deciding what to include. The selection and especially the sequencing of the work is well motivated…Care has been taken to include essays that concentrate on presenting issues from the perspective of speakers from a less dominant group.” The Linguist List "This book offers foundational and new theoretical readings, as well as case studies of cultural and sub-cultural contact and conflicts in the 'real world'." PragmaticsTable of ContentsNotes on Authors. Preface. Acknowledgements.. PART I: Approaches to Intercultural Discourse. Introduction. 1. Models of the Interaction of Language and Social Life: Toward a Descriptive Theory (Dell Hymes). 2. Ethnography of Speaking: Toward a Linguistics of the Praxis (Alessandro Duranti). 3. Interethnic Communication (John J. Gumperz)'. 4. communicating in a Multilingual Society: Some Missed Opportunities (Rajendra Singh, Jayant Lele, and Gita Martohardjono). 5. Linguistic Etiquette (Gabriele Kasper). 6. Constructing Social Identity: A Language Socialization Perspective (Elinor Ochs). 7. Norms of Sociocultural Meaning in Language: Indexicality, Stance, and Cultural Models (Scott F. Kiesling). Discussion Questions.. PART II: Intercultural Communication: Case Studies. Introduction. 8. Why Tell Stories? Contrasting Themes and Identities in the Narratives of Maori and Pakeha Women and Men (Janet Holmes). 9. New York Jewish Conversational Style (Deborah Tannen). 10. Swedishness as an Obstacle in Cross-Cultural Interaction (Ake Daun). 11. The Presence and Absence of Speech in the Communication of Gender (Penelope Harvey). 12. Hearing What's Not Said and Missing What Is: Black Language in White Public Space (H. Samy Alim). 13. Pronouns of Address in Swedish: Social Class Semantics and a Changing System (Christina Bratt Paulston). 14. Off-Record Indirectness and the Notion of Imposition (Maria Sifianou). 15. Cultural Differences in Framing: American and Japanese Group Discussions (Suwako Watanabe). PART III: Cultural Contact: Issues of Identity. Introduction. 16. Learning Language/ Learning Self (Karen Ogulnick). 17. The Language of Multiple Identities among Dominican Americans (Benjamin Bailey). 18. Biculturalism: Some Reflections and Speculations (Christina Bratt Paulston). Discussion Questions. . PART IV: Implications. Introduction. 19. A Comparison of Indian and Anglo Communicative Behavior in Classroom Interaction (Susan U. Philips). 20. Beyond Difference and Domination? Intercultural Communication in Legal Contexts (Diana Eades). Discussion Questions. Index.

