Law: equity and trusts, foundations Books

Book SynopsisThe Italian Yearbook of Human Rights 2018 offers an up-to-date overview of the measures Italy has taken to adapt its legislation and policies to inter-national human rights law and to comply with commitments voluntarily assumed by the Italian Government at the international level on the sub-ject of fundamental rights. The 2018 Yearbook surveys the most significant activities of national and local Italian actors at domestic and international level, including civil society organisations and universities. It also dedicates space to recommendations made by international monitoring bodies within the framework of the United Nations, OSCE, the Council of Europe, and the European Union. Finally, the Yearbook provides a selection of in-ternational and national case-law that casts light on Italy''s position vis-à-vis internationally recognised human rights.Italy and Human Rights in 2017: Time to Restart is the title of the 2018 Year-book introduction. From this year onwards, the Yearbook will present an in-depth analysis on various human rights themes. This edition is dedicated to the state of implementation of Italy's Special Action Plan against Sexual and Gender-based Violence 2015.The Italian Agenda of Human Rights 2018 represents an updated orienta-tion tool with regards to the main initiatives to be undertaken on the leg-islative, infrastructural and policy-making fronts in order to strengthen the Italian system for promoting and protecting human rights.

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Book SynopsisThe Italian Yearbook of Human Rights 2019 offers an up-to-date overview of the measures Italy has taken to adapt its legislation and policies to international human rights law and to comply with commitments voluntarily assumed by the Italian Government at the international level on the subject of fundamental rights. The 2019 Yearbook surveys the most significant activities of national and local Italian actors at the domestic and international levels, including civil society organisations and universities. It also dedicates space to recommendations made by international monitoring bodies within the framework of the United Nations, OSCE, the Council of Europe, and the European Union. Finally, the Yearbook provides a selection of international and national case-law that casts light on Italy''s position vis-à-vis internationally recognised human rights.Italy and Human Rights in 2018: Does Omission Follow Inaction? is the title of the 2019 Yearbook introduction. The in-depth analysis on a human rights theme offered in this edition regards the implementation of the National Action Plan against Trafficking in Human Beings (20162018).As in the previous years, the Italian Agenda of Human Rights 2019 updates on the legislative, infrastructural and policy-making fronts where action is required to strengthen the Italian human rights system.

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Book SynopsisThe Italian Yearbook of Human Rights 2019 offers an up-to-date overview of the measures Italy has taken to adapt its legislation and policies to international human rights law and to comply with commitments voluntarily assumed by the Italian Government at the international level on the subject of fundamental rights. The 2019 Yearbook surveys the most significant activities of national and local Italian actors at the domestic and international levels, including civil society organisations and universities. It also dedicates space to recommendations made by international monitoring bodies within the framework of the United Nations, OSCE, the Council of Europe, and the European Union. Finally, the Yearbook provides a selection of international and national case-law that casts light on Italy''s position vis-à-vis internationally recognised human rights.Italy and Human Rights in 2018: Does Omission Follow Inaction? is the title of the 2019 Yearbook introduction. The in-depth analysis on a human rights theme offered in this edition regards the implementation of the National Action Plan against Trafficking in Human Beings (20162018).As in the previous years, the Italian Agenda of Human Rights 2019 updates on the legislative, infrastructural and policy-making fronts where action is required to strengthen the Italian human rights system.

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Book SynopsisThe Italian Yearbook of Human Rights 2020, marking the 10th edition of this publication, offers an up-to-date overview of the measures Italy has taken to adapt its legislation and policies to international human rights law and to comply with commitments voluntarily assumed by the Italian Government at the international level on the subject of fundamental rights. It surveys the most significant activities of national and local Italian actors at the domestic and international levels, including civil society organisations and universities. It also dedicates space to recommendations made by international monitoring bodies within the framework of the United Nations, OSCE, the Council of Europe, and the European Union. Finally, the Yearbook provides a selection of international and national case-law that casts light on Italy''s position vis-à-vis internationally recognised human rights.Italy and Human Rights in 2019: Back on Track? is the title of the 2020 Yearbook introduction. The in-depth analysis on a human rights theme offered in this edition concerns Italy's behaviour in the context of the Third Universal Periodic Review at the United Nations Human Rights Council.As in the previous years, the Italian Agenda of Human Rights 2020 updates on the legislative, infrastructural and policy-making fronts where action is required to strengthen the Italian human rights system.

