Language learning: grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation Books

Book SynopsisDo you want to communicate easily and freely in Turkish?Master Turkish grammar and broaden your vocabulary with your very own Turkish Tutor. This contemporary interactive workbook features 200 activities across a range of grammar and vocabulary points with clear goals, concise explanations, and real-world tasks. By studying and practicing Turkish grammar you''ll understand how the language really works and be able to speak Turkish with clarity and ease.What will I learn?The Turkish Tutor: Grammar and Vocabulary Workbook covers a comprehensive range of the most useful and frequent grammar and vocabulary in Turkish. You can follow along unit by unit, or dip in and dip out to address your weak areas. As you progress, you will be introduced to new vocabulary and combine it with the grammar to complete extensive exercises. You will then practice the language through authentic reading and writing practice. You will achieve a solid upper intermed

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Book SynopsisPacked with useful information for beginners of all ages.

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Book SynopsisAn enjoyable and effective way to learn Japanese kanji!This useful reference book helps self-study and classroom students remember the meanings and pronunciations of 520 essential kanji. An otherwise daunting task, memorization is made easier with this book—which uses mnemonic techniques based on the psychology of learning and memory. Key principles include the use of visual imagery, the visualization of short "stories," and the systematic building-block approach that shows how more complicated characters are constructed from basic elements.This is a practical guide with a clear, concise, and appealing layout; it is well-indexed with easy look-up methods. The kanji in this volume give you the majority of characters you will encounter in daily life, from newspapers to street signs. It also includes the kanji required for the AP Japanese exam and N4 & N5 JLPT tests.Accompanying online audio provides recordings by native Japanese speakers to perfect your pronunciation.

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Book Synopsis30 Days to a More Powerful Vocabulary quickly became a bestseller in its category back in 2015. Now, in this updated and revised edition—which now contains the 700 most important words you need to master--you''ll quickly learn why this title has been such a positive impact in the personal and professional lives of tens of thousands in the English-speaking world. As Dan Strutzel asserts in Chapter 1, numerous studies show that those people with large vocabularies are smarter, wealthier and happier than the average person—and substantially so. And here’s the best news of all, a large vocabulary is not tied to your social status, your genes or even your education level. It is a skill that can be learned—and it takes only 30 days.And since the original book was written, as technology has advanced further---from the smartphone to Artificial Intelligence, some people have speculated that the need for a vast vocabulary will reduce in importance. But, according to Dan Strutzel, nothing could be further from the truth. He argues in the new edition that, due to technology''s ability to "flatten" the distinction between individuals, the art of personal communication via a rich vocabulary will be one of the ways to truly distinguish yourself from the masses.The new edition contains the original, most impactful 500 words which cover many topics from persuading others, relationships, financial issues, science and technology, and more words that ensure you will be a great conversationalist and rise fast in your chosen profession. And, best of all, you''ll be provided with an additional 200 words which, according to research, have become particularly important in the last 8 years, particularly since the worldwide pandemic. Those words will cover topics like the new world of virtual work, health topics, Artificial Intelligence, and much more!Research shows that learning new words has an exponential effect on the size of your vocabulary---since learning one word, naturally produces an association between two to three more words. In short, after listening to and applying the system in this 30-day program, you will not only have a bigger vocabulary—you will have a brighter future!

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Book SynopsisCollins Practice Tests for the TOEFL iBT Test contains all the advice and practice you need to succeed in the TOEFL iBT Test.Fully updated to match the new test from July 2023, this book includes:four complete TOEFL tests with a key, audio scripts and model answers.a mini-dictionary with COBUILD definitions of difficult words from the testsa detailed guide to every section of the test, with useful tips and strategies on how to get the best resultaudio for all the tests available onlineThis book prepares you for all three options of the TOEFL iBT test on a computer at a test center, the Home Edition, and the TOEFL iBT Paper EditionAlso available for TOEFL Test preparation from Collins:Collins Skills for the TOEFL iBT Test: Reading and WritingCollins Skills for the TOEFL iBT Test: Listening and SpeakingCollins Vocabulary and Grammar for the TOEFL iBT TestCollins Key Words for the TOEFL TestYou can trust Collins COBUILDPractice Tests for the TOEFL iBT Test contains a mini-dictionary wit

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Book SynopsisOne of the most widely used texts for 14-16 year old students of Spanish, this course offers solid grounding in the languageIn print for over 30 years, this classic Spanish course has been an effective and enjoyable tool for thousands of students through its motivating and non-patronising approach.The book contains a great variety of exercises the content is broken down into 45 well structured lessons each focussing on specific grammar and vocabulary, with follow up exercises to consolidate learning. Key vocabulary and verbs are also covered in the appendices.