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Book SynopsisMultilingualism in the English-Speaking World is the winner of the BAAL Book Prize 2005. Multilingualism in the English-Speaking World: Pedigree of Nations explores the consequences of English as a global language and multilingualism as a social phenomenon. Written accessibly, it explores the extent of diversity in ''inner circle'' English speaking countries (the UK, the USA, Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand) and examines language in the home, school, and the wider community. Considers the perspectives of English as a global language as well as multilingualism as a social phenomenon. Written in an accessible style that draws on contemporary real life examples. Examines the everyday realities of people living in ''inner circle'' English-speaking countries, such as the UK, USA, Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Discusses the theoretical issues that underpin current debates, drawing on resTrade Review‘This ambitious book is timely, well conceived, and highly accessible to a wide audience. The author brings together a range of topics related to language that have not been addressed coherently in any other volume.’ Jim Cummins, University of Toronto ‘This is a book whose time has come. Its focus on multilingualism in English-dominant countries uncovers a wealth of language activity that has largely gone unnoticed, and unremarked, until now, providing a much-needed counterbalance to the myopic preoccupation in the academic and wider popular literature with English. Viv Edwards’s book is also simply a pleasure to read – highly lucid, accessible and interesting, there is much here to enjoy, and learn from, for both the academic and the general reader.’ Stephen May, University of Waikato "This work remains an important contribution to macro-sociolinguistic issues." Journal of Sociolinguistics "A hugely informative and timely book, which focuses on multilingualism in English-dominant countries" Multilingua Table of ContentsPreface. Part I: The extent of diversity:. 1. The myth of monolingualism. 2. Roots of diversity. 3. Access to services. Part II: Language at home and in school:. 4. Language in the family. 5. Language and education: a history. 6. Language and education in the modern world. 7. Majority speakers and minority languages. Part III: Language in the wider community:. 8. Language and the economy. 9. Language and the media. 10. Language and the Arts. 11. Language, diplomacy and defence. 12. Is life really too short to learn German?. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisMultilingualism in the English-Speaking World is the winner of the BAAL Book Prize 2005. Multilingualism in the English-Speaking World: Pedigree of Nations explores the consequences of English as a global language and multilingualism as a social phenomenon. Written accessibly, it explores the extent of diversity in ''inner circle'' English speaking countries (the UK, the USA, Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand) and examines language in the home, school, and the wider community. Considers the perspectives of English as a global language as well as multilingualism as a social phenomenon. Written in an accessible style that draws on contemporary real life examples. Examines the everyday realities of people living in ''inner circle'' English-speaking countries, such as the UK, USA, Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Discusses the theoretical issues that underpin current debates, drawing on resTrade Review‘This ambitious book is timely, well conceived, and highly accessible to a wide audience. The author brings together a range of topics related to language that have not been addressed coherently in any other volume.’ Jim Cummins, University of Toronto ‘This is a book whose time has come. Its focus on multilingualism in English-dominant countries uncovers a wealth of language activity that has largely gone unnoticed, and unremarked, until now, providing a much-needed counterbalance to the myopic preoccupation in the academic and wider popular literature with English. Viv Edwards’s book is also simply a pleasure to read – highly lucid, accessible and interesting, there is much here to enjoy, and learn from, for both the academic and the general reader.’ Stephen May, University of Waikato "This work remains an important contribution to macro-sociolinguistic issues." Journal of Sociolinguistics "A hugely informative and timely book, which focuses on multilingualism in English-dominant countries" Multilingua Table of ContentsPreface. Part I: The extent of diversity:. 1. The myth of monolingualism. 2. Roots of diversity. 3. Access to services. Part II: Language at home and in school:. 4. Language in the family. 5. Language and education: a history. 6. Language and education in the modern world. 7. Majority speakers and minority languages. Part III: Language in the wider community:. 8. Language and the economy. 9. Language and the media. 10. Language and the Arts. 11. Language, diplomacy and defence. 12. Is life really too short to learn German?. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis reader consists of 90 selections illustrating the history of Rome from the myth of Aeneas to the founding of the Augustan Principate. The selections have been chosen with three aims: gradual increase in length and difficulty, continuity of subject matter, and stylistic variety. Historical background is provided in prefaces to the selections.Table of ContentsPART I: SELECTIONS 1-48: PROSE *1. Aeneas in Italiam advenit, Origo. 50 words *2. Rex Latinus Aeneam recipit, Origo. 60 words *3. Bellum Turni cum Aenea, Origo. 95 words *4. Roma condita, Liber. 130 words *5. Tarquinii expelluntur, Liber. 150 words *6. Horaii atque Mucii res fortiter gestae, Liber. 160 words *7. Facinus Appii Claudii, Liber. 125 words *8. Roma a Gallis capta, Liber. 135 words *9A. Victoria Pyrrhi, Liber. 80 words *9B. Fortitudo Reguli, Liber. 90 words *10. Hannibalis res gestae, Liber. Eutropius. 235 words *11. Hannibalis virtutes et vitia, A. Cicero. 65 words, B. Livy. 90 words *12. Scipionis Africani vita, Liber. 215 words *13. Catonis ingenium, Composite. 205 words *14. Cato senex, Cicero. 225 words *15A. Graecia liberate, Valerius Maximus. 80 words *15B. Paulli victoria et triumphus, Velleius. 160 words *15C. Genealogical Charts *16A. Carthago Numantiaque a Scipione deletae, Velleius, Livy. 125 words *16B. Scipionis virtus et humanitas, Composite. 135 words *17. Rei publicae Romanae vitia, A. Sallust. 165 words. B. Velleius. 45 words. C. Tacitus. 55 words *18. Tiberii Gracchi vita et mors, Velleius, Valerius Maximus. 200 words *19. Gaii Gracchi tribunatus et exitus, Velleius. 180 words. *20A. Ciceronis de Gracchis sentential, Cicero. 165 words. *20B. Sallustii de Gracchis sentential, Sallust. 8 words. *21. Marius consulatum petit, Sallust. 250 words *22. Marii consulatus multiplicati, Sallust, Velleius. 215 words *23. Bellum Sociale vel Italicum, Floras, Velleius. 210 words *24. Bellum civile primum, a Marianis atque Sulla gestum, Velleius, Florus. 255 words *25. Marii et Cinnae domination, Velleius, Florus. 265 words *26. Sullana victoria et dictatura, Velleius. 225 words *27. Ciceronis de Mario, Cinna, et Sulla duae sententiae, Cicero. A. 70 words. B. 105 words. Senecae de Sullae crudelitate sentential, C. Seneca. 70 words *28. Bella post Sullae mortem usque ad consulatum Crassi Pompeiique, Composite. 285 words *29. Pompeius, imperator eximius, praedones superat, Cicero. 290 words *30. Pompeii extraordinaria imperia, Cicero. 255 words *31. Cicero fabulam de quaestura sua narrat, Cicero. 295 words *32. Cicero de consulatu suo, Cicero. A. 170 words. B. 90 words *33. Gains ulius Caesar, Velleius, Suetonius. 300 words *34A. Catonis stoici mores, Cicero. 155 words *34B. Caesaris coin Catone comparatio, Sallust. 142 words *35A. Prior Triumviratus initus est, Velleius. 90 words *35B. Cicero se cum Triumviris coniungere non vult, Cicero. 80 words *35C. Cicero totam rem publicam perisse queritur, Cicero. 130 words *36A. Caesaris res gestae, Cicero. 125 words *36B. Inimicitia Clodii cum Cicerone, Velleius. 125 words *36C. Cicero tie suo exsilio, Cicero. 60 words *37. M. Cicero S.D. L. Lucceio Q.F., Cicero. 330 words *38. De belli civilis secundi causis, A. Caelius apud Ciceronem. 195 words. B. Caesar. 90 words *39. Belli civilis secundi initia, Velleius, Suetonius. 325 words *40. Proelium Pharsalicum, Caesar. 320 words *41. Exitus Pompeii Catonisque, Composite. 305 words *42A. Caesaris dictatoris honores immodici, Suetonius. 170 words *42B. Ciceronis in Antonium invectio, Cicero. 160 words *43A. Caesaris caedes, Suetonius. 235 words *43B. Ciceronis de Caesaris caede duae sententiae, Cicero. 85 words *44. Ciceronis proscripti mors, Seneca Rhetor (from Livy). 295 words *45. Pugna Philippica, Velleius, Suetonius. 320 words *46. Bellum Actiacum, Composite. 325 words *47A. Rerum gestarum divi Augusti capita selecta, Augustus. 240 words *47B. Pax Augusta, Velleius. 120 words *48. Praefatio Annalium Cornelii Taciti, Tacitus. 280 words PART II: SELECTIONS 49-90: PROSE AND VERSE *49. Aeneas, in Latium advectus, Latinos bello superat, Ovid. 95 words *50. Septem montes urbis Romae, Composite. 145 words *51. Romulus, augurio victor, Romam condit, Ovid. 115 words *52. Caedes Remi, Ovid. 140 words *53. Servii Tullii omen, regnum, caedes, Liber. 165 words *54. Tullia virum exstimulat, Ovid. 140 words. *55. Aeneae clipei non enarrabile textum, Vergil. 145 worth *56. Alter consul tandem de plebe creatus, Livy. l90 words *57. Appii Claudii Caeci mores, Livy. 180 words. *58. Colloquium inter Hannibalem et Scipionem fictum, Livy. 180 words *59A. Hannibalis exitus, Livy. 65 words *59B. Hannibalis exemplum gloriae vanitatem declarat, Juvenal. 140 words *60. Versus ex Ennii Annalibus (9 passages), Ennius. 190 words *61. Vergilius Ennii imitator (3 parallels), Ennius, Vergil. 210 words *62. Eloquentia Gracchorum, Quintilian, Cicero. 225 words *63. Marii apud populum contio, Sallust. 235 words *64A. Ciceronis de Mario sententia, Cicero. 90 words *64B. Marii fortuna, Lucan. 120 words *65. De Sullae natura cultuque, SaIlust. 255 words *66. Proscriptio Sullana, Lucan. 230 words *67. Cicero Verrem accusans inimicitias optimatium suscipit, Cicero. 265 words *68A. Iurgia Luculli atque Pompeii, Velleius. 140 words *68B. Luculli res gestae, Cicero. 130 words *69. Venus omnium animantium genetrix, Lucretius. 255 wards *70A. Mors neque miseranda neque deflenda est, Lucretius. 125 words *70B. Mors omnibus aeque stabilita timenda non est, Lucretius. 130 words *71. Cicero in Catilinam invehit, Cicero. 325 words *72. Catilinae ingenium, Cicero. 305 words *73. Catulli carmina varia (6 poems), Catullus. 275 words *74. Lesbia (5 poems), Catullus. 275 words *75. Bellum Gallicum Caesare imperatore gestum, Cicero. 310 words *76. Cicero optimates definit:, Cicero. 260 words *77. Pompeii Caesarisque ingenia a Lucano descripta, Lucan. 255 words *78. Magni ranks infamis, Lucan. 250 words *79A. De Caesaris eloquentia commentariisque, Composite. 160 words *79B. De Ciceronis eloquentia, Quintilian, JuvenaI. 140 words *80. Caesar post caedem signis diris portentam deus fit, Ovid. 250 words *81. Matius mortem Caesaris amici dolet, Matius apud Ciceronem. 300 words *82. Ciceronis laudes, A. Velleius. 125 words, B. St. Jerome. 120 words, C. Petrarch. 95 words *83A. Proscriptio secunda, Velleius. 40 words *83B. Laudatio matronae Romanae ignotae, Laudatio funebris (dicta Laus Turiae). 260 words *84. Meliboeus a Tityrus, Vergil. 285 words *85. Novus ordo saeculorum, Vergil. 270 words *86. Horatii carmina Actiaca (2 poems), Horace. 155 words, 130 words *87. Horatii carmina varia (5 poems), Horace. 300 words *88. Expedit Anchises Itala de gente nepotes etc., Vergil. 295 words *89A. Vaticinationes Isaiae, Vulgate Bible. 190 words *89B. Vaticinatio Michaeae, Vulgate Bible. 70 words *90. Iesu Nativitus, Vulgate Bible (Luke). 315 words * Metrical Schemes * List of Sources * Index of Authors and Works * Vocabulary

