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Book SynopsisAn accessible yet in-depth introductory textbook on the basic concepts of phonetics, fully updated and revised This broad, interdisciplinary textbook investigates how speech can be written down, how speech is produced, its acoustic characteristics, and how listeners perceive speech. Phonetics: Transcription, Production, Acoustics, and Perception introduces readers to the fundamental concepts of the discipline, providing coverage of all four areas of phonetics. This comprehensive textbook also familiarizes readers with concepts from other disciplines related to phoneticssuch as physiology, anatomy, and psychologythrough relatable, real-life examples. Now in its second edition, the text has been substantially revised to improve clarity and currency, based on student feedback received by the authors over the past decade. Brief Nutshell introductions have been added to all chapters to provide a clear overview of key points within the body of the text. ExpandeTable of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xi Preface to the Second Edition xiii About the Companion Website xiv 1 About this Book 1 1.1 Phonetics in a nutshell 2 1.2 The structure of this book 6 1.3 Terminology 8 1.4 Demonstrations and exercises 8 2 Articulatory Phonetics 9 Articulation in a nutshell 9 2.1 Phonation at the larynx 10 2.2 Basic articulatory terms 11 2.3 The articulation of consonants 14 2.3.1 Place of articulation 15 2.3.2 Manner of articulation 15 2.3.3 Other classification schemes 18 2.4 The articulation of vowels 20 3 Phonetic Transcription 24 Transcription in a nutshell 24 3.1 Types of transcription 25 3.2 Consonants 28 3.2.1 Plosives 29 3.2.2 Nasals 30 3.2.3 Fricatives 30 3.2.4 Affricates 31 3.2.5 Approximants 32 3.3 Vowels 33 3.4 Diacritics and other symbols 38 3.5 Transcription of General American English 39 3.5.1 Consonants 40 3.5.1.1 Aspiration, voicing, and devoicing 40 3.5.1.2 Coarticulation 41 3.5.1.3 Consonantal release 42 3.5.1.4 Flaps and taps 43 3.5.1.5 Glottal plosives 43 3.5.1.6 Velarization 44 3.5.1.7 Syllabic consonants 45 3.5.1.8 Intrusion 45 3.5.1.9 Duration 46 3.5.2 Vowels 48 3.5.2.1 Duration 48 3.5.2.2 Effects of following consonants 49 4 Place and Manner of Articulation of Consonants and Vowels 52 4.1 Consonants 53 4.1.1 Labials 55 4.1.2 Coronals 56 4.1.3 Dorsals 57 4.1.4 Gutturals 59 4.2 Additional manners of articulation 59 4.3 Vowels 60 4.4 Secondary articulations 63 5 Physiology of the Vocal Apparatus 66 Physiology in a nutshell 66 5.1 The subglottal system: lungs, bronchi, and trachea 69 5.1.1 Anatomy of the subglottal system 69 5.1.2 Movements of the lungs 71 5.1.2.1 Breathing in (inspiration, inhalation) 71 5.1.2.2 Breathing out (expiration, exhalation) 72 5.1.3 The volumes of the lungs and their control over time 72 5.1.4 Loudness and the air pressure in the lungs 74 5.2 Structure and function of the larynx 74 5.2.1 Anatomy of the larynx 75 5.2.2 Vocal fold vibration 78 5.2.2.1 The Bernoulli effect and the aerodynamic theory 78 5.2.2.2 The myoelastic theory of vocal fold vibration 81 5.2.2.3 Two‐mass theory of vocal fold vibration 83 5.2.2.4 Muco‐viscose, cover body, and flow‐separation theory 84 5.2.2.5 One cycle of vocal fold vibration 85 5.2.3 Loudness and larynx signal 86 5.2.4 Register 88 5.3 Vocal tract 89 5.3.1 Pharynx 89 5.3.2 Nasal tract and velum 90 5.3.3 Oral tract 92 6 Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types 95 Airstream mechanisms and phonation in a nutshell 95 6.1 Airstream mechanisms 96 6.1.1 Glottalic airstream mechanisms 96 6.1.2 Velaric airstream mechanism 100 6.2 Phonation types 102 6.3 Voicing, voicelessness, and aspiration in plosives 103 6.4 Common and rare sounds 110 7 Basic Acoustics 113 Basic acoustics in a nutshell 113 7.1 Sound waves 115 7.1.1 Sound waves are variations in air pressure 115 7.1.2 Origin and propagation of sound waves 115 7.1.3 The speed of sound 118 7.1.4 Relative positions within a sound wave 119 7.1.5 Longitudinal waves and transverse waves 120 7.2 Measuring sound waves 120 7.2.1 The microphone 121 7.2.2 The oscillogram or waveform 122 7.3 Acoustic dimensions and their units of measurement 123 7.3.1 Frequency 123 7.3.1.1 Period duration 124 7.3.1.2 Period duration and period frequency 125 7.3.1.3 Period frequency and wavelength 127 7.3.1.4 Representing F0 over time 128 7.3.2 Amplitude 129 7.3.2.1 Representing amplitude changes over time 134 7.3.3 Phase 136 8 Analysis Methods for Speech Sounds 139 Analysis in a nutshell 139 8.1 Digitizing acoustic signals 141 8.1.1 Digitizing in the time and amplitude domains 142 8.1.2 Sampling rate 143 8.1.3 Quantizing resolution 145 8.2 Types of acoustic signals 148 8.3 Analyzing acoustic signals 151 8.3.1 Fourier transformation 152 8.3.1.1 Summing up signals: Fourier synthesis 152 8.3.1.2 Decomposing signals: Fourier analysis 154 8.3.1.3 Harmonic frequencies 155 8.3.1.4 Discrete Fourier transformation and “fast Fourier transformation” 158 8.3.1.5 Fourier transformation for non‐periodic signals 158 8.3.2 What information can be seen in a spectrum? 159 8.3.3 “Windowing” in spectral analysis 161 8.3.3.1 The relation between window size and spectral resolution 164 8.3.3.2 The relation between resolution in the time and frequency domains 165 8.3.4 Other spectral representations: the spectrogram 166 8.3.5 The LPC spectrum 169 8.3.6 The cepstrum and cepstrally smoothed spectrum 172 9 The Source–Filter Theory of Speech Production 175 The source–filter theory in a nutshell 175 9.1 Resonance 176 9.1.1 Resonating frequencies of cylindrical tubes 177 9.1.2 Resonating frequencies of non‐cylindrical tubes 180 9.2 Damping 183 9.3 Filters 183 9.3.1 Vocal tract filter 187 9.3.2 Radiation at the lips and nostrils 187 9.4 Formants 189 9.4.1 Formant frequencies 190 9.4.2 Formant bandwidth and quality 192 9.5 Sources for speech sounds 193 9.5.1 The glottal source: phonation for a modal voice 193 9.5.1.1 Jitter 196 9.5.1.2 Shimmer 197 9.5.1.3 Harmonics‐to‐noise ratio (HNR) 198 9.5.1.4 H1‐H2 measure and spectral tilt 198 9.5.2 Breathy voice 198 9.5.3 Creaky voice 200 9.5.4 The noise source: turbulence 201 9.5.4.1 Whisper 202 10 Acoustic Characteristics of Speech Sounds 206 Acoustic characteristics in a nutshell 206 10.1 Vowels 207 10.2 Consonants 213 10.2.1 (Central) approximants 213 10.2.2 Fricatives 215 10.2.3 Plosives 219 10.2.4 Nasals 221 10.2.5 Lateral approximants 223 10.2.6 Affricates 224 10.3 Summary 226 10.4 Variability and invariance 227 10.4.1 A theory of acoustic invariance 228 11 Syllables and Suprasegmentals 234 Syllables and suprasegmentals in a nutshell 234 11.1 Syllables 236 11.2 Stress 238 11.3 Length 243 11.4 Tone and intonation 245 11.4.1 Tone 246 11.4.2 Intonation 249 12 Physiology and Psychophysics of Hearing 256 Hearing in a nutshell 257 12.1 The external ear 258 12.2 The middle ear 259 12.2.1 Increase in pressure in the middle ear 259 12.2.2 Sound attenuation in the middle ear 260 12.2.3 Pressure equalization in the tympanic cavity 261 12.2.4 The oval window 262 12.3 The internal ear 262 12.3.1 Pressure waves in the cochlea 263 12.3.2 The basilar membrane as an oscillating body 265 12.3.3 Resonance theory 265 12.3.4 Objections to the resonance theory 266 12.3.5 Traveling wave theory 266 12.4 The structure of the basilar membrane 267 12.4.1 Outer hair cells 268 12.4.2 Inner hair cells 269 12.4.3 Frequency coding along the basilar membrane 270 12.4.4 Oto‐acoustic emissions 271 12.5 Auditory frequency scales 272 12.5.1 Linear scales 272 12.5.2 Logarithmic scales 273 12.5.3 Mel scale 274 12.5.4 Bark scale 275 12.5.5 Equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB) scale 277 12.6 Auditory loudness scales 278 12.7 Auditory time scales 279 13 Speech Perception 281 Speech perception in a nutshell 282 13.1 Vowels 284 13.1.1 Extrinsic versus intrinsic normalization 285 13.2 Consonants 288 13.2.1 Approximants 289 13.2.2 Fricatives 290 13.2.3 Nasals 291 13.2.4 Plosives 292 13.3 Contributions of the motor theory of speech perception 295 13.3.1 Categorical perception 296 13.3.2 Is speech “special”? 301 13.3.2.1 Non‐speech perception 303 13.3.2.2 Animal perception 304 13.4 Theories of speech perception 305 13.5 The role of linguistic experience in speech perception 309 13.6 Summary 313 Appendices A.1 Mass, Force, and Pressure 315 A.2 Energy, Power, and Intensity 317 A.3 The Decibel (dB) 320 A.3.1 RMS amplitude 320 A.3.2 RMS amplitude and loudness 324 A.3.3 Calculations with dB values 327 B.1 Physical Terminology 330 B.2 Mathematical Notations 332 C.1 Formant Values 336 C.2 Fundamental Frequency Values 337 D.1 Glossary 338 References 355 Index 368