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Book SynopsisThe book deals with the genesis, formation and development of two fundamental aspects of English Law, common law and equity. The common law laid down the rules governing cohabitation in communities and human rights. Equity was the offspring of natural law designed to prevent and remedy injustice resulting from unconscionable conduct. English law including both common law and equity was introduced in former British Colonies and dominions. In most of them it was retained after independence. This is the principal legacy of English colonization of countries. The introduction, application and retention of English law is reflected in Cyprus, a former British colony.Table of ContentsTable of English Cases; Table of Cyprus Cases; Preface; Chapter 1: Genesis of The Common Law Chapter 2: Introduction to The Common Law and its Application in Cyprus Chapter 3: Application and Development of The Common Law Chapter 4: Binding Precedent Chapter 5: Basic Principles of The Common Law Chapter 6: The Administration of Justice Chapter 7: Supplementary Reference to Principles of The Common Law Chapter 8: Overview of The Common Law Chapter 9: Origin and Principles of Equity Chapter 10: Instantiation of the Application of the Principles of Equity Chapter 11: Breach of Confidence Chapter 12: Undue Influence Chapter 13: Cause of Action and Issue Estoppel Chapter 14: Trusts Chapter 15: Duress Chapter 16: Specific Performance Chapter 17: Set Off Chapter 18: Equitable Assignment Chapter 19: Laches Chapter 20: Subrogation Chapter 21: Estoppel Chapter 22: Promissory Estoppel Chapter 23: Proprietary Estoppel Cyprus Chapter 24: Colonial Period Chapter 25: Independence Chapter 26: Application Of Common Law after Independence Chapter 27: Cyprus Case Law on the Applicability of the Principles of Equity after Independence Chapter 28: Epilogue Index Per Chapter.

