Laser physics Books

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Book SynopsisBeam is the story of the race to make the laser, the three intense years from the birth of the laser idea to its breakthrough demonstration in a California laboratory. The quest was a struggle against physics, established wisdom, and the establishment itself. In 1954, Charles Townes invented the laser''s microwave cousin, the maser. The next logical step was to extend the same physical principles to the shorter wavelengths of light, but the idea did not catch fire until October 1957, when Townes asked Gordon Gould about Gould''s research on using light to excite thallium atoms. Each took the idea and ran with it. The independent-minded Gould sought the fortune of an independent inventor; the professorial Townes sought the fame of scientific recognition. Townes enlisted the help of his brother-in-law, Arthur Schawlow, and got Bell Labs into the race. Gould turned his ideas into a patent borth ation and a million-dollar defense contract. They soon had company. Ali Javan, one of Townes''Trade ReviewHecht tells the story of the several competing laboratories that were attempting in the late 1950s to use the phenomenon of simulated emisson to produce a coherent and monochromatic light source. The story is interesting in its own right, both to physicists and engineers interested in the intellectual climate of the time and to the general public as an example of excitement and competition within the scientific community. * CHOICE *Table of ContentsPREFACE; PROLOGUE; DRAMATIS PERSONAE; SOURCES; BIBLIOGRAPHY; INDEX

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive guide to a new technology for enabling high-performance spectroscopy and laser sources Resonance Enhancement in Laser-Produced Plasmasoffers a guide to the most recent findings in the newly emerged field of resonance-enhanced high-order harmonic generation using the laser pulses propagating through the narrow and extended laser-produced plasma plumes. The authora noted expert in the fieldpresents an introduction and the theory that underpin the roles of resonances in harmonic generation. The book also contains a review of the most advanced methods of plasma harmonics generation at the conditions of coincidence of some harmonics, autoionizing states, and some ionic transitions possessing strong oscillator strengths. Comprehensive in scope, this text clearly demonstrates the importance of resonance-enhanced nonlinear optical effects leading to formation of efficient sources of coherent extreme ultraviolet radiation that can be practically apTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 High-Order Harmonic Studies of the Role of Resonances on the Temporal and Efficiency Characteristics of Converted Coherent Pulses: Different Approaches 1 1.1 Resonance Harmonic Generation in Gases:Theory and Experiment 1 1.2 Role of Resonances in Plasma Harmonic Experiments: Intensity and Temporal Characterization of Harmonics 9 References 13 2 Different Theoretical Approaches in Plasma HHG Studies at Resonance Conditions 17 2.1 Comparative Analysis of the High-Order Harmonic Generation in the Laser Ablation Plasmas Prepared on the Surfaces of Complex and Atomic Targets 18 2.2 Nonperturbative HHG in Indium Plasma: Theory of Resonant Recombination 22 2.2.1 Principles ofTheory 22 2.2.2 Discussion 24 2.2.3 Important Consequences 27 2.3 Simulation of Resonant High-Order Harmonic Generation in Three-Dimensional Fullerenelike System by Means of Multiconfigurational Time-Dependent Hartree–Fock Approach 29 2.3.1 Basics of the Nonlinear Optical Studies of Fullerenes 29 2.3.2 Simulations and Discussion 32 2.4 Endohedral Fullerenes: AWay to Control Resonant HHG 35 2.4.1 Theoretical Approach and Details of Computation 37 2.4.2 Results of Simulations and Discussion 39 References 43 3 Comparison of Resonance Harmonics: Experiment and Theory 47 3.1 Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Two-Color Pump Resonance-Induced Enhancement of Odd and Even Harmonics from a Tin Plasma 47 3.1.1 Experimental Studies 48 3.1.2 Theoretical Approach 52 3.2 Comparative Studies of Resonance Enhancement of Harmonic Radiation in Indium Plasma Using Multicycle and Few-Cycle Pulses 58 3.2.1 Introduction 58 3.2.2 Indium Emission Spectra in the Cases of 40 and 3.5 fs Driving Pulses 60 3.2.3 Testing the Indium Emission Spectra Obtained Using 3.5 fs Pulses 64 3.2.4 Theoretical Consideration of the Microscopic Response 67 3.2.5 Experimental Studies of Harmonic Yield on the CEP of Laser Pulse 70 3.2.6 Discussion 73 3.3 Indium Plasma in the Single- and Two-Color Near-Infrared Fields:Enhancement of Tunable Harmonics 76 3.3.1 Description of Problem 76 3.3.2 Experimental Arrangements for HHG in Indium Plasma Using Tunable NIR Pulses 77 3.3.3 Experimental Studies of the Resonance Enhancement of NIR-Induced Harmonics in the Indium Plasma 80 3.3.4 Theory of the Process 86 3.3.5 Discussion and Comparison ofTheory and Experiment 91 3.4 Resonance Enhancement of Harmonics in Laser-Produced Zn II and Zn III Containing Plasmas Using Tunable Near-Infrared Pulses 95 3.4.1 Single- and Two-Color Pumps of Zinc Plasma 95 3.4.2 Modification of Harmonic Spectra at Excitation of Neutrals and Doubly Charged Ions of Zn 97 3.4.3 Peculiarities of HHG in Zinc Plasma Using Tunable Pulses 100 3.5 Application of Tunable NIR Radiation for Resonance Enhancement of Harmonics in Tin, Antimony, and Chromium Plasmas 105 3.5.1 Experimental Results 105 3.5.2 Theoretical Analysis of Resonance-Enhanced Harmonic Spectra from Sn, Sb, and Cr Plasmas 113 3.5.3 Discussion 118 3.6 Model of Resonant High Harmonic Generation in Multi-Electron Systems 120 3.6.1 Theory 121 3.6.2 Calculations 127 3.6.3 Experiment 131 References 134 4 Resonance Enhancement of Harmonics in Metal-Ablated Plasmas: Early Studies 139 4.1 Indium Plasma: Ideal Source for Strong Single Enhanced Harmonic 139 4.1.1 Strong Resonance Enhancement of Single Harmonic Generated in Extreme Ultraviolet Range 139 4.1.2 Chirp-Induced Enhancement of Harmonic Generation from Indium-Containing Plasmas 143 4.1.2.1 Preparation of the Optimal Plasmas 145 4.1.2.2 Optimization of High Harmonic Generation 148 4.1.2.3 Chirp Control 150 4.1.2.4 Discussion 152 4.2 Harmonic Generation from Different Metal Plasmas 158 4.2.1 Chromium Plasma: Sample for Enhancement and Suppression of Harmonics 158 4.2.2 Studies of Resonance-Induced Single Harmonic Enhancement in Manganese, Tin, Antimony, and Chromium Plasmas 161 4.2.2.1 Manganese Plasma 162 4.2.2.2 Chromium Plasma 164 4.2.2.3 Antimony Plasma 167 4.2.2.4 Tin Plasma 169 4.2.2.5 Discussion of Harmonic Enhancement 170 4.2.3 Enhancement of High Harmonics from Plasmas Using Two-Color Pump and Chirp Variation of 1 kHz Ti:Sapphire Laser Pulses 172 4.2.3.1 Advances in Using High Pulse Repetition Source for HHG in Plasmas 172 4.2.3.2 Comparison of Plasmas Allowing Generation of Featureless and Resonance-Enhanced HHG Spectra 173 4.2.3.3 Discussion 179 4.3 Peculiarities of Resonant and Nonresonant Harmonics Generating in Laser-Produced Plasmas 181 4.3.1 Spatial Coherence Measurements of Nonresonant and Resonant High-Order Harmonics Generated in Different Plasmas 181 4.3.1.1 Introduction 181 4.3.1.2 Measurements of the Spatial Coherence of Harmonics 182 4.3.2 Demonstration of the 101st Harmonic Generation from Laser-Produced Manganese Plasma 188 4.3.2.1 Low Cutoffs from Plasma Harmonics 188 4.3.2.2 Experimental Arrangements and Initial Research 189 4.3.2.3 Analysis of Cutoff Extension 193 4.3.3 Isolated Subfemtosecond XUV Pulse Generation in Mn Plasma Ablation 198 4.3.3.1 Application of a Few-Cycle Pulses for Harmonic Generation in Plasmas: Experiments with Manganese Plasma 198 4.3.3.2 Theoretical Calculations and Discussion 202 References 207 5 Resonance Processes in Ablated Semiconductors 213 5.1 High-Order Harmonic Generation During Propagation of Femtosecond PulsesThrough the Laser-Produced Plasmas of Semiconductors 215 5.1.1 Optimization of HHG 215 5.1.2 Resonance-Induced Enhancement of Harmonics 217 5.1.3 Two-Color Pump 219 5.1.4 Quasi-Phase-Matching 221 5.1.5 Properties of Semiconductor Plasmas 224 5.1.6 Harmonic Cutoffs 225 5.2 27th Harmonic Enhancement by Controlling the Chirp of the Driving Laser Pulse During High-Order Harmonic Generation in GaAs and Te Plasmas 226 5.2.1 Optimization of HHG in GaAs Plasma 227 5.2.2 Variation of the Chirp of Femtosecond Pulses 230 5.2.3 Observation of Single-Harmonic Enhancement Due to Quasi-Resonance with the Tellurium Ion Transition at 29.44 nm 233 5.3 Resonance Enhanced Twenty-First Harmonic Generation in the Laser-Ablation Antimony Plume at 37.67 nm 236 References 239 6 Resonance Processes at Different Conditions of Harmonic Generation in Laser-Produced Plasmas 241 6.1 Application of Picosecond Pulses for HHG 241 6.1.1 High-Order Harmonic Generation of Picosecond Laser Radiation in Carbon-Containing Plasmas 242 6.1.1.1 Experimental Arrangements and Results 242 6.1.1.2 Discussion 250 6.1.2 Resonance Enhancement of the 11th Harmonic of 1064 nm Picosecond Radiation Generating in the Lead Plasma 252 6.1.2.1 Analysis of Resonantly Enhanced 11th Harmonic 253 6.1.2.2 Variation of Resonance Enhancement by Insertion of Gases 258 6.2 Size-Related Resonance Processes Influencing Harmonic Generation in Plasmas 261 6.2.1 Resonance-Enhanced Harmonic Generation in Nanoparticle-Containing Plasmas 261 6.2.1.1 Experimental Arrangements 262 6.2.1.2 In2O3 Nanoparticles 264 6.2.1.3 Mn2O3 Nanoparticles 267 6.2.1.4 Sn Nanoparticles 269 6.2.1.5 Discussion 270 6.2.2 High-Order Harmonic Generation from Fullerenes 271 References 276 7 Comparison of the Resonance-, Nanoparticle-, and Quasi-Phase-Matching-Induced Processes Leading to the Growth of High-Order Harmonic Yield 281 7.1 Introduction 281 7.2 Quasi-Phase-Matched High-Order Harmonic Generation in Laser-Produced Plasmas 283 7.2.1 Experimental Arrangements 284 7.2.2 Experimental Observations of QPM 286 7.2.3 Modeling HHG in Plasma Plumes 290 7.2.4 Discussion and Comparison of Theory and Experiment 296 7.2.4.1 Scenario 1 297 7.2.4.2 Scenario 2 297 7.3 Influence of a Few-Atomic Silver Molecules on the High-Order Harmonic Generation in the Laser-Produced Plasmas 299 7.3.1 Introduction 299 7.3.2 Experimental Setup 300 7.3.3 Harmonic Generation and Morphology of Ablated Materials 301 7.3.4 Discussion 306 7.4 Controlling Single Harmonic Enhancement in Laser-Produced Plasmas 310 7.4.1 On the Method of Harmonic Enhancement 310 7.4.2 Experimental Conditions for Observation of the Control of Harmonic Enhancement 311 7.4.3 Featureless and Resonance-Enhanced Harmonic Distributions 312 7.4.4 Comparison of Plasma and Harmonic Spectra in the LPPs Allowing Generation of Resonantly Enhanced Harmonics 316 7.4.4.1 Zinc Plasma 317 7.4.4.2 Antimony Plasma 319 7.4.4.3 Cadmium Plasma 320 7.4.4.4 Indium Plasma 320 7.4.4.5 Manganese Plasma 321 7.4.5 Basics of AlternativeModel of Enhancement 322 7.5 Comparison of Micro- and Macroprocesses during the High-Order Harmonic Generation in Laser-Produced Plasma 322 7.5.1 Basic Principles of Comparison 322 7.5.2 Results of Comparative Experiments 324 7.5.3 Discussion of Comparative Experiments 333 References 335 Summary 339 Index 347