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Book Synopsis**Honored as a 2013 Choice Outstanding Academic Title**Comprising state-of-the-art research, this substantially expanded and revised Handbook discusses the latest global and interdisciplinary issues across bilingualism and multilingualism. Includes the addition of ten new authors to the contributor team, and coverage of seven new topics ranging from global media to heritage language learning Provides extensively revised coverage of bilingual and multilingual communities, polyglot aphasia, creolization, indigenization, linguistic ecology and endangered languages, multilingualism, and forensic linguistics Brings together a global team of internationally-renowned researchers from different disciplines Covers a wide variety of topics, ranging from neuro- and psycho-linguistic research to studies of media and psychological counseling Assesses the latest issues in worldwide linguistics, including the phenomena and the concTrade Review“The most profound and authoritative reference source in the field. Nowhere else can one find to the same degree such a comprehensive and thought provoking presentation of all the major concepts and approaches pertaining to the field. . . The volume is an absolute must-read for any student and researcher in the field of bi-/multilingualism and the adjacent spheres of language contact, language and globalization, second language acquisition, cross-cultural communication, world Englishes, and others.” (World Englishes, 10 February 2014) Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xi Contributors xii Introduction xxi Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie Part I Overview and Foundations 1 Introduction 3 Tej K. Bhatia 1 Bilingualism and Multilingualism: Some Central Concepts 5 John Edwards 2 Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Bilingualism and Multilingualism Research 26 Li Wei Part II Neurological and Psychological Aspects of Bilingualism and Multilingualism 53 Introduction 55 William C. Ritchie The Neurology of Bilingualism and Multilingualism 59 3 Bilingual Aphasia: Theoretical and Clinical Considerations 61 Elizabeth Ijalba, Loraine K. Obler, and Shyamala Chengappa Approaches to Bilingualism, Multilingualism, and Second-Language Acquisition 85 4 The Bilingual Child 87 Ludovica Serratrice 5 Bilingualism/Multilingualism and Second-Language Acquisition 109 Yuko Goto Butler 6 Multilingualism: New Perspectives on Syntactic Development 137 Éva Berkes and Suzanne Flynn 7 Bilingualism and the Heritage Language Speaker 168 Silvina Montrul Bilingual and Multilingual Language Use: Knowledge, Comprehension, and Production 191 8 Two Linguistic Systems in Contact: Grammar, Phonology, and Lexicon 193 Pieter Muysken 9 The Comprehension of Words and Sentences in Two Languages 216 Judith F. Kroll and Paola E. Dussias 10 An Appraisal of the Bilingual Language Production System: Quantitatively or Qualitatively Different from Monolinguals? 244 Elin Runnqvist, Ian FitzPatrick, Kristof Strijkers, and Albert Costa Bilingualism and Multilingualism: Memory, Cognition, and Emotion 267 11 Bilingual Memory 269 Roberto R. Heredia and Jeffrey M. Brown 12 Bilingualism and Emotion: Implications for Mental Health 292 Ines Martinovic and Jeanette Altarriba The Bilingual’s and Multilingual’s Repertoire: Code-Mixing, Code-Switching, and Communication Accommodation 321 13 Code-Switching and Grammatical Theory 323 Jeff MacSwan 14 Sign Language–Spoken Language Bilingualism and the Derivation of Bimodally Mixed Sentences 351 Gerald P. Berent 15 Social and Psychological Factors in Language Mixing 375 William C. Ritchie and Tej K. Bhatia 16 Accommodating Multilinguality 391 Itesh Sachdev, Howard Giles, and Anne Pauwels 17 Bilingualism and Gesture 417 Marianne Gullberg Part III Societal Bilingualism/Multilingualism and its Effects 439 Introduction 441 Tej K. Bhatia Language Contact, Maintenance, and Endangerment 443 18 The Bilingual and Multilingual Community 445 Suzanne Romaine 19 Language Maintenance, Language Shift, and Reversing Language Shift 466 Joshua A. Fishman 20 Linguistic Imperialism and Endangered Languages 495 Robert Phillipson and Tove Skutnabb-Kangas 21 Multilingualism, Indigenization, and Creolization 517 Jeff Siegel 22 Multilingualism and Family Welfare 542 Xiao-Lei Wang Bilingualism and Multilingualism: The Media, Education, Literacy, and the Law 563 23 Bilingualism and Multilingualism in the Global Media and Advertising 565 Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie 24 Bilingual Education 598 Wayne E. Wright 25 The Impact of Bilingualism on Language and Literacy Development 624 Ellen Bialystok 26 Bilingualism and Writing Systems 649 Benedetta Bassetti 27 Multilingualism and Forensic Linguistics 671 Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie Part IV Global Perspectives and Challenges: Case Studies 701 Introduction 703 William C. Ritchie 28 Bilingualism and Multilingualism in North America 707 William F. Mackey 29 Bilingualism in Latin America 725 Anna María Escobar 30 Bilingualism in Europe 745 Andrée Tabouret-Keller 31 Turkish as an Immigrant Language in Europe 770 Ad Backus 32 Multilingualism in Southern Africa 791 Nkonko M. Kamwangamalu 33 Multilingualism in Greater China and the Chinese Language Diaspora 813 Sherman Lee and David C. S. Li 34 Bilingualism and Multilingualism in South Asia 843 Tej K. Bhatia and William C. Ritchie 35 Multilingualism and Language Renewal in Ex-Soviet Central Asia 871 Birgit N. Schlyter 36 Bilingualism/Multilingualism in the Middle East and North Africa: A Focus on Cross-National and Diglossic Bilingualism/Multilingualism 899 Judith Rosenhouse Index 920

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Book SynopsisHow is our language affected by our ethnicity, gender, and region? How are our conversations and other interactions structured? How does society view and regulate language? How do we use language to present ourselves to others? In this revised and updated second edition of the popularWhat Is Sociolinguistics?Gerard Van Herk explores these and other intriguing questions about language, how we use it, and its relationships to society. Van Herk guides the reader on a tour through the major issues that define the field, including region, status, gender, time, language attitudes, interaction, and style, at the same time exploring the sociolinguistics of multilingualism, culture and ethnicity, language contact, and education. This second edition has been revised and updated to include new and more exercises, discussion questions, and suggested readings, as well as expanded chapters exploring gender duality and Latino English. Key readings are introduced in Van Herk's clear aTable of ContentsAcknowledgments vi About the Companion Website vii 1 Introduction 1 2 Language and Society 11 3 Place 27 4 Social Status 51 5 Time 64 6 Ethnicity 81 7 Gender 96 Interlude 117 8 Style 120 9 Interaction 134 10 Multilingualism 146 11 Language Contact 158 12 Attitudes and Ideologies 171 13 Language as a Social Entity 187 14 Education 203 Epilogue. What is Sociolinguistics? 217 Glossary 220 Bibliography 238 Index 261

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Book SynopsisDe nieuwste editie van de toonaangevende bestseller in de categorie studieboeken Nederlandse taal en taalkunde In de derde herziene editie van Taal en Taalwetenschapgeefteen team van gerenommeerdetaalkundigeneen bredeinleiding inde belangrijkste thema'svan de taalwetenschap. Dit studieboek behandeltalle taalkundige deelgebieden, waaronderfonetiek, fonologie, morfologie, syntaxis, semantiek, discourse, en pragmatiek. De lezer maakt kennis met fundamentele begrippen en inzichten in het vakgebied, dieop toegankelijke wijze worden toegelicht aan de hand van voorbeelden uit allerlei talen. Ook is er aandacht voor meer toegepaste onderwerpen waarbij de taalgebruiker en taalgemeenschap centraal staan, zoalstaalverwerving, sociolinguïstiek, historische taalkunde en taalstoornissen. Deze jongste editie is grondig herzien om recente ontwikkelingen in het vakgebied recht te doen. Zo wordt de bespreking van taalverwerking versterkt door interdisciplinair onderzoek uit de neuro- en computerwetenTable of ContentsLijst figuren en tabellen Voorwoord Illustratiebronnen 1 Van taal naar taalwetenschap 2 De taalgebruiker 3 Taalverwerving 4 Discourse 5 Taalhandelingen 6 Zinsdelen en woordsoorten 7 Enkelvoudige zinnen 8 Complexe zinnen 9 Woordvolgorde 10 Zinsbetekenis 11 Woordenschat 12 Woordvorming 13 Samenstellingen en uitdrukkingen 14 Spreken en verstaan – spraakklanken 15 Klanksystematiek en fonologische processen 16 Lettergrepen, klemtoon en intonatie 17 Verschillen en overeenkomsten tussen talen 18 Taalvariatie 19 Taalverandering 20 Meertaligheid Bibliografie Index