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Book SynopsisHundreds of exercises to get you to the next levelCollins Work on your Grammar Pre-Intermediate (A2) is a new practice book that covers the key grammar points needed by learners of English at Pre-Intermediate level (CEF level A2).This book is an essential resource for learners who want to improve their English grammar. Each of the 30 units presents a different area of grammar using clear language and examples. This is followed by practice exercises to ensure the learner will remember and be able to use what they have learnt with confidence in their written and spoken English.The grammar covered in Collins Work on your Grammar Pre-Intermediate (A2) has been carefully selected based on Collins Corpus research and the experience of our language experts. As a result, this book provides plenty of useful practice with authentic, up-to-date examples of language usage in context. A carefully structured layout and simple illustrations make sure the language is always clear and the book is easy to navigate. Collins Work on your Grammar Pre-Intermediate (A2) is ideal for self-study or for use in the classroom, and is an essential resource for students and teachers.Focuses on the grammar required at Pre-Intermediate level (CEF level A2)Thirty units with clear presentation material followed by practice exercisesAuthentic examples of real English, taken from the Collins CorpusIncludes line drawings which illustrate key conceptsClear structure and presentation of languagePlenty of room to write inFull answer key includedIdeal for self-study or for use in the classroomTrade Review.

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Book SynopsisProviding plenty of practice questions for children to work through, this English skills book helps to build confidence and improve English skills at Key Stage 2. Children can use this book at home for SATS revision, and to build on topics covered in the classroom.Written by educational experts, this English skills book saves time with ready-to-practice questions that comprehensively cover the basics of reading, writing, comprehension, grammar and spelling for KS2 English. Packed with engaging pictures and clear practice questions it provides a strong foundation in English for Key Stage 2 and builds on English skills learnt in Book 3.Content includes: nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, pronouns, sentence building, vocabulary and spelling, plurals, prepositions, direct and indirect speech, similies, conjunctions, punctuation as well as story writing practice.

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Book SynopsisProviding plenty of practice questions for children to work through, this English skills book helps to build confidence and improve English skills at Key Stage 2. Children can use this book at home for SATS revision, and to build on topics covered in the classroom.Written by educational experts, this English skills book saves time with ready-to-practise questions that comprehensively cover the basics of reading, writing, comprehension, grammar and spelling for KS2 English. Packed with engaging pictures and clear practice questions it provides a strong foundation in English for Key Stage 2 and builds on English skills learnt in Book 4.Content includes: pronouns, adverbs, adjectives, direct and indirect speech, contractions, comprehension, prefixes and prepositions as well as spelling and vocabulary.

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Book SynopsisReinforce the grammar and language points covered in Pupil Book 2 with plenty of practice for everyone. Ensure the top end is stretched with the more challenging tasks included.Focus solely on grammar and language, crucial aspects of the new secondary curriculumEasy to use and personalise with the write-in formatSlot easily into teaching plans with content that exactly matches Pupil Book topicsSet for homework, with grammar summary boxes to support independent studyBoost engagement with the attractive full-colour designAssess progress with the Mission accomplie? feature

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Book SynopsisLevel: PrimarySubject: EnglishIdeal for parents with children at primary schoolHelp your kids with their homework or SATs preparation with this parent's guide to grammar. It will help parents and carers to understand what your child is learning at school, clear up homework confusion, support your child's understanding of important vocabulary for the SATs and brush up your own grammar knowledge. Provides full coverage of new curriculum grammar terminology and includes simple explanations with examples for quick reference.For SATs practice for your child, try our KS2 English Revision Guide (9780008112752) and Practice Workbook (9780008112776) or our KS2 Grammar, Punctuation & Spelling SATs Question Book (9780008201609) for extra SATs practice.

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.We want to help you score high on the TOEFLWe've put all of our proven expertise into McGraw-Hill: 400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL, 2nd Edition, to make sure you're fully prepared for this difficult exam. With this updated and expanded guide,you'll get essential skill-building techniques and strategies created by leading ESL educators. You'll also get 410 commonly tested words, more than 150 activities and exercises, and a free Language Lab app to help you study. With McGraw-Hill: 400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL, we'll guide you step by step through the essential vocabulary--and give you the tools you need to improve your score on the TOEFL.This edition includes:More than 400 important words for the TOEFL, with the addition

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Book SynopsisTake your English vocabulary to an advanced level with games, games, games!Beat the boredom of language drills and rev up your English language learning with Practice Makes Perfect: Advanced English Vocabulary Games! Inside you will find word searches, crosswords, "word paths," word scrambles, proverb puzzles, and more. All will help you master 800 advanced-level English words and phrases. These engaging games will build your English skills and boost your ability to recognize collocations, figures of speech, idioms and proverbs, word play (alliteration and rhyme),and phrasal verbs. This advanced-level workbook is a perfect complement to your ESL class, or it can be used as part of your self-guided learning.So put on that puzzle-solving hat -- Practice Makes Perfect: Advanced English Vocabulary Games is the fun way to increase your knowledge of English words and communicate more confidently.Practice Makes Perfect: Advanced English VocabularyTable of Contents1. Word Skills2. Figures of Speech4. Banking and Finance/The Economy5. Human Rights6. International Relations7. Demographic Trends8. Maps and Geography9. Geography and Landforms10. Disasters11. Human Conflict12. Medicine13. Government and Elections14. Journalism and Mass Media15. Crime and Punishment

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Book SynopsisOver 250 practice activities help you learn and practise 650 key words you need to use in your written work. A 650 -word glossary, plus appendices on collocations, affixes and dependent prepositions gives further information to help you use words correctly and improve your academic writing. Authentic academic texts and student essays show how the words are used in academic writing.

