Limnology (inland waters) Books

Book SynopsisDocuments the declining quality and quantity of springs around the world and efforts to preserve, protect, and restore them. Anthropogenic causes, including climate change, have been degrading springs around the world. Changes in spring water quality and flow impact human health, cultural values, ecology, and livelihoods. Threats to Springs in a Changing World: Science and Policies for Protection presents a range of international studies illustrating the causes of spring degradation and strategies being used to safeguard springs both now and for the future. Volume highlights include: Examples of threatened springs in diverse hydrogeologic settings Innovative methods and tools for understanding the hydrogeology of spring systems Current policy and governance approaches for alleviating damage to springs Different approaches to management of springs A call for practitioners, policy makers, scientiTable of ContentsList of Contributors vii Preface xi 1 Protecting Springs in a Changing World Through Sound Science and Policy 1Matthew J. Currell and Brian G. Katz Part I Threats to Springs and Their Values 2 Assessing Pollution and Depletion of Large Artesian Springs in Florida’s Rapidly Developing Water-Rich Landscape 9Robert L. Knight and Angeline Meeks 3 Regional Passive Saline Encroachment in Major Springs of the Floridan Aquifer System in Florida (1991–2020) 19Rick Copeland, Gary Maddox, and Andy Woeber 4 Karst Spring Processes and Storage Implications in High Elevation, Semiarid Southwestern United States 35Keegan M. Donovan, Abraham E. Springer, Benjamin W. Tobin, and Roderic A. Parnell 5 Nitrogen Contamination and Acidification of Groundwater Due to Excessive Fertilizer Use for Tea Plantations 51Hiroyuki Ii 6 Springs of the Southwestern Great Artesian Basin, Australia: Balancing Sustainable Use and Cultural and Environmental Values 69Gavin M. Mudd and Matthew J. Currell Part II Methods, Tools, and Techniques to Understand Spring Hydrogeology 7 Environmental Tracers to Study the Origin and Timescales of Spring Waters 87Axel Suckow and Christoph Gerber 8 Assessment of Water Quality and Quantity of Springs at a Pilot-Scale: Applications in Semiarid Mediterranean Areas in Lebanon 111Joanna Doummar, Marwan Fahs, Michel Aoun,Reda Elghawi, Jihad Othman, Mohamad Alali, and Assaad H. Kassem 9 Uncertainties in Understanding Groundwater Flow and Spring Functioning in Karst 131Francesco Fiorillo, Mauro Pagnozzi, Rosangela Addesso, Simona Cafaro, Ilenia M. D’Angeli, Libera Esposito, Guido Leone, Isabella S. Liso, and Mario Parise 10 The Great Subterranean Spring of Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, and the Potential Impact of Subsurface Urban Heat Islands 145Greg Brick Part III Policy and Governance Approaches for the Protection of Springs 11 Community-Based Water Resource Management: Pathway to Rural Water Security in Timor-Leste? 157Tanja Rosenqvist, George Goddard, Jack Nugent, Nick Brown, Eugenio Lemos, Elsa Ximenes, and Aleixo Santos 12 Setting Benthic Algal Abundance Targets to Protect Florida Spring Ecosystems 171Robert A. Mattson 13 Protecting Springs in the Southwest Great Artesian Basin, Australia 181Mark Keppel, Anne Jensen, Melissa Horgan, Aaron Smith, and Simone Stewart 14 Patterns in the Occurrence of Fecal Bacterial Indicators at Public Mineral Springs of Central Victoria, 1986–2013 199Andrew Shugg 15 Towards a Collective Effort to Preserve and Protect Springs 209Brian G. Katz and Matthew J. Currell Index 213