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Book SynopsisLike the popular first three volumes of DARE, the fourth is a treasure-trove of linguistic gems, a book that invites exclamation, delight, and wonder. More than six hundred maps pinpoint where you might live if your favorite card games are sheepshead and skat; if you eat pan dulce rather than pain perdu.Trade ReviewThis long-awaited, definitive and fascinating Dictionary of American Regional English [DARE]...is all we had hoped for and more. It includes the regional and folk language, past and present, of the old and the young, men and women, white and black, the rural and the urban, from all walks of life...Although DARE will be one of the most scholarly, comprehensive and detailed dictionaries ever completed...it will also be one of the easiest and most enjoyable to use or browse in...This is an exciting, lasting work of useful scholarship accomplished with excellence, a work that scholars and laypeople alike will study, use and enjoy for generations. -- Stuart B. Flexner * New York Times Book Review *It already seems clear that...the dictionary will rank as one of the glories of contemporary American scholarship...it is endlessly rewarding to dip into, and if you look up a particular word or phrase you are in constant danger of being seduced to something else...It is a work to consult, and a work to savor--a work to last a lifetime. -- John Gross * New York Times *Proof that tourism, television and technological change haven't rounded off all the gaudy and gracious edges of the way we talk. -- L. A. Jolidon * USA Today *A staggering work of collective scholarship...DARE is not only a reference treasure for the scholar and the general word lover, it's a lode for raiding parties by specialists of all kinds...Most of all, DARE is evidence that American speech will never become stale and fusty, that the great linguistic homogenization of television is a myth. -- Henry Kisor * Chicago Sun Times *In its scope and thoroughness, Cassidy's dictionary is unmatched as a kind of refuge for colloquialisms threatened with extinction...Writers, etymologists and other devotees of verbal arcana have never been given a richer browsing ground. But while they are discovering that a blind tiger is a place to buy and drink moonshine, or that there are 176 names for dust balls under the bed, they are also bound to be awed by the dictionary's staggering scholarship. -- Ezra Bowen * Time *More than 20 years in the making, this brand-fire-new tome is loaded with the bare-naked speech that Americans really use when they 'bump their gums' with or without having had some 'sweet spirits o' cats-a-fightin' or 'conversation fluid' to make their chin music happen. The result is a testimonial to the metaphor-making power of the American language at its most vigorous. * Newsweek *To open its pages is to thrill at the exploration of the New World and to trace the course of American history through its language...Its editors, led by Professor Frederic G. Cassidy, have caught the native poetry of America on every page. -- Fred Strebeigh * Smithsonian *A monumental and impressive work. -- Daniel F. Phelan * Language and Linguistics *Because these volumes are the most complete lexical records we have of the American experience, much of the history and contemporary condition of American society can be found in their pages...We are very fortunate to have DARE; it is not a dictionary; it is a national treasure. -- Edward Callary * Language in Society *Here is the big news in the world of lexicography: DARE IV has come out of the wordwork. The Dictionary of American Regional English--repository of the most delicious dialect sources and the most colorful evidence of the Americanization of the English language--has now covered letters P to Sk...[This] is the penultimate (one more to go) volume in the set that no library can afford to absquatulate. -- William Safire * New York Times Magazine *

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Book SynopsisThe more than two dozen Rai languages in eastern Nepal, which make up the larger part of the Kiranti language family, are linguistically highly varied. This volume for the first time brings together different variants of myths from various Rai languages, presenting them with linguistic glossings in interlinear translations.