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Book SynopsisOxford Practice Grammar Intermediateis divided into units, each of which covers an important grammar topic. Each unit starts with an explanation of the grammar and is followed by a set of practice exercises. The flexible format means that you can either work through the books or choose the order in which you want to study the grammar topics, perhaps starting with those that are giving you problems. The downloadable tests for the end of eachunit or section mean youcan see how much you have learned. When you''ve finished the book you can try the exit test so you know you are ready for Oxford Practice Grammar Advanced.

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Book SynopsisOxford Practice Grammar Advanced is divided into 17 units which provide a review of the grammar of contemporary English. Within each unit there are separate sections on specific features e.g. Present Perfect or Past Simple. As well as the types of exercises you will be used to there are some exercises specifically designed for students who are becoming more advanced in English. These include: summary exercises, dictionary exercises, matchingand editingactivities. You can either start at the beginning and work through to the end or choose the order in which you want to study the grammar topics, perhaps starting with those that are giving you problems. Two-page tests at the end of each unit or section mean you can see how much you have learned and decide if you need more practice. For those unsure of some of the terminology there is also a Glossary explaining the meaning of all thegrammatical terms.

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Book SynopsisThis accessible and unique approach to grammar comes in two parts: the first section consists of a practical guide on how to understand and use grammar successfully, and the second is an extensive A-Z glossary of grammatical terms. It is ideal for both language students and anyone wanting to improve their written and spoken English.Table of ContentsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; CONTENTS; SECTION A; SECTION B

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Book SynopsisThe Teacher's Guide to Grammar is unique in focusing directly on the aspects of grammar that teachers need to know and relating them to today's educational priorities. This concise and accessible book provides all the necessary technical knowledge required for confidence in the classroom.Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. Grammar ; 2. Words ; 3. Morphology ; 4. Sentences ; 5. Phrases ; 6. Verbs ; 7. Clauses ; 8. Dialects ; 9. Registers ; 10. Languages ; Notes ; Further Reading ; Glossary ; Index

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Book SynopsisWe may all speak the same language, but getting to grips with grammar is the ultimate challenge. You could be puzzled by prepositions, confused by comparatives, or muddled over modals. Thankfully, this complete visual aid to everything in the English language sets you straight with a clear and concise format for easy understanding.The rules of English grammar are beautifully presented with eye-catching illustrations, step-by-step graphics, and straightforward explanations to help you learn. Suitable for English language learners at all levels, including experienced English speakers looking for a recap of key language points, English Grammar Guide covers basic, intermediate, and advanced grammar. There is no stone left unturned when it comes to the English language. All kinds of problems are solved, including tenses, verbs, adverbs, clauses, superlatives, and questions. You are encouraged to spot patterns and sequences in language to see the simi

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Book SynopsisThis fun and busy picture book helps children build up a vocabulary of more than 1000 words about the lives of animals around the world.Discover key concepts about wildlife and the natural world in this exciting animal picture book! Children can build their vocabulary and literacy skills as they learn about animals from all around the world.1000 Animal Words features picture-packed pages full of fascinating topics, such as how animals protect themselves, their daily routines, and how species have adapted to different environments. Each topic includes questions that ask children to find things on the page or that stimulate thinking, talking, and reading comprehension skills.This animal book is packed with lots of useful nouns, interesting adjectives and common verbs related to wildlife around the world, broadening children''s vocabulary and strengthening their early reading skills.This engaging vocabulary book for children aged 5-7 fea

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Book SynopsisReading Biblical Greek is designed around three core elements: grammar, vocabulary, and reading and translation. It introduces first-year students to the essential information needed to optimize their grasp of the fundamentals of biblical Greek---no more and no less---enabling them to read and translate the Greek of the New Testament as soon as possible.

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Book SynopsisThis text explores ways in which English grammar enables speakers and writers to represent the world, to interact with one another, and to create coherent messages.Trade Review'This highly academic, yet practical approach to grammar makes a very stimulating read, and expressly illustrates how "grammar lies at the heart of communication".' From Spoken English, 1997'This book presents grammar as a functional resource for creating meaning. It assumes no previous knowledge of English grammar, yet as an introduction it is pretty thorough.' 'This book is practical, with its feet firmly on the ground; it is positive and thought-provoking, and merits inclusion in any TD SIG member's library.' Teacher Development No. 35, 1997Table of Contents1 Some Basics; 2 Representing Things; 3 Representing Things II; 4 Doing and Happening I; 5 Doing and Happening II; 6 Thinking, Seeing, Liking, Wanting, and Saying; 7 Being and Having; 8 Interacting; 9 Representing Time; 10 Judgments and Attitudes; 11 Organizing Messages; 12 Coming Messages; 13 Some Issues in the Learning and Teaching of Grammar