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Book SynopsisIn The Investment Game in Private Equity, Mika Lehtimäki discusses the legal and contractual relationship between investors and managers of private equity funds as well as the economic incentives governing their relationship. Based on this analysis he sets out a game-theoretical framework for evaluating the role of regulation and contract in asset management. He argues that the contractual ‘investment game’ between the parties, noting their outcome maximisation objective, results in much of the current fund regulation being non-optimal from the investor perspective. This means that the parties are able to control, subject to qualifications relating to the bargaining process, their relationship and the protect their interests contractually instead of resorting to extensive regulation.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive legal and constitutional study of emergency powers from a comparative common law perspective. It is one of very few comparative studies on three jurisdictions and arguably the first one to explore in detail various emergency powers, statutory and common law, constitutional and statutory law, martial law and military acting-in-aid of civil authority, wartime and peacetime invocations, and several related and vital themes like judicial review of emergency powers (existence, scope and degree). The three jurisdictions compared here are: the pure implied common law model (employed by the UK), implied constitutional model (employed by the USA) and the explicit constitutional model (employed by India). The book’s content has important implications, as these three jurisdictions collectively cover the largest population within the common law world, and also provide maximum representative diversity. The book covers the various positions on external emergencies as opposed to internal emergencies, economic/financial emergencies, and emergent inroads being made into state autonomy by the central or federal governments, through use of powers like Article 356 of the Indian Constitution. By providing a detailed examination of the law and practice of emergency powers, the book shares a wealth of valuable insights. Specific sub-chapters address questions like – what is the true meaning of ‘martial law’; who can invoke ‘martial law’; when can it be invoked and suspended; what happens when the military is called in to aid civilian authorities; can martial law be deemed to exist or coexist when this happens; what are the limits on state powers when an economic emergency is declared; and, above all, can, and if so, when and how should courts judicially review emergency powers? These and several other questions are asked and answered in this study. Though several checks and constraints have been devised regarding the scope and extent of ‘emergency powers,’ these powers are still prone to misuse, as all vast powers are. A study of the legal propositions on this subject, especially from a comparative perspective, is valuable for any body politic that aspires to practice democracy, while also allowing constitutionally controlled aberrations to protect that democracy. Trade Review“Discerning readers will find the book’s combination of academic rigour, practical insight and considerable forthrightness worthy of commendation.” (The Commonwealth Lawyer, Vol. 31 (1), April, 2021)Table of ContentsChapter 1 – The Concept of Emergency Powers in History and Political Thought: Greek, Roman, and Indian paradigms I. Ideas Underlying the Concept of Emergency Powers II. The Greek Period III. The Roman Dictatorship i. Appointment of Dictators ii. Limitations of Time iii. Non-Derogable Areas iv. Other limitations v. Some additional effects of use of emergency powers vi. The decline of the dictatorship IV. Ancient and Medieval IndiaChapter 2 – Martial Law: A Comparative Analysis of the USA, the UK, and India I. IntroductionII. A Brief History of Martial LawIII. Martial Law in the United Statesi. Military Law, Military Government and Martial Lawii. Absolute and Qualified Martial Law & Preventive and Punitive Martial Lawiii. State of Insurrection and State of Wariv. Historical Instances of Use of Forcev. Is Martial Law Constitutional in USA?vi. Proclamation of Martial Lawa. Identity of Proclaimerb. Nature and Content of Proclamationsc. Necessity and Effect of Proclamationsvii. Permissible consequences of Martial Lawa. Exercise of powers in absence of trial of civilians by military tribunalsb. Trials of civilians by military tribunalsviii. Suspension of the writ of Habeas Corpusa. Martial Law and Suspension of Writ of Habeas Corpus differentiatedb. Who may suspend the writ?IV. Martial Law in Englandi. Historical Evolution and Significant Instances of Useii. Martial Law: Prerogative or Common Law?iii. Proclamations of Martial LawV. Martial Law in Indiai. Pre-Independence Judicial Opinionii. Post-Independence Judicial Opinioniii. Can Martial Law be proclaimed under article 34? An alternative view: Historical Analysis of article 34Chapter 3 – Military Acting in Aid of Civilian Authority I. IntroductionII. Use of Military in Situations not amounting to Martial Law in the United Statesi. The National Guardii. Some instances of use of the military in aid of civil authorityiii. Distinctions between martial law and use of military in aid of civil authorityiv. Principles governing liability of Guardsmen and Higher Officersa. General Principlesb. False arrest and imprisonmentc. Use of excessive forced. Immunity, if any?v. Judicial review of actions of Guard in other situationsvi. Use of force by the Federal Government: The Debs PrincipleIII. Military Acting in Aid of Civil Authority in UKi. Distinction between martial law and military acting in aid of civil authorityii. Historical evolution and current status of the civil decision to deploy militaryiii. Judicial review and some other issues IV. India: No direct comparative jurisprudence exists though some principles are summarizedChapter 4 – Judicial Independence and Economic Emergency with Special Focus on India I. IntroductionII. Economic Emergency under the Indian ConstitutionIII. Financial Independence of the Judiciaryi. Judicial Salaries and Judicial Independenceii. Judicial Salaries and the Question of Independence in the United StatesIV. Financial Independence of Judiciary under the Indian ConstitutionV. Judicial Review of Reduction of Judicial Salaries during an Economic Emergencyi. Colorable Exercise of Powerii. Fundamental Rights Violationiii. Judicial Review and Basic Structure Constitutionalism ConclusionChapter 5 – Emergency Powers in India I. Historical overview of Emergency Powers in Pre-Indepenent Indiai. Pre-British Indiaii. Company Rule: 1600-1857iii. Direct British Rule Prior to First World War: 1858-1914iv. First World War: 1914-18v. Inter War Years: 1919-39vi. Second World War and Independence: 1939-47 II. Emergency Powers in the Indian Constitutioni. Introductoryii. Travaux Preparatories Relating to Constitutional Provisionsiii. Changes in Emergency Provisions During and After 1975iv. Some legal aspects of Emergency Powersa. Proclamation of Emergencyb. Effects of Emergencyv. Post-Independence Emergenciesa. War Emergenciesb. The 1975 Peacetime Emergencyc. Detentionsd. The Press and Media III. President’s Rule: A Sui Generis Emergency Poweri. Introductoryii. Constituent Assembly Debates Relating to Article 355, 356, and 357iii. Post-Independence Changes in Article 355, 356, and 357iv. Some legal aspects of President’s Rule in Indiaa. Role and Status of President and Governor during an article 356 Proclamationb. Duration of Effects of Action under an article· 356 Proclamation· Violation of Constitutional Provisions relating to Parliamentary scrutinyc. Legality of suspension of Assemblyd. Judicial Review and Article 356· State of Rajasthan v. Union of India· S. R. Bommai v. Union of India Post Bommai Development

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