Read more less

Book SynopsisFundamentals of Groundwater A thoroughly updated classic on the fundamentals of groundwater The second edition of Fundamentals of Groundwater delivers an expert discussion of the fundamentals of groundwater in the hydrologic cycle and applications to contemporary problems in hydrogeology. The theme of the book is groundwater, broadly defined, and it covers the theory and practice of groundwaterfrom basic principles of physical and chemical hydrogeology to their application in traditional and emerging areas of practice. This new edition contains extensive revisions, including new discussions of human impacts on aquifers, and strategies and concepts for sustainable development of groundwater. It also covers the theory of groundwater flowincluding concepts of hydraulic head and the Darcy equationand ground water/surface water interactions, as well as geochemistry and contamination. Readers will also find A thorough introduction to the techniques ofTable of ContentsPreface xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 Introduction to Groundwater 1 1.1 Why Study Groundwater? 1 1.2 Brief History of Groundwater 4 1.2.1 On Books 4 1.2.2 On the Early Evolution of Hydrogeological Knowledge 5 1.2.3 1960–2005 Computers and Contaminants 6 1.2.4 2005 and Onward: Research Diversified 8 References 9 2 Hydrologic Processes at the Earth’s Surface 12 2.1 Basin-Scale Hydrologic Cycle 12 2.2 Precipitation 15 2.2.1 Snowpack Distributions 20 2.3 Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, and Potential Evapotranspiration 20 2.4 Infiltration, Overland Flow, and Interflow 23 2.5 Simple Approaches to Runoff Estimation 25 2.6 Stream Flow and the Basin Hydrologic Cycle 30 2.6.1 Measuring Stream Discharge 30 2.6.2 Hydrograph Shape 32 2.6.3 Estimation of Baseflow 35 2.7 Flood Predictions 37 Exercises 38 References 40 3 Basic Principles of Groundwater Flow 42 3.1 Porosity of a Soil or Rock 42 3.2 Occurrence and Flow of Groundwater 45 3.3 Darcy’s Experimental Law 46 3.3.1 Darcy Column Experiments 47 3.3.2 Linear Groundwater Velocity or Pore Velocity 48 3.3.3 Hydraulic Head 49 3.3.4 Components of Hydraulic Head 50 3.4 Hydraulic Conductivity and Intrinsic Permeability 51 3.4.1 Intrinsic Permeability 52 3.4.2 Hydraulic Conductivity Estimated from Association with Rock Type 53 3.4.3 Empirical Approaches for Estimation 53 3.4.4 Laboratory Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity 55 3.5 Darcy’s Equation for Anisotropic Material 56 3.6 Hydraulic Conductivity in Heterogeneous Media 57 3.7 Investigating Groundwater Flow 61 3.7.1 Water Wells, Piezometers, and Water Table Observation Wells 61 3.7.2 Potentiometric Surface Maps 62 3.7.3 Water-Level Hydrograph 63 3.7.4 Hydrogeological Cross Sections 65 References 67 4 Aquifers 69 4.1 Aquifers and Confining Beds 69 4.2 Transmissive and Storage Properties of Aquifers 70 4.2.1 Transmissivity 70 4.2.2 Storativity (or Coefficient of Storage) and Specific Storage 72 4.2.3 Storage in Confined Aquifers 73 4.2.4 Storage in Unconfined Aquifers 74 4.2.5 Specific Yield and Specific Retention 74 4.3 Principal Types of Aquifers 75 4.4 Aquifers in Unconsolidated Sediments 75 4.4.1 Alluvial Fans and Basin Fill Aquifers 75 4.4.2 Fluvial Aquifers 79 4.5 Examples Alluvial Aquifer Systems 80 4.5.1 Central Valley Alluvial Aquifer System 80 4.5.2 High Plains Aquifer System 81 4.5.3 Indo-Gangetic Basin Alluvial Aquifer System 82 4.5.4 Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer 83 4.5.5 Aquifers Associated with Glacial Meltwater 85 4.6 Aquifers in Semiconsolidated Sediments 87 4.7 Sandstone Aquifers 88 4.7.1 Dakota Sandstone 88 4.8 Carbonate-Rock Aquifers 89 4.8.1 Enhancement of Permeability and Porosity by Dissolution 90 4.8.2 Karst Landscapes 91 4.8.3 Floridan Aquifer System 93 4.8.4 Edwards-Trinity Aquifer System 94 4.8.5 Basin and Range Carbonate Aquifer 96 4.9 Basaltic and Other Volcanic-Rock Aquifers 97 4.10 Hydraulic Properties of Granular and Crystalline Media 99 4.10.1 Pore Structure and Permeability Development 99 4.11 Hydraulic Properties of Fractured Media 100 4.11.1 Factors Controlling Fracture Development 101 References 102 5 Theory of Groundwater Flow 106 5.1 Differential Equations of Groundwater Flow in Saturated Zones 106 5.1.1 Useful Knowledge About Differential Equations 107 5.1.2 More About Dimensionality 109 5.1.3 Deriving Groundwater Flow Equations 109 5.2 Boundary Conditions 113 5.3 Initial Conditions for Groundwater Problems 114 5.4 Flow-net Analysis 115 5.4.1 Flow Nets in Isotropic and Homogeneous Media 115 5.4.2 Flow Nets in Heterogeneous Media 118 5.4.3 Flow Nets in Anisotropic Media 119 5.5 Mathematical Analysis of Some Simple Flow Problems 120 5.5.1 Groundwater Flow in a Confined Aquifer 120 5.5.2 Groundwater Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer 121 5.5.3 Groundwater Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer with Recharge 123 References 125 6 Theory of Groundwater Flow in Unsaturated Zones and Fractured Media 126 6.1 Basic Concepts of Flow in Unsaturated Zones 126 6.1.1 Changes in Moisture Content During Infiltration 128 6.2 Characteristic Curves 128 6.2.1 Water Retention or θ(ψ) Curves 128 6.2.2 K(ψ) Curves 130 6.2.3 Moisture Capacity or C(ψ) Curves 132 6.3 Flow Equation in the Unsaturated Zone 133 6.4 Infiltration and Evapotranspiration 134 6.5 Examples of Unsaturated Flow 136 6.5.1 Infiltration and Drainage in a Large Caisson 136 6.5.2 Unsaturated Leakage from a Ditch 137 6.6 Groundwater Flow in Fractured Media 137 6.6.1 Cubic Law 137 6.6.2 Flow in a Set of Parallel Fractures 139 6.6.3 Equivalent-Continuum Approach 141 References 142 7 Geologic and Hydrogeologic Investigations 144 7.1 Key Drilling and Push Technologies 144 7.1.1 Auger Drilling 144 7.1.2 Mud/Air Rotary Drilling 145 7.1.3 Direct-Push Rigs 146 7.2 Piezometers and Water-Table Observation Wells 150 7.2.1 Basic Designs for Piezometers and Water-Table Observation Wells 150 7.3 Installing Piezometers and Water-Table Wells 152 7.3.1 Shallow Piezometer in Non-Caving Materials 152 7.3.2 Shallow Piezometer in Caving Materials 152 7.3.3 Deep Piezometers 153 7.4 Making Water-Level Measurements 154 7.5 Geophysics Applied to Site Investigations 155 7.5.1 Electric Resistivity Method 155 7.5.2 Capacitively Coupled Resistivity Profiling 158 7.5.3 Electromagnetic Methods 159 7.5.4 Large-Scale, Airborne Electromagnetic Surveys 160 7.5.5 Borehole Geophysical and Flow Meter Logging 162 7.5.6 Flowmeter Logging 164 7.6 Groundwater Investigations 166 7.6.1 Investigative Methods 167 References 168 8 Regional Groundwater Flow 170 8.1 Groundwater Basins 170 8.2 Mathematical Analysis of Regional Flow 171 8.2.1 Water-Table Controls on Regional Groundwater Flow 171 8.2.2 Effects of Basin Geology on Groundwater Flow 175 8.3 Recharge 179 8.3.1 Desert Environments 179 8.3.2 Semi-Arid Climate and Hummocky Terrain 180 8.3.3 Recharge in Structurally Controlled Settings 181 8.3.4 Distributed Recharge in Moist Climates 181 8.3.5 Approaches for Estimating Recharge 181 8.4 Discharge 183 8.4.1 Inflow to Wetlands, Lakes, and Rivers 183 8.4.2 Springs and Seeps 183 8.4.3 Evapotranspiration 185 8.5 Groundwater Surface-Water Interactions 186 8.6 Freshwater/Saltwater Interactions 189 8.6.1 Locating the Interface 190 8.6.2 Upconing of the Interface Caused by Pumping Wells 192 References 193 9 Response of Confined Aquifers to Pumping 195 9.1 Aquifers and Aquifer Tests 195 9.1.1 Units 196 9.2 Thiem’s Method for Steady-State Flow in a Confined Aquifer 197 9.2.1 Interpreting Aquifer Test Data 198 9.3 Theis Solution for Transient Flow in a Fully Penetrating, Confined Aquifer 199 9.4 Prediction of Drawdown and Pumping Rate Using the Theis Solution 201 9.5 Theis Type-Curve Method 201 9.6 Cooper–Jacob Straight-Line Method 204 9.7 Distance-Drawdown Method 206 9.8 Estimating T and S Using Recovery Data 208 References 214 10 Leaky Confined Aquifers and Partially-Penetrating Wells 216 10.1 Transient Solution for Flow Without Storage in the Confining Bed 216 10.1.1 Interpreting Aquifer-Test Data 218 10.2 Steady-State Solution 221 10.3 Transient Solutions for Flow with Storage in Confining Beds 223 10.4 Effects of Partially Penetrating Wells 229 References 235 11 Response of an Unconfined Aquifer to Pumping 236 11.1 Calculation of Drawdowns by Correcting Estimates for a Confined Aquifer 236 11.2 Determination of Hydraulic Parameters Using Distance/Drawdown Data 238 11.3 A General Solution for Drawdown 239 11.4 Type-Curve Method 241 11.5 Straight-Line Method 245 11.6 Aquifer Testing with a Partially-Penetrating Well 247 References 250 12 Slug, Step, and Intermittent Tests 251 12.1 Hvorslev Slug Test 251 12.2 Cooper–Bredehoeft–Papadopulos Test 255 12.3 Bower and Rice Slug Test 257 12.4 Step and Intermittent Drawdown Tests 259 12.4.1 Determination of Transmissivity and Storativity 260 12.4.2 Estimating Well Efficiency 263 References 268 13 Calculations and Interpretation of Hydraulic Head in Complex Settings 269 13.1 Multiple Wells and Superposition 269 13.2 Drawdown Superimposed on a Uniform Flow Field 271 13.3 Replacing a Geologic Boundary with an Image Well 272 13.3.1 Impermeable Boundary 272 13.3.2 Recharge Boundary 277 13.4 Multiple Boundaries 278 13.5 Calculation and Interpretation of Hydraulic Problems Using Computers 279 13.5.1 Numerical Models for Groundwater Simulations 279 13.5.2 Interpreting Aquifer Tests 281 References 282 14 Depletion of Groundwater Resources 283 14.1 Water-Level Declines from Overpumping 283 14.1.1 Challenges in the Investigation of Water-level Changes 285 14.2 Land Subsidence 285 14.2.1 Conceptual Model 286 14.2.2 Terzaghi Principle of Effective Stress 288 14.2.3 Subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley of California 289 14.2.4 Challenges in the Investigation of Subsidence 293 14.3 Connected Groundwaters and Surface Waters 294 14.3.1 Declines in Streamflow 294 14.3.2 Induced Infiltration of Streamflow 295 14.3.3 Capture Zone for a Well 298 14.3.4 Pumping of the High Plains Aquifer System and Streamflow Reduction 298 14.3.5 Streamflow Declines in Beaver-North Canadian River Basin 300 14.3.6 Challenges in the Investigation of Streamflow Loss 301 14.4 Destruction of Riparian Zones 301 14.5 Seawater Intrusion 303 14.5.1 Salinas River Groundwater Basin 304 14.6 Introduction to Groundwater Modeling 306 14.6.1 Conceptual Model 306 14.6.2 Model Design 308 14.6.3 Model Calibration and Verification 308 14.6.4 Predictions in Modeling 309 14.7 Application of Groundwater Modeling 309 References 312 15 Groundwater Management 315 15.1 The Case for Groundwater Sustainability 315 15.2 Groundwater Sustainability Defined 317 15.2.1 Sustainability Initiatives 317 15.2.2 Sustainability Indicators for the Sierra Vista Subwatershed in Arizona 318 15.2.3 Socioeconomic Policies and Instruments 320 15.3 Overview of Approaches for Sustainable Management 321 15.3.1 Indicator Tracking 321 15.3.2 Water Balance Analyses 322 15.3.3 Model-Based Analyses of Sustainability 326 15.4 Strategies for Groundwater Sustainability 327 15.4.1 Increasing Inflows 327 15.4.1.1 Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) 327 15.4.1.2 Traditional MAR Approaches 329 15.4.1.3 “Sponge City” and Opportunities for Unmanaged Aquifer Recharge 330 15.4.2 Reducing Outflows 331 15.4.2.1 Replacing Groundwater with Surface Water 331 15.4.2.2 Reduction in Water Used for Irrigation 331 15.4.3 Scaling Issues with Sustainability 331 15.5 Global Warming Vulnerabilities 332 15.6 Chemical Impacts to Sustainability 334 15.6.1 Salinization 334 15.6.2 Geogenic and Aenthropogenic Contamination 335 15.6.3 Salinity and Contamination—Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) Alluvial Aquifer 336 15.6.4 Seawater Intrusion 339 References 342 16 Water Quality Assessment 345 16.1 Dissolved Constituents in Groundwater 346 16.1.1 Concentration Scales 346 16.2 Constituents of Interest in Groundwater 348 16.2.1 Gases and Particles 348 16.2.2 Routine Water Analyses 350 16.2.3 Contamination: Expanding the Scope of Chemical Characterization 351 16.2.3.1 Contaminated Sites 351 16.2.4 Comprehensive Surveys of Water Quality 352 16.3 Water Quality Standards 353 16.3.1 Health-Based Screening Levels—USGS 353 16.3.2 Secondary Standards for Drinking Water 354 16.3.3 Standards for Irrigation Water 355 16.4 Working with Chemical Data 356 16.4.1 Relative Concentration and Health-Based Screening 356 16.4.2 Scatter Diagrams and Contour Maps 358 16.4.3 Contour Maps 359 16.4.4 Piper Diagrams 360 16.5 Groundwater Sampling 362 16.5.1 Selecting Water Supply Wells for Sampling 362 16.6 Procedures for Water Sampling 363 16.6.1 Well Inspection and Measurements 363 16.6.2 Well Purging 363 16.6.3 Sample Collection, Filtration, and Preservation 364 References 364 17 Key Chemical Processes 366 17.1 Overview of Equilibrium and Kinetic Reactions 366 17.1.1 Law of Mass Action and Chemical Equilibrium 367 17.1.2 Complexities of Actual Groundwater 368 17.1.3 Deviations from Equilibrium 369 17.1.4 Kinetic Reactions 371 17.2 Acid–Base Reactions 372 17.3 Mineral Dissolution/Precipitation 374 17.3.1 Organic Compounds in Water 375 17.4 Surface Reactions 375 17.4.1 Sorption Isotherms 376 17.4.2 Sorption of Organic Compounds 377 17.4.3 Ion Exchange 379 17.4.4 Clay Minerals in Geologic Materials 380 17.4.5 Sorption to Oxide and Oxyhydroxide Surfaces 381 17.5 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 382 17.5.1 Kinetics and Dominant Couples 384 17.5.2 Biotransformation of Organic Compounds 385 17.5.3 pe-pH and E H -pH Diagrams 385 17.5.4 Quantifying Redox Conditions in Field Settings 386 17.5.5 Redox Zonation 388 17.6 Microorganisms in Groundwater 389 17.6.1 Quantifying Microbial Abundances 390 17.6.2 Microbial Ecology of the Subsurface 390 References 392 18 Isotopes and Applications 395 18.1 Stable and Radiogenic Isotopes 395 18.2 18 O and Deuterium in the Hydrologic Cycle 397 18.2.1 Behavior of D and 18 O in Rain 400 18.3 Variability in 18 O and Deuterium in Groundwater 401 18.3.1 Spatial and/or Temporal Variability of δ 18 O and δD Compositions in Aquifers 401 18.3.2 Connate Water in Units with Low Hydraulic Conductivity 402 18.4 Evaporation and the Meteoric Water Line 403 18.4.1 Other Deviations from GMWL 404 18.4.2 Illustrative Applications with Deuterium and Oxygen- 18 404 18.4.2.1 Role of Wetland in Streamflow 404 18.4.2.2 Integrated Study of Recharge Dynamics in a Desert Setting 405 18.5 Radiogenic Age Dating of Groundwater 406 18.5.1 Exploring Old and New Concepts of Age for Groundwater 408 18.5.2 Carbon- 14 409 18.5.3 Chlorine-36 and Helium-4: Very Old Groundwater 411 18.5.4 Tritium 412 18.5.5 Categorial Assessments Using Tritium Ages 414 18.6 Indirect Approaches to Age Dating 416 18.6.1 Isotopically Light Glacial Recharge 417 18.6.2 Chlorofluorocarbons and Sulfur Hexafluoride 417 References 420 19 Mass Transport: Principles and Examples 423 19.1 Subsurface Pathways 423 19.2 Advection 425 19.3 Dispersion 427 19.3.1 Tracer Tests 427 19.3.2 Dispersion at Small and Large Scales 429 19.4 Processes Creating Dispersion 429 19.5 Statistical Patterns of Mass Spreading 431 19.6 Measuring, Estimating, and Using Dispersivity Values 433 19.6.1 Sources with a Continuous Release 433 19.6.2 Available Dispersivity Values 434 19.7 Dispersion in Fractured Media 435 19.8 Chemical Processes and Their Impact on Water Chemistry 437 19.8.1 Gas Dissolution and Redistribution 437 19.8.2 Mineral Dissolution/Precipitation 438 19.8.3 Cation Exchange Reactions 439 19.8.4 Dissolution/Utilization of Organic Compounds 439 19.8.5 Redox Reactions 439 19.9 Examples of Reactions Affecting Water Chemistry 441 19.9.1 Chemical Evolution of Groundwater in Carbonate Terrains 441 19.9.2 Shallow Brines in Western Oklahoma 441 19.9.3 Chemistry of Groundwater in an Igneous Terrain 442 19.9.4 Evolution of Shallow Groundwater in an Arid Prairie Setting 443 19.10 A Case Study Highlighting Redox Processes 444 19.10.1 Iron and Manganese 444 19.10.2 Arsenic 445 19.10.3 Nitrate 446 19.10.4 Machine Learning for Mapping Redox Conditions 447 References 450 20 Introduction to Contaminant Hydrogeology 452 20.1 Point and Nonpoint Contamination Problems 452 20.2 Families of Contaminants 455 20.2.1 Minor/Trace Elements 455 20.2.2 Nutrients 455 20.2.3 Other Inorganic Species 456 20.2.4 Organic Contaminants 456 20.2.4.1 Petroleum Hydrocarbons 456 20.2.4.2 Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds 457 20.2.4.3 Halogenated Aromatic Compounds 457 20.2.4.4 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 458 20.2.4.5 Health Effects 458 20.2.5 Biological Contaminants 458 20.2.6 Radionuclides 458 20.3 Presence or Absence of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs) 459 20.4 Roles of Source Loading and Dispersion in Shaping Plumes 460 20.4.1 Source Loading 460 20.5 How Chemical Reactions Influence Plumes 461 20.5.1 Biodegradation of Organic Contaminants 462 20.5.2 Degradation of Common Contaminants 462 20.5.3 Reactions Influencing Plume Development 463 20.6 Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in the Subsurface 464 20.6.1 Features of NAPL Spreading 464 20.6.2 Occurrence of DNAPLs in the Saturated Zone 466 20.6.3 Secondary Contamination Due to NAPLs 466 20.7 Approaches for the Investigation of Contaminated Sites 466 20.7.1 Preliminary Studies 467 20.7.2 Reconnaissance Geophysics 467 20.7.3 Soil Gas Characterization 467 20.7.4 Distribution of Dissolved Contaminants 468 20.7.5 Plume Maps 470 20.7.6 Mapping the Distribution of NAPLs 471 20.8 Field Example of an LNAPL Problem 473 References 478 Index 481