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Book SynopsisThis user-friendly Korean language book pushes readers towards greater fluency in spoken and written Korean.With Essential Korean Vocabulary you will learn to speak Korean the way that Koreans do by learning key words and expressions they use every day in their natural contexts. You''ll also learn closely-related vocabulary together, which will help you remember and use a more extensive vocabulary. Each word in this book is explained clearly, and useful sentences are given to demonstrate how it''s used. Author Kyubyong Park also provides tips on Korean grammar and modern colloquial usage in South Korea, so you can learn to speak like a native speaker. Essential Korean Vocabulary presents the 8,000 most common Korean words and phrases organized into 36 different subject areas. Beginning students can focus on the most basic items, which are marked. As you progress to greater fluency, you can pick up more complicated words and expressions to bring yourTrade Review"Classifying essential Korean words in terms of topics greatly facilitates students' systematic learning of Korean vocabulary. Students are expected to learn a wide variety of useful information regarding Korean grammar and culture, as well as vocabulary, through the abundant authentic examples and notes that are efficiently provided." --Professor Ho-min Sohn, Professor of East Asian Languages and Literatures in University of Hawaii at Manoa and author of Integrated Korean"Now you can learn a variety of Korean adjectives easily! This book will be a great help for learners who want to improve their vocabulary." --Hyunsook Kim, Producer, Los Angeles Radio Korea"It's a SUBJECT DICTIONARY broken down into 36 different themed sections. This makes it the IDEAL book to learn vocabulary to use in various situations and subject matters." --Key to Korean blog

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"A brilliant book for a beginner! 100 words are formally introduced (there's additional vocab at the end of the book) and examples given on how to use the words. While it takes time to digest and memorize all the words and their usage, the book is written in such a way that it does not intimidate the reader. A short introduction and commentary is also given on various important topics (e.g. culture, formal and informal behavior, etc)." —Goodreads"Instant Indonesian's vocab is on point, the format is non-intimidating, the examples sound like things Indonesians actually say, and the authors build up gradually to more tricky aspects of Indonesian." --Escape Artists blog"The Instant series from Tuttle, however, is not your usual phrasebook. Rather than focusing on phrases to help you order food, go to the hospital, rent a hotel room, or buy a train ticket, it provides you with more than 100 key words and phrases to help you express more than 1,000 unique ideas based on general conversation topics." --Eurolinguiste

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Book SynopsisKorean Grammar: The Complete Guide to Speaking Korean Naturally covers all the basic sentence structures, verbal forms and idiomatic expressions taught in the first two years of a college level Korean language course.

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Book SynopsisPlanning a trip to Central America? Studying abroad in Spain? Then you need an authentic guide to Spanish as it's spoken in everyday situations! Whether ordering a meal, bargaining for clothes in a shop, or impressing an attractive member of the opposite sex, Making Out in Spanish covers it all.

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Book SynopsisLearn to speak Hindi quickly!This book teaches you the basics of the Hindi language, including practical daily conversations and vocabulary. It enables you to begin communicating effectively from the very first day. All Hindi words and sentences are given in the native script and romanized words, with English translations. Useful notes and explanations on pronunciation, the Hindi script, greetings and requests, basic sentence patterns and vocabulary, idiomatic expressions and etiquette dos and don'ts are all included. A useful bi-directional dictionary of commonly-used Hindi words and phrases is provided at the back. Key features of this book include:Carefully constructed lessons designed for beginning adult learnersBasic sentence patterns and vocabulary used in daily conversationsSuitable for self-study learners as well as beginner level classesHindi script and romanized versions of all Hindi texts with English translationsCultural notes for understanding Indian customs and normsF

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Book SynopsisProvides research-based instructional routines to support adolescents as they learn and use new words in their disciplinary learning. The book explores how academic vocabulary can position students as ‘insiders’ or ‘outsiders’, and how culturally sustaining instruction can welcome all students into discovering and using language.

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Book SynopsisThis book is the valuable Key to A New Arabic Grammar, the bestselling introduction to the Arabic language for over thirty years.

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Book SynopsisThis Element Recovering Old English examines the philological activities of scholars involved in the recovery of Old English in the period between c. 1550 and 1830. It is done by collecting documents, recording the lexicon editing texts and studying the grammar.Table of Contents1. Preamble; 2. Collecting old English; 3. Recording old English; 4. Editing old English; 5. Studying old English; 6. Transitions and turning points; Bibliographies.