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Book SynopsisBuilt upon an unprecedented survey of spoken English across America and bolstered by extensive historical research, the Dictionary of American Regional English preserves a language that lives and dies as we breathe. It will amuse and inform, delight and instruct, and keep alive the speech that we have made our own, and that has made us who we are.Trade ReviewTo learn how [the word jerk] is used in the American dialect--and where it began--we are now blessed with Volume Three (I to O) of the Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE), coming out this month, edited by America's lexicographical giant, Fred Cassidy, now 89, with Joan Houston Hall. -- William Safire * New York Times Magazine *This long-awaited, definitive and fascinating Dictionary of American Regional English [DARE]...is all we had hoped for and more. It includes the regional and folk language, past and present, of the old and the young, men and women, white and black, the rural and the urban, from all walks of life...Although DARE will be one of the most scholarly, comprehensive and detailed dictionaries ever completed...it will also be one of the easiest and most enjoyable to use or browse in...This is an exciting, lasting work of useful scholarship accomplished with excellence, a work that scholars and laypeople alike will study, use and enjoy for generations. -- Stuart B. Flexner * New York Times Book Review *It already seems clear that...the dictionary will rank as one of the glories of contemporary American scholarship...it is endlessly rewarding to dip into, and if you look up a particular word or phrase you are in constant danger of being seduced to something else...It is a work to consult, and a work to savor--a work to last a lifetime. -- John Gross * New York Times *Proof that tourism, television and technological change haven't rounded off all the gaudy and gracious edges of the way we talk. -- William Safire * New York Times Magazine *Volume III of the Dictionary of American Regional English--or DARE, to its language-loving devotees coast to coast--is the latest installment ("I" to "O") of the most comprehensive effort ever mounted to capture the words the American people actually use in theireveryday life, words that don't always get written down…It's a browser's delight and a front-row seat at the Great American Variety Show. -- Rick Horowitz * Chicago Tribune *[T]he regional qualities of American English continue to make our tongue colorful, gracious, even elegant. This dictionary examines those words and phrases--not the everyday ones we all use, like hand or smile or part-time…DARE is especially revealing; it shows, almost instantly, that in this country language is not fodder for regulation; language simply is, period. We all say much the same things--in sometimes very different ways...This survey of spoken English is, as its publisher proudly proclaims, unprecedented. It's also scholarly, endlessly fascinating and enlightening. You can hear America talking from its pages -- Howard S. Shapiro * Philadelphia Inquirer *Editor Frederic G. Cassidy and associate editior Joan Houston Hall have an appetite for American dialect suited to their painstaking work on what may be the great reference work of our age...But while the OED's English is like Latin--a linguistic fossil bed--DARE documents a living, mutable language...DARE offers delights on every page, the taxonomy of 10,000 fanciful American constructions,turns of phrase and words that don't mean what you think. -- David Medaris * Isthmus *[A] green pasture of language, perfect for browsing by a lover of words. -- James Kilpatrick * Chicago Sun-Times *The dictionary [is] very easy to read and to interpret. The senses were clearly delineated, and the quotations aptly chosen...One very wise practice was the use of a double dagger "to indicate a word or sense of questionable genuineness"...An editor who had chosen not to include such items might have deprived future dialectologists of potentially important data should they happen to come across these words later...DARE has indeed become an indispensable resource for the study of American English, "a routine starting point for current and future dialect studies" (Wolfram, American Speech, 1985). -- Betty S. Phillips * American Speech *The most comprehensive collection of America's regional lexis...The third volume is, as its predecessors before it, a rich mine of information, impeccably edited and printed and a joy to read. We are looking forward to the volumes still to come, hoping they will be published soon. * Indogermanische Forschungen *Devotees of verbal arcana have never been given a richer browsing ground. But while they are discovering that a blind tiger is a place to buy and drink moonshine, or that there are 176 names for dust balls under the bed, they are also bound to be awed by the dictionary's staggering scholarship. -- Ezra Bowen * Time *A flat-out excellent continuation of the first volume...DARE must be seen as having an influence on the field of lexicography when editors of other dictionaries look to it for guidance. This type of influence previously has been seen rarely, outside of the pervasive influence exercised by the OED...The makers of DARE, from Cassidy to copy editor, can rest assured that their work will long be used and held valuable by the American contingent of humanity. -- Thomas L. Clark * American Speech *Flowerpots and sinkers and cabbage patches fill the fascinating pages of the Dictionary of American Regional English(DARE), whose second volume, D to H, comes out this summer...It is not everyone's idea of fun to cozy up with a dictionary, of course. But this is not just any old reference book. It's a linguistic guide to America, with a little bit of Americana waiting to be discovered on every one of its 1,192 pages. -- Rick Horowitz * Miami Herald *In DARE, it's the speakers who get their say. A trip through its pages is part Trivial Pursuit®, part scholarship, and part treasure hunt. -- Bob Secter * Los Angeles Times *From dabble (to wash or rinse quickly) right through to hyuh (i.e., here) the Dictionary of American Regional English...catalogs the crazy ways we talked before being mass-commed into a nation of mush-mouths. * Newsweek *Because these volumes are the most complete lexical records we have of the American experience, much of the history and contemporary condition of American society can be found in their pages...We are very fortunate to have DARE; it is not a dictionary; it is a national treasure. -- Edward Callary * Language in Society *Devotees of verbal arcana have never been given a richer browsing ground. But while they are discovering that a blind tiger is a place to buy and drink moonshine, or that there are 176 names for dust balls under the bed, they are also bound to be awed by the dictionary's staggering scholarship. -- Ezra Bowen * Time *The content of the DARE volumes is both enlightening and entertaining...Anyone with an interest in American history and life in general will enjoy browsing through this volume. -- Kay O. Cornelius * Language and Linguistics *Table of Contents*DARE Staff, Volume III * Preface * Acknowledgments * The Anatomy of a DARE Entry * List of Abbreviations *Dictionary of American Regional English, I--O