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Book SynopsisThis revised and expanded edition provides a comprehensive overview of comparative Indo-European linguistics and the branches of the Indo-European language family, covering both linguistic and cultural material. Now offering even greater coverage than the first edition, it is the definitive introduction to the field.Trade ReviewPraise for the Previous Edition: "Superb … [Fortson's] short general discussions of the histories and ecologies of the individual languages are the best I have ever read." (Recensiones - Salesianum, 2008) "I would like to conclude by stressing that this is an excellent textbook. I have taught from it, and the students in my class not only learned a great deal from it, they also seemed to enjoy the book almost as much as I did." (Bryn Mawr Classical Review) "Finally, there is a reliable, engaging and accessible presentation of the communis opinio. And there are even exercises! … Fortson has produced an excellent book that fulfills its goals admirably. I hope it will inspire a renaissance of Indo-European linguistics in English speaking countries." (Journal of the American Oriental Society)Table of ContentsList of Illustrations xi Preface xii Preface to the Second Edition xvi Acknowledgments xvii Guide to the Reader xix 1 Introduction: The Comparative Method and the Indo-European Family 1 The Study of Language Relationships and the Comparative Method (§§1.1–12) 1 Indo-European Historical Linguistics (§§1.13–19) 8 Conclusion (§§1.20–22) 14 For Further Reading 15 For Review 16 Exercises 16 2 Proto-Indo-European Culture and Archaeology 18 Introduction (§§2.1–2) 18 Society (§§2.3–16) 19 Religion, Ritual, and Myth (§§2.17–36) 25 Poetics (§§2.37–45) 32 Personal Names (§§2.46–49) 38 Archaeology and the PIE Homeland Question (§§2.50–73) 39 For Further Reading 49 For Review 50 Exercises 50 3 Proto-Indo-European Phonology 53 Introduction (§3.1) 53 Consonants (§§3.2–25) 53 Vowels (§§3.26–32) 66 Phonological Rules (§§3.33–44) 69 For Further Reading 72 For Review 73 Exercises 73 4 Proto-Indo-European Morphology: Introduction 75 The Root and Indo-European Morphophonemics (§4.1) 75 The Root (§§4.2–11) 76 Ablaut (§§4.12–19) 79 Morphological Categories of PIE (§§4.20–24) 83 For Further Reading 85 For Review 85 Exercises 85 5 The Verb 88 The Structure of the PIE Verb (§§5.1–10) 88 Personal Endings (§§5.11–18) 91 The Present Stem (§§5.19–44) 95 The Aorist Stem (§§5.45–50) 101 The Perfect Stem (§§5.51–53) 103 Moods (§§5.54–57) 105 Non-finite Verbal Formations and Other Topics (§§5.58–63) 107 For Further Reading 110 For Review 110 Exercises 110 6 The Noun 113 Introduction (§§6.1–3) 113 Athematic Nouns (§§6.4–42) 114 Thematic Nouns (§§6.43–67) 126 The Collective and the Feminine (§§6.68–71) 131 Adjectives (§§6.72–81) 134 Nominal Composition and Other Topics (§§6.82–87) 136 For Further Reading 137 For Review 138 Exercises 138 7 Pronouns and Other Parts of Speech 140 Pronouns: Introduction (§7.1) 140 Personal Pronouns (§§7.2–8) 140 Other Pronouns and the Pronominal Declension (§§7.9–14) 143 Numerals (§§7.15–22) 145 Adverbs (§§7.23–25) 147 Prepositions and Postpositions (§7.26) 148 Conjunctions and Interjections (§§7.27–30) 149 For Further Reading 150 Exercises 151 8 Proto-Indo-European Syntax 152 Introduction (§§8.1–5) 152 Syntax of the Phrase (§§8.6–11) 154 Syntax of the Clause (§§8.12–30) 156 Phrase and Sentence Prosody and the Interaction of Syntax and Phonology (§§8.31–36) 165 For Further Reading 168 For Review 168 Exercises 169 9 Anatolian 170 Introduction (§§9.1–4) 170 From PIE to Common Anatolian (§§9.5–14) 172 Hittite (§§9.15–44) 174 Luvian (§§9.45–58) 185 Palaic (§§9.59–61) 192 Lycian (§§9.62–70) 193 Lydian (§§9.71–75) 195 Carian, Pisidian, and Sidetic (§9.76) 198 For Further Reading 198 For Review 199 Exercises 199 PIE Vocabulary I: Man, Woman, Kinship 200 10 Indo-Iranian I: Indic 202 Introduction to Indo-Iranian (§§10.1–4) 202 From PIE to Indo-Iranian (§§10.5–19) 203 Indic (Indo-Aryan) (§§10.20–22) 206 Sanskrit (§§10.23–51) 207 Middle Indic (§§10.52–57) 219 Modern (New) Indo-Aryan (§§10.58–63) 221 For Further Reading 223 For Review 224 Exercises 224 PIE Vocabulary II: Animals 226 11 Indo-Iranian II: Iranian 227 Introduction (§§11.1–8) 227 Avestan (§§11.9–27) 228 Old Persian (§§11.28–36) 236 Middle and Modern Iranian (§§11.37–53) 241 For Further Reading 245 For Review 245 Exercises 246 PIE Vocabulary III: Food and Agriculture 247 12 Greek 248 Introduction (§§12.1–8) 248 From PIE to Greek (§§12.9–53) 252 Greek after the Classical Period (§§12.54–57) 263 The Philology of Homer and Its Pitfalls (§§12.58–67) 264 For Further Reading 270 For Review 271 Exercises 271 PIE Vocabulary IV: The Body 273 13 Italic 274 Introduction (§§13.1–5) 274 From PIE to Italic (§§13.6–23) 277 Latino-Faliscan (§13.24) 281 Latin (§§13.25–53) 282 Faliscan (§§13.54–55) 294 Sabellic (Osco-Umbrian) (§§13.56–66) 296 Umbrian (§§13.67–74) 298 South Picene (§§13.75–76) 300 Oscan (§§13.77–80) 302 Other Sabellic Languages (§13.81) 303 For Further Reading 304 For Review 304 Exercises 305 PIE Vocabulary V: Body Functions and States 307 14 Celtic 309 Introduction (§§14.1–3) 309 From PIE to Celtic (§§14.4–11) 310 Continental Celtic (§§14.12–19) 312 Insular Celtic (§§14.20–27) 316 Goidelic: Old Irish and Its Descendants (§§14.28–50) 319 Scottish Gaelic and Manx (§§14.51–52) 327 Brittonic (§§14.53–56) 328 Welsh (§§14.57–61) 329 Breton (§§14.62–68) 331 Cornish (§§14.69–72) 334 For Further Reading 335 For Review 335 Exercises 335 PIE Vocabulary VI: Natural Environment 337 15 Germanic 338 Introduction (§§15.1–4) 338 From PIE to Germanic (§§15.5–35) 339 Runic (§§15.36–39) 348 East Germanic (§15.40) 350 Gothic (§§15.41–48) 353 West Germanic (§§15.49–51) 356 Old English (§§15.52–64) 357 Middle and Modern English (§§15.65–69) 362 Old High German (§§15.70–81) 365 Old Saxon (§§15.82–85) 370 Dutch and Frisian (§§15.86–88) 371 North Germanic: Old Norse and Scandinavian (§§15.89–108) 372 For Further Reading 378 For Review 379 Exercises 379 PIE Vocabulary VII: Position and Motion 381 16 Armenian 382 Introduction (§§16.1–10) 382 From PIE to Classical Armenian (§§16.11–41) 385 Middle and Modern Armenian (§§16.42–47) 393 For Further Reading 397 For Review 397 Exercises 397 PIE Vocabulary VIII: Material Culture and Technology 399 17 Tocharian 400 Introduction (§§17.1–6) 400 From PIE to Tocharian (§§17.7–33) 402 For Further Reading 412 For Review 412 Exercises 412 PIE Vocabulary IX: Form and Size 413 18 Balto-Slavic 414 Introduction (§18.1) 414 From PIE to Balto-Slavic (§§18.2–18) 415 Slavic (§§18.19–39) 419 Old Church Slavonic (§§18.40–42) 426 Modern Slavic Languages (§§18.43–55) 428 Baltic (§§18.56–67) 432 Lithuanian (§§18.68–74) 435 Latvian (§§18.75–76) 439 Old Prussian (§§18.77–79) 440 For Further Reading 442 For Review 443 Exercises 443 PIE Vocabulary X: Time 445 19 Albanian 446 Introduction (§§19.1–5) 446 From PIE to Albanian (§§19.6–29) 448 For Further Reading 456 Exercises 457 PIE Vocabulary XI: Utterance 458 20 Fragmentary Languages 459 Introduction (§§20.1–2) 459 Phrygian (§§20.3–9) 460 Thracian (§§20.10–11) 463 Macedonian (§20.12) 464 Illyrian (§§20.13–15) 464 Venetic (§§20.16–20) 465 Messapic (§§20.21–22) 467 Sicel and Elymian (§20.23) 469 Lusitanian (§20.24) 469 For Further Reading 469 Exercises 470 PIE Vocabulary XII: Basic Physical Acts 471 Glossary 472 Bibliography 477 Subject Index 490 Word Index 510