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Book SynopsisModern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar Workbook is an innovative book of exercises and language tasks for all learners of Brazilian Portuguese, ideal for use alongside the Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar or as an independent resource. The book is divided into two sections. Part A provides exercises based on essential grammatical structures whilst Part B practises everyday functions, including making social contact, asking questions and expressing needs. This third edition offers a greater variety of exercises, including exercises designed to practice concepts introduced in the Notes for Spanish Speakers sections of the Grammar. Exercises from the second edition have also been revised and expanded upon and a comprehensive answer key at the back of the book enables you to check on your progress. The Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar Workbook is ideal for all learners who have a basic knowledge of Brazilian Portuguese, including underTrade Review"Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar Workbook is very comprehensive and covers all necessary areas expected for Portuguese learners wishing to have a better understanding and command of the Brazilian variant. The author shows a deep knowledge of the many idiosyncrasies of Brazilian Portuguese, always referring to the existing differences related to register and spoken versus written language. Also, the fact that it is divided into two parts (traditional grammar and function-based grammar), which are clearly interconnected in each section, makes it easier for students to look up any information they may need. Learners are provided a set of useful exercises related to both traditional grammar and function-based grammar, which focus on important and often challenging aspects of the Portuguese language." Dr. José Peixoto Coelho de Souza, Language Tutor in Portuguese, University of Manchester, UK"Modern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar continues to be a wonderful supplement to the textbooks that I use in my language courses. It captures and presents problematic instances in an organized format. The examples and brief explanations are clear and relevant. This reference guide is essential for anyone who wants to master a nuanced understanding of Brazilian Portuguese."Dr. Cynthia A. Sloan, Associate Professor of Portuguese and Spanish, Portland State University, USATable of ContentsPart A Structures 1 Pronunciation and spelling 2 Gender and gender agreement 3 Number and number agreement 4 Articles 5 Adjectives and adverbs 6 Numbers and numerical expressions 7 Personal pronouns 8 Demonstratives 9 Possessives 10 Relative pronouns 11 Interrogatives 12 Exclamations 13 Indefinite adjectives and pronouns 14 Negatives 15 Regular verb conjugations 16 Semi-irregular and irregular verbs 17 Gerunds, past participles, compound tenses and the passive 18 Use of the tenses 19 The infinitive 20 The subjunctive 21 The imperative 22 Reflexive verbs 23 Ser, estar and ficar 24 Verbs used in auxiliary, modal and impersonal constructions 25 Prepositions 26 Conjunctions 27 Word order 28 Word formation Part B Functions 29 Making social contacts 30 Basic strategies for communication 31 Asking questions and responding 32 Negating 33 Reporting 34 Asking and giving personal information 35 Identifying people and things 36 Describing 37 Making comparisons 38 Expressing existence and availability 39 Expressing location and distance 40 Expressing possessive relations 41 Expressing changes 42 Expressing cause, effect and purpose 43 Expressing knowledge 44 Remembering and forgetting 45 Expressing obligation and duty 46 Expressing needs 47 Expressing possibility and probability 48 Expressing certainty and uncertainty 49 Expressing supposition 50 Expressing conditions 51 Expressing contrast or opposition 52 Expressing capability and incapability 53 Seeking and giving permission 54 Asking and giving opinions 55 Expressing agreement, disagreement and indifference 56 Expressing desires and preferences 57 Expressing likes and dislikes 58 Expressing surprise 59 Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction 60 Expressing hope 61 Expressing sympathy 62 Apologizing and expressing forgiveness 63 Expressing fear or worry 64 Expressing gratitude 65 Giving advice and making suggestions 66 Making requests 67 Giving directions, instructions and orders 68 Making an offer or invitation and accepting or declining 69 Talking about the present 70 Talking about the future 71 Talking about the past Answer key Index of grammar structures Index of functions

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Book SynopsisThe Routledge Handbook of Vocabulary Studies provides a cutting-edge survey of current scholarship in this area. Divided into four sections, which cover understanding vocabulary; approaches to teaching and learning vocabulary; measuring knowledge of vocabulary; and key issues in teaching, researching, and measuring vocabulary, this Handbook:â brings together a wide range of approaches to learning words to provide clarity on how best vocabulary might be taught and learned;â provides a comprehensive discussion of the key issues and challenges in vocabulary studies, with research taken from the past 40 years;â includes chapters on both formulaic language as well as single-word items;â features original contributions from a range of internationally renowned scholars as well as academics at the forefront of innovative research.The Routledge Handbook of Vocabulary Studies is an essential text for those interested in teaching, learning, and researcTrade Review"This is an outstanding contribution to the field of second language vocabulary acquisition. It is full of state-of-the-art articles by all the leading researchers and theorists in the field. This book should be recommended reading for researchers, practitioners and administrators interested in understanding how a second language vocabulary is learnt." Rob Waring, Notre Dame Seishin University, Japan"The relatively young field of vocabulary studies has recently developed and widened to such an extent that a volume covering all its subdomains was badly needed. This volume brings us up to date with 35 contributions, written by among the best experts in the world, competently edited by Stuart Webb, one of the most prominent researchers in this field. There is simply no good reason not to consult this volume."Jan Hulstijn, University of Amsterdam, The NetherlandsTable of ContentsList of figuresList of tablesList of contributorsAcknowledgements 1 Introduction Part I UNDERSTANDING VOCABULARY 2 The different aspects of vocabulary knowledge 3 Classifying and identifying formulaic language 4 An overview of conceptual models and thories of lexical representation in the mental lexicon 5 The relationship between vocabulary knowledge and language proficiency 6 Frequency as a guide for vocabulary usefulness: High-, mid- and low-frequency words7 Academic vocabulary 8 Technical vocabulary 9 Factors affecting the learning of single word items 10 Factors affecting the learning of multiword items 11 Learning single words vs. multiword items 12 Processing single- and multi-word items 13 L1 and L2 vocabulary size and growth 14 How does vocabulary fit into theories of second language learning? Part ¿ APPROACHES TO TEACHING AND LEARNING VOCABULARY 15 Incidental vocabulary learning 16 Intentional L2 vocabulary learning 17 Approaches to learning vocabulary inside the classroom 18 Strategies for learning vocabulary 19 Corpus-based wordlists in second language vocabulary research, learning, and teaching 20 Learning words with flashcards and wordcards 21 Resources for learning single-word items 22 Resources for learning multi-word items 23 Evaluating exercises for learning vocabulary Part III MEASURING KNOWLEDGE OF VOCABULARY 24 Measuring depth of vocabulary knowledge 25 Measuring knowledge of multiword items 26 Measuring vocabulary learning progress 27 Measuring the ability to learn words 28 Sensitive measures of vocabulary knowledge and processing: Expanding Nation’s framework29 Measuring lexical richness Part IV KEY ISSUES IN TEACHING, RESEARCHING, AND MEASURING VOCABULARY 30 Key issues in teaching single word items 31 Key issues in teaching multiword items 32 Single, but not unrelated: Key issues in teaching single word items 33 Key issues in researching multiword items 34 Key issues in measuring vocabulary knowledge 35 Resources for researching vocabulary Index