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Book Synopsis1. The Dilemma.- 2. Ultrashort Laser Pulses.- 3. Nonlinear Optics.- 4. The Autocorrelation, the Spectrum, and Phase Retrieval.- 5. FROG.- 6. FROG Beam Geometries.- 7. Geometrical Issues: Single-shot FROG.- 8. The FROG Algorithm.- 9. Noise: Its Effects and Suppression.- 10. Practical Issues, Marginals, Error Checks, and Error Correction.- 11. Improvisation in FROG.- 12. Very Simple FROG Apparatus: GRENOUILLE.- 13. Ultraviolet and High-Power Pulse Measurement.- 14. FROG in the Single-Cycle Regime.- 15. FROG Characterization of Complex Pulses.- 16. XFROGCross-correlation Frequency-resolved Optical Gating.- 17. Measuring Extremely Complex Pulses.- 18. Non-instantaneous Nonlinearities.- 19. Fiber-FROG.- 20. Blind FROG.- 21. Principal Component Generalized Projections FROG Algorithm.- 22. Measuring Ultraweak Pulses: TADPOLE.- 23. Measuring Ultrafast Polarization Dynamics: POLLIWOG.- 24. Multi-pulse Interferometric FROG.- 25. The Future of Pulse Measurement.Table of ContentsAuthors and Contributors. Read Me! (Preface). 1. The Dilemma. 2. Ultrashort Laser Pulses. 3. Nonlinear Optics. 4. The Autocorrelation, the Spectrum and Phase Retrieval. 5. FROG. 6. FROG Beam Geometries. 7. Geometrical Issues: Single-shot FROG. 8. The FROG Algorithm. 9. Noise: Its Effects and Suppression. 10. Practical Issues, Marginals, Error Checks, and Error Correction. 11. Improvisation in FROG. 12. Very Simple FROG Apparatus: GRENOUILLE. 13. Ultraviolet and High-Power Pulse Measurement. 14. FROG in the Single-Cycle Regime. 15. FROG Characterization of Pulses with Complex Intensity and Phase. 16. XFROG - Cross-correlation frequency-resolved optical gating. 17. Measuring extremely complex pulses. 18. Non-instantaneous Nonlinearities. 19. Fiber-FROG. 20. Measuring Two Pulses Simultaneously: Blind FROG. 21. Principal Component Generalized Projections FROG Algorithm. 22. Measuring Ultraweak Pulses: TADPOLE. 23. Measuring Ultrafast Polarization Dynamics: POLLIWOG. 24. Multi-pulse Interferometric FROG. 25. The Future of Pulse Measurement: New Dilemmas. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis cross-disciplinary title features contributions by key-note specialists from Europe, Israel and the United States. It deals with the rapidly growing area of microwave photonics, and includes an extended study of the interactions between optical signals and microwave and millimetre-wave electrical signals for broadband applications. Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. General introduction. 1: Microwave photonics components. 1. Introduction. 2. Fast lasers sources. 2.1. Fast lasers sources; F. Deborgies. 2.2. Tunable/selectable sources; F. Brillouet. 2.3. Transverse mode, patterns and polarization behavior in VCSELs; J.G. McInerney. 2.4. Mode locked microchip lasers for the generation of low noise millimeter wave carriers; P.R. Herczfeld. 3. Semiconductors optical amplifiers; J.C. Simon. 4. Fast Modulators. 4.1. Fast modulators; M. Varasi. 4.2. Electroabsorption modulators and photo-oscillators for conversion of optics to millimeterwaves; C. Minot. 5. High speed photodetection. 5.1. Microwave optical interaction devices; D. Jager. 5.2. The GaAs MESFET as an optical detector; A. Madjar, et al. 5.3. HBT phototransistors as an optic/millimetre-wave converter. Part I: The device 100; C. Gonzalez. 5.4. HBT phototransistor as an optical millimeter wave converter. Part II: Simulation; C. Rumelhard, et al. 6. References. 2: Electronics for optics: integrated circuits. 1. Introduction. 2. Electronics for optics: introduction to MMICs; I. Darwazeh. 3. High speed ICs for optoelectronic modules; R. Lefevre. 4. High efficiency optical transmitter and receiver modules using integrated MMIC impedance matching and low noise 50.0 amplifier; M. Schaller, et al. 5. References. 3: Modeling methods for optoelectronics. 1. Introduction. 2. Foundations for integrated optics modeling; I. Montrosset, G. Perrone. 3. Tools for microwave-optic co-simulation; D. Breuer, et al. 4. The TLM method - Application to the microwaves and optics; F. Ndagijimana, et al. 5. References. 4 : Microwave - photonics systems. 1. Introduction. 2. Microwave optical links. 2.1. Analog optical links: models, measures and limits of performances; C.H. Cox, III. 2.2. Optoelectronic and optical devices for applications to microwave systems; P. Richin, D. Mongardien. 3. Telecommunication systems. 3.1. Microwave and millimeter-wave photonics for telecommunications; D. Wake. 3.2. Fibre supported MM-wave systems; P. Lane. 3.3. Optics and microwaves in telecommunications networks, today and in the future; M. Joindot. 4. Wireless systems; J.F. Cadiou, et al. 4.2. Broadband access networks: the opportunities of wireless; G. Kalbe. 5. Antenna - Beam fonning. 5.1. Planar antenna technology for microwave-optical interactions; Y. Qian, et al. 5.2. Antenna applications of RF photonics; J.J. Lee. 5.3. Microwave/photonic feed networks for phased array antenna systems; R.A. Sparks. 5.4. Photonics and phased array antennas; J. Chazelas, D. Dolfi. 6. Phase noise degradation in nonlinear fiber optic links distribution networks for communication satellites; A.S. Daryoush. 7. References. 5: All optical processing of microwave functions. 1. Introduction. 2. Photonic base microwave functions. 2.1. Microwave

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Book SynopsisFibre-to-the-Home networks constitute a fundamental telecom segment with the required potential to match the huge capacity of transport networks with the new user communication demands.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Contributors. Abbrevations. List of Figures. List of Tables. References. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Organization of the Document. 2 Architecture of Future Access Networks. 2.1 Multiplexing level. 2.2 WDM – Passive Optical Network. 2.2.1 Wavelength allocation strategies. 2.2.2 Dynamic network reconfiguration using flexible WDM. 2.2.3 Static WDM PONs. 2.2.4 Wavelength routed PON. 2.2.5 Reconfigurable WDM PONs. 2.2.6 Wavelength broadcast-and-select access network. 2.2.7 Wavelength routing access network. 2.3 Geographical, optical and virtual topologies: star, tree, bus, ring and combined. 2.3.1 Tree topology. 2.3.2 Bus topology. 2.3.3 Ring topology. 2.3.4 Tree with redundant trunk. 2.3.5 Arrayed Waveguide Grating based single hop WDM/TDM PON. 2.4 Compatibility with Radio applications UWB, UMTS, WiFi. 2.5 Radio-over-Fibre. 2.6 Next Generation G/E-PON standards development process. 2.6.1 Development of 10G EPON. 2.6.2 Next generation GPON systems. 2.6.3 Summary. 3 Components for Future Access Networks. 3.1 Tuneable Optical Network Unit. 3.2 Fast-tunable laser at the Optical Line Terminal. 3.3 Arrayed Waveguide Gratings. 3.3.1 Wavelength router functionality.3.3.2 Applications in access networks.3.3.3 Arrayed Waveguide Grating characterization.3.4 Reflective receivers and modulators. 3.4.1 Electroabsorption Modulator. 3.4.2 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers. 3.4.3 Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier. 3.4.4 Erbium Doped Waveguide Amplifiers and integration with RSOA and REAM for high performance colourless ONT. 4 Enhanced Transmission Techniques. 4.1 Advanced functionalities in Ethernet PONs. 4.1.1 Wavelength conversion. 4.1.2 Tolerance to wavelength conversion range. 4.2 Bidirectional single fibre transmission with colourless Optical Network Unit. 4.2.1 Remodulation by using Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers. 4.2.2 Fabry Perot InjectionLocking with high bandwidth and low optical power for locking. 4.2.3 Characterization of Rayleigh Backscattering. 4.2.4 Strategies to mitigate Rayleigh Backscattering. 4.2.5 ASK-ASK configuration using time division multiplexing. 4.2.6 FSK-ASK configuration using modulation format multiplexing. 4.2.7 Subcarrier Multiplexing by electrical frequency multiplexing. 4.2.8 Rayleigh Scattering Reduction by means of Optical Frequency Dithering. 4.3 Spectral slicing. 4.4 Alternative modulation formats to NRZ ASK. 4.5 Bidirectional Very high rate DSL transmission over PON. 4.5.1 Heterodyning systems. 4.5.2 Optical frequency multiplying systems. 4.5.3 Coherent systems. 4.6 Active and remotely-pumped optical amplification. 4.6.1 Burst traffic. 4.6.2 Raman amplification in Ethernet PONs. 4.6.3 Remote powering. 4.7 Variable splitter, variable multiplexer. 5 Network Protection. 5.1 Definitions. 5.2 Protection schemes. 5.2.1 Standard schemes. 5.2.2 Novel schemes. 5.3 Reliability performance evaluation. 5.3.1 Reliability requirements and reliability data. 5.3.2 Reliability models. 5.3.3 Results. 5.3.4 Power supply. 5.4 Conclusions. 6 Traffic Studies. 6.1 Dynamic Bandwith Allocation, QoS and priorization in TDMA PONs. 6.1.1 Implementation of a Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation mechanism. 6.1.2 Definition and state of art. 6.1.3 Migration toward a dynamic bandwidth allocated BPON and selection criteria. 6.2 WDMA/TDMA Medium Access Control. 6.2.1 Access Protocol for Arrayed Waveguide Grating based TDMA/WDMA PONs for Metropolitan Area Networks. 6.2.2 Geographical Bandwidth Allocation. 6.3 Access Protocols for WDM Rings with QoS Support. 6.3.1 Analytical Model. 6.3.2 Numerical Results. 6.3.3 Access Protocol Supporting QoS Differentiated Services. 6.3.4 Performance Study. 6.3.5 Summary. 6.4 Efficient Support for Multicast and Peer-to-peer traffic. 6.4.1 Multicast Traffic.6.4.2 Peer-to-Peer Traffic. 7 Metro-Access Convergence.