Read more less

Book SynopsisFUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SECURITY Understand How to Manage Water Resources to Equitably Meet Both Human and Ecological Needs Burgeoning populations and the ever-higher standards of living for those in emerging countries increase the demand on our water resources. What is not increasing, however, is the supply of water and the total amount of water in earth's biospherewater that is integral to all standards of living. Fundamentals of Water Security provides a foundation for understanding and managing the quantity-quality-equity nexus of water security in a changing climate. In a broad sense, this volume explores solutions to water security challenges around the world. It is richly illustrated and pedagogically packed with up-to-date information. The text contains chapter learning objectives, foundation sections reviewing quantitative skills, case studies, and vignettes of people who have made important contributions to water security. To further aid comprehensTable of ContentsPreface Acknowledgments PART I: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 – Introduction to Water Security Chapter 2 - Historical Examples of Water Insecurity The Practice of Water Security: PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLEAN WATER - Stephen Luby, M.D. PART II: THE CONTEXT OF WATER SECURITY Chapter 3 - The Context of Water Security – the Quantity of Water Chapter 4 – The Context of Water Security – the Quality of Water The Practice of Water Security: EDUCATION FOR SANITATION, WATER AND HEALTH - Ben Fawcett Chapter 5 - The Context of Water Security – Water Equity Chapter 6 - Climate Change Impacts on Water Security The Practice of Water Security: ON THE FRONT LINES OF SANITATION IN RURAL AFRICA - Ada Oko-Williams PART III: COMPETING USES OF WATER AND THREATS TO SECURITY Chapter 7 – Water for Food Chapter 8 – Water and Energy The Practice of Water Security: WOMEN, WATER, AND FOOD SECURITY - Peter Lochery Chapter 9 – Water for Industry Chapter 10 – Water for Ecosystems and Environment The Practice of Water Security: START WITH THE CHILDREN - Eric Stowe PART IV: SUSTAINABLE RESPONSES AND SOLUTION Chapter 11 – Conservation and Water Use Efficiency Chapter 12 – Desalination and Water Reclamation/Reuse Chapter 13 – Adaptation for Drought and Flooding Resilience The Practice of Water Security: THE POWER OF CHANGE AGENTS - Martha Gebeyehu PART V: RESILIENCE, ECONOMICS, AND ETHICS Chapter 14 – Planning for Water Supply Security and Resilience Chapter 15 – The Economics of Water Security Chapter 16 – Developing a 21st Century Water Ethic The Practice of Water Security: DECOLONIZING WATER SECURITY - Dawn Martin-Hill Glossary Postlude Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis accessible new textbook provides a thorough introduction to all aspects of groundwater systems and their management. Using straightforward language and analogies to everyday experiences, it explains the origins, nature, and behavior of subsurface water without resorting to complicated mathematics. Groundwater in the Environment draws on case studies and cutting-edge research from around the world, giving a unique insight into groundwater occurring in a wide range of different climate zones and geological settings. This book: provides a robust, practical introduction to groundwater quality, and a succinct summary of modern remedial technologies for polluted groundwaters explores how groundwater fits into the wider natural environment, especially in relation to freshwater ecosystems considers the vulnerability of groundwater systems and the effects of pollution, climate change, land-use change, and overexploitatiTrade Review"What a pleasure this book is! If you teach introductory hydrogeology to students of any discipline, then this book, by Paul Younger, is the one to recommend to your students as precourse or supplementary reading. If they read it, you will not need to give any lectures explaining the context, concepts, or issues...Put it at the top of your courses’ reading lists!" (David Lerner Groundwater Protection and Restoration Group, University of Sheffield, Groundwater Vol. 45, No. 3 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Occurrence of Water Underground. 1.1. Groundwater and the Global Water Cycle. 1.2. The Natural Zonation of Water Underground. 1.3. Water Pressure, the Saturated Zone, Aquifers, and Aquitards. 1.4. Aquifer Properties: Effective Porosity, Permeability, Storage. 1.5. The Geology of Groundwater Occurrence. 2. Sources of Groundwater: Recharge Processes. 2.1. Provenance of Groundwater. 2.2. Recharge Processes. 2.3. Movement of Water through the Unsaturated Zone. 3. Groundwater Movement. 3.1. “The Force that Drives the Water through the Rocks”. 3.2. Quantifying Flow Rates: Darcy’s Law and Hydraulic Conductivity. 3.3. Groundwater Flow Patterns. 3.4. Quantifying the Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers. 4. Natural Groundwater Quality. 4.1. How to Read a Water Analysis. 4.2. Chemical Characteristics of Natural Groundwaters: Origins and Significance. 4.3. Displaying and Classifying Groundwater Quality. 4.4. The evolution of Natural Groundwater Quality. 5. Groundwater Discharge and Catchment Hydrology. 5.1. Groundwater Discharge Features. 5.2. The role of Groundwater in Generating Surface Runoff. 5.3. Estimating the Groundwater Component of Catchment Runoff. 5.4. Physical Controls on Groundwater Discharge at the Catchment Scale. 6. Groundwater and Freshwater Ecosystems. 6.1. Freshwater Ecosystems. 6.2. Groundwater-fed Wetland Ecosystems. 6.3. Fluvial Ecosystems and the Hyporheic Zone. 6.4. Groundwater Ecology. 7. Groundwater as a Resource. 7.1. Current Resource Utilization of Groundwater. 7.2. Constraints on Groundwater Utility. 7.3. Methods of Groundwater Abstraction. 7.4. Conjunctive use of Groundwaters with Surface Waters. 7.5. Groundwater as a Thermal Resource. 8. Groundwater Hazards. 8.1. Geohazards and Hydro-geohazards. 8.2. Natural Hydro-geohazards. 8.3. Hydro-geohazards Induced by Human Activities. 9. Groundwater Under Threat. 9.1. Threats to Groundwater Systems. 9.2. Depletion of Groundwater Quantity. 9.3. Degradation of Groundwater Quality. 10. Modeling Groundwater Systems. 10.1. Why Simulate Groundwater Systems?. 10.2. Conceptual Models. 10.3. Representing the Conceptual Model Mathematically. 10.4. Ways of Doing the Sums: Solving Physically Based Models. 10.5. One Step Beyond: Simulating Groundwater Quality. 10.6. Groundwater Modeling In Practice. 11. Managing Groundwater Systems. 11.1. Approaches to Groundwater Resource Management. 11.2. Towards Sustainable Groundwater Development. 11.3. Groundwater Control Measures to Mitigate Geohazards. 11.4. Preventing Groundwater Contamination. 11.5. Remediating Contaminated Groundwaters. References. Glossary. Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisNow in its second edition, Pollution of Lakes and Rivers provides essential insights into present-day water quality problems from an international perspective. Explains simply and effectively how lake sediments can be used to reconstruct pollution history Includes over 200 additional references and a new chapter on recent climatic change and its effects on water quality and quantity Tackles present-day water quality problems from an international perspective Previously published by Hodder Arnold PowerPoint slides of the artwork from the book are available from: http://post.queensu.ca/~pearl/textbook.htm Reviews: This is a very well-written and wide-ranging volume that is both instructive and topical. It is likely to prove useful as an introduction to the general area, a reference source and for teaching Trade Review?John Smol has produced a very readable text on modern day lake and river pollution problems and paleolimnologic approaches for providing insights into these problems. The breadth of coverage in this text is impressive.? ( Lake and Reservoir Management, September 2009) ?This was an enjoyable book to read as the author is extremely knowledgeable technically, and he writes well and in an easy to understand manner.? (Journal of the American Water Resources Association, June 2009) "The author has the gift of clear writing which is evident in terms of the fluidity and clarity of the book content ? .I can happily recommend this book knowing that my enthusiastic attempts will be more than well supplemented." (Journal of Paleolimnology, March 2009) "John Smol has extensive experience in this field of paleoenvironmental research which he combines well with his excellent written communication skills to produce a text that is easy to read but also thought provoking ? A very well written and formulated book. It strikes the right balance between description of key issues and the practical methods for investigating these." (Quaternary Science Reviews, Feb 09) "This comprehensive, up-to-date volume provides essential insights into the multidisciplinary science of paleolimnology aimed at tackling some of the most urgent environmental problems." (Lakeline, Fall 2008) "This is a very well-written and wide-ranging volume that is both instructive and topical. It is likely to prove useful as an introduction to the general area, a reference source and for teaching purposes." (The Holocene, November 2008) On the first edition: "This is a useful text. It provides a good level of detail so that the beginner in this area can appreciate what palaeolimnology can (and cannot) achieve." (Bigpond.net.au) ?I promise you will come away thinking!? Nandini Kumar, TerraGreen"Intellectually generous and gracious, a fine example showing us that scientists, too, have their poetic sides which can be used to charm us while they produce convincing work." (U.S. Water News)Table of ContentsPreface to the second edition. About the author. 1 There is no substitute for water. 2 How long is long?. 3 Sediments: an ecosystem’s memory. 4 Retrieving the sedimentary archive and establishing the geochronological clock: collecting and dating sediment cores. 5 Reading the records stored in sediments: the present is a key to the past. 6 The paleolimnologist’s Rosetta Stone: calibrating indicators to environmental variables using surface-sediment training sets. 7 Acidification: finding the “smoking gun”. 8 Metals, technological development, and the environment. 9 Persistent organic pollutants: industrially synthesized chemicals “hopping” across the planet. 10 Mercury – “the metal that slipped away”. 11 Eutrophication: the environmental consequences of over-fertilization. 12 Erosion: tracking the accelerated movement of material from land to water. 13 Species invasions, biomanipulations, and extirpations. 14 Greenhouse gas emissions and a changing atmosphere: tracking the effects of climatic change on water resources. 15 Ozone depletion, acid rain, and climatic warming: the problems of multiple stressors. 16 New problems, new challenges. 17 Paleolimnology: a window on the past, a key to our future. Glossary. References. Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis text examines the impact of climate change on freshwater ecosystems, past, present and future.Trade Review“In conclusion, the volume is excellent supplementary reading for graduate students and professionals, and individual chapters would do well as core readings on any course that looks at climate change in a freshwater context.” (Landscape Ecology, 1 May 2013) “Overall, the book is a valuable stand-alone publication on the subject of climate change and freshwater ecosystems.” (Austral Ecology, 1 November 2012) “This book makes an excellent contribution to summarizing the current state of knowledge and deserves a place on the bookshelves of natural scientists and decision makers alike.” (Journal of Paleolimnology, 2011) “Overall, I think that this volume will be of great interest to a broad audience in aquatic biology, mainly within the limnetic community, but also to terrestrial scientists because lakes integrate changes in the terrestrial landscape.” (The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1 March 2012) "Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students and above." (Choice, 1 August 2011) "Whether you agree with the interpretation or not, this is a fun approach to science that makes the book all the more enjoyable." (Frontiers of Biogeography, 1 June 2011) Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Contributors. 1 Introduction (Brian Moss, Richard W. Battarbee and Martin Kernan). 2 Aquatic Ecosystem Variability and Climate Change – A Palaeoecological Perspective (Richard W. Battarbee). 3 Direct Impacts of Climate Change on Freshwater Ecosystems (Ulrike Nickus, Kevin Bishop, Martin Erlandsson, Chris D. Evans, Martin Forsius, Hjalmar Laudon, David M. Livingstone, Don Monteith and Hansjörg Thies). 4 Climate Change and the Hydrology and Morphology of Freshwater Ecosystems (Piet F.M. Verdonschot, Daniel Hering, John Murphy, Sonja C. Jähnig, Neil L. Rose, Wolfram Graf, Karel Brabec and Leonard Sandin). 5 Monitoring the Responses of Freshwater Ecosystems to Climate Change (Daniel Hering, Alexandra Haidekker, Astrid Schmidt-Kloiber, Tom Barker, Laetitia Buisson, Wolfram Graf, Gäel Grenouillet, Armin Lorenz, Leonard Sandin and Sonja Stendera). 6 Interaction of Climate Change and Eutrophication (Erik Jeppesen, Brian Moss, Helen Bennion, Laurence Carvalho, Luc DeMeester, Heidrun Feuchtmayr, Nikolai Friberg, Mark O. Gessner, Mariet Hefting, Torben L. Lauridsen, Lone Liboriussen, Hilmar J. Malmquist, Linda May, Mariana Meerhoff, Jon S. Olafsson, Merel B. Soons and Jos T.A. Verhoeven). 