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Book SynopsisThis seven-level course is built on a unique combination of three learning pillars ? literacy, oracy and creativity ? and empowers young learners to reach their full potential. Children learn to read through exposure to vocabulary in natural contexts in original fiction and nonfiction texts, then read to learn! They investigate Big Questions throughout each unit, thinking critically along the way. The groundbreaking oracy framework puts the focus on both verbal and nonverbal skills, helping learners grow into confident, competent communicators. The creativity principles encourage students to become better thinkers and problem solvers, while enjoying themselves!

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Book SynopsisThe easy way to master French grammar French Grammar For Dummies is a logical extension and complement to the successful language learning book, French For Dummies.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 Part I: Getting Started with French Grammar 5 Chapter 1: French Grammar in a Nutshell 7 Chapter 2: Sounding Out French Words 17 Chapter 3: Using Nouns and Determiners 35 Chapter 4: Describing Nouns with Adjectives 55 Chapter 5: Dealing with Numbers, Dates, and Times 69 Part II: Constructing Sentences, Saying No, and Asking Questions 85 Chapter 6: Acquainting Yourself with the Present Tense 87 Chapter 7: Acting on Oneself and on Each Other: Pronominal Verbs 107 Chapter 8: Just Say No: Negative Words and Phrases 119 Chapter 9: Handling Questions and Exclamations 131 Part III: Beefing Up Your Sentences 155 Chapter 10: Saying Where, When, and How with Adverbs 157 Chapter 11: Picking Up Prepositions 171 Chapter 12: It’s All Relative: Making Comparisons 187 Chapter 13: Using Pronouns 203 Chapter 14: Adding the Gerund and the Passive to Your Repertoire 227 Part IV: Talking about the Past or Future 237 Chapter 15: Noting Past Actions with the Present Perfect 239 Chapter 16: Reminiscing and Describing Ongoing Past Actions with the Imperfect 253 Chapter 17: Projecting Forward with the Future 265 Part V: Expressing Conditions, Subjectivity, and Orders 283 Chapter 18: Wondering with the Conditional 285 Chapter 19: Surveying the Subjunctive 301 Chapter 20: Giving Orders with the Imperative 319 Chapter 21: Discovering Compound Tenses 333 Part VI: The Part of Tens 341 Chapter 22: Ten Common French Grammar Mistakes (And How to Avoid Them) 343 Chapter 23: Ten (Or So) Useful French Idioms 349 Index 353