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Book SynopsisAn important challenge to what currently masquerades as conventional wisdom regarding the teaching of writing. There seems to be widespread agreement thatwhen it comes to the writing skills of college studentswe are in the midst of a crisis. In Why They Can't Write, John Warner, who taught writing at the college level for two decades, argues that the problem isn't caused by a lack of rigor, or smartphones, or some generational character defect. Instead, he asserts, we're teaching writing wrong. Warner blames this on decades of educational reform rooted in standardization, assessments, and accountability. We have done no more, Warner argues, than conditioned students to perform writing-related simulations, which pass temporary muster but do little to help students develop their writing abilities. This style of teaching has made students passive and disengaged. Worse yet, it hasn't prepared them for writing in the college classroom. Rather than making choices and thinking critically, aTrade ReviewThat title sounds as if it will be a grumpy polemic, but it's actually an inspiring exploration of what learning to write could be, framed by an analysis of why it so often is soul-destroying for both students and their teachers.—Barbara Fister, Inside Higher EdArticulates a set of humanist values that could generate rich new classroom practices and, one hopes, encourage teachers, parents, and policymakers to rethink the whole idea of School and why it matters to a society. Warner is pragmatic, not programmatic, and hopeful without being naïve . . . I hope teachers, parents, and administrators across the United States read his trenchant book. We are the reformers we have been waiting for.—Ryan Boyd, University of Southern California, LA Review of BooksWhy They Can't Write dissects the underlying causes of why so much writing instruction fails in the American system and it provides tested, practical solutions for doing better. The book is more than a how-to-teach guide, however. It diagnoses several important structural problems in American education, including standardized testing, the allure of educational fads, the abuses of technology-driven solutions, and cruel working conditions for teachers.—Danny Anderson, Sectarian ReviewI wanted direction on how to better teach writing, and I got it—sample assignments that I can tweak to fit my classroom and discipline in marvelous ways. But I got so much more. I closed the book feeling energized and motivated to go back to the classroom and make changes. In fact my first reaction, as I finished, was 'I have to go write about this!' Which so perfectly encapsulates so much of what John would like to see us do as learners that I couldn't help but laugh.—Cate Denial, Director, Bright Institute, Knox CollegeWhat is to blame for students' bad writing? According to Warner, the entire context in which it is taught. He rails against school systems that privilege shallow "achievement" over curiosity and learning, a culture of "surveillance and compliance" (including apps that track students' behaviour and report it to parents in real time), an obsession with standardized testing that is fundamentally inimical to thoughtful reading and writing, and a love of faddish psychological theories and worthless digital learning projects.—Irina Dumitrescu, University of Bonn, Times Literary SupplementTable of ContentsPart I: IntroductionOur Writing "Crisis"Johnny Could Never WriteThe Writer's PracticeThe Five-Paragraph EssayPart II: The Other NecessitiesThe Problem of AtmosphereThe Problem of SurveillanceThe Problem of Assessment and StandardizationThe Problem of Educational FadsThe Problem of Technology HypeThe Problem of FolkloreThe Problem of PrecarityPart III: A New FrameworkWhy School?Increasing RigorThe Writer's PracticeMaking Writing Meaningful by Making Meaningful WritingWriting ExperiencesIncreasing ChallengesPart IV: Unanswered QuestionsWhat about Academics?What about Grammar?What about Grades?What about the Children?What about the Teachers?In ConclusionAcknowledgmentsAppendixNotesIndexAbout the Author

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Book SynopsisBringing together an international and interdisciplinary team of contributors, this Handbook is a wide-ranging and invaluable reference guide to language teaching. A comprehensive reference work on language teaching, which combines the latest research findings, coverage of core topics, and examples of teaching experience from a variety of languages and settings Provides a unique breadth of coverage, including: the psycholinguistic underpinnings of language learning; social, political, and educational contexts; program design; materials writing and course design; teaching and testing; teacher education; and assessment and evaluation Offers a balanced evaluation of the major positions and approaches, including examining the increasingly important social and political context of language teaching Written by an international and interdisciplinary group of authors from a dozen different countries; English is only one of Trade Review“The Handbook offers state-of-the-art research-based analysis on what is currently known about language teaching. The inclusion of new and fast-growing issues as well as the variety of topics is indeed one of its strongest features.” (Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 2012) Table of ContentsList of Contributors x Part I Overview 1 1 Language Teaching 3 Michael H. Long Part II Social, Political, and Educational Contexts of Language Teaching 7 2 The Social and Sociolinguistic Contexts of Language Learning and Teaching 9 Sandra Lee McKay and Rani Rubdy 3 The Politics and Policies of Language and Language Teaching 26 Robert Phillipson and Tove Skutnabb-Kangas 4 History of Language Teaching 42 Diane Musumeci Part III Psycholinguistic Underpinnings of Language Learning 63 5 The Language-Learning Brain 65 Alan Beretta 6 Sequences and Processes in Language Learning 81 Lourdes Ortega 7 The Importance of Cross-Linguistic Similarity in Foreign Language Learning 106 Håkan Ringbom and Scott Jarvis 8 Cognitive-Psychological Processes in Second Language Learning 119 Robert M. DeKeyser 9 Optimizing the Input: Frequency and Sampling in Usage-Based and Form-Focused Learning 139 Nick C. Ellis Part IV Program Design 159 10 Bilingual and Immersion Programs 161 Jim Cummins 11 Heritage Language Programs 182 Silvina Montrul 12 Specific Purpose Programs 201 Ken Hyland 13 Study Abroad Research: Findings, Implications, and Future Directions 218 Joseph Collentine 14 Less Commonly Taught Languages: Issues in Learning and Teaching 234 Kira gor and Karen Vatz 15 Third Language Acquisition Theory and Practice 250 William P. Rivers and Ewa M. Golonka Part V Course Design and Materials Writing 267 16 Foreign and Second Language Needs Analysis 269 James Dean Brown 17 Syllabus Design 294 Peter Robinson 18 Advances in Materials Design 311 Alan Waters 19 Corpora in Language Teaching 327 John Flowerdew 20 Technology-Enhanced Materials 351 David Brett and Marta González-Lloret Part VI Teaching and Testing 371 21 Methodological Principles for Language Teaching 373 Michael H. Long 22 Teaching and Testing Listening Comprehension 395 Larry Vandergrift and Christine Goh 23 Teaching and Testing Speaking 412 Martin Bygate 24 Teaching and Testing Reading 441 William Grabe 25 Learning to Read in New Writing Systems 463 Keiko Koda 26 Teaching and Testing Writing 486 Charlene Polio and Jessica Williams 27 Teaching and Testing Grammar 518 Diane Larsen-Freeman 28 Teaching and Testing Vocabulary 543 Paul Nation and Teresa Chung 29 Teaching and Testing Pragmatics 560 Carsten Roever 30 Task-Based Teaching and Testing 578 John M. Norris 31 Radical Language Teaching 595 Graham Crookes 32 Diagnostic Feedback in Language Assessment 610 Antony John Kunnan and Eunice Eunhee Jang 33 Computer-Assisted Teaching and Testing 628 Carol A. Chapelle Part VII Teacher Education 645 34 Language Teacher Education 647 Renée Jourdenais 35 Diffusion and Implementation of Innovations 659 Kris Van den Branden Part VIII Assessing and Evaluating Instruction 673 36 Current Trends in Classroom Research 675 Rosamond F. Mitchell 37 Issues in Language Teacher Evaluation 706 Kathleen M. Bailey 38 Investigating the Effects and Effectiveness of L2 Instruction 726 Rick de Graaff and Alex Housen 39 Program Evaluation 756 Steven J. Ross Author Index 779 Subject Index 791

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Book SynopsisDavid Morrow and Anthony Weston build on Weston's acclaimed A Rulebook for Arguments to offer a complete textbook for a course in critical thinking or informal logic. Features of the book include: Homework exercises adapted from a wide range of actual arguments from newspapers, philosophical texts, literature, movies, YouTube videos, and other sources. Practical advice to help students succeed when applying the Rulebook's rules. Suggestions for further practice that outline activities students can do by themselves or with classmates to improve their critical thinking skills. Detailed instructions for in-class activities and take-home assignments designed to engage students in critical thinking. An appendix on mapping arguments, a topic not included in the Rulebook, that introduces students to this vital skill in evaluating or constructing complex and multi-step arguments. Model responses to odd-numbered exercises, including commentaries on the strengths and weaknesses of selected model responses as well as further discussion of some of the substantive intellectual, philosophical, and ethical issues raised by the exercises. The third edition of Workbook contains the entire text of the recent fifth edition of the Rulebook, supplementing this core text with extensive further explanations and exercises.Updated and improved homework exercises ensure that the examples continue to resonate with today’s students. Roughly one-third of the exercises have been replaced with updated or improved examples.A new chapter on engaging constructively in public debates—including five new sets of exercises—trains students to engage respectfully and constructively on controversial topics, an increasingly important skill in our hyper-partisan age. Three new critical thinking activities offer further opportunities to practice constructive dialogue.Trade ReviewOn the first edition: "Quite simply, one of the best critical-thinking texts I have read. Unlike many critical-thinking books, there is a particular and efficacious focus on helping the reader write an argumentative essay. . . . The expository clarity is as good as it gets." —Chris Jackson, Teaching Philosophy

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Book SynopsisUpdated for the needs of today's students—and with handy citation style guides adapted from The Chicago Manual of Style, Seventeenth Edition, the MLA Handbook, Eighth Edition, and the Publication Manual of the APA, Seventh Edition—the third edition of The Nuts and Bolt of College Writing offers essential guidance for college writers at all levels.Praise for previous editions: "This wonderful little book has helped improve the level of writing in all the courses I teach. No one should graduate from college without having used it." —Gonzalo Munevar, Lawrence Technological University "With concision and wit, Harvey shows college students how to write papers that are clear, cogent, and also stylish." —James Miller, editor, Dædalus "Simply the best guide to clear and effective writing since Strunk and White. Indispensable for students—and for their teachers." —Terry Nardin, University of Wisconsin–MilwaukeeTrade Review"Because I have used previous editions for many quarters, I was pleased to see that many of its strengths remain: clarity, great examples, affordability. I was also pleased to see that this edition is now available as an e-edition. For what it aims to do, I see no weaknesses in this text—it's an exemplary choice for college writers, and I will continue to use it." —Scott Orme, Chair, English and Languages, Spokane Community College