7 Interaction of Climate Change and Acid Deposition (Richard F. Wright, Julian Aherne, Kevin Bishop, Peter J. Dillon, Martin Erlandsson, Chris D. Evans, Martin Forsius, David W. Hardekopf, Rachel C. Helliwell, Jakub Hruška, Mike Hutchins, Øyvind Kaste, Jirí Kopácek, Pavel Krám, Hjalmar Laudon, Filip Moldan, Michela Rogora, Anne Merete S. Sjøeng and Heleen A. de Wit). 8 Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Mercury in Freshwater Ecosystems Under Changing Climate Conditions (Joan O. Grimalt, Jordi Catalan, Pilar Fernandez, Benjami Piña and John Munthe). 9 Climate Change: Defining Reference Conditions and Restoring Freshwater Ecosystems (Richard K. Johnson, Richard W. Battarbee, Helen Bennion, Daniel Hering, Merel B. Soons and Jos T.A. Verhoeven). 10 Modelling Catchment-Scale Responses to Climate Change (Richard A. Skeffington, Andrew J. Wade, Paul G. Whitehead, Dan Butterfield, Øyvind Kaste, Hans Estrup Andersen, Katri Rankinen and Gaël Grenouillet). 11 Tools for Better Decision Making: Bridges from Science to Policy (Conor Linstead, Edward Maltby, Helle Ørsted Nielsen, Thomas Horlitz, Phoebe Koundouri, Ekin Birol, Kyriaki Remoundou, Ron Janssen and Philip J. Jones). 12 What of the Future? (Brian Moss). Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWith $2 billion spent annually on stream restoration worldwide, there is a pressing need for guidance in this area, but until now, there was no comprehensive text on the subject. Filling that void, this unique text covers both new and existing information following a stepwise approach on theory, planning, implementation, and evaluation methods for the restoration of stream habitats. Comprehensively illustrated with case studies from around the world,Stream and Watershed Restoration provides a systematic approach to restoration programs suitable for graduate and upper-level undergraduate courses on stream or watershed restoration or as a reference for restoration practitioners and fisheries scientists. Part of the Advancing River Restoration and Management Series. Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/roni/streamrestoration.Trade Review“This would be very useful as a textbook in graduate classes in ecosystem restoration or engineering ecology, or as a reference for researchers and professionals. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Graduate students through professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 January 2014) “Overall, what this book provides is a good starting point for anyone who wants to study in more depth the various components that together result in a successful river restoration project. To this end, this book provides exactly what it says it does in the title.” (Restoration Ecology, 1 November 2013) Table of ContentsList of Contributors, xi Foreword, xiii Series Foreword, xv Preface, xvi 1 Introduction to Restoration: Key Steps for Designing Effective Programs and Projects, 1 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 What is restoration?, 2 1.3 Why is restoration needed?, 3 1.4 History of the environmental movement, 4 1.5 History of stream and watershed restoration, 5 1.6 Key steps for planning and implementing restoration, 7 1.7 References, 8 2 Watershed Processes, Human Impacts, and Process-based Restoration, 11 2.1 Introduction, 11 2.2 The hierarchical structure of watersheds and riverine ecosystems, 13 2.3 The landscape template and biogeography, 17 2.4 Watershed-scale processes, 18 2.4.1 Runoff and stream flow, 18 2.4.2 Erosion and sediment supply, 20 2.4.3 Nutrients, 22 2.5 Reach-scale processes, 22 2.5.1 Riparian processes, 22 2.5.2 Fluvial processes: Stream flow and flood storage, 26 2.5.3 Fluvial processes: Sediment transport and storage, 27 2.5.4 Channel and floodplain dynamics, 28 2.5.5 Organic matter transport and storage, 29 2.5.6 Instream biological processes, 29 2.6 Common alterations to watershed processes and functions, 31 2.6.1 Alteration of watershed-scale processes, 31 2.6.2 Alteration of reach-scale processes, 34 2.6.3 Direct manipulation of ecosystem features, 35 2.7 Process-based restoration, 35 2.7.1 Process-based principles for restoration, 36 2.7.2 Applying the principles to restoration, 37 2.8 Summary, 40 2.9 References, 40 3 Watershed Assessments and Identification of Restoration Needs, 50 3.1 Introduction, 50 3.2 The role of restoration goals in guiding watershed assessments, 51 3.2.1 Stating restoration goals, 52 3.2.2 Designing the watershed assessment to refl ect restoration goals and local geography, 53 3.3 Assessing causes of habitat and biological degradation, 56 3.3.1 Use of landscape and river classifi cation to understand the watershed template, 57 3.3.2 Assessing watershed-scale (non-point) processes, 61 3.3.2.1 Sediment supply: Erosion and delivery to streams, 61 3.3.2.2 Hydrology: Runoff and stream fl ow, 63 3.3.2.3 Nutrients and pollutants, 68 3.3.3 Assessing reach-scale processes, 70 3.3.3.1 Riparian processes, 70 3.3.3.2 Floodplain processes, 73 3.3.3.3 Fluvial processes and conditions, 73 3.4 Assessing habitat alteration, 79 3.4.1 Habitat type and quantity, 79 3.4.2 Water quality, 84 3.5 Assessing changes in biota, 86 3.5.1 Single-species assessment, 86 3.5.2 Multi-species assessment, 89 3.6 Assessing potential effects of climate change, 91 3.7 Identifying restoration opportunities, 93 3.7.1 Summarize the watershed assessment results and identify restoration actions, 93 3.7.2 Develop a restoration strategy, 94 3.7.3 Summarize constraints on restoration opportunities, 95 3.7.4 Climate change considerations, 96 3.8 Case studies, 96 3.8.1 Skagit River, Washington State, USA, 96 3.8.2 River Eden, England, UK, 100 3.9 Summary, 103 3.10 References, 104 4 The Human Dimensions of Stream Restoration: Working with Diverse Partners to Develop and Implement Restoration, 114 4.1 Introduction, 114 4.2 Setting the stage: Socio-political geography of stream restoration, 116 4.2.1 Nature of the challenge, 116 4.2.2 Understanding property and property rights, 116 4.2.3 Landscapes of restoration, 117 4.2.4 Understanding landowner/manager and agency objectives, 120 4.2.5 Why understanding socio-political geography is important, 121 4.3 How stream restoration becomes accepted, 122 4.3.1 Restoration as innovation, 123 4.3.2 Innovation diffusion through networks, 123 4.3.3 Process of innovation adoption, 123 4.3.4 Innovation acceptance, 124 4.3.5 Why understanding innovation diffusion is important, 125 4.4 Organizations and the behaviors and motivations of those who work for them, 125 4.4.1 Organizational behaviors and motivations, 126 4.4.1.1 Motivations of offi cials, 126 4.4.1.2 Leveraging organizational behaviors, 126 4.4.2 Understanding your own and other organizations, 127 4.4.3 Why understanding organizational patterns is important, 129 4.5 Approaches to elicit cooperation, 132 4.5.1 Institutions to support stream restoration, 132 4.5.2 Techniques to engage landowners, 133 4.5.3 Achieving agreement with project partners, 136 4.5.3.1 The Prisoner’s Dilemma, 136 4.5.3.2 Guidelines to build and maintain cooperation, 136 4.5.4 Why understanding cooperation is important, 138 4.6 Moving forward: Further reading in human dimensions of stream restoration, 139 4.6.1 Collective action, 139 4.6.2 Social capital and the triple bottom line, 139 4.6.3 Environmental justice, 140 4.6.4 Resilience, 140 4.7 Summary, 140 4.8 References, 141 5 Selecting Appropriate Stream and Watershed Restoration Techniques, 144 5.1 Introduction, 144 5.1.1 Common categories of techniques, 144 5.1.2 Selecting the appropriate technique: What process or habitat will be restored or improved?, 146 5.2 Connectivity, 147 5.2.1 Longitudinal connectivity, 147 5.2.1.1 Dam removal and modifi cation, 147 5.2.1.2 Culvert and stream-crossing removal, replacement or modification, 149 5.2.1.3 Fish passage structures, 151 5.2.2 Techniques to restore lateral connectivity and fl oodplain function, 152 5.2.2.1 Levee removal or setbacks, 152 5.2.2.2 Reconnecting isolated fl oodplain wetlands, sloughs, and other habitats, 153 5.3 Sediment and hydrology, 154 5.3.1 Reducing sediment and hydrologic impacts of roads, 154 5.3.1.1 Forest and unpaved road removal and restoration, 154 5.3.1.2 Road improvements, 155 5.3.1.3 Reducing or eliminating impacts of paved roads and impervious surfaces, 157 5.3.2 Reducing sediment and pollutants from agricultural lands, 158 5.3.3 Increasing sediment supply, retention and aggrading incised channels, 160 5.3.4 Increasing instream flows and fl ood pulses, 160 5.4 Riparian restoration strategies, 161 5.4.1 Silviculture techniques, 161 5.4.1.1 Planting, 161 5.4.1.2 Thinning to promote tree and vegetation growth, 164 5.4.1.3 Removal of exotic and invasive species, 164 5.4.2 Fencing and grazing reduction, 165 5.4.3 Riparian buffers and protection, 167 5.5 Habitat improvement and creation techniques, 167 5.5.1 Instream habitat improvement techniques, 167 5.5.1.1 Structures to create pools, riffles, and cover and improve complexity, 168 5.5.1.2 Gravel addition and creation of spawning habitat, 171 5.5.1.3 Recreating meanders, 171 5.5.2 Creation of floodplain habitats, 172 5.5.3 When are habitat improvement techniques appropriate?, 173 5.6 Miscellaneous restoration techniques, 173 5.6.1 Beaver restoration or control, 174 5.6.2 Bank stabilization, 174 5.6.3 Nutrient additions, 175 5.6.4 Vegetation management, 176 5.6.5 Other factors to consider when selecting restoration techniques, 177 5.7 Summary, 178 5.8 References, 179 6 Prioritization of Watersheds and Restoration Projects, 189 6.1 Introduction, 189 6.2 Determine overall goals and scale, 190 6.2.1 Legal frameworks, funding, and goals, 192 6.2.2 Spatial and temporal scale, 192 6.3 Who will prioritize projects? Selecting the team, 194 6.4 Prioritization approaches and criteria, 194 6.4.1 Common prioritization strategies, 195 6.4.1.1 Prioritizing restoration actions by project type, 195 6.4.1.2 Refugia, 195 6.4.1.3 Habitat area and increase in fish or other biota, 199 6.4.1.4 Capacity and life-cycle models for prioritizing habitats, 199 6.4.1.5 Costs, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit analysis, 201 6.4.1.6 Conservation planning software and computer models, 203 6.4.1.7 Scoring and multi-criteria decision analysis, 204 6.4.2 Selecting a prioritization approach, 206 6.5 Completing analyses and examining rankings, 207 6.6 Summary, 210 6.7 References, 210 7 Developing, Designing, and Implementing Restoration Projects, 215 7.1 Introduction, 215 7.2 Identify the problem, 217 7.3 Assess project context, 218 7.4 Define project goals and objectives, 219 7.5 Investigative analysis, 221 7.5.1 Investigative analyses for in-channel restoration projects, 221 7.5.1.1 Maps and surveys, 221 7.5.1.2 Hydrologic investigation, 223 7.5.1.3 Hydraulic modeling, 227 7.5.1.4 Sediment transport analysis, 230 7.5.1.5 Geomorphic investigation, 231 7.5.1.6 Geotechnical assessment, 232 7.5.1.7 Uncertainty and risk, 233 7.5.2 Investigative analyses for other restoration actions, 234 7.6 Evaluate alternatives, 235 7.7 Project design, 236 7.7.1 Design approaches, 237 7.7.2 Specify project elements that will meet project objectives, 238 7.7.3 Establish design criteria for project elements that define expectations, 238 7.7.4 Develop design details to meet criteria for each element, 239 7.7.5 Verify that elements address project objectives, 239 7.7.6 Communicating project design, 239 7.7.6.1 Design reports, 240 7.7.6.2 Plans and specifi cations, 240 7.8 Implementation, 241 7.9 Monitoring, 242 7.10 Case studies, 242 7.10.1 Removal of the Number 1 Dam, Chichiawan River, Taiwan, 243 7.10.2 Bridge Creek riparian restoration, 245 7.10.3 Fisher Slough Restoration, Skagit River, Washington, USA, 245 7.11 Summary, 248 7.12 References, 249 8 Monitoring and Evaluation of Restoration Actions, 254 8.1 Introduction, 254 8.2 What is monitoring and evaluation?, 255 8.3 Steps for developing an M&E program, 256 8.3.1 Defining restoration goals and monitoring objectives, 256 8.3.2 Defining questions, hypotheses, and spatial scale, 257 8.3.2.1 Defining the spatial scale, 259 8.3.3 Selecting the monitoring design, 260 8.3.3.1 Treatments, controls, and references, 260 8.3.3.2 Before-after and before-after control-impact designs, 261 8.3.3.3 Post-treatment designs, 261 8.3.3.4 Which design is most appropriate?, 263 8.3.4 Parameters: Determining what to monitor, 264 8.3.5 Determining how many sites or years to monitor, 269 8.3.6 Sampling scheme, 272 8.4 Guidelines for analyzing and summarizing data, 273 8.5 Monitoring of multiple restoration actions at a watershed scale, 273 8.6 Implementation: Design is not enough, 274 8.7 Summary, 275 8.8 References, 276 9 Synthesis: Developing Comprehensive Restoration Programs, 280 9.1 Introduction, 280 9.2 Components of a comprehensive restoration program, 280 9.2.1 Goals, assessments, and identifying restoration actions, 282 9.2.2 Prioritizing restoration actions or watersheds, 282 9.2.3 Selecting restoration techniques and designing restoration actions, 282 9.2.4 Monitoring, 283 9.2.5 Examples of bringing the components together, 284 9.3 Developing proposals and evaluating projects for funding or permitting, 286 9.4 Moving from opportunistic to strategic restoration, 287 9.5 Conclusions, 289 9.6 References, 289 Index, 290 See Colour plate Section between 160–161