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Book SynopsisImprove your English grammar You have nothing to lose and everything to gain by using proper English language and grammar. The ability to articulate and communicate effectively is a valuable asset in all aspects of life. From writing a research paper to giving a presentation at work or just holding a casual conversation with friends or family, strong verbal and written skills are necessities in everyday communication. English Grammar Workbook For Dummies is the perfect solution for sharpening the tools in your grammar kit, with lessons and plenty of practice opportunities to help reinforce learning.Whether you need to brush up on the finer points of punctuation, need help making sense of those pesky parts of speechor anything in betweenthis approachable guide makes it fast and easy. Find FREE quizzes for every chapter online Handle pronouns with grace Master plurals and possessives Improve your proofreading skills Everyone benefits from using proper grammar and speech, and now Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 Foolish Assumptions 2 Icons Used in This Book 2 Beyond the Book 3 Where to Go from Here 3 Part 1: Building a Firm Foundation: Grammar Basics 5 Chapter 1: Tailoring Language to Suit Your Audience and Purpose 7 Climbing the Ladder of Language Formality 8 Matching Message to Situation 10 Answers to “Tailoring Language to Suit Your Audience and Purpose” 13 Chapter 2: Identifying the Major Elements of a Sentence 15 Going to the Heart of the Matter: The Verb 15 Treasure hunt: Finding the verb 16 Choosing the correct verb for negative expressions 17 Questioning with verbs 18 Aiding and abetting: Helping verbs 19 Zeroing in on the Subject 20 When one isn’t enough: Forming noun plurals 21 Adding Meaning: Objects and Complements 23 Answers to Questions about Major Elements of a Sentence 25 Chapter 3: Having It All: Writing Complete Sentences 29 Finding Subjects and Verbs that Match 30 Checking for Complete Thoughts 31 Improving Flow with Properly Joined Sentences 33 Setting the Tone with Endmarks 36 Proper Sentence or Not? That Is the Question 37 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Complete Sentences 39 Answers to Complete Sentence Problems 40 Part 2: Clearing Up Confusing Grammar Points 45 Chapter 4: Finding the Right Verb at the Right Time 47 Using Past, Present, and Future Tense at the Right Times 47 Putting Perfect Tenses in the Spotlight 49 Speaking of the Past and Things That Never Change 51 Romeo Lives! Writing about Literature and Art in Present Tense 53 Hitting Curveballs: Irregular Forms 54 Getting a Handle on Common Irregulars: Be and Have 56 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Verbs 58 Answers to Problems on Verbs and Verb Tenses 59 Chapter 5: Agreement: Choosing Singular or Plural Verbs and Pronouns 67 Meeting Their Match: Pairing Subjects and Verbs 67 Boning up on the basics 68 Taming the tough guys: Difficult subjects 70 Dealing with tricksters 72 Matching Pronouns and Antecedents 73 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Hitching Subjects and Verbs 77 Answers to Subject, Verb, and Pronoun Pairing Problems 78 Chapter 6: Solving Pronoun Case 85 Meeting the Subject at Hand and the Object of My Affection 85 To “Who” or To “Whom”? That Is the Question 87 You Talkin’ to Me, or I? Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions 89 Matching Possessive Pronouns to “-ing” Nouns 90 Missing in Action: Choosing Pronouns for Implied Comparisons 91 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Pronoun Case 92 Answers to Advanced Pronoun Problems 93 Chapter 7: Little Words Packing a Lot of Power: Prepositions and Interjections 99 Pinning Down Prepositions 100 Interjections Are Simple! 102 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Prepositions and Interjections 103 Answers to Questions About Prepositions and Interjections 104 Chapter 8: Writing Good or Well: Adjectives and Adverbs 107 Identifying Adjectives and Adverbs 107 The Right Place at the Right Time: Placing Adjectives and Adverbs 109 How’s It Going? Choosing Between Good/Well and Bad/Badly 111 Mastering the Art of Articles 112 For Better or Worse: Forming Comparisons 113 Visiting the -ER (and the -EST): One- or two-word comparisons 113 Going from bad to worse (and good to better): Irregular comparisons 116 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Descriptors 117 Answers to Adjective and Adverb Problems 118 Part 3: Mastering Mechanics 125 Chapter 9: A Hook That Can Catch You: Apostrophes 127 Showing Who Owns What: Possessives 128 Tightening Up Text: Contractions 129 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Apostrophes 132 Answers to Apostrophe Problems 133 Chapter 10: “Can I Quote You on That?” Quotation Marks 137 Quoting and Paraphrasing: What’s the Difference? 137 Giving Voice to Direct Quotations 139 Punctuating Titles 140 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Quotation Marks 142 Answers to Quotation Problems 143 Chapter 11: Pausing to Consider the Comma 147 Keeping Lists in Order with Commas and Semicolons 148 Directly Addressing the Listener or Reader 150 Punctuating Dates and Addresses 150 Placing Commas in Combined Sentences 152 Inserting Extras with Commas: Introductions and Interruptions 154 Setting Descriptions Apart 155 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Commas 157 Answers to Comma Problems 158 Chapter 12: Handling Dashes, Hyphens, and Colons 165 Dashing Off 165 Helping Yourself to Hyphens 167 Coming to a Stop: Colons 168 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Dashes, Hyphens, and Colons 170 Answers to Problems on Dashes, Hyphens, and Colons 171 Chapter 13: Hitting the Big Time: Capital Letters 175 Paying Respect to People’s Names and Titles 176 Capitalizing the Right Time and Place 177 Working with Business and School Terms 178 Capitalizing Titles of Literary and Media Works 180 Managing Capital Letters in Abbreviations 181 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Capital Letters 182 Answers to Capitalization Problems 183 Chapter 14: Writing for Electronic Media 187 Knowing Your Audience: The Right Writing for the Right Situation 187 Shortening Your Message 190 Powering Up Your Presentation Slides 192 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Electronic Media 195 Answers to Electronic Media Problems 196 Part 4: Going Above and Beyond: the Finer Points Of Grammar and Style 199 Chapter 15: Going for the Gold: The Finer Points of Verb Usage 201 Voicing an Opinion: Active and Passive Verbs 201 In the Mood: Selecting the Right Verb for All Sorts of Sentences 203 Indicating facts: Indicative mood 204 Issuing commands: Imperative mood 204 Telling lies: Subjunctive mood 205 Spicing Up Sentences by Adding Interesting Verbs 207 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Voice and Mood 208 Answers to Voice and Mood Problems 210 Chapter 16: Identifying Clauses and Their Effects 215 Locating Clauses 215 Sorting Independent and Subordinate Clauses 217 Making Clauses Work Together 218 Answers to Clause Problems 221 Chapter 17: Adding Style to Sentences 225 Speaking Verbally 225 Identifying verbals 226 Telling time with verbals 227 Playing with Sentence Patterns 228 Introductory elements 228 Combining ideas and changing word order 231 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice Honing Your Sentences 233 Answers to Sentence Improvement Problems 234 Chapter 18: Staying on Track: Parallel Writing 239 Geometry Meets English: Making Sentences Parallel 239 Staying in Gear: Avoiding Unnecessary Shifts 242 Following Special Rules for VIPs: Very Important Pairs 245 Drawing Parallel Comparisons 247 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Parallels 248 Answers to Parallelism Problems 249 Chapter 19: Steering Clear of Confusion: Clarity 255 Putting Descriptive Words in Their Proper Place 255 Inserting single-word descriptions 256 Relocating longer descriptions 257 Dangling descriptions 259 Getting caught in the middle: Vague descriptions 262 Avoiding Illogical Comparisons 263 Completing half-finished comparisons 263 Being smarter than yourself: Illogical comparisons 265 Making Sure Your Pronouns Are Meaningful 267 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice in Writing Clear Sentences 269 Answers to Clarity Problems 270 Chapter 20: Dealing with Grammar Demons 277 Dropping Double Negatives 277 Telling Word-Twins Apart 279 Distinguishing Between Commonly Confused Words 280 Counting and Measuring Grammatically 281 Taming Tricky Verbs 282 Banishing Bogus Expressions 283 Calling All Overachievers: Extra Practice with Tricky Words 287 Answers to Grammar Demon Problems 288 Appendix: Grabbing Grammar Goofs 293 Index 313