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Book SynopsisPHCC, 38 includes widely-ranging articles on medieval and modern literary and material culture, as well as language structure and formation, of the Celtic regions of Ireland, Wales, and Breton. Dr. Aled Jones of Bangor University delivered the special lecture, comparing modern astrophysics to the plasticity of time in medieval Celtic literature.

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Book SynopsisThis volume offers an unusual diversity of articles by contributors from Europe, America, and the Far East. Among the articles are: Politics and Early Attic Tragedy, by John H. Finley, Jr.; Pseudo-Xenophon, by G. W. Bowersock; Noctes Propertianae, by G. P. Goold; and An Indo-European Construction in Greek and Latin, by Calvert Watkins.

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Book SynopsisThe present volume in this distinguished series includes the essays âœHomer as Oral Poet,â by Albert B. Lord; âœCallimachus, Fragments 260â261,â by Hugh Lloyd-Jones and John Rea; âœA Kingâs Notebooks,â by E. Badian; âœRoman Policy in Spain before the Hannibalic War,â by G. V. Sumner; and âœThe Proconsulate of Albus,â by G. W. Bowersock.

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Book SynopsisThis volume of seventeen essays includes Royal Documents in Maccabees II, by Christian Habicht; Sophocles' Philoctetes and the Teachings of the Sophists, by Peter W. Rose; The Text of Aristotle's De Motu Animalium, by Martha C. Nussbaum; and Symposium at Sea, by W. J. Slater.

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Book SynopsisThis volume of fifteen essays includes The Case of the Door's Marriage (Catullus 67.6), by E. Badian; The Date of Tacitus' Dialogus, by Charles E. Murgia; Poetae Novelli, by Alan Cameron; Three Pieces from the Latin Anthology,' by D. R. Shackleton Bailey; and Bar Kokhba Coins and Documents, by Leo Mildenberg.

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Book SynopsisThis volume of 16 essays includes, among others, âœSequence and Simultaneity in Iliad N, Ξ, and O,â by Cedric H. Whitman and Ruth Scodel; âœTwo Inscriptions from Aphrodisias,â by Christopher Jones; and âœThe Authenticity of the Letter of Sappho to Phaon (Heroides XV),â by R. J. Tarrant.

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Book SynopsisThis volume of sixteen essays includes The Earliest Stages in the History of Hesiod's Text, by Friedrich Solmsen; Notes on Plautus' Bacchides, by Otto Skutsch; Gadflies (Virg. Geo. 3.146148), by Richard F. Thomas; and Homoeoteleuton in Latin Dactylic Poetry, by Lennart Håkanson.

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Book SynopsisThis volume of fifteen essays includes The Early Greek Poets: Some Interpretations, by Robert Renehan; The Sobriety' of Oedipus: Sophocles OC 100 Misunderstood, by Albert Henrichs; Virgil's Ecphrastic Centerpieces, by Richard F. Thomas; and Notes on Quintilian, by D. R. Shackleton Bailey.

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Book SynopsisThis volume of thirteen essays includes Tantalus and Anaxagoras; Notes on Seneca Rhetor'; More on Pseudo-Quintilian's Longer Declamations; Lurius Varus, a Stray Consular Legate; and Loss of Self, Suffering, Violence: The Modern View of Dionysus from Nietzsche to Girard.

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Book SynopsisThis volume of sixteen articles includes: T. D. Barnes, The Significance of Tacitus' Dialogus de oratoribus; Wendell Clausen, Cicero and the New Poetry; Gregory Crane, Three Notes on Herodas 8; Thomas K. Hubbard, Pegasus' Bridle and the Poetics of Pindar's Thirteenth Olympian; and C. P. Jones, Suetonius in the Probus of Giorgio Valla.

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Book SynopsisThis volume of twenty-two articles includes: Charles F. Ahern, Jr., âœDaedalus and Icarus in the Ars Amatoriaâ; T. D. Barnes, âœStructure and Chronology in Ammianus, Book 14â; Daniel R. Blickman, âœLucretius, Epicurus, and Prehistoryâ; and John Bodel, âœMissing Links: Thymatulum or Tomaculum?â

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Book SynopsisThe sixteen articles in Volume 99 include: Nancy Felson, Vicarious Transport: Fictive Deixis in Pindar's Pythian Four; Douglas E. Gerber, Pindar, Nemean Six: A Commentary; Jennifer Clarke Kosak, Therapeutic Touch and Sophokles' Philoktetes; and F. S. Naiden, The Prospective Imperfect in Herodotus.Table of ContentsVirgil "Eclogue" 1.1-2 - a literary programme?, Francis Cairns; word-order transference between Latin and Greek, Bernard Frischer et al; Pindar "Nemean" 6 - a commentary, Douglas E. Gerber; "Epidaurus, Epirus...Epidamnus?" Vergil "Georgics" 3.44, Michael Hendry; readings in "Appolonius of Tyre", John Hunt; "Geminus and the Isia", Alexander Jones; historicizing the Harvard school - pessimistic readings iof hte "Aeneid" in Italian Renaissance scholarship, Craig Kallendorf; Lucretius on the narrow road, Peter Knox; therapeutic touch and Sophokles' "Philoktetes", Jennifer Clarke Kosak; the prospective imperfect in Herodotus, F.S. Naiden; Mithridates, the banner of Ch'ih-yu, and the comet coin, John Ramsey; I hate all common things - the readers role in Callimachus' "Aetia" preface, Thomas Schmitz; Ovide's meleager and the Greeks - trail of gender and genre, Charles Segal; on Statius' "Thebaid", D.R. Schackleton Bailey; further remarks on the "Andria" of Terence, Benjamin Victor; Alexandrian Sappho revisited, Dimitrios Yatromanolakis. (Part contents).