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Book SynopsisTerahertz Radiation.- Generation and Detection of THz Waves.- THz Spectroscopy and Imaging.- THz Wave Interaction with Materials.- THz Air Photonics.- THz Wave 3D Imaging and Tomography.- THz Wave Near-Field Imaging.- THz Technology in Nondestructive Evaluation.- THz Technology in Security Checks.- THz Technology in Bio and Medical Applications.Table of ContentsTerahertz Radiation.- Generation and Detection of THz Waves.- THz Spectroscopy and Imaging.- THz Wave Interaction with Materials.- THz Air Photonics.- THz Wave 3D Imaging and Tomography.- THz Wave Near-Field Imaging.- THz Technology in Nondestructive Evaluation.- THz Technology in Security Checks.- THz Technology in Bio and Medical Applications.

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Book SynopsisPlanetary Nebulae and How to Observe Them is for amateur astronomers who want to go beyond the Messier objects, concentrating on one of the most beautiful classes of astronomical objects in the sky.Planetary nebulae are not visible to the naked eye, but they are a fascinating group of telescope objects. This guide enables a user equipped with an average-sized amateur telescope to get the best out of observing them. Topics covered include their astrophysical make-up, history of their discovery, classification and description, telescopes to use, filters, and observing techniques - in short everything anyone would need to know to successfully observe planetary nebulae.The book describes the various forms these astronomical objects can take and explains why they are favorite targets for amateur observers. Descriptions of over 100 nebulae personally observed by the author using telescopes of various sizes are included in the book. Readers can create their own obseTrade ReviewFrom the reviews:“This is a welcome addition to the literature … . chapters discuss the history, discovery, and evolution of planetary nebulae. … these are well written and give a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the current ideas on planetary-nebula formation. … descriptions are largely accurate and the photographs have generally reproduced well. … A useful and comprehensive list of further reading covering many aspects of planetary nebulae is included … . this is a useful guide to observing these ‘butterflies’ of the night sky … .” (Stewart Moore, The Observatory, Vol. 132 (1231), December, 2012)“This book follows the standard pattern of the ‘… and how to Observe Them’ series with a brief section on the discovery of planetary nebulae followed by a section on how they form. … The book contains two chapters on observing techniques. … The book ends with a bibliography that is fairly extensive … . Planetary nebulae are some of the most popular objects that deep sky observers look for so … this is a decent first guide to observing these fascinating objects.” (Owen Brazell, Astronomy Now, August, 2012)Table of ContentsPart 1: What are Planetary Nebulae?.- Classification and Data.- Part 2: Telescopes and Techniques.- Photography Planetary Nebulae.- Observers' Guide.

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Book SynopsisThe book concentrates on the knowledge needed to understand how small(ish) optical telescopes function, their main designs and how to set them up, plus introducing the reader to the many ways in which objects in the sky change their positions and how they may be observed.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the third edition:“Telescopes And Techniques is a book that would be helpful for every new telescope owner, and of interest to also more seasoned amateur astronomers, but it will be a real gem for students just starting to learn about observational astronomy. … Kitchin’s ‘Telescopes And Techniques’ bridges the gap between being a textbook of practical astronomy and a handbook of telescope maintenance and use. … a very informative and well structured book that will definitely be consulted even after having been read the first time.” (Kadri Tinn, AstroMadness.com, January, 2014)Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition.- Preface to the Second Edition.- Preface to the Third Edition.- Part I: Telescopes.- Chapter 1: Types of Telescopes.- Chapter 2: Telescope Optics.- Chapter 3: Modern Small Telescope Design.- Part II: Positions and Motions.- Chapter 4: Positions in the Sky.- Chapter 5: Movements of Objects in the Sky.- Chapter 6: Telescope Mountings.- Part III: Observing.- Chapter 7: Electromagnetic Radiation.- Chapter 8: Visual Observing.- Chapter 9: Detectors and Imaging.- Chapter 10: Data Processing.- Chapter 11: Photometry.- Chapter 12: Spectroscopy.- Appendix A: For Further Reading.- Appendix B: Constellations.- Appendix C: Answers to Exercises.- Appendix D: SI and Other Units.- Appendix E: The Greek Alphabet.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents and reviews research in the field of optics, including multi-wavelength semiconductor laser diodes; in-line hologram reconstruction; photoacoustic spectroscopy of NO2; chemical oxygen iodine laser; optical superlattices and chalcones.

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers the latest research from around the globe on the subject of lasers and optics research. Topics discussed include micro-nano patterning; computer vision by laser metrology and algorithms of artificial intelligence; dynamic alignment of molecules in intense laser fields; laser ablation and laser cleaning for cultural heritage.

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers the latest research from around the globe on the subject of lasers and optics research. Topics discussed include an overview of optical sensors and their applications; integrated optics on silicon; the mechanical characterisation of bio-tissues with optical techniques and high-speed optical modulators and photonic sideband management.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes certain fundamentals of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and the experimental results obtained from ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectra induced by laser ablation of a graphite target. The characteristics of the spectral emission intensities from the different species have been investigated as functions of the ambient pressure, laser irradiance, delay time and distance from the target. Excitation, vibrational and rotational temperatures, as well as ionisation degree and electron number density for some species were estimated. Time-gated spectroscopic studies have allowed estimation of time-of-flight (TOF) and propagation velocities for various emission species.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents current research in the study of optics, with a particular focus on sensors and fibres. Topics discussed include optical current sensors; evanescent field tapered fibre optic biosensors; new challenges in raman amplification for fibre communication systems; fibre bragg gratings in high birefringence optical fibres and optics research applied to the turin shroud.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers the latest research from around the globe on the subject of lasers and optics research. Topics discussed include advanced CO2 laser-induced plasma processing; excimer laser annealing of dielectrics with ion-synthesized metal nanoparticles; ultra-short pulse laser on hole drilling; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and its applications in mineral and pollution analyses; high power optical coatings; lasers in implant dentistry; Q-switched laser applications and electromagnetically induced transparency in optical frequency metrology.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the general properties of the most popular liquid crystal (LC) phases nematics (Ns) and smectics (Ss), and in addition, is directed to fill in a niche of the LC field. This book covers topics ranging from the types and classifications of liquid crystals to a detail description of the fundamental properties of nematics and smectics, including continuum theory, non-linearity, behaviour in electric field, surface alignment, phase transitions, defect and textures and provides a useful reference intended for advanced topics of the physics of liquid crystals.

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Book SynopsisNon-linear optical phenomena have been widely investigated and well understood since the invention of the Laser. Lots of applications of the non-linear optical phenomena have always been advanced in various fields, such as, optical information storage, all-light computing, optical switch, optical limiters, micro-nano-fabrication, etc., Non-linear optics has been developed into a subfield of optics, and there is no indication that either the developments of non-linear optics or its applications are slowing down. In non-linear optics, the characterisation and measurement techniques of the non-linear index are critical for understanding the non-linear physical process and developing new applications. In this book, different optical non-linearity characterisation and measurement methods are introduced and non-linear problems are discussed theoretically. This book is invaluable to advanced undergraduates, graduate students and researchers working in the fields of physics, materials, and chemistry.

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Book SynopsisThe goal of the book is to present the high-power high-frequency pulse periodic laser systems, which in the nearest time will find a lot of applications in the field of ecology, machinery, space engineering, nuclear technologies and many others. A laser-plasma generator of multiply charged ions produces a large number of heavy ions in the regime of short periodic pulses, which is needed for ion accelerators operating in the pulse periodic regime. The source of this type is also promising for effective use in the field of heavy-ion fusion, brittle materials figure cutting, oil films elimination from the water surface and so on. This book has considered, in details, a new approach to the problem of a laser jet engine creation, which is based on the resonance merging of shock waves generated by an optical pulsating discharge, produced by such a laser. To obtain an optical pulsating discharge, the authors suggested the usage of high-power pulse-periodic laser radiation, which can be generated by wide aperture carbon dioxide, chemical and mono-module disk type solid-state laser systems. Future developments of the disk laser technology as the most effective and scalable to the level of many hundreds of kW as well are under consideration in the book.

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Book SynopsisThe first chapter of this compilation on optoelectronics research provides the full, exciting story of integrated silicon light-emitting devices (Si-LEDs). Silicon is currently the most important semiconductor material. The book continues by discussing surpamolecular polymer semiconductors toward organic mechatronics; elastico-mechanoluminescent materials; and nonlinear and fluctuation phenomenaunder conditions of strong selective reflection in inclined geometry.

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers the latest research from around the globe on the subject of lasers and optics research. Topics discussed include optical imaging applications for the study of cultural heritage artefacts; laser induced transfer of organic materials; scanning probe microscopies of semiconductor and semi-magnetic nanocrystals; controlling the properties of semiconductor quantum dots; spatial and temporal soliton pulse generation by transmission of chaotic signals using fibre optic links; analysis of optical ring resonator; and clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of retro bulbar neuritis.

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Book SynopsisLaser technologies offer multiple benefits in the synthesis and characterisation of nanomaterials. A guide for experienced practitioners and those new to the field in laser-based techniques.