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn River Life and the Upspring of Nature Naveeda Khan examines the relationship between nature and culture through the study of the everyday existence of chauras, the people who live on the chars (sandbars) within the Jamuna River in Bangladesh. Nature is a primary force at play within this existence as chauras live itinerantly and in flux with the ever-changing river flows; where land is here today and gone tomorrow, the quality of life itself is intertwined with this mutability. Given this centrality of nature to chaura life, Khan contends that we must think of nature not simply as the physical landscape and the plants and animals that live within it but as that which exists within the social and at the level of cognition, the unconscious, intuition, memory, embodiment, and symbolization. By showing how the alluvial flood plains configure chaura life, Khan shows how nature can both give rise to and inhabit social, political, and spiritual forms of life.Trade Review"An empirically rich study of changing land and those seeking to carve out an existence upon it. [River Life and the Upspring of Nature] can serve as a model for other authors seeking to look at the interrelation between our environment and ourselves, and the existential questions that a changing world poses to us." -- Andrew Alan Johnson * Ethnos *Table of ContentsList of Maps ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction. River Life and Death 1 1. Moving Lands in the Skein of Property and Kin Relations 28 2. History and Morality between Floods and Erosion 59 3. Elections on Sandbars and the Remembered Village 94 4. Decay of the River and of Memory 131 5. Death of Children and the Eruption of Myths 160 Epilogue. The Chars in Recent Years 191 Notes 197 References 215 Index 229

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn River Life and the Upspring of Nature Naveeda Khan examines the relationship between nature and culture through the study of the everyday existence of chauras, the people who live on the chars (sandbars) within the Jamuna River in Bangladesh. Nature is a primary force at play within this existence as chauras live itinerantly and in flux with the ever-changing river flows; where land is here today and gone tomorrow, the quality of life itself is intertwined with this mutability. Given this centrality of nature to chaura life, Khan contends that we must think of nature not simply as the physical landscape and the plants and animals that live within it but as that which exists within the social and at the level of cognition, the unconscious, intuition, memory, embodiment, and symbolization. By showing how the alluvial flood plains configure chaura life, Khan shows how nature can both give rise to and inhabit social, political, and spiritual forms of life.Trade Review"An empirically rich study of changing land and those seeking to carve out an existence upon it. [River Life and the Upspring of Nature] can serve as a model for other authors seeking to look at the interrelation between our environment and ourselves, and the existential questions that a changing world poses to us." -- Andrew Alan Johnson * Ethnos *"The book is well written, impressive in its scope, and detailed in its application. . . . a valuable addition to the growing literature on rethinking rivers, lands, and peoples in South Asia, especially those people who are living on river islands that had remained beyond the periphery of mainstream academic vision. It aids understanding of why people live tenuous lives on uncertain grounds, and how their lives are shaped by the river and how they shape the river’s flow." -- Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt * Asian Studies Review *Table of ContentsList of Maps ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction. River Life and Death 1 1. Moving Lands in the Skein of Property and Kin Relations 28 2. History and Morality between Floods and Erosion 59 3. Elections on Sandbars and the Remembered Village 94 4. Decay of the River and of Memory 131 5. Death of Children and the Eruption of Myths 160 Epilogue. The Chars in Recent Years 191 Notes 197 References 215 Index 229

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe environmental history of the most polluted lake in America.Native Americans have long regarded Onondaga Lake as one of the most sacred spaces in the continent, the place where peace between nations was achieved and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy was created. In the mid-twentieth century, however, it acquired a wholly different reputation as the most polluted lake in America. Toxic Lake is an environmental history of this complex ecological system, tracking how it was tarnished, the costly efforts to clean it up, and the controversies those efforts generated. Thomas Shevory argues that the history of Onondaga Lake mirrors the larger environmental history of the US, from colonization to the industrial era, resulting, eventually, in the rise of social movements and legislative action for environmental protection. Layered within this history is the dismissal of indigenous land claims and the marginalization of indigenous voices in clean-up efforts. Toxic Lake illustrates that the failTrade ReviewWe need more studies like Toxic Lake—up close, detailed accounts of such degraded sites and possible solutions. ‘The devil is in the details,’ they say, and it is important to exorcize the devils. It is particularly valuable to see a book that gives attention to possible ways to move toward restoration, that understands that politics matter, and that acknowledges the ‘indigenous wisdom’ of the Onondaga people seeking a seat at the table. * Martin V. Melosi, author of Fresh Kills: A History of Consuming and Discarding in New York City *Thomas Shevory’s masterful environmental history of North America’s most notoriously polluted lake recounts everything from the Onondaga foundational mythology to the financially driven pitfalls which plagued the recently ‘completed,’ government-mandated clean-up efforts. With laser focus and lighter whimsy, Shevory’s research provides every detail from pollution particulates to personal politics. If only we took seriously the voices of the original Native stewards of this toxic lake, our government might have conducted a more comprehensive and healthier cleanup for all people and all else on this planet. * Joseph Alexiou, author of Gowanus: Brooklyn’s Curious Canal *

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn Embattled River, David Schuyler describes the efforts to reverse the pollution and bleak future of the Hudson River that became evident in the 1950s. Through his investigative narrative, Schuyler uncovers the critical role of this iconic American waterway in the emergence of modern environmentalism in the United States.Writing fifty-five years after Consolidated Edison announced plans to construct a pumped storage power plant at Storm King Mountain, Schuyler recounts how a loose coalition of activists took on corporate capitalism and defended the river. As Schuyler shows, the environmental victories on the Hudson had broad impact. In the state at the heart of the story, the immediate result was the creation in 1970 of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation to monitor, investigate, and litigate cases of pollution. At the national level, the environmental ferment in the Hudson Valley that Schuyler so richly describes contributed directly to the crTrade ReviewPlaces the Hudson at the center of the larger movement to preserve what is left of America the beautiful. Packed with details about the river's recent environmental history. * Lancaster Online *Exhaustively researched. A serious storyteller who plays by the stringent rules of the historian, Schuyler expertly weaves his many strands into a 360-degree view. * Hudson Valley One *Anyone interested in the Hudson River Valley—even those who think themselves well-versed in these topics—will find something of value in this well-researched and nicely written book. Perhaps most valuable is Schuyler's reminder that rivers have the potential to bind together disparate places and diverse individuals in powerful environmental coalitions. * The Hudson River Valley Review *Embattled River fills a historiographical niche by bringing the Hudson Valley's regional history of environmentalist action up to the present. Overall, Schuyler's writing is both clear and accessible, and the relatively short chapter lengths make Embattled River a pleasure to read. * Environmental History *In this carefully researched narrative, Schuyler explores the key events in the river's recent history as well as the principal agents and organizations that worked to save the river and that offered a model of activism and policy making that shaped the nation's response to its growing environmental challenges. * The Journal of American History *This is a timely and important book that illuminates environmental activism in an iconic American region. It also makes an important point about the genealogy of modern American environmentalism itself. * American Historical Review *Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. The Battle over Storm King 2. Politics and the River 3. Pete Seeger and the Clearwater 4. The Fishermen and the Riverkeeper 5. The Continuing Battle against Power Plants 6. Scenic Hudson's Expanding Mission 7. Linking Landscapes and Promoting History 8. A Poisoned River 9. A River Still Worth Fighting For