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Book SynopsisIn his groundbreaking new book Daniel Everett seeks answers to questions that have perplexed thinkers from Plato to Chomsky: when and how did language begin? What is it? And what is it for? Daniel Everett confounds the conventional wisdom that language originated with Homo sapiens 150,000 years ago and that we have a 'language instinct'. Drawing on evidence from a wide range of fields, including linguistics, archaeology, biology, anthropology and neuroscience, he shows that our ancient ancestors, Homo erectus, had the biological and mental equipment for speech one and half million years ago, and that their cultural and technological achievements (including building ocean-going boats) make it overwhelmingly likely they spoke some kind of language. How Language Began sheds new light on language and culture and what it means to be human and, as always, Daniel Everett spices his account with incident and anecdote. His book is convincing, arresting and entertaining.Trade ReviewVery few books on the biological and cultural origin of humanity can be ranked as classics. I believe that Daniel Everett's How Language Began will be one of them. -- Edward O. Wilson, University Research Professor Emeritus, Harvard UniversityHow Language Began occupies a rare literary space that explains complex issues clearly to general readers while being an original contribution to scholarship...the arguments he marshals and insights he provides are impressive...anyone interested in language would gain from reading this book. -- Oliver Kamm * Times *Ambitious...the subject-matter is completely enthralling...Everett is at the very top of his intellectual game. -- Harry Ritchie * Spectator *Important and fascinating -- Adrian Woolfson * Prospect *Everett is skilled at leavening an intellectually challenging treatise with humor ... A worthy book for general readers * Kirkus Reviews *When I first became interested in cultural evolution, cognitive revolutionaries would say that Noam Chomsky had proved that an innate language acquisition device was the key to linguistics. Daniel Everett is a leader of the counterrevolution that is putting culture and cultural evolution back at the center of linguistics, and cognition more generally, where I think it belongs. How Language Began is an accessible account of the case for a culture-centered theory of language. -- Peter Richerson, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California DavisPraise for Language: The Cultural Tool: 'A book whose importance is almost impossible to overstate. * Sunday Times *Revelatory. There is nothing about humans that is quite as astonishing as language. * Guardian *Impressively modest and reasoned. * Economist *The most important - and provocative - anthropological field work ever undertaken. -- Tom WolfePraise for Don't Sleep, There are Snakes: 'A worldwide bestseller that finds no competition from linguistic researchers. * New Scientist *A remarkable book. It is written with an immediacy even a Piraha might envy, and its conjunction of physical and intellectual adventure is irresistible. * Sunday Times *

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Book SynopsisIf you were to master the twenty languages discussed in Babel, you could talk with three quarters of the world's population. But what makes these languages stand out amid the world's estimated 6,500 tongues? Gaston Dorren delves deep into the linguistic oddities and extraordinary stories of these diverse lingua francas, tracing their origins and their sometimes bloody rise to greatness. He deciphers their bewildering array of scripts, presents the gems and gaps in their vocabularies and charts their coinages and loans. He even explains how their grammars order their speakers' worldview. Combining linguistics and cultural history, Babel takes us on an intriguing tour of the world, addressing such questions as how tiny Portugal spawned a major world language and Holland didn't, why Japanese women talk differently from men, what it means for Russian to be 'related' to English, and how non-alphabetic scripts, such as those of India and China, do the same job as our 26 letters. Not to mention the conundrums of why Vietnamese has four forms for 'I', or how Tamil pronouns keep humans and deities apart. Babel will change the way you look at the world and how we all speak.Trade ReviewEye-opening and thoroughly entertaining ... [Dorren] is wonderful company: chatty, informative, enthusiastic. -- Laura Freeman * The Times *Hugely readable ... Dorren is both an intimidatingly gifted linguist and a wonderfully eloquent writer. You couldn't wish for a better guide to the wonders of the world's bewildering array of tongues. -- Simon Griffith * Mail on Sunday *

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Book Synopsis'It's fantastic ... Exactly the book that everybody needs...' Simon Mayo_____Sometimes we all need a little reminder that it's going to be okay... Open The Cabinet of Calm to discover a comforting word that's equal to your troubles.The Cabinet of Calm has been designed to be picked up whenever you need a moment of serenity. Just select the emotion listed that reflects whatever you're feeling and you'll be offered a matching linguistic remedy: fifty-one soothing words for troubled times.These kind words - alongside their definitions and their stories - will bring peace, comfort and delight, and provide fresh hope.Written with a lightness of touch, The Cabinet of Calm shows us that we're not alone. Like language, our emotions are universal: someone else has felt like this before and so there's a word to help, whatever the challenge.So much more than a book of words, The Cabinet of Calm will soothe your soul and ease your mind. It's the perfect gift._____From inside The Cabinet Of Calm...'RESPAIR': a word for a renewed or reinvigorated hope, or a recovery from anguish or hopelessness.'WORLDCRAFT': a collective term for the unique skills, wisdom and experience that an older person has amassed in their lifetime.'MELIORISM': the belief that all things, no matter how bad, can always be improved - given enough determination from people willing to improve them.'SYMMACHY': the act of joining or working together to produce a stronger force than could ever be managed individually - especially in order to overcome something that affects us all.

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Book SynopsisA sweeping account of the global rise of English and the high-stakes politics of languageSpoken by a quarter of the world''s population, English is today''s lingua franca--its common tongue. The language of business, popular media, and international politics, English has become commodified for its economic value and increasingly detached from any particular nation. This meteoric rise of English has many obvious benefits to communication. Tourists can travel abroad with greater ease. Political leaders can directly engage their counterparts. Researchers can collaborate with foreign colleagues. Business interests can flourish in the global economy.But the rise of English has very real downsides at times generating intense legal conflicts. In Europe, imperatives of political integration, job mobility, and university rankings compete with pride in national language and heritage as countries like France attempt to curb its spread. In countries like India, South Africa, Morocco, and Rwanda, i

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Book SynopsisMany people consider bilinguals to be exceptional, yet almost half the world's population speaks more than one language. Bilingualism is found in every country of the world, in every class of society, in all age groups. This is the first book to provide a complete and authoritative look at the nature of the bilingual experience.Trade ReviewThe volume is written in a highly readable, enjoyable style. The coverage is broad and quite comprehensive, with a wide range of examples from different countries and cultures… The message concerning what natural bilingual behavior is like for most bilinguals comes through strongly and impressively. It is this then which holds the book together and which makes it a unique contribution among writings on bilingualism. -- Ellen Bouchard Ryan * Bilingual Review *[This book] is virtually indispensable to anyone already interested in language politics… [Grosjean] has assembled a great deal of valuable and often intriguing data and organized it clearly. * Chicago Reader *What this book conveys is the incredible variety of ways in which an individual or a nation can be bilingual… Grosjean’s book treats the multiple facets of bilingual experience in thought-provoking, wonderful, and lucid prose. Students and general readers, monolingual and bilingual alike, stand to gain new perspectives from reading this excellent comprehensive introduction. -- Loraine K. Obler * Contemporary Psychology *Anyone interested in the distinctly personal aspects of bilingualism will find it rewarding to dip into this survey; he is bound to discover a good deal that has escaped his own attempts. -- W. Haas * Times Literary Supplement *Grosjean has written a very comprehensive review of the field that is both conceptually sound and entertaining. The book will undoubtedly inform, perhaps provoke and…entertain its readers. -- Fred Genesee, McGill UniversityFrançois Grosjean has undertaken a truly formidable task—to give the serious student and the earnest layman some insight into what a generation of intense research has taught us about bilinguals and bilingualism. The book manages to combine a very personal touch, which one feels everywhere as growing out of the author’s own experience as a bilingual, with wide reading in the many fields of research that bear on the problems of bilingualism. -- Einar Haugen, Professor of Scandinavian Language and Linguistics, Emeritus, Harvard University[Life with Two Languages] contains a wealth of interesting information which, to my knowledge, has not been put together in one source before—particularly in such a cogent and succinct manner…a thoroughly enjoyable treatment of the phenomenon of bilingualism. -- C. Richard Tucker, Director, Center for Applied LinguisticsTable of Contents1. Bilingualism in the World The Extent of Bilingualism National Patterns of Bilingualism Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities The Origins of Bilingualism The Outcome of Bilingualism 2. Bilingualism in the United States Language Diversity and Bilingualism Aspects of the Life of Linguistic Minorities Bilingual Education Some Linguistic Minorities Language Maintenance and Language Shift 3. Bilingualism in Society Attitudes toward Language Groups and Languages Language Choice Code-Switching Bilingualism and Biculturalism 4. The Bilingual Child Becoming Bilingual The Acquisition of Two Languages Aspects of Bilingualism in the Child Education and the Bilingual Child The Effects of Bilingualism on the Child 5. The Bilingual Person Describing a Person's Bilingualism The Psycholinguistics of Bilingualism The Bilingual Brain The Bilingual as a Person 6. Bilingual Speech and Language Speaking to a Monolingual Speaking to a Bilingual The Legacy of Bilingualism References Acknowledgments Index