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Book SynopsisUltrafast science has long been limited to the investigation of molecular processes. Over the past 10 years investigation of ultrafast processes has expanded to material science, including aspects relevant to the solid-state such as excitation of electrons in band structures and collective phonon excitation. Specific probes for electronic and structural reorganization, such as X-ray diffraction and ARPES, have been advanced. Furthermore, experimental techniques including XFEL science, THz science and various pump–probe methods, as well as the theoretical understanding of ultrafast, out-of-equilibrium and multiscale processes driven by light or THz excitation, have seen rapid development. This volume brings together a complementarity of internationally-leading experimental material scientists and theoreticians in this field to explore and exchange their ideas about the key aspects of ultrafast science, designing new ways to control materials and understanding transformation processes. The topics covered include: Material science: ultrafast transformation, electron-phonon coupling, multi-scale aspects Theory of out of equilibrium light-induced phenomena Optical excitation processes THz and laser field excitation processes Table of ContentsMaterial science: ultrafast transformation, electron-phonon coupling, multi-scale aspects;Theory of out of equilibrium light-induced phenomena;Optical excitation processes;THz and laser field excitation processes

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Book SynopsisThe informal style of Laser Material Processing (4th Edition) will guide you smoothly from the basics of laser physics to the detailed treatment of all the major materials processing techniques for which lasers are now essential. • Helps you to understand how the laser works and to decide which laser is best for your purposes. • New chapters on laser physics, drilling, micro- and nanomanufacturing and biomedical laser processing reflect the changes in the field since the last edition, updating and completing the range of practical knowledge about the processes possible with lasers already familiar to established users of this well-known text. • Provides a firm grounding in the safety aspects of laser use. • Now with end-of-chapter exercises to help students assimilate information as they learn. • The authors’ lively presentation is supported by a number of original cartoons by Patrick Wright and Noel Ford which will bring a smile to your face and ease the learning process.Table of ContentsPrologue.- Background to Laser Design and General Applications.- Basic Laser Optics.- Laser Cutting, Drilling and Piercing.- Laser Welding.- Theory, Mathematical Modelling and Simulation.- Laser Surface Treatment.- Rapid Prototyping and Low-volume Manufacture.- Laser Ablative Processes – Macro- and Micromachining.- Laser Bending or Forming.- Laser Cleaning.- Biomedical Laser Processes and Equipment.- Laser Automation and In-process Sensing.- Laser Safety.- Epilogue.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a bird’s-eye view of the recent development trends in photovoltaics – a big business field that is rapidly growing and well on its way to maturity. The book describes current efforts to develop highly efficient, low-cost photovoltaic devices based on crystalline silicon, III–V compounds, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and perovskite photovoltaic cells along with innovative, cost-competitive glass/ flexible tubular glass concentrator modules and systems, highlighting recent attempts to develop highly efficient, low-cost, flexible photovoltaic cells based on CIGS and perovskite thin films. This second edition presents, for the first time, the possible applications of perovskite modules together with Augsburger Tubular photovoltaics.Table of ContentsPreface.- Milestones of Solar Conversion and Photovoltaics.- PV as a Major Contribution of the 100% Renewably Powered World.- Advanced Solar Grade Silicon Material.- Commercial High Efficient Silicon Solar Cells.- Silicon Nitride and Aluminum Oxide: Two Multifunctional Dielectric Layers are Boosting Present and Future Silicon Solar Cells.- PERC Solar Cells - Monofacial and Bifacial.- Industrial PERC Solar Cells.- III-V SolarCells and Concentrator Arrays.- CIGS Thin Film Photovoltaic – Approaches and Challenges.- Perovskite PV: Rigid and Flexible High Efficient Low Cost Cells and Modules.- Augsburger Tubular PV.- Fluorescent Solar Energy Concentrators: Principle and Present State of Development.

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Book SynopsisPhotonics is the discipline of electrons and photons working in tandem to create new physics, new devices and new applications. This textbook employs a pedagogical approach that facilitates access to the fundamentals of quantum photonics. Beginning with a review of the quantum properties of photons and electrons, the book then introduces the concept of their non-locality at the quantum level. It presents a determination of electronic band structure using the pseudopotential method, enabling the student to directly compute the band structures of most group IV, group III-V, and group II-VI semiconductors. The book devotes further in-depth discussion of second quantization of the electromagnetic field that describes spontaneous and stimulated emission of photons, quantum entanglement and introduces the topic of quantum cascade lasers, showing how electrons and photons interact in a quantum environment to create a practical photonic device.This extended second edition includes a detailed description of the link between quantum photon states and the macroscopic electric field. It describes the particle qualities of quantum electrons via their unique operator algebra and distinguishable behavior from photons, and employs these fundamentals to describe the quantum point contact, which is the quantum analogue of a transistor and the basic building block of all nanoscopic circuits, such as electron interferometers.Pearsall’s Quantum Photonics is supported by numerous numerical calculations that can be repeated by the reader, and every chapter features a reference list of state-of-the art research and a set of exercises. This textbook is an essential part of any graduate-level course dealing with the theory of nanophotonic devices or computational physics of solid-state quantum devices based on nanoscopic structures.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Electrons.- Photons.- Free Electron Behaviour in Semiconductor Heterostructures.- Electronic Energy Levels in Crystalline Semiconductors.- The Harmonic Oscillator and Quantization of Electromagnetic Fields.- Entanglement and Non-locality of Quantum Photonics.- Lasers.- Quantum Cascade Lasers - a Concerto for Quantum Photonics.- Nonlinear Optics: Second-Harmonic Generation and Parametric Oscillation.- Coherent States – From Single Photons to Beams of Light.- Quantum Fermions.- Single Electron Building Blocks for Quantum Electron Circuits.

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Book SynopsisThe optical filter is resonator based. The required passband shape of ring resonator-filters can be custom designed by the use of configurations of various ring coupled resonators. This book describes the current state-of-the-art on these devices. It provides an in-depth knowledge of the simulation, fabrication and characterization of ring resonators for use as example filters, lasers, sensors.Table of Contents1. Introduction2. Ring Resonators: Theory and Modeling2.1 Single Ring Resonators2.1.1 Ring Structure2.1.2 Racetrack Shaped Resonators2.2 Double Ring Resonators2.2.1 Serially Coupled Double Ring Resonator2.2.2 Parallel Coupled Double Ring Resonator2.3 Multiple Coupled Resonators2.3.1 Serially Coupled Ring Resonators2.3.2 Parallel Coupled Ring Resonators3. Materials, Fabrication and Characterization Methods3.1 Wafer Bonding3.1.1 Bonding with Intermediate Layer3.1.2 Bonding without Intermediate Layer3.1.3 Benzocyclobutene (BCB) Wafer Bonding3.2 Dry Etching3.3 Si based Materials3.3.1 Ring Resonators based on Si–SiO23.3.2 Ring Resonators based on Ta2O5–SiO23.3.3 Ring Resonators based on SiN, SiON and Si3N43.3.4 Ring Resonators based on SiO2-GeO23.4 III-V Materials3.4.1 The Quaternary Semiconductor Compound GaInAsP3.4.2 The Semiconductor Compound AlGaAs3.4.3 Lateral Coupling in GaInAsP/InP3.4.4 Vertical Coupling in GaInAsP/InP3.4.5 Lateral Coupling in AlGaAs/GaAs3.4.6 Vertical Coupling in AlGaAs/GaAs3.4.7 Implementation of Gain in Ring Resonators3.5 Polymers3.5.1 Conventional Fabrication Techniques3.5.2 Replication and Nanoimprinting3.5.3 Novel Polymer Devices3.6 Temperature Insensitivity3.7 Polarization Independence3.8 Characterization Methods3.8.1 Conventional Characterization3.8.2 Optical Low Coherence Reflectometry (OLCR)3.8.3 Evanescent Field Measurement Methods3.9 Lithium niobate and hydrid solutions3.9.1 Ring Resonators based on Lithium niobate3.9.2 Ring Resonators based on Lithium niobate on Insulators ( LNOI)3.9.3 Ring Resonators based on Lithium niobate in hybrid configurations with nitrides4. Building Blocks of Ring Resonator Devices4.1 Couplers4.1.1 Directional Couplers4.1.2 Multimode Interference Couplers4.1.3 Y-Couplers4.2 Bends4.3 Spot Size Converters for Light In- and Outcoupling4.4 Gratings for Light In- and Outcoupling5. Devices & Applications5.1 Filters5.1.1 Passive Devices5.1.2 Devices with gain section5.2 Tunability Methods5.2.1 Wavelength Tuning5.2.2 Center Wavelength Trimming5.2.3 Tunable Couplers in Ring Resonators5.3 Dispersion Compensators5.4 Mach-Zehnder combined with Ring Resonator5.5 Modulators5.6 Lasers5.6.1 All Active Lasers5.6.2 Devices with gain section5.6.3 Passive Ring Resonator Coupled Lasers5.7 Wavelength Converters5.8 Optical Signal Processing5.8.1 Logic Gates5.8.2 Switching5.8.3 Telecom Operations6. Sensors6.1 Microfluidics6.2 Optofluidics6.3 Biosensors7. Whispering Gallery Mode Devices7.1 Whispering Gallery Modes (WGM)7.2 WGM Filters7.3 WGM Lasers7. OutlookReferencesIndex