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Book SynopsisVološinov’s important work, first published in Russian in 1929, had to wait a generation for recognition. This first paperback edition of the English translation will be capital for literary theorists, philosophers, linguists, psychologists, and many others.Trade ReviewQuite simply one of the best general introductions to linguistics study as a whole. -- Fredric Jameson * Style *This book is a masterpiece of theoretical thought. It anticipates the actual achievements of much of what we now call sociolinguistics. The ‘dialectic of the sign’ and of the verbal sign in particular as it is presented in the book acquires great suggestive value in the light of today’s debates about semiotics. -- Roman JakobsonIn this one book a reader can discover the ideas of Bakhtin and his circle about language, not as a conceptual metaphor, but as that aspect of human life which is in fact the subject matter of a cumulative science. Its critical account of the state of linguistic thought in the first decades of the century is all that a sociological or Marxist critique can and should be: not a stereotyped application of received categories, but an attempt to think through from the foundation the consequence of taking social interaction; not the abstract individual speaker, as starting point… The empirical consequences developed in the course of the book…are just as valuable today as ever… Brilliant. -- Dell HymesThis is, in my opinion, the central corpus in the work of the Russian semiotic tradition attributed to Bakhtin’s circle. -- Michael ColeTable of ContentsTranslators' Preface, 1986 Author's Introduction, 1929 Guide to Translation Translators' Introduction PART 1: THE PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR MARXISM 1. The Study of Ideologies and Philosophy of Language 2. Concerning the Relation of the Basis and Superstructures 3. Philosophy of Language and Objective Psychology PART 2: TOWARD A MARXIST PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE 1. Two Trends of Thought in Philosophy of Language 2. Language, Speech. And Utterance 3. Verbal Interaction 4. Theme and Meaning in Language PART 3: TOWARD A HISTORY OF FORMS OF UTTERANCE IN LANGUAGE CONSTRUCTORS (Study in the Application of the Sociological Method to Problems of Syntax) 1. Theory of Utterance and the Problems of Syntax 2. Exposition of the Problems of Reported Speech 3. Indirect Discourse, Direct Discourse, and Their Modification 4. Quasi-Direct Discourse in French, German, and Russian Appendix 1. On the First Russian Prolegomena to Semiotics Ladislav Matejka Appendix 2. The Formal Method and the Sociological Method (M.M. Baxtin, P.N. Medvedev, (V.N. Volosinov) in Russian Theory and Study of Literature I. R Titunik Index

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Book SynopsisArte da Lingua Malabar, a sixteenth-century grammar of Tamil written in Portuguese by a Jesuit missionary, reflects the first linguistic contact between India and the West. This English translation by Jeanne Hein and V. S. Rajam also includes analysis of the grammar and a description of the political context in which it was written.

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Book SynopsisPrasun is a non-literary, unwritten language spoken in the Prasun Valley that varies from village to village. The texts in this volume were collected in 1956 and 1970. Included are all the texts collected, a German translation, a glossary, lists of numbers, place and personal names, the Prasun calendar system, and a brief Introduction in English.

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Book SynopsisGeorg Buddruss collected source texts in the Prasun Valley in 1956 and 1970, in several dialectal varieties. The present volume is the outcome of extensive work on this text corpus, and represents a major contribution to studies of Nuristani and other languages of the Hindukush-Karakoram region.

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Book SynopsisCryptology, the science of ciphers and codes, and philology, the study of languages, are typically understood as separate domains. But Brian Lennon contends that computing’s humanistic applications, no less than its technical ones, are marked by the priorities of security and military institutions devoted to fighting wars and decoding intelligence.Trade ReviewPasswords is a fascinating book. What is especially impressive is the author’s deft and knowing engagements with both the long histories of computational text processing and the many discourses that make up literary philology. This is just the sort of work that the present mania for the digital demands, and yet books that actually live up to those demands are few and far between. Lennon is one of the few scholars who is even capable of managing that feat, and he does so here with style and erudition. -- David Golumbia, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityA stunning intervention, Passwords rivets our attention to the long history of our present fascination with the digital humanities. Through a series of close, contextual readings, from ninth-century Arabic philology and medieval European debates on language to twentieth-century stylometry and machine translation, this book recalls us to a series of engagements with language about which ‘all of us—we scholars, we philologists,’ as Lennon puts it, ought to know more. Passwords is eloquent and timely, and it offers a form of deep, institutional-lexical study, which schools us in a refusal to subordinate scholarship in the humanities to the identitarian and stabilizing imperatives of the national-security state. -- Jeffrey Sacks, University of California, Riverside

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Book SynopsisThe Nepalese Gurung recitations known as pe form a diverse group of oral narratives performed by a medicine man or shaman to promote health and prosperity. This two-volume set includes an analytical introduction, 13,000 lines of annotated transcriptions for 92 pe, color plate illustrations, and field recordings on an accompanying DVD.

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Book SynopsisThe Nepalese Gurung recitations known as pe form a diverse group of oral narratives performed by a medicine man or shaman to promote health and prosperity. This two-volume set includes an analytical introduction, 13,000 lines of annotated transcriptions for 92 pe, color plate illustrations, and field recordings on an accompanying DVD.