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn Embattled River, David Schuyler describes the efforts to reverse the pollution and bleak future of the Hudson River that became evident in the 1950s. Through his investigative narrative, Schuyler uncovers the critical role of this iconic American waterway in the emergence of modern environmentalism in the United States.Writing fifty-five years after Consolidated Edison announced plans to construct a pumped storage power plant at Storm King Mountain, Schuyler recounts how a loose coalition of activists took on corporate capitalism and defended the river. As Schuyler shows, the environmental victories on the Hudson had broad impact. In the state at the heart of the story, the immediate result was the creation in 1970 of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation to monitor, investigate, and litigate cases of pollution. At the national level, the environmental ferment in the Hudson Valley that Schuyler so richly describes contributed directly to the crTrade ReviewPlaces the Hudson at the center of the larger movement to preserve what is left of America the beautiful. Packed with details about the river's recent environmental history. * Lancaster Online *Exhaustively researched. A serious storyteller who plays by the stringent rules of the historian, Schuyler expertly weaves his many strands into a 360-degree view. * Hudson Valley One *Anyone interested in the Hudson River Valley—even those who think themselves well-versed in these topics—will find something of value in this well-researched and nicely written book. Perhaps most valuable is Schuyler's reminder that rivers have the potential to bind together disparate places and diverse individuals in powerful environmental coalitions. * The Hudson River Valley Review *Embattled River fills a historiographical niche by bringing the Hudson Valley's regional history of environmentalist action up to the present. Overall, Schuyler's writing is both clear and accessible, and the relatively short chapter lengths make Embattled River a pleasure to read. * Environmental History *In this carefully researched narrative, Schuyler explores the key events in the river's recent history as well as the principal agents and organizations that worked to save the river and that offered a model of activism and policy making that shaped the nation's response to its growing environmental challenges. * The Journal of American History *This is a timely and important book that illuminates environmental activism in an iconic American region. It also makes an important point about the genealogy of modern American environmentalism itself. * American Historical Review *Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. The Battle over Storm King 2. Politics and the River 3. Pete Seeger and the Clearwater 4. The Fishermen and the Riverkeeper 5. The Continuing Battle against Power Plants 6. Scenic Hudson's Expanding Mission 7. Linking Landscapes and Promoting History 8. A Poisoned River 9. A River Still Worth Fighting For

Read more less

Book SynopsisFrom acclaimed writer Beth Kephart, author of A Slant of Sun, comes a short, imaginative telling of the life of the Schuylkill River, which has served as the source of Philadelphia's water, power, industry, and beauty for the city's entire life. Before that, it fed the indigenous people who preceded William Penn, and has since time immemorial shape our region.Trade Review“Kephart gives the Schuylkill a voice, a memory, a melancholic sensibility. She has given us a finely-tuned and moving work of art, an exquisite book of loss and wanting. In 76 narrative poems and nearly as many short historical essays, Kephart returns the ‘hidden river’ to its place in our hearts.” —ContextTable of ContentsFlowTable of ContentsPrefaceRising Bear Ganshowahanna Howling Flight Found Swarm Temptation Ice Storm Catfish Comet Confidante, Three Days Afterwards John Bartram Baptismal Rights State in Schuylkill Skating Party Tipsy Crossings Fort Mifflin Independence Confession Folly Ice Air Laurel Soul Yellow Fever Varnish The Hills Unplugged Meriwether Lewis Conflagration Progress Ornament Navigation Water Wheels Haven Meteors above the Colossus Love Eden Asylum Anthracite Fins Heroes Waste Civil War Respects Sculling Anthracite Nostalgia Steam Winter of 1872: Frozen Through Zoological Gardens Mighty Katherine Rows Intimations: Anthony Drexel Ooze Influenza Supperating Revenge Something Last Skate Abiding Kite Tails Falling Up Jewfish: The Aquarium at the Old Water Works Comet Flow Pussy Willows Hurricane Agnes Renditions Proverbial Something Catfish South Street Bridge Suicide Ernesta Drinker Ballard Blaze Love Bibliography Acknowledgments

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisFor more than five centuries, the Atchafalaya River Basin has captured the flow of the Mississippi River, becoming its main distributary as it reaches the Gulf of Mexico in south Louisiana. This dynamic environment, comprising almost a million acres of the lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley and Mississippi River Deltaic Plain, is perhaps best known for its expansive swamp environments dominated by baldcypress, water tupelo, and alligators. But the Atchafalaya River Basin contains a wide range of habitats and one of the highest levels of biodiversity on the North American continent. Piazza has compiled and synthesized the body of scientific knowledge for the Atchafalaya River Basin, documenting the ecological state of the basin and providing a baseline of understanding. His research provides a crucial resource for future planning. He evaluates some common themes that have emerged from the research and identifies important scientific questions that remain unexplored.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA vital and volatile part of the New Orleans landscape and lifestyle, the Lake Pontchartrain Basin actually contains three major bodies of water--Lakes Borgne, Pontchartrain, and Maurepas. These make up the Pontchartrain estuary. Robert W. Hastings provides a thorough examination of the historical and environmental research on the basin, with emphasis on its environmental degradation and the efforts to restore and protect this estuarine system. He also explores the current biological condition of the lakes.Hastings begins with the geological formation of the lakes and the relationship between Native Americans and the water they referred to as Okwa'ta, the ""wide water."" From the historical period, he describes the forays of French explorer Pierre Le Moyne D'Iberville in 1699, and traces the environmental history of the basin through the development of the New Orleans metropolitan area. Using the lakes for transportation and then recreation, the surrounding population burgeoned, and this growth resulted in severe water pollution and other environmental problems. In the 1980s the Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation led a concerted drive to restore the lakes, an ongoing effort that has proved significant.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Colorado River is a river in crisis. Persistent drought, climate change, growing demands from ongoing urbanization threaten this life-source to approximately 40 million people in the U.S. and Mexico. Joining these challenges are our nation's deeply rooted beliefs about the region as a frontier, garden, and wilderness that have created competing agendas about the river as something to both exploit and preserve. Over the last century and a half, we have looked to science, law, and policy to solve our water resource challenges. Yet today's circumstances demand additional perspectives to foster a more sustainable relationship with the Colorado.Tributary Voices responds to these concerns by reclaiming a variety of neglected and lesser-known perspectives about the river and its surrounding landscapes. Spanning a period from the early twentieth century to the present, these "tributary voices" include nature writing about the Colorado River Basin's deserts, women's boating narratives of their Grand Canyon adventures, critiques of dam development, and appeals for river restoration from the Basin's Latina/o communities, claims of water sovereignty by numerous American Indian authors and tribal nations, and teachings about environmental stewardship and provident living particular to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. At the heart of this wide-ranging analysis is the role that stories play in reshaping attitudes about water and one's relationship to other river stakeholders. Drawing upon literature, film, websites, journals, public policy documents, and other writing, this innovative study models an interdisciplinary approach to water governance that reinvigorates our imagination to foster a more sustainable and equitable Colorado River water ethic