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the fundamentals of THz communications, spanning the whole range of applications, propagation and channel models, RF transceiver technology, antennas, baseband techniques, and networking interfaces. The requested data rate in wireless communications will soon reach from 100 Gbit/s up to 1 Tbps necessitating systems with ultra-high bandwidths of several 10s of GHz which are available only above 200 GHz. In the last decade, research at these frequency bands has made significant progress, enabling mature experimental demonstrations of so-called THz communications, which are thus expected to play a vital role in future wireless networks. In addition to chapters by leading experts on the theory, modeling, and implementation of THz communication technology, the book also features the latest experimental results and addresses standardization and regulatory aspects. This book will be of interest to both academic researchers and engineers in the telecommunications industry. Trade Review“Since THz science is multidisciplinary field based on photonics and electronics, this book is addressed to a large audience as an updated account for TBs wireless communications.” (Mircea Dragoman, optica-opn.org, May 5, 2022)Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction to THz Communications Part IPropagation and Channel Modelling 1: Channel Measurement Techniques (33pages)Chapter 2 Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy (TDS) Chapter 3 Measurements with Modulated Signals Chapter 4 Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) Chapter 5 Correlation based Channel Sounding Part IIPropagation and Channel Modelling 2: Basic Propagation PhenomenaChapter 6 Free Space Loss and Atmospheric Effects Chapter 7 Reflection, Scattering and Transmission (incl. material parameters) Chapter 8 Diffraction and Blockage Chapter 9 Interference and Noise Part IIIPropagation and Channel Modelling 3: Modelling and Measurements in Complex Environments Chapter 10 Indoor Environments Chapter 11 Intra-Device and Close-Proximity Chapter 12 Backhaul/Fronthaul Outdoor links Chapter 13 Smart Rail Mobility Chapter 14 Data Centers Chapter 15 Vehicular Environments Chapter 16 Stochastic Channel Models Part IVAntenna Concepts and RealizationChapter 17 High-Gain Antennas Chapter 18 Antenna Arrays for beam forming Chapter 19 Algorithms for Multiple Antennas Part VTransceiver Technologies 1: Silicon-based ElectronicsChapter 20 SiGe HBT Chapter 21 Si-CMOS Part VITransceiver Technologies 2: III-V based Electronics (36 pages)Chapter 22 III-V HBT Chapter 23 III-V HEMT Chapter 24 Resonat Tunelling Diode Chapter 25 Plasma-wave device Part VIITransceiver Technologies 3: PhotonicsChapter 26 Photonics-based transmitters and receivers Part VIIITransceiver Technologies 4: Vacuum Electronic DevicesChapter 27 Vacuum Electronic Devices Part IXBaseband Processing and Networking Interface Chapter 28 Highspeed A/D and D/A Chapter 29 Modulation Formats Chapter 30 Forward Error Correction at ultra-high data rates Chapter 31 MAC and Networking Part X (82 pages)Demonstrators and Experiments Chapter 32 Real100GChapter 33 TERAPAN - A 300 GHz Fixed Wireless Link Based on InGaAs Transmit-Receive MMICs Chapter 34 ThoR Chapter 35 TERRANOVA Chapter 36 Ultrawave Chapter 38 Terapod Chapter 39 iBrOW Chapter 40 120-GHz-band project Chapter 41 300-GHz-band InP IC project Chapter 42 300-GHz-band Si-CMOS project Chapter 43 Fully Electronic Generation and Detection of THz Picosecond Pulses and Their Applications Chapter 44 RTD transceiver project Chapter 45 Photonics-aided 300-500 GHz wireless communications beyond 300 GHz Chapter 46 Ultrabroadband Networking Systems testbed at Northeastern University Chapter 47 Photonics-based project at IEMN Chapter 48 Opto-electronic generation of high-speed T-wave signals and their reception with a Kramers-Kronig receiver Chapter 49 300-GHz-band photonics-based link at ETRI Chapter 50 Brown University text bed Chapter 51 Activity at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Part XIStandardisation and Regulation Chapter 52 IEEE Std. 802.15.3d-2017 Chapter 53 Spectrum for THz Communications Chapter 54 Outlook on Standardisation and Regulation

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Book SynopsisComprises a comprehensive reference source that unifies the entire fields of atomic molecular and optical (AMO) physics, assembling the principal ideas, techniques and results of the field. 92 chapters written by about 120 authors present the principal ideas, techniques and results of the field, together with a guide to the primary research literature (carefully edited to ensure a uniform coverage and style, with extensive cross-references). Along with a summary of key ideas, techniques, and results, many chapters offer diagrams of apparatus, graphs, and tables of data. From atomic spectroscopy to applications in comets, one finds contributions from over 100 authors, all leaders in their respective disciplines. Substantially updated and expanded since the original 1996 edition, it now contains several entirely new chapters covering current areas of great research interest that barely existed in 1996, such as Bose-Einstein condensation, quantum information, and cosmological variations of the fundamental constants. A fully-searchable CD- ROM version of the contents accompanies the handbook.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the physics of laser-plasma interactions (LPI), based on a graduate course taught by the author. The emphasis is on high-energy-density physics (HEDP) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF), with a comprehensive description of the propagation, absorption, nonlinear effects and parametric instabilities of high energy lasers in plasmas.The recent demonstration of a burning plasma on the verge of nuclear fusion ignition at the National Ignition Facility in Livermore, California, has marked the beginning of a new era of ICF and fusion research. These new developments make LPI more relevant than ever, and the resulting influx of new scientists necessitates new pedagogical material on the subject. In contrast to the classical textbooks on LPI, this book provides a complete description of all wave-coupling instabilities in unmagnetized plasmas in the kinetic as well as fluid pictures, and includes a comprehensive description of the optical smoothing techniques used on high-power lasers and their impact on laser-plasma instabilities. It summarizes all the key developments from the 1970s to the present day in view of the current state of LPI and ICF research; it provides a derivation of the key LPI metrics and formulas from first principles, and connects the theory to experimental observables.With exercises and plenty of illustrations, this book is ideal as a textbook for a course on laser-plasma interactions or as a supplementary text for graduate introductory plasma physics course. Students and researchers will also find it to be an invaluable reference and self-study resource.Table of Contents1.1 Introduction to plasmas (definitions, common plasma parameters) 1.2 Kinetic description of plasmas 1.3 Plasmas as fluids 1.4 Plasma expansion in vacuum 1.5 Collisions in plasmas 1.6 Waves in plasmas 1.6.1 Longitudinal (plasma) waves 1.6.2 Transverse (electromagnetic) waves 1.7 Landau damping in electron or ion plasma waves 1.8 Ion acoustic waves and damping in multi-species plasmas 1.9 Collisional absorption of EMWs and EPWs 2 Single particle dynamics in light waves and plasma waves 2.1 Particle dynamics in a uniform light wave 2.1.1 Non-relativistic quiver motion 2.1.2 Relativistic “figure of eight” 2.2 Particle dynamics in a uniform plasma wave 2.2.1 Non-relativistic wave velocity 2.2.2 Landau damping and wave-particle interaction 2.2.3 Particle approach to wave-breaking 2.2.4 Relativistic wave velocities and electron acceleration 2.3 Particle dynamics in a non-uniform wave: the ponderomotive force (PF) 2.3.1 PF from a longitudinal plasma wave 2.3.2 PF from a transverse light wave 2.3.3 PF from the beat-wave between overlapped waves 2.3.4 Connection with the electron motion in a finite laser pulse 3 Propagation of light waves in plasmas 3.1 Propagation of light in plasmas 3.1.1 WKB description 3.1.2 Airy description at the turning point 3.1.3 Ray-tracing 3.1.4 Estimating collisional absorption in non-uniform plasma profiles using ray-tracing 3.1.5 Frequency shift of a light wave in a rarefaction profile (aka Dewandre effect) 3.2 Nonlinear self-action effects 3.2.1 Plasma response to a ponderomotive perturbation (kinetic vs. fluid) 3.2.2 The nonlinear refractive index of plasmas 3.2.3 Self-focusing: ponderomotive, relativistic, thermal 3.2.4 Self-guiding of a light pulse in plasma channels 3.2.5 Filamentation of a plane wave 3.2.6 Beam bending and other flowing plasma effects 4 Introduction to three-wave coupling instabilities in plasmas 4.1 Introduction to three-wave coupling instabilities 4.1.1 Physical picture; conservation of action and momentum (Manley-Rowe) 4.1.2 Exhaustive list of 3-wave coupling instabilities: primary vs. secondary processes 4.2 Derivation of the coupled mode equations 4.3 Spatial vs. temporal growth 4.3.1 Connection between temporal growth rate and spatial (convective) gain rate 4.3.2 The Rosenbluth gain formula for inhomogeneous plasmas 4.3.3 Absolute vs. convective instabilities 4.4 Impact of finite laser bandwidth on instabilities 4.5 Fluctuations and noise sources for instabilities 4.6 Polarization effects 5 Stimulated Brillouin scattering 5.1 Introduction, region of existence 5.2 Coupling coefficients: 5.2.1 Temporal growth rate 5.2.2 Transition from backward SBS to forward SBS to filamentation 5.2.3 Spatial gain in homogeneous vs. inhomogeneous plasmas 6 Crossed-beam energy transfer 6.1 Introduction, region of existence 6.2 Coupling coefficients 6.3 Polarization effects 6.4 Momentum deposition 6.5 Transient effects 7 Stimulated Raman scattering 7.1 Introduction, region of existence 7.2 Coupling coefficients: 7.2.1 Temporal growth rate 7.2.2 Spatial gain in homogeneous vs. inhomogeneous plasmas 7.3 Side- and forward-scatter 7.4 Production of supra-thermal electrons 8 Two-plasmon decay 8.1 Coupling coefficients: 8.1.1 Temporal growth rate 8.1.2 Spatial gain in homogeneous vs. inhomogeneous plasmas 8.2 Absolute instability threshold 8.3 Production of supra-thermal electrons 9 Saturation or inflation mechanisms of three-waves instabilities 9.1 Pump depletion 9.1.1 1D solution for homogeneous plasmas (aka the “Tang formula”) 9.1.2 2D solution for CBET 9.2 Kinetic effects 9.2.1 Particle trapping and nonlinear frequency shifts 9.2.2 Trapped particle instability 9.2.3 Super-Gaussian distributions (Langdon effect) 9.2.4 Stochastic heating; quasilinear theory 9.3 Secondary decay mechanisms 9.3.1 Langmuir decay instability 9.3.2 Two-ion decay instability 9.3.3 Re-scatter of backscatter 9.4 Plasma wave self-focusing and filamentation 9.5 Generation of harmonics 10 Anomalous absorption processes 10.1 Absorption by excitation of plasma waves 10.1.1 Resonant absorption 10.1.2 Two-plasmon decay & SRS 10.1.3 Non-Maxwellian distributions: Lagndon / Silin effects 10.2 Absorption via turbulence: return current instability 11 Optical smoothing of high-power lasers 11.1 Spatial smoothing 11.1.1 Random phase plates 11.1.2 Characteristics and statistical distribution of speckles 11.2 Temporal smoothing 11.2.1 Smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD) 11.2.2 Speckle motion and LPI mitigation with SSD 11.3 Spatio-temporal smoothing: induced spatial incoherence (ISI) 11.4 Stimulated rotational Raman scattering 11.5 Polarization smoothing (PS) 11.5.1 Effect of PS on the speckle characteristics and statistical distribution 11.5.2 Mitigation of LPI from PS 11.6 LPI from optically smoothed beams 11.6.1 Impact of finite aperture and bandwidth on LPI 11.6.2 Filamentation of smoothed laser beams 11.6.3 Beam bending of smoothed beams 11.6.4 Independent speckles models for backscatter instabilities 12 Experimental techniques and diagnostics 12.1 Measurements of plasma conditions using Thomson scattering 12.2 Measurements of laser-plasma instabilities 12.2.1 Direct measurement of scattered light waves 12.2.2 Thomson-scattering off driven plasma waves 12.2.3 Measurement of Bremsstrahlung emission from suprathermal electrons 13 Applications of laser-plasma interactions 13.1 CBET in ICF experiments for symmetry tuning 13.2 Laser acceleration of electrons 13.2.1 Excitation of nonlinear plasma waves using a short-pulse laser 13.2.2 Relativistic acceleration of electrons in a laser wakefield accelerator (LFWA) 13.2.3 Limitations to LWFA 13.2.4 Plasma wakefield from self-modulation of a long-pulse laser 13.2.5 Betatron x-ray generation from laser-plasma-accelerated electrons 13.2.6 Direct laser acceleration 13.2.7 Ponderomotive heating of electrons in laser-solid interactions 13.3 Laser acceleration of ions 13.3.1 Target-normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) 13.3.2 “Mora” scaling of ion energy for TNSA 13.3.3 Radiation pressure acceleration (RPA) 13.4 Short pulse amplification using plasmas 13.4.1 The “pi-pulse” regime of nonlinear short-pulse amplification 13.5 Plasma photonics 14 Appendix 14.1 LPI formulary 14.2 Simulation models and techniques