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Book SynopsisThe Raute and Rawat people of the central Himalayan region live by hunting, gathering, and trading wooden carvings. A Comparative Dictionary of Raute and Rawat provides a useful reference work with new information about the speakers' ethnic identities and culturally significant plants, animals, deities, and material culture.Trade ReviewThis is a welcome addition to the lexicography of Tibeto-Burman languages of Nepal. Anyone interested in the languages of the region, of the family, or of minority languages more broadly will find valuable information in this lexicon. -- Gregory D. S. Anderson * Journal of the American Oriental Society *

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Book SynopsisDrawing together the classical conception of the language arts, the Renaissance sense of scientific discovery, and the modern study of the mind, this title offers a vision of the central role that language and the arts of language can play in the great adventure of modern cognitive science, the discovery of the human mind.Trade Review"Works such as [this] form the vanguard of our understanding; from the research front, they signal the presence of new and more fruitful relationships between the sciences and rhetorical and literary studies."--Alan G. Gross, College English "The author demonstrates how a new revolution in critical thought demands an understanding of how humans think; this is more than knowing about neurons and synapses, however. A thoughtful book for those of us tired of trying to find the humanity in postmodern criticism."--The Bloomsbury Review "A philosophically sophisticated work that goes a long way toward an empirically responsible account of the bodily and imaginative bases of concepts, meaning, reasoning, and language."--Mark L. Johnson, Review of Metaphysics

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Book SynopsisBrings together the important essays written by one of the world's foremost philosophers of language. This book illustrates the significance of linguistic concerns for a range of philosophical topics - including the relationship between language and thought; truth, vagueness, and partial definition; and, and skepticism about meaning and mind.Trade Review"Soames's work is of an exceptionally high quality, the selections made here are truly excellent, and the organization is well thought out. Having these papers available in this form is a great boon to scholars."—Stephen Neale, CUNY Graduate Center"Since many of these important papers are relatively inaccessible, it is particularly useful to have them collected together, and Soames has done an excellent job of selecting and arranging them. These two volumes are really terrific."—Alex Byrne, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyTable of ContentsThe Origins of These Essays ix Introduction 1 Part One: Presupposition 21Essay One: A Projection Problem for Speaker Presuppositions 23 Essay Two: Presupposition 73 Part Two: Language and Linguistic Competence 131 Essay Three: Linguistics and Psychology 133 Essay Four: Semantics and Psychology 159 Essay Five: Semantics and Semantic Competence 182 Essay Six: The Necessity Argument 202 Essay Seven: Truth, Meaning, and Understanding 208 Essay Eight: Truth and Meaning--in Perspective 225 Part Three: Semantics and Pragmatics 249 Essay Nine: Naming and Asserting 251 Essay Ten: The Gap between Meaning and Assertion: Why What We Literally Say Often Differs from What Our Words Literally Mean 278 Essay Eleven: Drawing the Line between Meaning and Implicature--and Relating Both to Assertion 298 Part Four: Descriptions 327 Essay Twelve: Incomplete Definite Descriptions 329 Essay Thirteen: Donnellan's Referential/Attributive Distinction 360 Essay Fourteen: Why Incomplete Definite Descriptions Do Not Defeat Russell's Theory of Descriptions 377 Part Five: Meaning and Use: Lessons for Legal Interpretation 401 Essay Fifteen: Interpreting Legal Texts: What Is, and What Is Not, Special about the Law 403 Index 425

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Book SynopsisIllustrates the significance of linguistic concerns for a broad range of philosophical topics - including the relationship between language and thought; the objects of belief, assertion, and other propositional attitudes; the distinction between metaphysical and epistemic possibility; and, the nature of necessity, actuality, and possible worlds.Trade Review"The wealth of ideas contained within this volume moves the philosophical conversation well forward with originality, high-level criticism, and exhaustive thoroughness. This work is so thick with detail that only a thin layer of the surface could be presented here; yet, hopefully, these samples paint an accurate picture of what is a precise, technical, and surgery-like analysis contribution to the contemporary conversation about the philosophical significance of language."--Austin Ward, DialogueTable of ContentsThe Origins of These Essays ix Introduction 1 Part One: Reference, Propositions, and Propositional Attitudes 31 Essay One: Direct Reference, Propositional Attitudes, and Semantic Content 33 Essay Two: Why Propositions Can't Be Sets of Truth-Supporting Circumstances 72 Essay Three: Belief and Mental Representation 81 Essay Four: Attitudes and Anaphora 111 Part Two: Modality 137 Essay Five: The Modal Argument: Wide Scope and Rigidified Descriptions 139 Essay Six: The Philosophical Significance of the Kripkean Necessary A Posteriori 165 Essay Seven: Knowledge of Manifest Natural Kinds 189 Essay Eight: Understanding Assertion 211 Essay Nine: Ambitious Two-Dimensionalism 243 Essay Ten: Actually 277 Part Three: Truth and Vagueness 301 Essay Eleven: What Is a Theory of Truth? 303 Essay Twelve: Understanding Deflationism 323 Essay Thirteen: Higher-Order Vagueness for Partially Defined Predicates 340 Essay Fourteen: The Possibility of Partial Definition 362 Part Four: Kripke, Wittgenstein, and Following a Rule 383 Essay Fifteen: Skepticism about Meaning: Indeterminacy, Normativity, and the Rule-Following Paradox 385 Essay Sixteen: Facts, Truth Conditions, and the Skeptical Solution to the Rule-Following Paradox 416 Index 457