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Book SynopsisWhat is Linguistics? How do languages work? Why is this important?Answering these questions and more, Linguistics: An Introduction covers all the key topics that you will need in your study of language and linguistics. Over 17 chapters, William McGregor outlines the core ideas and approaches in the field, tracing their development and discussing the most recent trends. Using examples from a wide range of languages and contexts from around the world, this book assumes no prior knowledge of linguistics and contains a host of pedagogic features, including key terms, discussion questions, and exercises, to fully support your learning. Fully revised and updated, this third edition now includes:- A new chapter on corpus linguistics- New topics, including theories of syntax, text typology and the evolution of languages- New ''Research Methods'' sections at the end of each chapter- Updated examples drawn from a variety of global perspectives

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Book Synopsis''THE CHAMBERS DICTIONARY IS THE MOST USEFUL AND DIVERTING SINGLE-VOLUME WORD-HOARD AVAILABLE'' Telegraph''CHAMBERS IS A MARVEL OF WIT, CLARITY AND PRACTICALITY'' Observer''THE MOST HUMAN OF DICTIONARIES'' Philip Pullman''CHAMBERS IS AN OPEN DOOR TO WORDS AT THEIR WITTIEST, MOST ROOTED, MOST REVEALING, AND MOST POWERFUL'' Ali SmithFirst published in 1872, The Chambers Dictionary contains more words, phrases and meanings than any other single-volume English dictionary. Yet it remains lighter and easier to hold, and now has an even more durable jacket so that it will be a beautiful hardback reference for many years to come.This 13th edition retains the much-loved features of The Chambers Dictionary, including the unique, quirky definitions. There are over 1,000 new words and meanings, and there is also a brand new two-colour Word Lover''s Ramble, showing how English words and Trade ReviewChambers is a marvel of wit, clarity and practicality - ObserverChambers is an open door to words at their wittiest, most rooted, most revealing, and most powerfulA page a day keeps the doddypolls at bayThe most human of dictionariesThe traditional favourite dictionary of every serious cryptic solver and setter based in the UKThe Chambers Dictionary is the most useful and diverting single-volume word-hoard available - TelegraphA monument to lexicographic excellence... radical, innovative and different - IndependentFor many years now, Chambers have had a stronghold on the word game market. This dictionary is a pure delight to browse - www.word-buff.com

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Book SynopsisJ. L. Austin was one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century, but also an intelligence officer in the Second World War. This revelatory biography explores Austin's complex character, his remarkable achievements in war and peace, and the surprisinglty dramatic events in his personal life.Trade ReviewScrupulous and engrossing * Best Books of the Year 2023, The Economist *A revelatory work of intelligence history, ingeniously built from scattered and skimpy materials. * Richard Davenport-Hines, Books of the Year 2023, Times Literary Supplement *A superb biography...dense and readable. * Tom Stoppard, Books of the Year 2023, Times Literary Supplement *Meticulously researched yet uncluttered ... philosophically illuminating. * Jane O'Grady, Times Literary Supplement *[ Rowe's] research is so thorough, his exposition so meticulous and his presentation so clear that even the digressions are a delight * Jonathan Ree, Literary Review *a marvellous book . . . thoroughly absorbing... First, it gives a detailed account of Austin's philosophical development, his background, his works and his academic career and influence, accompanied at each stage by interpretations and criticisms that are judicious and insightful. Rowe shows himself to be an excellent philosopher in his own right. Second, the book presents the results of Rowe's painstaking archival research on Austin's intelligence career, placing it in the context of British and Allied intelligence concerning Western Europe and North Africa. It gives a fascinating account of the way military intelligence is generated and the crucial role it plays in every military operation... Third, Rowe offers a perceptive analysis of Austin's personal qualities and their part in his academic and military engagements. * Thomas Nagel, London Review of Books *well-researched, and admirably written intellectual biography. * Stephen Mulhall, Society *Table of ContentsPart I: Pre-War 1: Origins: c. 1670-1911 2: Childhood: 1911-1924 3: Shrewsbury: 1924-1929 4: Balliol: 1929-1933 5: Philosophy in Oxford: 1918-1933 6: All Souls: 1933-1935 7: Collingwood, C. I. Lewis, and Aristotle: 1935-1938 8: The Brethren, Politics, and Wittgenstein: 1937-1940 Part II: War 9: Jean and the Army: 1939-1941 10: MI14, Marriage, and North African Intelligence: 1941 11: Injury, Scotland, and the Desert War: 1941-1942 12: The Coming of the Martians: 1942 13: Norfolk House, Dieppe, and Torch: 1942 14: Skyscraper, Invade Mecum, and Exile: 1943 15: The Hunt for the V-Weapons: 1943-1944 16: At Peter Robinson's: 1943-1944 17: Towards D-Day: 1944 18: D-Day and the Battle of Normandy: 1944 19: Arnhem and the Ardennes: 1944-1945 20: War's End: 1945 Part III: Post-War 21: Post-War Britain and Oxford: 1945-1947 22: 'Other Minds': 1946-1947 23: Ordinary Language Philosophy: 1947-1959 24: The Oral and the Written: 1947-1959 25: Sense and Sensibilia: 1947-1959 26: Truth and Logic: 1950-1952 27: White's Professor: 1952-1954 28: Domestic Life and the Americans: 1952-1954 29: Harvard and Speech-Acts: 1955 30: Abilities and Excuses: 1956-1957 31: Royaumont and Anscombe: 1958 32: California, Semantics, and Sound Symbolism: 1958-1959 33: Ayer, Scandinavia, and the Gellner Controversy: 1959 34: Final Illness: 1959-1960

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Book SynopsisPhilosophy (especially philosophy of language and philosophy of mind), science (especially linguistics and cognitive science), and common sense all sometimes make reference to propositions--understood as the things we believe and say, and the things which are (primarily) true or false. There is, however, no widespread agreement about what sorts of things these entities are. In New Thinking about Propositions, Jeffrey C. King, Scott Soames, and Jeff Speaks argue that commitment to propositions is indispensable, and that traditional accounts of propositions are inadequate. They each then defend their own views of the nature of propositions.Trade ReviewHere are three different philosophers, each defending a different view about the nature of propositions, criticizing each other's positions, and responding to these criticisms. The three philosophers are all extremely good, each of the three views is deeply interesting, the criticisms are sharp and perceptive, and the responses are clever and persuasive. Over the course of the book I was pulled in all three directions and back again multiple times . . . It made for exciting reading. * Peter Hanks, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Table of ContentsPART I - COMMON GROUND; PART II - THREE THEORIES OF PROPOSITIONS; PART III - CRITICAL ESSAYS; PART IV - FURTHER THOUGHTS

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Book Synopsis''The greatest enterprise of its kind in history,'' was the verdict of British prime minister Stanley Baldwin in June 1928 when The Oxford English Dictionary was finally published. With its 15,490 pages and nearly two million quotations, it was indeed a monumental achievement, gleaned from the efforts of hundreds of ordinary and extraordinary people who made it their mission to catalogue the English language in its entirety.In The Meaning of Everything, Simon Winchester celebrates this remarkable feat, and the fascinating characters who played such a vital part in its execution, from the colourful Frederick Furnivall, cheerful promoter of an all-female sculling crew, to James Murray, self-educated son of a draper, who spent half a century guiding the project towards fruition. Along the way we learn which dictionary editor became the inspiration for Kenneth Grahame''s Ratty in The Wind in the Willows, and why Tolkien found it so hard to define ''walrus''. Written by the bestselling author of The Surgeon of Crowthorne and The Map That Changed the World, The Meaning of Everything is an enthralling account of the creation of the world''s greatest dictionary.Trade Reviewteeming with knowledge and alive with insights. Winchester handles humor and awe with modesty and cunning. His prose is supremely readable. * New York Times Book Review *exuberant, serious, funny, short, full, entrancingly readable * Jane Gardam, Spectator *compelling reading. Winchester is excellent on the theory and practice of lexicography * Sunday Times *Irresistible * The Independent *Simon Winchester's book is a fascinating catalogue of political wrangles, logistical conundrums and personal battles that underlay the work's creation. This book is a delightful curiosity * Zoe Green, Daily Telegraph *Simon Winchester has told this story with a touch of human drama and with a true sense of the social history that surrounded the enterprise. * Stephen Wade, Contemporary Review *A lively and largely informative chronicle of a still-staggering enterprise * Helen Zaltzman, Observer *A must for language lovers. * The Lady *Table of ContentsFOREWORD; PROLOGUE; EPILOGUE: AND ALWAYS BEGINNING AGAIN; BIBLIOGRAPHY AND FURTHER READING; INDEX