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Book SynopsisThis two-volume book provides an enriching insight into the laser, covering different types of lasers, the basic science behind the technology, their role at the cutting-edge of current scientific research, and their wide-ranging applications. With just high school physics as a prerequisite and favoring qualitative yet scientifically sound explanations over high-level mathematics, this book is aimed at a broad spectrum of readers in physics, chemistry, engineering, medicine, and biology. Its engaging and lucid presentation is enhanced with plenty of illustrations, making the world of the laser accessible to undergraduate students in the sciences and any other inquisitive readers with high school physics under their belts. Furthermore, the text is often laced with anecdotes, picked from history, that are bound to pique the minds of the readers. It is ideal for self-study or as a complement to courses on optics and optoelectronics. This volume, Part 1 of 2, explains the fundamentals of optics, what a laser is, how it works, and what is unique about the light it emits, from fundamental quantum theory through population inversion and cavity to common laser types. It is followed by Part 2 which depicts the many advances in science enabled by the laser, including spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, optical cooling and trapping, and optical tweezers, among many others, and provides a glimpse into the ways that the laser affects our lives via its uses in medicine, manufacturing, the nuclear industry, energy, defence, communication, ranging, pollution monitoring, art conservation, fashion, beauty, and entertainment.Table of ContentsTable of contents: PART I: Laser: An Insight CHAPTER 1. Introduction CHAPTER 2. Classical Optics: A general Overview CHAPTER 3. Bohr’s Atomic Theory: Energy Quantization CHAPTER 4. Laser: At a Glance CHAPTER 5. Population Inversion and Lasing Medium CHAPTER 6. Laser Resonator: Role on the Emission Features CHAPTER 7. Broadening of Gain and Its Bearing on the Laser Subtleties CHAPTER 8. Boosting the Performance of a Pulsed Laser: CHAPTER 9. Some Common Lasers

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Book SynopsisThis engaging volume presents the exciting new technology of additive manufacturing (AM) of metal objects for a broad audience of academic and industry researchers, manufacturing professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, hobbyists, and artists. Innovative applications ranging from rocket nozzles to custom jewelry to medical implants illustrate a new world of freedom in design and fabrication, creating objects otherwise not possible by conventional means.The author describes the various methods and advanced metals used to create high value components, enabling readers to choose which process is best for them. Of particular interest is how harnessing the power of lasers, electron beams, and electric arcs, as directed by advanced computer models, robots, and 3D printing systems, can create otherwise unattainable objects.A timeline depicting the evolution of metalworking, accelerated by the computer and information age, ties AM metal technology to the rapid evolution of global technology trends. Charts, diagrams, and illustrations complement the text to describe the diverse set of technologies brought together in the AM processing of metal. Extensive listing of terms, definitions, and acronyms provides the reader with a quick reference guide to the language of AM metal processing. The book directs the reader to a wealth of internet sites providing further reading and resources, such as vendors and service providers, to jump start those interested in taking the first steps to establishing AM metal capability on whatever scale. The appendix provides hands-on example exercises for those ready to engage in experiential self-directed learning.Trade Review“This book is dedicated to the special aspects valid for metals. … The fresh writing style, sometimes more like a storyteller, makes reading these many facts quite easy and understandable. … The interested reader can get a Jot of information about the topics one should deal with when working with additively manufactured metallic parts. lt gives a general roadmap where to start, what to learn and how it fits together.” (Ralph Bäßler, Materials and Corrosion, Vol. 69 (12), December, 2018)“This book … covers subjects from fundamental technology to rocket nozzles, medical implants, and custom jewelry. The author shares a multitude of useful footnotes and pages of references at the end. Also included are practical appendices for users. … I can heartedly recommend this book as a valuable reference and a good read for all interested in additive manufacturing.” (David Belforte, Industrial Laser Solutions For Manufacturing, industrial-lasers.com, November, 2017)Table of ContentsPreface.- Chapter 1: Envision. 1.1 Evolution of Metalworking.- 1.2 Advent of Computers.- Chapter 2: Additive Manufacturing Metal, The Art of the Possible. 2.1 AM Destinations: Novel Applications and Designs. 2.2 Artistic.- Chapter 3: On the Road to AM. 3.1 You are Here.- 3.2 AM Vehicles, the machines to take you there.- Chapter 4: Understanding Metal for Additive Manufacturing. 4.1 Structure. 4.2 Physical Properties.- Chapter 5: Lasers, Electron Beams, Plasma Arcs.- 5.1 The Molten Pool.- 5.2 Lasers.- Chapter 6: Computers, Solid Models and Robots.- 6.1 Computer Aided Design.- 6.2 Computer Aided Engineering.- Chapter 7: Origins of 3D Metal Printing.- 7.1 Plastic Prototyping and 3D Printing.- 7.2 Weld Cladding and 3D Weld Metal Buildup.- Chapter 8: Current System Configurations.- 8.1 Laser Powder Bed Fusion Systems.- 8.2 Laser Directed Energy Deposition Systems.- Chapter 9: Inspiration to 3D Design.- 9.1 Inspired Design.- 9.2 Elements of Design.- Chapter 10: Process Development.- 10.1 Parameter Selection.- 10.2 Parameter Optimization.- Chapter 11: Building, Post Processing and Inspecting.- 11.1 Building the Part.- 11.2 Post Processing and Finishing.- Chapter 12: Trends in Government, Industry, Research, Business.- 12.1 Government and Community.- 12.2 University and Corporate Research.- Acknowledgements.- Professional Society and Organization Links.- Terms and AM Jargon.- Acronyms.- References.- AM Machine and Service Resource Links.- About the Author.- Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThis new, updated and enlarged edition of the successful and exceptionally well-structured textbook features new chapters on such hot topics as optical angular momentum, microscopy beyond the resolution limit, metamaterials, femtocombs, and quantum cascade lasers. It provides comprehensive and coherent coverage of fundamental optics, laser physics, and important modern applications, while equally including some traditional aspects for the first time, such as the Collins integral or solid immersion lenses. Written for newcomers to the topic who will benefit from the author's ability to explain difficult theories and effects in a straightforward and readily comprehensible way.Table of ContentsPreface xix 1 Light Rays 1 1.1 Light Rays in Human Experience 1 1.2 Ray Optics 2 1.3 Reflection 2 1.4 Refraction 3 1.5 Fermat’s Principle: The Optical Path Length 5 1.6 Prisms 8 1.7 Light Rays in Wave Guides 10 1.8 Lenses and Curved Mirrors 15 1.9 Matrix Optics 17 1.10 Ray Optics and Particle Optics 23 Problems 25 2 Wave Optics 29 2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation Fields 29 2.2 Wave Types 37 2.3 Gaussian Beams 40 2.4 Vector Light: Polarization 50 2.5 Optomechanics: Mechanical Action of Light Beams 58 2.6 Diffraction 63 2.7 Fraunhofer Diffraction 67 2.8 Fresnel Diffraction 71 2.9 Beyond Gaussian Beams: Diffraction Integral and ABCD Formalism 77 Problems 77 3 Light Propagation in Matter: Interfaces, Dispersion, and Birefringence 83 3.1 Dielectric Interfaces 83 3.2 Interfaces of Conducting Materials 89 3.3 Light Pulses in Dispersive Materials 94 3.4 Anisotropic Optical Materials 103 3.5 Optical Modulators 110 Problems 119 4 Light Propagation in Structured Matter 121 4.1 Optical Wave Guides and Fibers 122 4.2 Dielectric Photonic Materials 132 4.3 Metamaterials 143 Problems 147 5 Optical Images 149 5.1 Simple Lenses 149 5.2 The Human Eye 151 5.3 Magnifying Glass and Eyepiece 152 5.4 Microscopes 154 5.5 Scanning Microscopy Methods 161 5.6 Telescopes 166 5.7 Lenses: Designs and Aberrations 169 Problems 177 6 Coherence and Interferometry 181 6.1 Young’s Double Slit 181 6.2 Coherence and Correlation 182 6.3 The Double-Slit Experiment 185 6.4 Michelson interferometer: longitudinal coherence 191 6.5 Fabry–Pérot Interferometer 197 6.6 Optical Cavities 202 6.7 Thin Optical Films 208 6.8 Holography 210 6.9 Laser Speckle (Laser Granulation) 214 Problems 216 7 Light and Matter 219 7.1 Classical Radiation Interaction 220 7.2 Two-Level Atoms 229 7.3 Stimulated and Spontaneous Radiation Processes 239 7.4 Inversion and Amplification 242 Problems 246 8 The Laser 249 8.1 The Classic System: The He–Ne Laser 251 8.2 Other Gas Lasers 261 8.3 The Workhorses: Solid-State Lasers 268 8.4 Selected Solid-State Lasers 271 8.5 Tunable Lasers with Vibronic States 279 8.6 Tunable Ring Lasers 281 Problems 283 9 Laser Dynamics 285 9.1 Basic Laser Theory 285 9.2 Laser Rate Equations 291 9.3 Threshold-Less Lasers and Micro-lasers 295 9.4 Laser Noise 298 9.5 Pulsed Lasers 305 Problems 316 10 Semiconductor Lasers 319 10.1 Semiconductors 319 10.2 Optical Properties of Semiconductors 322 10.3 The Heterostructure Laser 330 10.4 Dynamic Properties of Semiconductor Lasers 339 10.5 Laser Diodes, Diode Lasers, and Laser Systems 345 10.6 High-Power Laser Diodes 348 Problems 350 11 Sensors for Light 353 11.1 Characteristics of Optical Detectors 354 11.2 Fluctuating Optoelectronic Quantities 357 11.3 Photon Noise and Detectivity Limits 359 11.4 Thermal Detectors 364 11.5 Quantum Sensors I: Photomultiplier Tubes 366 11.6 Quantum Sensors II: Semiconductor Sensors 370 11.7 Position and Image Sensors 374 Problems 377 12 Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Cooling 379 12.1 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) 379 12.2 Absorption and Dispersion 380 12.3 The Width of Spectral Lines 382 12.4 Doppler-Free Spectroscopy 388 12.5 Light Forces 394 Problems 404 13 Coherent Light–Matter Interaction 407 13.1 Weak Coupling and Strong Coupling 407 13.2 Transient Phenomena 410 14 Photons: An Introduction to Quantum Optics 417 14.1 Does Light Exhibit Quantum Character? 417 14.2 Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field 418 14.3 Spontaneous Emission 421 14.4 Resonance Fluorescence 427 14.5 Light Fields in Quantum Optics 435 14.6 Two-Photon Optics 444 14.7 Entangled Photons 448 Problems 455 15 Nonlinear Optics I: Optical Mixing Processes 457 15.1 Charged Anharmonic Oscillators 457 15.2 Second-Order Nonlinear Susceptibility 459 15.3 Wave Propagation in Nonlinear Media 464 15.4 Frequency Doubling 466 15.5 Sum and Difference Frequency 477 15.6 Optical Parametric Oscillators 479 Problems 482 16 Nonlinear Optics II: Four-Wave Mixing 485 16.1 Frequency Tripling in Gases 485 16.2 Nonlinear Refraction Coefficient (Optical Kerr Effect) 487 16.3 Self-Phase Modulation 494 Problems 495 A Mathematics for Optics 497 A.1 Spectral Analysis of Fluctuating Measurable Quantities 497 A.2 Time Averaging Formula 502 B.1 Temporal Evolution of a Two-State System 503 B.2 Density Matrix Formalism 504 B.3 Density of States 505 Bibliography 507 Index 519