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive identification guide to the 222 species of fishes in Florida’s fresh waters. Each species is presented with color photographs, key characteristics for identification, comparisons to similar species, habitat descriptions, and dot distribution maps.Florida's unique mix of species includes some of the world's favorite sport fishes, the Tarpon and Largemouth Bass. This guide also features three species native only to Florida-the Seminole Killifish, Flagfish, and Okaloosa Darter-and the smallest freshwater fish in North America, the Least Killifish. Ranging from the panhandle to the Everglades, their habitats include springs, creeks, rivers, lakes, ponds, swamps, marshes, and man-made canals.As Florida's human population grows, the state's freshwater environments are being changed in ways that threaten its native fishes. This book provides important information on the diversity, distribution, and environmental needs of both native and nonindigenous species, helping us monitor and take care of Florida's water and its aquatic inhabitants.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWater issues are inextricably linked to sustainable development since water must meet the needs of present and future generations. The reuse of wastewater is a socioeconomic challenge for the development of drinking water and wastewater services. It has the following advantages: it increases usable water resources, preserves natural resources and alleviates water shortages caused by climate change. Wastewater Reuse 1 provides a comprehensive and educational overview of the many ways wastewater can be reused, the variety of treatments, their performance, their conditions of use and how to combine them to give wastewater a new lease on life. Droughts are already a concern in many parts of the world; however, we now have new technologies to rely on.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWater issues are inextricably linked to sustainable development since water must meet the needs of present and future generations. The reuse of wastewater is a socioeconomic challenge for the development of drinking water and wastewater services. It has the following advantages: it increases usable water resources, preserves natural resources and alleviates water shortages caused by climate change. Wastewater Reuse 2 provides a comprehensive and educational overview of the many ways wastewater can be reused, the variety of treatments, their performance, their conditions of use and how to combine them to give wastewater a new lease on life. Droughts are already a concern in many parts of the world; however, we now have new technologies to rely on.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWater Resources and Coastal Management presents a comprehensive and unique collection of articles which provide an interdisciplinary perspective on the science and management of global coastal resources. This important volume comprises five main sections. Part I reviews basic scientific concepts and underpinning knowledge of the processes at work in this dynamic environment. Part II considers how the natural variability of coastal zone environments has been unsustainably exacerbated by development and exploitation of such resources. Parts III and IV focus upon the various aspects of the management response options that could or have been deployed both in developed and developing countries. Finally, Part V examines the management issues that surround regional seas and their, often international, resource regions.Trade Review'Water Resources and Coastal Management is a timely contribution to the literature on integrated coastal management (ICM). . . In providing an interdisciplinary perspective on the science and management of coastal resources, this reader complements the considerable number of academic texts which have been published on ICM over the last decade. . . It is particularly well structured. . . this reader is an excellent resource for a wide range of environmental, marine and coastal scientists and practitioners, as well as its main market - university students at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.' -- Rhoda Ballinger, The HoloceneTable of ContentsContents: Acknowledgements Introduction Towards Integrated Coastal Management R. Kerry Turner and Ian J. Bateman PART I MARINE AND COASTAL SCIENCE 1. John H. Steele (1991), ‘Marine Functional Diversity: Ocean and Land Ecosystems May Have Different Time Scales For Their Responses to Change’ 2. Staff of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Environmental Protection Agency, and US Geological Survey (1999), ‘The Ocean’s Role in Climate Variability and Change and the Resulting Impacts on Coasts’ 3. Keith Clayton and Timothy O’Riordan (1995), ‘Coastal Processes and Management’ 4. Donald F. Boesch (1996), ‘Science and Management in Four U.S. Coastal Ecosytems Dominated by Land-ocean Interactions’ 5. Edward D. Goldberg (1995), ‘Emerging Problems in the Coastal Zone for the Twenty-First Century’ PART II HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND COASTAL VARIABILITY 6. Rutherford H. Platt (1994), ‘Evolution of Coastal Hazards Policies in the United States’ 7. J.C. Doornkamp (1998), ‘Coastal Flooding, Global Warming and Environmental Management’ 8. Russell S. Arthurton (1998), ‘Marine-related Physical Natural Hazards Affecting Coastal Megacities of the Asia-Pacific Region – Awareness and Mitigation,’ 9. Robert J. Nicholls and Stephen P. Leatherman (1996), ‘Adapting to Sea-Level Rise: Relative Sea-Level Trends to 2100 for the United States’ 10. Stephen P. Leatherman and Robert J. Nicholls (1995), ‘Accelerated Sea-Level Rise and Developing Countries: An Overview’ 11. Stephen J. Essex and Graham P. Brown (1997), ‘The Emergence of Post-Suburban Landscapes on the North Coast of New South Wales: A Case Study of Contested Space’ 12. Henning Karup (1999), ‘Fixed Link Projects in Denmark and Ecological Monitoring of the Øresund Fixed Link’ 13. Nguyen Hoang Tri, W.N. Adger and P.M. Kelly (1998), ‘Natural Resource Management in Mitigating Climate Impacts: The Example of Mangrove Restoration in Vietnam’ 14. Jonas Larsson, Carl Folke and Nils Kautsky (1994), ‘Ecological Limitations and Appropriation of Ecosystem Support by Shrimp Farming in Colombia’ PART III INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT 15. R.K. Turner, W.N. Adger, S. Crooks, I. Lorenzoni and L. Ledoux (1999), ‘Sustainable Coastal Resources Management: Principles and Practice’ 16. Blair T. Bower and R. Kerry Turner (1998), ‘Characterising and Analysing Benefits from Integrated Coastal Management (ICM)’ 17. Carl Gustaf Lundin and Olof Lindén (1993), ‘Coastal Ecosystems: Attempts to Manage a Threatened Resource’ 18. C.A. Davos (1998), ‘Sustaining Co-operation for Coastal Sustainability’ 19. Stephen Olsen, James Tobey and Meg Kerr (1997), ‘A Common Framework for Learning from ICM Experience’ 20. Timothy O’Riordan and Rosie Ward (1997), ‘Building Trust in Shoreline Management: Creating Participatory Consultation in Shoreline Management Plans’ PART IV VALUATION OF COASTAL RESOURCES 21. R. Kerry Turner and Jan Brooke (1988), ‘Management and Valuation of an Environmentally Sensitive Area: Norfolk Broadland, England, Case Study’ 22. Edward B. Barbier and Ivar Strand (1998), ‘Valuing Mangrove-Fishery Linkages: A Case Study of Campeche, Mexico’ 23. Stavros Georgiou, Ian J. Bateman, Ian H. Langford and Rosemary J. Day (2000), ‘Coastal Bathing Water Health Risks: Developing Means of Assessing the Adequacy of Proposals to Amend the 1976 EC Directive’ 24. John B. Loomis and Douglas M. Larson (1994), ‘Total Economic Values of Increasing Gray Whale Populations: Results from a Contingent Valuation Survey of Visitors and Households,’ 25. John C. Whitehead (1993), ‘Total Economic Values for Coastal and Marine Wildlife: Specification, Validity, and Valuation Issues’ 26. Amalia Moriki, Harry Coccossis and Michael Karydis (1996), ‘Multicriteria Evaluation in Coastal Management’ PART V REGIONAL SEAS 27. Janusz Kindler and Stephen F. Lintner (1993), ‘An Action Plan to Clean up the Baltic’ 28. Jörg Köhn (1998), ‘An Approach to Baltic Sea Sustainability’ 29. R. Kerry Turner, Stavros Georgiou, Ing-Marie Gren, Fredric Wulff, Scott Barrett, Tore Söderqvist, Ian J. Bateman, Carl Folke, Sindre Langaas, Tomasz Zylicz, Karl-Göran Mäler and Agnieszka Markowska (1999), ‘Managing Nutrient Fluxes and Pollution in the Baltic: An Interdisciplinary Simulation Study’ 30. V.M. Kotlyakov (1991), ‘The Aral Sea Basin: A Critical Environmental Zone’ 31. Kerstin Lindahl Kiessling (1998), ‘Conference on the Aral Sea – Women, Children, Health and Environment’ 32. A.R.D. Stebbing and R.I. Willows (1999), ‘Quality Status, Appropriate Monitoring and Legislation of the North Sea in Relation to its Assimilative Capacity’ 33. R.J. Nicholls and F.M.J. Hoozemans (1996), ‘The Mediterranean: Vulnerability to Coastal Implications of Climate Change’ Name Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisEcohydrology is an emerging new sub-discipline which links elements of ecology with hydrology at all points in the water cycle, ranging in scale from water-plant physiological relationships to whole catchment water-ecosystem processes. This book pays most attention to the larger scales of ecohydrology, emphasising the use of this tool in striving towards the goal of sustainable water management. Authors from Eastern as well as Western Europe; from America, Australia and South Africa, give a broad global context.Table of ContentsI: Preface 1: Linking Biological and Physical Processes at the River Basin Scale: the Origins, Scientific Background and Scope of Ecohydrology 2: Patterns and Processes in the Catchment 3: Nutrient Processes and Consequences 4: Lotic Vegetation Processes 5: Processes Influencing Aquatic Fauna 6: Ecohydrological Modelling for Managing Scarce Water Resources in a Groundwater-dominated Temperate System 7: The Benefits and Risks of Ecohydrological Models to Water Resource Management Decisions 8: Nutrient Budget Modelling for Lake and River Basin Restoration 9: Ecohydrology Driving a Tropical Savannah Ecosystem 10: The Mid-European Agricultural Landscape: Catchment-scale Links between Hydrology and Ecology in Mosaic Lakeland Regions 11: The Ecohydrological Approach as a Tool for Managing Water Quality in Large South American Rivers 12: Ecohydrological Analysis of Tropical River Basin Development Schemes in Africa 13: Ecohydrological Management of Impounded Large Rivers in the Former Soviet Union 14: Palaeohydrology: the Past as a Basis for Understanding the Present and Predicting the Future 15: Ecohydrology: Understanding the Present as a Perspective on the Future – Global Change

Read more less

Book SynopsisWhile addressing the issues of using groundwater in agriculture for irrigation in the developing world, this book discusses the problems associated with the degradation and overexploitation of using it. It explores the practiced and potential methods for its management in the context of agricultural development.Table of Contents1: The Agricultural Groundwater Revolution: Setting the stage Part 1: The Situation: Overview of Regional and Topical Issues 2: The Groundwater Economy of South Asia: An assessment of size, significance and socio-ecological impacts 3: The Development, Challenges and Management of Groundwater in Rural China 4: Rural economic transitions: groundwater use in the Middle East and its environmental consequences 5: Sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunistic Exploitation 6: Groundwater in Central America: Its Importance, Development and Use, with Particular Reference to its Role in Irrigated Agriculture Part 2: Current Management Paradigms 7: Community Management of Groundwater 8: Instruments and Institutions for Groundwater Management 9: When the Well Runs Dry but Livelihoods Continue: Adaptive Responses to Groundwater Depletion and Strategies for Mitigating the Associated Impacts Part 3: Case Studies and Innovative Experience 10: The Groundwater Recharge Movement in India 11: Energy-Irrigation Nexus in South Asia: Improving Groundwater Conservation and Power Sector Viability 12: To Adapt or Not to Adapt: The Dilemma between Long Term Resource Management and Short Term Livelihoods 13: Lessons from Intensive Groundwater Use in Spain: Economic and Social Benefits and Conflicts 14: Groundwater Management in the High Plains Aquifer in the US: Legal Problems and Innovations 15: Institutional Directions in Groundwater Management in Australia 16: Sharing Groundwater Information, Knowledge and Experience on a Worldwide Scale 17: Groundwater Use in a Global Perspective – Can it be Managed?

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis report contains the findings from a rapid biological assessment of the Grensgebergte and Kasikasima mountains of southeastern Suriname. Suriname is one of the last places on Earth where an opportunity still exists to conserve huge tracts of pristine, diverse tropical forests. This volume is part of a series of surveys in Suriname designed to support the protection of biodiversity and freshwater and other ecosystem services through collection of baseline biological and socioeconomic data. The researchers in southeastern Suriname investigated plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, insects, and water quality. Over one hundred new species were discovered, including fish, beetles, and katydids.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisSince 1996, The Hudson: An Illustrated Guide to the Living River has been an essential resource for understanding the full sweep of the great river's natural history and human heritage. This updated third edition includes the latest information about the ongoing fight against pollution and environmental damage to the river, plus vibrant new full-color illustrations showing the plants and wildlife that make this ecosystem so special. This volume gives a detailed account of the Hudson River’s history, including the geological forces that created it, the various peoples who have lived on its banks, and the great works of art it has inspired. It also showcases the many species making a home on this waterway, including the Atlantic sturgeon, the bald eagle, the invasive zebra mussel, and the herons of New York Harbor. Combining both scientific and historical perspectives, this book demonstrates why the Hudson and its valley have been so central to the environmental movement. As it charts the progress made towards restoring the river ecosystem and the effects of emerging threats like climate change, The Hudson identifies concrete ways that readers can help. To that end, royalties from the sale of this book will go to the non-profit environmental advocacy group Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, Inc.Trade Review"The breadth of topics covered in this book allows readers to make connections between local history, artistic expression, environmental conservation, and political action. The level of writing is accessible and straightforward, but also suggests further avenues of exploration and learning. This is a valuable resource for everyone from the novice to the river veteran." -- Chris Bowser * Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY *"Is there anything in nature as beguiling as a big river? The Mighty Hudson is sprawling, naturally murky, and marvelously mysterious—it would take many lifetimes on the water to discern its secrets. But helpful clarity is at hand, The Hudson: An Illustrated Guide to the Living River takes the reader on a descriptive and explanatory tour of this iconic waterway, from its source high in the Adirondacks to its melding with the Atlantic Ocean. Even if you are unable to dip your hands in its waters and experience the rhythms of its flow, you will in this volume begin to understand this living river." -- John Waldman * Queens College *"An essential resource for understanding the full sweep of the great river's natural history and human heritage. The revised volume gives a detailed account of the Hudson River's history, including the geological forces that created it, the species that inhabit it, the various peoples who have lived on its banks, and the great works of art it has inspired. Combining both scientific and historical perspectives, this book demonstrates why the Hudson and its valley have been so central to the environmental movement." * Chronogram *"The breadth of topics covered in this book allows readers to make connections between local history, artistic expression, environmental conservation, and political action. The level of writing is accessible and straightforward, but also suggests further avenues of exploration and learning. This is a valuable resource for everyone from the novice to the river veteran." -- Chris Bowser * Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY *"Is there anything in nature as beguiling as a big river? The Mighty Hudson is sprawling, naturally murky, and marvelously mysterious—it would take many lifetimes on the water to discern its secrets. But helpful clarity is at hand, The Hudson: An Illustrated Guide to the Living River takes the reader on a descriptive and explanatory tour of this iconic waterway, from its source high in the Adirondacks to its melding with the Atlantic Ocean. Even if you are unable to dip your hands in its waters and experience the rhythms of its flow, you will in this volume begin to understand this living river." -- John Waldman * Queens College *"An essential resource for understanding the full sweep of the great river's natural history and human heritage. The revised volume gives a detailed account of the Hudson River's history, including the geological forces that created it, the species that inhabit it, the various peoples who have lived on its banks, and the great works of art it has inspired. Combining both scientific and historical perspectives, this book demonstrates why the Hudson and its valley have been so central to the environmental movement." * Chronogram *Table of ContentsContents Preface Chapter 1: A Physical Overview of the Hudson Chapter 2: Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles in the Hudson Chapter 3: The Hudson's Habitats and Plant Communities Chapter 4: The Hudson's Invertebrate Animals Chapter 5: The Hudson's Fishes Chapter 6: The Hudson's Birds and Beasts Chapter 7: Exploration, Colonization, and Revolution Chapter 8: The Romantic River Chapter 9: Industrialization and the Transformation of the Landscape Chapter 10: Conservation and Environmentalism Chapter 11: Resolving River Conflicts Chapter 12: Is the Hudson Getting Cleaner? Chapter 13: Climate Change and the Hudson Afterword Sources and Suggested Readings Glossary Acknowledgments Index About the Authors