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Book SynopsisThe English Language: A Linguistic History surveys the development of the English language from its Indo-European past to the present day.Trade Review"The English Language is particularly good at the phonological history of the language from IE forward. . . . [it] covers very well the history of morphological and syntactic change in English. . . . The amount of detail in formal description on the IE and General Germanic periods is very satisfying, and I don't know of any parallel in alternative textbooks. At the other end of the timeline, the amount of detail and the accuracy in the treatment of Canadian varieties of English is also very satisfying, and, again, I don't know of any parallel in alternative textbooks." --Michael Cummings, York University "Brinton and Arnovick is based on sound and up-to-date linguistic scholarship, frequently cited directly in the text, which inspires confidence. . . . Very readable and engaging." --Murray McGillivray, University of Calgary From previous editions: "The book is well-organized and clear . . . without assuming a lot of knowledge on the part of students." --Richard J. Moll, University of Western Ontario "Brinton and Arnovick's book is, I think, the best textbook in its field." --John Considine, University of AlbertaTable of ContentsPreface Abbreviations 1. Studying the History of English Why Study the History of English? A Definition of Language The Components of Language Linguistic Change in English The Nature of Linguistic Change The Origin of Language Attitudes toward Linguistic Change Resources for Studying the History of English 2. Sounds and Sound Change in English The Sounds of English Sound Change The Writing of English 3. Causes and Mechanisms of Language Change Causes of Change Morphological and Syntactic Change Semantic Change Pragmatic Change 4. The Indo-European Language Family and Proto-Indo-European Classification of Languages Language Families The Indo-European Language Family Proto-Language Reconstruction Proto-Indo-European 5. Germanic and the Development of Old English Proto-Germanic Grammatical and Lexical Changes from PIE to Germanic Phonological Changes from PIE to Germanic A Brief History of Anglo-Saxon England The Records of the Anglo-Saxons 6. The Words and Sounds of Old English The Word Stock of the Anglo-Saxons The Orthographic System of Old English The Phonological System of Old English Stress A Closer Look at the Language of an Old English Text 7. The Grammar of Old English The Nominal System The Verbal System Syntax A Closer Look at the Language of an Old English Text 8. The Rise of Middle English: Words and Sounds French and English in Medieval England The Word Stock of Middle English The Written Records of Middle English Orthographic Changes Consonant Changes Vowel Changes A Closer Look at the Language of a Middle English Text 9. The Grammar of Middle English and Rise of a Written Standard The Effects of Vowel Reduction Grammatical Developments in Middle English Comparison of a Middle English and an Old English Text Change from Synthetic to Analytic Middle English as a Creole? The Rise of a Standard Dialect A Closer Look at the Language of a Middle English Text 10. The Words, Sounds, and Inflections of Early Modern English Early Modern English Vocabulary The Great Vowel Shift Changes in the Short Vowels and Diphthongs A Closer Look at the Language of an Early Modern English Text Changes in Consonants Renaissance Respellings Changes in Nominal Inflected Forms Case Usage Changes in Verbal Inflected Forms A Closer Look at the Language of an Early Modern English Text 11. Early Modern English Verbal Constructions and Eighteenth-Century Prescriptivism Early Modern English Syntax Late Modern English and the Rise of Prescriptivism Aims of the Eighteenth-Century Grammarians Methods of the Eighteenth-Century Grammarians The Question of Usage Dictionaries 12. Modern English Grammatical and Lexical Changes in Late Modern English Changes in Progress The Effect of New Media on English 13. Varieties of English The Development of National Varieties Important Regional Varieties of the British Isles English as a Global Language Appendix A: Quick Reference Guide Appendix B: Timeline of Significant Historical, Social, Literary, and Linguistic Events in the History of English Appendix C: Anthology of Readings (NEW) Exercise Key Glossary of Linguistic Terms Works Cited Index

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Book SynopsisThis dictionary is both a quick reference for spelling and an authoritative guide to recommended word breaks, whether on paper or in electronic form. Based on Oxford Languages' research, it gives unambiguous guidance on spelling and form, including capitalization, hyphenation, UK and US spelling, and irregular inflections.Table of ContentsPreface ; Guide to the dictionary ; Abbreviations used in the dictionary ; New Oxford Spelling Dictionary

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Book SynopsisThe Oxford Companion to the English Language provides an authoritative single-volume source of information about the English language. It is intended both for reference and for browsing. The first edition of this landmark Companion, published in 1998, adopted a strong international perspective, covering topics from Cockney to Creole, Aboriginal English to Caribbean English and a historical range from Chaucer to Chomsky, Latin to the World Wide Web. It succinctly described and discussed the English language at the end of the twentieth century, including its distribution and varieties, its cultural, political, and educational impact worldwide, its nature, origins, and prospects, and its pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, word-formation, and usage.This new edition notably focuses on World Englishes, English language teaching, English as an international language, and the effect of technological advances on the English language. More than 130 new entries include African American English, British Sign Language, China English, digital literacy, multimodality, social networking, superdiversity, and text messaging, among many others. It also includes new biographical entries on key individuals who have had an impact on the English language in recent decades, including Beryl (Sue) Atkins, Adam Kilgariff, and John Sinclair.It is an invaluable reference for English Language students, and fascinating reading for any general reader with an interest in language.Trade Reviewthis is a fascinating reference tool, of value not only to professional linguists, but also to anyone with an interest in the English language and, at £12.99 for more than 700 pages, a bargain. * Professor T.D. Wilson, Information Research *Table of ContentsIntroductionContributors and consultantsAbbreviationsPhonetic symbolsOxford Companion to the English LanguageBibliography

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Book SynopsisThis revised edition includes a radical index containing oer 32,000 entries and over 2000 additional readings in the on-kun index. An expanded cross-referencing system includes the character's index number in Morohashi's "Dai Kanwa Jiten", its JIS code number and character listing position.Trade Review"This reigning authority on Japanese character definitions is based on missionary-scholar Nelson's first 1962 edition of The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary. Essential for all Japanese and East Asian studies collections." --Library Journal"One of the best and most concise Kanji dictionaries." --Goodreads

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Book SynopsisThe protagonist of this novel is a tender, troubled deity. In the beginning is God's solitude, and because he is lonely he creates the world. He wrestles with Moses for the souls of the Chosen People, sits at the feet of Buddha, loves a Hebrew girl and eventually becomes the father of Christ.

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Book SynopsisAll the practice and instruction you need to communicate effectively in Frenchânow with an enhanced app featuring text-to-speech!If you are a beginning to intermediate French language learner, getting a handle on grammar is your key to communicating correctly and effectively. In Practice Makes Perfect: Complete French Grammar, you'll find tons of practice and everything else you needâinstruction, clear explanations, and comparisons to English grammarâto build your knowledge and communicate more effectively in French.Based on the successful approach of the Practice Makes Perfect series, Complete French Grammar, Premium Fifth Edition covers all aspects of French grammar that you need to master, from all the key verb tenses to noun, adjective, pronoun, and prepositions use. Crystal-clear explanations, realistic examples and an extensive array of engaging exercises help you focus your efforts on the practical aspects of communicating in Fr

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Book SynopsisDrawing on the discoveries of neuroscience, this book explains why the information overload of contemporary life makes us dramatically more receptive to sensational news, while rendering the staid, objective voice of standard journalism ineffective, and the result is a toxic mix that threatens to prove fatal to journalism as we know it.

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Book SynopsisIn this text, the author show how debilitating protectionist stances can be and how much might be gained by crossing cultural boundaries. In pursuing a black male/feminist criticism, the study acknowledges the complexities of sexual, gender and racial interpretations.

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Book SynopsisPerhaps the single most influential work of general linguistics published in this century, Leonard Bloomfield's "Language" is both a masterpiece of textbook writing and a classic of scholarship. Intended as an introduction to the field of linguistics, it revolutionized the field when it appeared in 1933 and became the major text of the American descriptivist school.

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Book SynopsisIn the centenary year of Leonard Bloomfield's birth, this abridgment makes available a representative selection of the writings of this central figure in the history of linguistics. Hockett has achieved his purposeto reveal Bloomfield's way of working, the general principles that guided his work, and last, but by no means least, to indicate how Bloomfield's interests and attitudes changed with the passing years.Harry Hoijer, Language

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Book SynopsisWhen should I change my mind? What can I believe and what must I doubt? In this new philosophy of good reasons Wayne C. Booth exposes five dogmas of modernism that have too often inhibited efforts to answer these questions. Modern dogmas teach that you cannot reason about values and that the job of thought is to doubt whatever can be doubted, and they leave those who accept them crippled in their efforts to think and talk together about whatever concerns them most. They have willed upon us a befouled rhetorical climate in which people are driven to two self-destructive extremesdefenders of reason becoming confined to ever narrower notions of logical or experimental proof and defenders of values becoming more and more irresponsible in trying to defend the heart, the gut, or the gonads. Booth traces the consequences of modernist assumptions through a wide range of inquiry and action: in politics, art, music, literature, and in personal efforts to find identity or a self. In casting doubt on systematic doubt, the author finds that the dogmas are being questioned in almost every modern discipline. Suggesting that they be replaced with a rhetoric of systematic assent, Booth discovers a vast, neglected reservoir of good reasonsmany of them known to classical students of rhetoric, some still to be explored. These good reasons are here restored to intellectual respectability, suggesting the possibility of widespread new inquiry, in all fields, into the question, When should I change my mind?

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Book SynopsisPresents a short history of the scientific visual, and then formulate a theory about the interaction between the visual and textual. This title argues that scientific meaning itself comes from the complex interplay between the verbal and the visual in the form of graphs, diagrams, maps, drawings, and photographs.

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Book SynopsisThis text analyzes the debate between John Dewey and Bertrand Russell that followed the 1938 publication of Dewey's "Logic: The Theory in Inquiry". It argues that Russell failed to understand Dewey's logic as Dewey intended and that this logic is relevant to recent developments in philosophy.

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Book SynopsisThis study focuses on the use and meaning of grammatical markers of tense, aspect and modality, and identifies a universal set of grammatical categories. It argues that the same paths of change occur in languages in different phyla and that movement along these paths is in one direction only.

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Book SynopsisThe articles in this work examine aspects of the interpretation of generic expressions. The introduction provides an overview of various issues and synthesizes analytical approaches to them. The papers that follow collectively reflect the state of the art in the semantics of generics.