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Book SynopsisDas Buch beschäftigt sich mit den Grundlagen des Lasereinsatzes zum Veredeln von Metalloberflächen und liefert ein tiefes Verständnis der Zusammenhänge. Die Beiarbeitungsvorgänge in der festen und flüssigen Phase sowie das Rapid Prototyping werden anhand von Beispielen erläutert. Zur Wärmeleitung sind Diagramme enthalten, die ein schnelles Abschätzen ermöglichen und komplizierte Rechnungen überflüssig machen. Die erforderlichen Anlagen und Systemtechnik werden erläutert. Das Buch orientiert sich am Einsatz von Hochleistungs-CO2- und Nd:YAG-Lasern.Table of Contents1 Einleitung.- 2 Prinzip der Oberflächenbehandlung durch Laserstrahlung.- 2.1 Das Verfahrensprinzip.- 2.2 Laserstrahlquellen.- 2.3 Bearbeitungsanlagen.- 3 Allgemeine Grundlagen.- 3.1 Strahlausbreitung und Strahlformung.- 3.1.1 Strahlausbreitung.- 3.1.2 Strahlfokussierung.- 3.1.3 Strahlformungsoptiken.- 3.2 Strahlungsabsorption.- 3.2.1 Absorption an Metalloberflächen.- 3.2.2 Absorption an Deckschichten.- 3.3 Wärmeleitung.- 3.3.1 Verschiedene Wärmequellen.- 3.3.2 Diagramme zur Wärmeleitung.- 4 Bearbeitung in der festen Phase.- 4.1 Umwandlungshärten.- 4.1.1 Das Verf ahrensprinzip.- 4.1.2 Umwandlungskinetik von Eisenwerkstoffen.- 4.1.3 Eigenspannungen.- 4.1.4 Beispiele zum Umwandlungshärten.- 4.2 Rekristallisieren.- 4.2.1 Das Verfahrensprinzip.- 4.2.2 Anwendungsbeispiel.- 4.3 Umformen mit Laserstrahlung.- 4.3.1 DIN-Einordnung.- 4.3.2 Das Verfahrensprinzip.- 4.3.2.1 Umformung ohne elastische Vorspannung.- 4.3.3.2 Umformung mit elastischer Vorspannung.- 4.3.3 Prozeßführung beim Umformen mit Laserstrahlung.- 4.3.4 Ergebnisse des Umformprozesses.- 4.3.4.1 Oberflächenqualität.- 4.4 Behandlung von Elektroblech.- 4.4.1 Das Verfahrensprinzip.- 4.4.2 Anwendungsbeispiel.- 5 Berbeitung in der flüssigen Phase.- 5.1 Umschmelzen.- 5.1.1 Das Verfahren.- 5.1.2 Schmelzbewegung.- 5.1.3 Schutzgase.- 5.1.4 Anwendungsbeispiele.- 5.2 Legieren.- 5.2.1 Das Verfahren.- 5.2.2 Materialzufuhr.- 5.2.3 Anwendungsbeispiele.- 5.3 Dispergieren.- 5.3.1 Das Verfahren.- 5.3.2 Anwendungsbeispiele.- 5.4 Beschichten.- 5.4.1 Das Verfahren.- 5.4.2 Anwendungsbeispiele.- 6 Rapid-Prototyping.- 6.1 Prototypen aus nichtmetallischen Werkstoffen.- 6.1.1 Stereolithographie (SL).- 6.1.2 Selektives Lasersintern (SLS).- 6.1.3 Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM).- 6.1.4 Nicht lasergestützte RP-Verfahren.- 6.1.4.1 Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM).- 6.1.4.2 Solid Ground Curing (SGC).- 6.2 Prototypen aus metallischen Werkstoffen-Rapid Metal Prototyping.- 6.2.1 Konventionelle Verfahren.- 6.2.2 Abform- und Folgeprozesse.- 6.2.3 Direkte Erzeugung metallischer Prototypen.- 6.2.3.1 Selektives Lasersintern (SLS).- 6.2.3.2 Laserstrahlgenerieren (LG).- 6.2.3.3 Weitere Verfahren.- 6.3 Umwandlung von 3D-CAD-Daten in Maschinendatensätze.- 6.3.1 Generierung von 3D-CAD-Daten.- 6.3.2 Datenaufbereitung.- 6.4 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick.- Anhang A Stereolithographie.- Anhang B Laserstrahlgenerieren.- Nomenklatur.- Sachwortverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisThe optical filter is resonator based. The required passband shape of ring resonator-filters can be custom designed by the use of configurations of various ring coupled resonators. This book describes the current state-of-the-art on these devices. It provides an in-depth knowledge of the simulation, fabrication and characterization of ring resonators for use as example filters, lasers, sensors.Table of ContentsRing Resonators: Theory and Modeling.- Materials, Fabrication, and Characterization Methods.- Building Blocks of Ring Resonator Devices.- Devices.- Whispering Gallery Mode Devices.- Outlook.

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Book SynopsisThis new edition features numerous updates and additions. Especially 4 new chapters on Fiber Optics, Integrated Optics, Frequency Combs and Interferometry reflect the changes since the first edition.In addition, major complete updates for the chapters: Optical Materials and Their Properties, Optical Detectors, Nanooptics, and Optics far Beyond the Diffraction Limit. Features Contains over 1000 two-color illustrations. Includes over 120 comprehensive tables with properties of optical materials and light sources. Emphasizes physical concepts over extensive mathematical derivations. Chapters with summaries, detailed indexDelivers a wealth of up-to-date references.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the second edition:"Frank Träger has assembled a veritable who’s who of laser researchers … . In short, go out and buy this book; it is an excellent desk reference for researchers and research students. Undergraduates will find much to interest them, especially those contemplating entering the field. My only problem is where to hide my copy before my students think it should be on their shelf!" (Barry Luther-Davies, Australian Physics, Vol. 44 (4), 2007)"This weighty work is intended to offer comprehensive and authoritative coverage of the wide fields of optics and lasers. … Overall text is clear, well written and accompanied by appropriate tables and diagrams. … The book’s content emphasis is very much on material suitable for the optical practitioner. … a worthy addition to stock for any library supporting physics at a university or specialist level." (Gareth J. Johnson, Reference Reviews, Vol. 22 (2), 2008)“I recommend this modern, comprehensive handbook to students, educators, engineers and scientists. The chapters are clearly written and include sophisticated illustrations that augment the text. The tables of data are also exemplary. The authors strike a good balance between the theory and implementation. The reader will appreciate the explanations of both the detailed mathematics and the physical aspects of the concepts. Each chapter contains pertinent references and an index.” (Barry R. Masters, Optics & Photonics News, November, 2012)Table of ContentsForeword by T.W. HänschPart A Basic Principles and MaterialsChap. 1 Properties of LightChap. 2 Geometrical OpticsChap. 3 Wave OpticsChap. 4 Nonlinear Optics, Frequency Conversion and AttophysicsChap. 5 Optical Materials and Their PropertiesChap. 6 Thin FilmsPart B Fabrication and Properties of Optical ComponentsChap. 7 Optical Design and Design SoftwareChap. 8 Advanced Optical ComponentsChap. 9 Optical DetectorsPart C Coherent and Incoherent Light SourcesChap. 10 Incoherent Light SourcesChap. 11 Lasers and Coherent Light SourcesChap. 12 Short and Ultrashort Laser PulsesPart D Selected Applications and Special FieldsChap. 13 Optical and Spectroscopic TechniquesChap. 14 Fiber OpticsChap. 15 Integrated OpticsChap. 16 InterferometryChap. 17 Frequency CombsChap. 18 Quantum OpticsChap. 19 NanoopticsChap. 20 Optics far Beyond the Diffraction LimitChap. 21 Terahertz Photonics and ApplicationsChap. 22 X-Ray OpticsChap. 23 Atmospheric OpticsChap. 24 Holography and Optical Data StorageChap. 25 Laser SafetyAcknowledgements.- About the Authors.- Subject Index

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the state-of-the-art of Terahertz spectroscopy. It is a modern source for a beginners and researcher interested in THz spectroscopy. The basics and physical background of THz spectroscopy and technology are explained, and important applications are described. The book presents the highlights of scientific research in the field of THz science and provides an excellent overview of the field and future directions of research. Over the last decade the field of terahertz spectroscopy has developed into one of the most rapidly growing fields of spectroscopy with large impact across a wide range of scientific disciplines. Due to substantial advances in femtosecond laser technology, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) has established itself as the dominant spectroscopic technique for experimental scientists interested in measurements in this frequency range. In solids and liquids terahertz radiation is at resonance with both phonon modes and hydrogen bonding modes which makes it an ideal tool to study the interaction between molecules in a unique way, thus opening a wealth of opportunities for research in physics, chemistry, biology, materials science and pharmaceuticals. This book provides an easy access to scientists, engineers and students alike who want to understand the theory and applications of modern terahertz spectroscopy.Table of ContentsTransmission, reflection, refraction and scattering of Terahertz radiation.- Optical constants and dispersion relations in THz spectroscopy.- Scattering effects.- Converging Terahertz beam vs. plane wave.- Signal Processing – Wavelet Transform.- Signal Processing – Fractional Fourier transformation and spectrogram in signal processing of Terahertz pulses.- Terahertz Spectroscopy.- Crystalline and non-crystalline solids.- Liquids and Biomolecules.- Ellipsometry and active polarization control of Terahertz waves.- ATR sensing at terahertz frequencies.- Pump-probe spectroscopy.- Liquid crystals.- Waveguide spectroscopy.- Condensed matter physics.- Assignment of vibrational modes in crystalline materials.- On-chip pulsed Terahertz spectroscopy.- Nonlinear terahertz spectroscopy.- Terahertz Imaging.- Far-field / Near-field.- Biomedical Imaging.- Pharmaceutical imaging.- Terahertz tomography.- Security.- Artists’ materials characterization.- Interesting Physics at Terahertz Frequencies.- Plasmonic structures.