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Book SynopsisIn the global economy, linguistic diversity influences economic and political development as well as public policies in positive and negative ways. This title examines linguistic diversity as a global social phenomenon and considers what degree of linguistic variety might result in the greatest economic good.Trade Review"In their intriguing book How Many Languages Do We Need?, Victor Ginsburgh and Shlomo Weber illuminate how language diversity affects growth, trade and economic development."--David Throsby, Times Literary Supplement "This is a good book--clear, comprehensive, and easy to read. Ginsburgh and Weber cover several topics, including linguistic policies, diversity and standardization, economic costs and benefits, and multilingualism as a source of conflict and sometimes war."--Choice "[V]ery few books have been written on the economics of linguistic diversity, and this book takes a valuable step towards remedying this situation. It offers a nice nontechnical overview of the field, and has something interesting to offer to economists, sociologists, and linguists interested in linguistic diversity, language policy, and their implications."--Isabelle Sin, Journal of Economic History "In sum, their book is a fascinating, thought-provoking introduction to a large body of work at the frontier of a new, exciting area of economic research, which includes not only the economics of linguistic diversity, but, more generally, the economics of culture and institutions."--Enrico Spolaore, Journal of Regional Science "[T]his book makes a welcome contribution by providing a simple and succinct presentation of an otherwise complex interdisciplinary problem. In comparison to much of the Economics literature, it provides a far more nuanced picture of linguistic diversity and the associated policy challenges."--Vikas Kumar, Journal of Economic Issues "This is an essential book for all the policymakers, linguists, and language ideologues who will not understand the mathematics of the economists' calculations."--Anthony Pym, European LegacyTable of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction 1 Chapter 1: My Language IsMy Homeland 7 Chapter 2: Linguistic Policies, Disenfranchisement, and Standardization 16 1. Linguistic Diversity: A Brief Look at the Past 16 2. Linguistic Standardization: Roots, Benefits, and Some Examples 18 3. Some Painful Aspects of Standardization 21 4. HowMany Languages: IsMore theMerrier, or Is Small Beautiful? 26 5. Summary 28 Chapter 3: Linguistic, Genetic, and Cultural Distances: How Far Is Nostratic? 29 1. Languages and Dialects 30 2. Distances between Languages 33 3. Distances between Groups 48 4. Summary 55 Chapter 4: DistancesMatter 56 1. International Trade 57 2. Migrations 63 3. Literary Translations 65 4. The Eurovision Song Contest: Is Voting Political or Cultural? 74 5. Summary 82 Chapter 5: Individual Communicative Benefits 84 1. Modeling Language Learning 86 2. Demand Functions for Languages 93 3. Private Returns on Languages 98 4. Summary 107 Chapter 6: Diversity and Disenfranchisement Indices 108 1. Fractionalization and Polarization Indices 110 2. Disenfranchisement Indices 126 3. Links between Fractionalization, Disenfranchisement, and Communication Indices 137 4. Summary 139 5. Appendix: Numerical Calculation of the Various Disenfranchisement Indices 140 Chapter 7: Diversity and Disenfranchisement: Applications 142 1. Fractionalization and Polarization Indices 143 2. Disenfranchisement Indices: The Example of the EU 151 3. Summary 160 Chapter 8: Multilingualism in the European Union: A Case Study in Linguistic Policy 162 1. Twenty-three Languages, and More to Come 162 2. Possible Solutions 177 3. Summary 199 Conclusions 201 Bibliography 205 Index 223

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Book SynopsisThe tradition descending from Frege and Russell has typically treated theories of meaning either as theories of meanings (propositions expressed), or as theories of truth conditions. However, propositions of the classical sort don't exist, and truth conditions can't provide all the information required by a theory of meaning. In this book, one of tTrade Review"This is an outstanding book, probably the best philosophy book I have read this year... The book will not only be of great importance to professional philosophers and linguists but it will also be an accessible and invaluable asset to students."--Anthony Everett, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews "Derived from three lectures at Soochow University, Taipei, this book retains the relatively informal style that must have made those lectures both enjoyable and highly informative."--Choice "Soames's excellent book will drive research on this important topic for some time to come."--Brian Ball, Canadian Journal of Philosophy "Scott Soames' new book, What Is Meaning?, is an important book, both in the issues it raises and in its shortcomings. It is the first serious discussion of meaning (not 'semantic content' or some other term designed to sidestep the real issue) by a leading analytic philosopher of language in a long while, and its findings lead to a more realistic understanding of meaning and language."--Sergeiy Sandler, European LegacyTable of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Chapter 1: Meanings 1 Chapter 2: Frege and Russell: The Real Problem of "the Unity of the Proposition" 11 Chapter 3: Why Truth Conditions Are Not Enough 33 Chapter 4: Propositions and Attitudes: Davidson's Challenge and Russell's Neglected Insight 49 Chapter 5: Toward a Theory of Propositions: A Deflationary Account 69 Chapter 6: The Cognitive-Realist Theory of Propositions 99 Chapter 7: Expanding the Cognitive-Realist Model 109 Index 131

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Book SynopsisIn this book, Scott Soames argues that the revolution in the study of language and mind that has taken place since the late nineteenth century must be rethought. The central insight in the reigning tradition is that propositions are representational. To know the meaning of a sentence or the content of a belief requires knowing which things it repreTrade Review"By incorporating elements of philosophy of mind into language and metaphysics, this book represents an important turn in thinking about propositions. The book is certain to have a significant impact in discussions of logic, language, and mind in 21st-century analytic philosophy."--ChoiceTable of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Chapter 1 The Need for New Foundations 1 Chapter 2 The Metaphysics and Epistemology of Information 15 Chapter 3 Thinking of Oneself, the Present Moment, and the Actual World-State 46 Chapter 4 Linguistic Cognition, Understanding, and Millian Modes of Presentation 67 Chapter 5 Perceptual and Demonstrative Modes of Presentation 96 Chapter 6 Recognition of Recurrence 117 Chapter 7 Believing, Asserting, and Communicating Propositions of Limited Accessibility 143 Chapter 8 Recognition of Recurrence Revisited 156 Chapter 9 Situating Cognitive Propositions in a Broader Context 164 Chapter 10 Overcoming Objections 208 Chapter 11 Worries, Opportunities, and Unsolved Problems 225 References 235 Index 239

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