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Book SynopsisEdward Chiera was that most remarkable of men, a competent and respected scholar possessed of an ardent desire to make his research readily and entertainingly available to laymen. More remarkable, Chiera had extraordinary gifts to equal to his desire. They Wrote on Clay combines fascinatingly the fruits of sound and painstaking archeology with the natural-born storyteller's art. As transmitted by Chiera, the message of the recently discovered Babylonian clay tablets becomes an absorbing exrusion into the common life of a vanished civilization. Few will read They Wrote on Clay without becoming infected with something of Chiera's love for the rich archeological lore of the ancient Near East. The book presents, briefly and clearly, a vivid picture of a long-dead people who in numerous ways were very like ourselves.L. M. Field, New York Times No mystery story can be as exciting.Harper's Plainly and fetchingly written.New Republic

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive, chronological survey of the basic models of rhetoric as they developed from the early Greeks through the twentieth century. The author discusses rhetorical theories and practices in the context of the times of political and intellectual crisis that gave rise to them.

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Book SynopsisExploring the many different contact points between Iberian colonialism and indigenous cultures, this title features contributors who identify the crucial parameters of language evolution that have led to today's state of linguistic diversity in Latin America.Trade Review"Together the chapters in this book give a well-thought-out overview of the complexity of the social ecologies and linguistic development within Latin America, of the differences between the Portuguese and the Spanish empires, and of those within the Spanish viceroyalties. With this volume, Mufwene brings to English-language readers the missing piece in the discussion of language ecologies in excolonial regions." (Anna Maria Escobar, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)"

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Book SynopsisAfter explaining how miscommunication has led to dozens of aircraft disasters, the author proposes innovative solutions for prevention - such as a visual communication system and a computerized voice mechanism to help clear up confusing language.

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Book SynopsisThe cariacatures of feminists as grim-faced ideologues destroying the study of literature are comprehensively rebutted in this work, offering instead a clear assessment of the relative merits of various feminist approaches to literature.

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Book SynopsisThe two-volume primer is addressed to meet the needs of the rapidly growing number of Chinese language students who were raised in the United States in Chinese-speaking homes and speak the language but cannot read or write it. This text develops lessons around readings on Chinese history, culture, geography, literature, folktales and mythology, customs, and cuisine.Table of ContentsPreface Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Introduction: The Basics of Pronunciation and Characters Lesson 1 Chinese Names Vocabulary Text Reading Skills Dialogue Grammatical Points Topic-Comment Sentence Fixed Adverbs Question Particles Modifier Particle Sentence Patterns and WOrld Usage Exercises Pronunciation Chinese Characters Vocabulary Practice Grammar Writing Reading Comprehension Words and Expressions on Specific Topics Expressions Used in Class Lesson 2 Chinese Families Vocabulary Text Reading Skills Dialogue Grammatical Points Numbers Measure Words Noun Phrases Coverbs Sentence Patterns and Word Usage Exercises Pronunciation Chinese Characters Vocabulary Practice Grammar Comprehensive Exercises Oral Exercise Writing Reading Comprehension Words and Expressions on Specific Topics Money Lesson 3 China: The North and the South Vocabulary Text Reading Skills Dialogue Grammatical Points Place Words Type of Place Words Use of Place Words Sentence Patterns and Word Usage Exercises Pronunciation Chinese Characters Vocabulary Practice Grammar Oral Exercise Writing Reading Comprehension Words and Expressions on Specific Topics Locations Lesson 4 The Ten Suns Vocabulary Text Reading Skills Dialogue Grammatical Points The Functions of le Sentence-Final le (Sentence-le) Verb Suffix le (Verb-le) Combination of Verb-le and Sentence-le Time Elapsed Without Doing Something Situations When V-le is Not Used Sentence Patterns and Word Usage Exercises Pronunciation and Characters Vocabulary Practice Grammar Comprehensive Exercises Writing Reading Comprehension Words and Expressions on Specific Topics Time Lesson 5 Heaven and Earth Vocabulary Text Reading Skills Dialogue Grammatical Points The Use of le in Discourse Action Verb and Complements of Result Actual Type Potential Type Sentence Patterns and Word Usage Exercises Pronunciation and Characters Vocabulary and Grammar Comprehensive Exercises Oral Exercise Writing Reading Comprehension Words and Expressions on Specific Topics Weather Lesson 6 The Story of Chinese Idioms Vocabulary Text Reading Skills Dialogue Grammatical Points The Particle Sentence Patterns and Word Usage Exercises Pronunciation Chinese Characters Vocabulary Practice Grammar Writing Reading Comprehension Words and Expressions on Specific Topics Commonly Used Measure Words Lesson 7 The Great Wall Vocabulary Text Reading Skills Dialogue Grammatical Points Directional Complements (DC) Actual Type of DC Potential Type of DC Sentence Patterns and Word Usage Exercises Pronunciation Chinese Characters Vocabulary Practice Grammar Comprehensive Exercises Writing Reading Comprehension Words and Expressions on Specific Topics Travel Lesson 8 Li Bai Learns a Lesson Vocabulary Text Reading Skills Dialogue Grammatical Points Sentence Patterns Using "ba" When and Why a Speaker Uses the "ba" Construction Sentence Patterns and Word Usage Exercises Pronunciation Chinese Characters Vocabulary and Grammar Comprehensive Exercises Writing Reading Comprehension Oral Exercise Word and Expressions on Specific Topics Campus Life Lesson 9 Shen Nong and Chinese Medicine Vocabulary Text Reading Skills Dialogue Grammatical Points Sequencing in Chinese Narrative Discourse Succession of Events and Situations Simultaneity Overlap Aspect Marker "guo" Sentence Patterns and Word Usage Exercises Pronunciation and Characters Grammar and Vocabulary Oral Exercises Writing Reading Comprehension Words and Expressions on Specific Topics Asking for Directions Lesson 10 Chinese Food Vocabulary Text Reading Skills Dialogue Grammatical Points The "shi...de" construction Sentence Patterns and Word Usage Exercises Pronunciation Chinese Characters Vocabulary Practice Grammar Oral Exercises Writing Reading Comprehension Words and Expressions on Specific Topics Shopping Appendix I. A Brief History of the Creation of Chinese Characters and the Evolution of the Chinese Writing System Appendix II. Comprehensive Vocabulary List English-Chinese Chinese-English Appendix III. Character Stroke Order

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Book SynopsisPresents a history of the English language from the age of Beowulf to the rap of Eminem. The author describes the differences between English and American usage and, the link between regional dialect and race, class, and gender. He discusses contact with foreign languages, the Internet, and e-mail continue to shape English for future generations.Trade ReviewThe book percolates with creative energy and will please anyone intrigued by how our richly variegated language came to be. Publishers Weekly Nonspecialists will join scholars in praising this remarkable linguistic investigation. -- Bryce Christensen Booklist An important and valuable source for anyone who loves the English language, and language in general. -- Gale Zoe Garnett Toronto Globe & Mail Written with real authority, enthusiasm, and love for our unruly and exquisite language. -- Michael Dirda The Washington Post A wonderful book. It's not hard to find well-informed books about the history of the English language, and it's not hard to find good critical accounts of English literature, but to have the two intertwined in one book is remarkable. Language Hat Interesting and informative. -- Tom Oleson Winnipeg Free Press A personal, selective and impassioned journey through the history of English. Times Higher Education Supplement Lerer not only navigates the shifting currents and boiling rapids of English, but also explores its secret coves. -- Rob Kyff Advocate [An] elegant book. -- Karenn Krangle Vancouver Sun A fresh look at the history of the English language. -- Cynthia Lee Katona Magill Book Reviews Inventing English is an invigorating read for the mind and the mouth. Bloomsbury Review Fun and illuminating. -- Carol White The Main Artery This absorbing book provides sufficient information about linguistics and early English language and literature for clarification... Essential. Choice Erudite and accessible. [Lerer] brings both love and rigour to his subject. -- Gale Zoe Garnett Globe & Mail An unusual linguistic and literary feast. -- Anne Curzan Michigan Quarterly Review The casual, witty, and sometimes provocative style in which the book is written provides a very apt vehicle for this very personal account. -- Tim William Machan Journal of English and Germanic PhilologyTable of ContentsA Note on Texts and Letter Forms Introduction: Finding English, Finding Us 1. Caedmon Learns to Sing: Old English and the Origins of Poetry 2. From Beowulf to Wulfstan: The Language of Old English Literature 3. In This Year: The Politics of Language and the End of Old English 4. From Kingdom to Realm: Middle English in a French World 5. Lord of This Langage: Chaucer's English 6. I Is as Ille a Millere as Are Ye: Middle English Dialects 7. The Great Vowel Shift and the Changing Character of English 8. Chancery, Caxton, and the Making of English Prose 9. I Do, I Will: Shakespeare's English 10. A Universal Hubbub Wild: New Words and Worlds in Early Modern English 11. Visible Speech: The Orthoepists and the Origins of Standard English 12. A Harmless Drudge: Samuel Johnson and the Making of the Dictionary 13. Horrid, Hooting Stanzas: Lexicography and Literature in American English 14. Antses in the Sugar: Dialect and Regionalism in American English 15. Hello, Dude: Mark Twain and the Making of the American Idiom 16. Ready for the Funk: African American English and Its Impact 17. Pioneers Through an Untrodden Forest: The Oxford English Dictionary and its Readers 18. Listening to Private Ryan: War and Language 19. He Speaks in Your Voice: Everybody's English Appendix. English Sounds and Their Representation Glossary References and Further Reading Acknowledgments

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