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Book SynopsisFemtosecond laser micromachining of transparent material is a powerful and versatile technology. In fact, it can be applied to several materials. It is a maskless technology that allows rapid device prototyping, has intrinsic three-dimensional capabilities and can produce both photonic and microfluidic devices. For these reasons it is ideally suited for the fabrication of complex microsystems with unprecedented functionalities. The book is mainly focused on micromachining of transparent materials which, due to the nonlinear absorption mechanism of ultrashort pulses, allows unique three-dimensional capabilities and can be exploited for the fabrication of complex microsystems with unprecedented functionalities.This book presents an overview of the state of the art of this rapidly emerging topic with contributions from leading experts in the field, ranging from principles of nonlinear material modification to fabrication techniques and applications to photonics and optofluidics.Table of ContentsPart I: Introductory concepts and characterization 1 Fundamentals of femtosecond Laser micromachining in transparent materials 2 -Ultrafast imaging of plasma dynamics and material response during micromachining 3 -Spectroscopic characterization of waveguides 4 -Optimizing Laser-induced refractive index changes in bulk optical materials via spatio-temporal beam shaping 5 -Controlling the cross-section of ultrafast Laser inscribed waveguides 6 –Anisotropy of femtosecond Laser writing Part II: Waveguides and optical devices in glass 7 –Passive optical waveguide devices in glass 8 - Femtosecond Laser inscription of fibre gratings 9 –3-D Bragg grating waveguide devices 10 –Active photonic devices Part III: Waveguides and optical devices in other transparent materials 11 -Waveguides in crystalline materials 12 -Refractive index structures in polymers Part IV: Microsystems and applications 13 –Discrete optics in waveguide arrays 14 –Optofluidics for biosensing 15 –Microstructuring of Photosensitive glass 16 -Microsystems and sensors 17 -Ultrashort Laser joining and welding

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Book Synopsis​Dieses Buch begleitet Entscheider in allen Phasen der Beschaffung von Lasermaschinen. Es bietet entsprechendes Fachwissen für den Prozess von der Entscheidung bis zum Kauf einer Laser-Bearbeitungsanlage. Neben den Grundlagen der Lasertechnik betrifft das auch die Themenfelder Lasersicherheit, Anwendungsmöglichkeiten, Software sowie die Möglichkeiten einer Automatisierung des Bearbeitungsprozesses.Alle drei Autoren haben jahrelange Berufserfahrung im Bereich des Laser-Maschinenbaus sowie des industriellen Einsatzes der Laser-Oberflächenbearbeitung. Wegen ihres unterschiedlichen fachlichen Hintergrunds werden jedoch alle in der industriellen Praxis wichtigen Aspekte rund um die Thematik abgedeckt.Table of ContentsEntwicklungsgeschichte LASER.- Physikalische Grundlagen.- Das Geheimnis vom Laserstrahl.- Lasersicherheit.- Was jeder Anwender über Lasersicherheit wissen muss.- Arten der Oberflächenbearbeitung mit Laser.- Maschinenformen.- Die fünf „wichtigsten Dinge“ bei der Beschaffung.

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Book SynopsisLight emitting diodes (LEDs) are already used in traffic signals, signage lighting, and automotive applications. However, its ultimate goal is to replace traditional illumination through LED lamps since LED lighting significantly reduces energy consumption and cuts down on carbon-dioxide emission. Despite dramatic advances in LED technologies (e.g., growth, doping and processing technologies), however, there remain critical issues for further improvements yet to be achieved for the realization of solid-state lighting. This book aims to provide the readers with some contemporary LED issues, which have not been comprehensively discussed in the published books and, on which the performance of LEDs is seriously dependent. For example, most importantly, there must be a breakthrough in the growth of high-quality nitride semiconductor epitaxial layers with a low density of dislocations, in particular, in the growth of Al-rich and and In-rich GaN-based semiconductors. The materials quality is directly dependent on the substrates used, such as sapphire, Si, etc. In addition, efficiency droop, growth on different orientations and polarization are also important. Chip processing and packaging technologies are key issues. This book presents a comprehensive review of contemporary LED issues. Given the interest and importance of future research in nitride semiconducting materials and solid state lighting applications, the contents are very timely. The book is composed of chapters written by leading researchers in III-nitride semiconducting materials and device technology. This book will be of interest to scientists and engineers working on LEDs for lighting applications. Postgraduate researchers working on LEDs will also benefit from the issues this book provides.Table of Contents1: Introduction Part A. Progress and prospect of growth of wide-band-gap III-nitrides; Hiroshi Amano. 2: Introduction Part B. Ultra-efficient solid-state lighting: likely characteristics, economic benefits, technological approaches; Jeff Y. Tsao, et al. 3: Epitaxy Part A. LEDs Based on Heteroepitaxial GaN on Si Substrates; Takashi Egawa and Osamu Oda. 4: Epitaxy Part B. Epitaxial Growth of GaN on Patterned Sapphire Substrates; Kazuyuki Tadatomo.5: Growth and optical properties of GaN-based non- and semipolar LEDs; Michael Kneissl et al.6: Active region Part A. Internal Quantum Efficiency in Light Emitting Diodes; Elison Matioli and Claude Weisbuch. 7: Active region Part B. Internal Quantum Efficiency; Jong-In Shim.8: Electrical properties, reliability issues, and ESD robustness of InGaN-based LEDs; Matteo Meneghini, et al. 9: Light extraction efficiency Part A. Ray Tracing for Light Extraction Efficiency (LEE) Modeling in Nitride LEDs; C. Lalau Keraly, et al. 10: Light extraction efficiency Part B. Light Extraction of High Efficient Light-Emitting Diodes; Ja-Yeon Kim, et al.11: Packaging. Phosphors and white LED packaging; Rong-Jun Xie and Naoto Hirosaki.12: High voltage LED; Wen-Yung Yeh, et al.13: Color Quality of White LEDs; Yoshi Ohno.14: Emerging System Level Applications for LED Technology; Robert F. Karlicek, Jr.

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Book SynopsisSolid state field-effect devices such as organic and inorganic-channel thin-film transistors (TFTs) have been expected to promote advances in display and sensor electronics. The operational stabilities of such TFTs are thus important, strongly depending on the nature and density of charge traps present at the channel/dielectric interface or in the thin-film channel itself. This book contains how to characterize these traps, starting from the device physics of field-effect transistor (FET). Unlike conventional analysis techniques which are away from well-resolving spectral results, newly-introduced photo-excited charge-collection spectroscopy (PECCS) utilizes the photo-induced threshold voltage response from any type of working transistor devices with organic-, inorganic-, and even nano-channels, directly probing on the traps. So, our technique PECCS has been discussed through more than ten refereed-journal papers in the fields of device electronics, applied physics, applied chemistry, nano-devices and materials science, finally finding a need to be summarized with several chapters in a short book. Device physics and instrumentations of PECCS are well addressed respectively, in the first and second chapters, for the next chapters addressing real applications to organic, oxide, and nanostructured FETs. This book would provide benefits since its contents are not only educational and basic principle-supportive but also applicable and in-house operational.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Device Stability and Photo-Excited Charge-Collection Spectroscopy. 1.1. Thin-film transistor architectures for photon probe measurements. 1.2. Device physics and equations for thin-film transistors.1.3. Stability issues: Hysteresis by Gate Voltage Sweep.1.4. Stability issues: Bias-Temperature-Stress. 1.5. Stability issues: Photostability.1.6. Stability issues: Back Channel Current.1.7. Importance of dielectric/channel interface trap states.1.8. Previous Interface Trap measurements.1.9. Photo-Excited Charge-Collection Spectroscopy (PECCS).1.10. Chapter summary.Reference.Chapter 2. Instrumentations for PECCS.2.1. Introduction of PECCS measurements system.2.2. Optical System for PECCS measurement.2.3. Electrical measurement.2.4. Data processing and analysis for DOS profile.Reference.Chapter 3. PECCS measurements in Organic FETs.3.1. PECCS on small molecule-based p-channel FETs. 3.2. PECCS on small molecule-based n-channel FETs.3.3. PECCS on polymer-based FETs.3.4. Chapter summary.Reference.Chapter 4. PECCS measurements in Oxide FETs.4.1. PECCS on ZnO based n-channel FETs.4.2. PECCS on amorphous InGaZnO based n-channel FETs.4.3. PECCS by Current-Voltage vs. Capacitance-Voltage method on amorphous Si and amorphous InGaZnOTFTs.4.4. PECCS to observe interface- and bulk-originated trap densities in amorphous InGaZnOTFTs.4.5. Chapter summary.Reference.Chapter 5. PECCS measurements in Nanostructure FETs.5.1. PECCS on ZnO nanowire-based n-channel FETs.5.2. PECCS measurements for the thickness-modulated bandgap of MoS2 nanosheets.5.3. Chapter summary.ReferenceChapter 6. Summary and limiting factors of PECCS.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a systematic description and analysis of laser heat-mode lithography, addressing the basic principles, lithography system, manipulation of feature size, grayscale lithography, resist thin films, and pattern transfer, while also presenting typical experimental results and applications. It introduces laser heat-mode lithography, where the resist thin films are essentially an opto-thermal response to the laser beam with changeable wavelength and are not sensitive to laser wavelength. Laser heat-mode lithography techniques greatly simplify production procedures because they require neither a particular light source nor a particular environment; further, there are no pre-baking and post-baking steps required for organic photoresists. The pattern feature size can be either larger or smaller than the laser spot by adjusting the writing strategy. The lithographic feature size can also be arbitrarily tuned from nanoscale to micrometer without changing the laser spot size. Lastly, the line edge roughness can be controlled at a very low value because the etching process is a process of breaking bonds among atoms. The book offers an invaluable reference guide for all advanced undergraduates, graduate students, researchers and engineers working in the fields of nanofabrication, lithography techniques and systems, phase change materials, etc.Table of ContentsCurrent status of lithography.- Principles of laser heat-mode lithography and thermal diffusion.- Laser heat-mode maskless lithography system.- Manipulation of thermal diffusion channels.- Laser heat-mode nanolithography on phase-change thin films.- Direct laser heat-mode nanopatterning on metallo-organic compound thin films.- Laser heat-mode patterning of transparent thin films.- Laser heat-mode grayscale image lithography.- Patterns transfer processes and applications.

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