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book, entitled Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments: Volume 6 – Sedimentary DNA, provides an overview of the applications of sedimentary DNA-based approaches to paleolimnological studies. These approaches have shown considerable potential in providing information about the long-term changes of overall biodiversity in lakes and their watersheds in response to natural and anthropogenic changes, as well as tracking human migrations over the last thousands of years.Although the first studies investigating the preservation of these molecular proxies in sediments originate from the late-1990s, the number of scientific publications on this topic has increased greatly over the last five years. Alongside numerous ecological findings, several sedimentary DNA studies have been dedicated to understanding the reliability of this approach to reconstruct past ecosystem changes. Despite the major surge of interest, a comprehensive compilation of sedimentary DNA approaches and applications has yet to be attempted. The overall aim of this DPER volume is to fill this knowledge gap. Table of ContentsChapter 1. USING LAKE SEDIMENTARY DNA TO RECONSTRUCT BIODIVERSITY CHANGES.- Chapter 2. THE SOURCES AND FATES OF LAKE SEDIMENTARY DNA.- Chapter 3. THE SEDIMENTARY ANCIENT DNA WORKFLOW.- Chapter 4. BACTERIAL AND ARCHAEAL DNA FROM LAKE SEDIMENTS.- Chapter 5. CYANOBACTERIAL DNA FROM LAKE SEDIMENTS.- Chapter 6. PROTIST DNA FROM LAKE SEDIMENTS.- Chapter 7. DIATOM DNA FROM LAKE SEDIMENTS.- Chapter 8. AQUATIC VEGETATION DNA FROM LAKE SEDIMENTS.- Chapter 9. AQUATIC ANIMAL DNA FROM LAKE SEDIMENTS.- Chapter 10. TERRESTRIAL PLANT DNA FROM LAKE SEDIMENTS.- Chapter 11. TERRESTRIAL FAUNA AND HOMININ DNA FROM SEDIMENTARY ARCHIVES.- Chapter 12. AN OVERVIEW OF BIODIVERSITY AND NETWORK MODELING APPROACHES: APPLICATIONS TO SEDIMENTARY DNA RECORDS.- Chapter 13. PERSPECTIVES AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN SEDIMENTARY DNA RESEARCH.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWater is an important element for life on the earth. It is an essential natural resource for environmental sustenance. In India, water quality modeling studies are carried out from fresh water to marine water ecosystems. Some of the examples are Tehri reservoir, Chilka lake, Oatcake at Kashmir, Kodaikanal lake, Ooty lake at Tamil Nadu, rivers like Ganges, Narmada, Kaveri, and coastal regions like Hoogly estuary, Paradip, Vishakhapatnam, Kakinada, Chennai, Mangalore coast, Konkan coast and Gujarat coast. Water quality modeling plays a vital role in water quality studies. Numerical models are to be successfully calibrated and properly applied and it is to be improved our understanding of the complex interactions among different parameters such as temperature, biological oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and eutrophication in the fresh water and sea water environment.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Water Quality Modeling: Basics 3. Modeling: Processes and Development 4. Modeling: Applications 5. Modeling: Methodologies 6. Modeling: Rivers and Streams 7. Modeling: Coastal and Estuaries 8. Modeling: Lakes and Reservoirs 9. Modeling: Oceans and seas 10. Water Quality Modeling: BOD and DO 11. Salinity and Temperature Modeling 12. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Modeling 13. Eutrophication Modeling 14. Oil Spill Modeling 15. Tsunami Modeling 16. Littoral Drift modeling 17. An Ecohydrology Model 18. Commercially Available Models

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis​This book examines the impacts of radionuclides released from the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident on inland aquatic environments. The focus is on the dynamics of radiocesium in inland aquatic environments.The book comprises three parts: migration behavior of radiocesium in river and lake environment, accumulation of radiocesium into organisms in freshwater, and integrated environmental analysis in a lake system and a forest-freshwater system. Many studies on the dynamics of radionuclides have been published after the FDNPP accident, especially of radiocesium (134Cs 137Cs) in land and marine environment. The key features of this book are the new data of freshwater environment including transport of radionuclides in river and lake watershed, and accumulation of radiocesium in freshwater fishes and insects. Another feature of this book is that it summarizes the dataset of a model lake, Lake Akagi-Onuma, from geochemical and biological approaches.Readers will learn the actual dispersion behavior of radionuclides released from the Fukushima accident and their impacts on freshwater environments since the accident in 2011. The book presents valuable information for assessing the impacts of the FDNPP accident on ecosystem and human health, which are also useful in developing countermeasures for similar accidents and environmental contaminations.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction Seiya NAGAOChapter 2 Rivers and lake environment2.1 Migration behavior of radiocesium released from the Fukushima accident in Japanese river systems during four months after the accident Seiya NAGAO, Shinya OCHIAI 2.2 Spatial and temporal fluctuations of nuclear accident-derived 137Cs and 3H concentration in river waters in eastern Fukushima, Japan Shinji UEDA 2.3 Spatial and temporal changes of 137Cs concentrations in river waters and the relations with the radiocesium inventory in Fukushima and adjacent areas Shinya OCHIAI, Shinji UEDA, Hideki TSUJI, Seiya NAGAO 2.4 Radiocesium Dynamics in a Dam Lake after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident Hideki TSUJI 2.5 Record of income and outgo of radioactive cesium in lake Cyuzenji Seiichi NOHARA, Tetsuya YOKOTUKA, Isao KOBORI Chapter 3 Ecosystem 3.1 Annual changes of 137Cs concentrations in freshwater fishes Nobuyoshi ISHII 3.2　Radiocesium concentrations in brown trout in Lake Chuzenji after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident Tetsuya YOKOTUKA, Masahiro AKUTSU, Takatoshi TSUNAGAWA, Isao KOBORI, Seiichi NOHARA3.3A review of radioactive contamination in a freshwater ecosystem in Nikko area, Japan Mayumi YOSHIMURA, Akio AKAMA 3.5 Radiocesium concentrations in great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident Kyuma SUZUKI, Shun WATANABE, Hideki TANAKA, Masanobu MMORI, Kin-ichi TSUNODA 3.4 Variations in 134+137Cs radioactivity level of suspended particulate matter in streams and its respond to aquatic insect after FDNP accident Takeshi FUJINO, Sho SATO, Masaru SAKAI, and Takashi GomiChapter 4 Case study—Lake Akagi Onuma The dynamics of radiocesium in the lake ecosystem of lake Onuma on Mt. Akagi Shun WATANABE

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book summarizes the achievements and experience of the Yangtze River rehabilitation and protection, analyzes the new situation and requirements of the Yangtze River rehabilitation and protection, and discusses the main issues and their solution alternatives for the Yangtze River rehabilitation and protection efforts. The Yangtze River, respected as the mother river of the Chinese nation, contributes immensely toward the socioeconomic development of China and braces up the national strategies such as the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, etc. Whether the Yangtze River is under good stewardship has implications on not only the wellbeing of more than 400 million inhabitants in the basin, but also in broader sense the overall sustainability of socioeconomic development of the whole country. This book which has two parts, provides a multidirectional analysis of Yangtze River rehabilitation and protection. The first part explores the stages, achievements, and the future of the Yangtze rehabilitation and protection. Major issues existing in Yangtze River Basin rehabilitation and protection are discussed in the second part. Many pictures, charts, and diagrams are involved providing an understanding of the situation of Yangtze River Basin. Table of ContentsChapter 1. Importance of Yangtze River.- Chapter 2. Stages of Yangtze River Rehabilitation and Protection.- Chapter 3. Achievements in Rehabilitation and Protection.- Chapter 4. Situation Facing the Yangtze Rehabilitation and Protection in the New Era.- Chapter 5. Visions on Yangtze River Rehabilitation and Protection.- Chapter 6. Strategic Measures.- Chapter 7. Master Plan of the Yangtze River Basin.- Chapter 8. Change of River-lake Relation and the Regulation of Dongting and Poyang Lakes.- Chapter 9. Master Plan of the Yangtze River Basin.- Chapter 10. Joint Operation of the Group Reservoirs.- Chapter 11. Water Resources Protection.- Chapter 12. Major Scientific and Technological Research Subjects.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis contributed volume deals with the various aspects of freshwater microbiology including diverse habitats, associated microorganisms, their ecological interactions, and industrial applications. Freshwater ecosystems are dynamic natural resources, providing sources of potable water, food, animal habitats, and recreation. Perspectives of microbial dynamics in freshwater bodies, covered in this title, provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis of microbial ecology in these ecosystems. These microbes are at the hub of biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other elements). Moreover, they are an integral part of the aquatic food web and control the quality of freshwater bodies. Chapters in this title also discuss the issue of pollution in freshwater bodies and put forward available strategies for eco-friendly solutions. The book is a perfect documentation of primary and secondary data-based information on the latest research findings, case studies, experiences, and innovations in the field of freshwater microbiology. The book is of great use to students, researchers, and professionals studying aquatic sciences.Table of ContentsAttached

Read more less

Book SynopsisThough not traditionally thought of as key natural resource, glaciers are a crucial part of both our global ecosystem and the sustaining of life around the world. Comprising three quarters of the worlds fresh water, they freeze in the winter and melt in the summer, supplying water that is plentiful enough for agriculture and clean enough to drink. Without them, many of the planets rivers would run dry shortly after the winter snow-melt. In fact, a single mid-sized glacier in regions like California, Argentina, India, Kyrgyzstan, or Chile can provide an entire community with drinking water for generations. On the other hand, when global temperatures rise not only does glacier ice wither away into the oceans, but these massive ice bodies can become unstable and cause severe natural events like glacier tsunamis. But glaciers often exist well outside our environmental consciousness, and they are mostly unprotected from atmospheric impacts from transportation emissions, or from industrial tTrade Review... informative ... * Mark Carey, Nature *Taillant tracks both the science and politics of glaciers in this interesting book, keeping readers in suspense and hoping for a happy ending. Highly recommended. * R. M. Ferguson, CHOICE *Table of ContentsTable of Contents ; Acknowledgments ; How to Read this Book ; Introduction ; Chapter 1: Dynamiting Glaciers ; Chapter 2: What is a Glacier? ; Chapter 3: The Birth of Cryoactivism ; Chapter 4: Invisible Glaciers ; Chapter 5: The Barrick Veto ; Chapter 6: Life without Glaciers ; Chapter 7: Resurgence ; Chapter 8: Amazing Glacier Stuff ; Chapter 9: Implementation ; Chapter 10: The Human Right to Glaciers? ; Chapter 11: Final Words ; Annex: ; 1) The Argentine National Glacier Protection Law ; 2) Bibliography ; 3) About the Author

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less