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Book SynopsisNow in its second edition, Romanian: An Essential Grammar is a concise, user-friendly guide to modern Romanian. It takes the student through the essentials of the language, explaining each concept clearly and providing many examples of contemporary Romanian usage.This fully revised second edition contains: a chapter of each of the most common grammatical areas with Romanian and English examples extensive examples of the more difficult areas of the grammar a section with exercises to consolidate the learning and the answer key a list of useful verbs an appendix listing useful websites for further information a glossary of grammatical terms used in the book a useful bibliographical list.Suitable for both classroom use and independent study, this book is ideal for beginner to intermediate students.Table of ContentsPart 1: An essential grammar 1. Sounds and letters 2. Nouns 3. Articles 4. Adjectives 5. Pronouns 6. Numerals 7. Verbs 8. Adverbs 9. Prepositions 10. Conjunctions 11. Interjections 12. Word formation Part 2: Language functions 13. Socialising 14. Exchanging factual information 15. Expressing opinions and attitudes 16. Judgement and evaluation

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of Portuguese: An Essential Grammar is a practical reference guide to the most important aspects of modern European Portuguese. Combining traditional and function-based grammar, the book sets out the complexities of Portuguese in short, readable sections. Explanations are clear, free from jargon and substantiated by examples. Throughout, the emphasis is on Portuguese as used by native speakers.This third edition: reflects the new orthographic agreement; includes an expanded section on verbs and pronouns, as well as a new section on syntax; provides authentic examples to illustrate grammar in context; focuses on Portuguese as used in Portugal and Africa; links to Basic Portuguese: A Grammar and Workbook, which offers a valuable set of language practice exercises; includes a detailed contents list and index for easy access to information. Table of ContentsChapter 1 Pronunciation and spelling Chapter 2 Nouns Chapter 3 Articles Chapter 4 Adjectives Chapter 5 Pronouns Chapter 6 Numerals Chapter 7 Verbs Chapter 8 Adverbs Chapter 9 Conjunctions Chapter 10 Prepositions Chapter 11 Elements of Syntax Chapter 12 Additional notes on Portuguese usage Chapter 13 Socializing Chapter 14 Exchanging factual information Chapter 15 Getting things done Chapter 16 Finding out and expressing intellectual attitudes Chapter 17 Judgement and evaluation

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Book SynopsisGeorgian: A Comprehensive Grammar constitutes a complete reference work addressing all major elements of modern Georgian grammar and usage.It provides a systematic and accessible description of the language's phonology, orthography, morphology, and syntax. The focus is on contemporary spoken and written usage, with attention devoted throughout to differences in register and genre. Points are illustrated with examples drawn from a range of authentic written and recorded sources, such as press, radio, and television.The grammar is designed for a wide readership, including students of Georgian, particularly at the intermediate and advanced levels, as well as scholars of Georgian and theoretical linguistics.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements GEORGIAN LANGUAGE AND ALPHABET1. PLACE OF THE GEORGIAN LANGUAGE AMONG THE SOUTH CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES 2. THE GEORGIAN ALPHABET PHONOLOGY3. SOUND SYSTEM OF THE GEORGIAN LANGUAGE 3.1. Classification of consonants 3.1.1. Consonant triples 3.1.2. Consonant pairs 3.1.3. Separate consonants 3.1.4. Structure of consonant clusters 3.2. Classification of vowels 3.2.1. Backness 3.2.2. Height 3.2.3. Traingle of vowels MORPHOLOGY4. NOUNS 4.1. Noun groups 4.1.1. Animate and inanimate nouns 4.1.2. Concrete and abstract nouns 4.1.3. Proper and common nouns 4.1.4. Collective nouns 4.1.5. Noncount nouns 4.2. Grammatical categories of nouns 4.2.1. Case and number markers 4.2.2. Function of cases 4.3. Declension of noun 4.3.1. Declension of common nouns 4.3.1.1. Declension of consonant-stem non-syncopating common nouns 4.3.1.2. Declension of consonant-stem syncopating common nouns 4.3.1.3. Consonant-stem common nouns with irregular syncopation patterns 4.3.1.4. Declension of vowel-stem common nouns 4.3.1.5. Declension of vowel-stem non-truncating common nouns 4.3.1.6. Declension of vowel-stem truncating common nouns 4.3.1.7. Vowel-stem common nouns with irregular declension patterns 4.3.1.8. Declension of vowel-stem truncating common nouns with syncope 4.4. Declension of proper names 4.4.1. Declension of consonant-stem personal names 4.4.2. Declension of consonant-stem geographic names 4.4.3. Declension of vowel-stem given names 4.4.4. Declension of vowel-stem family names 4.4.5. Declension of given and family names together 4.4.6. Vowel-stem geographic names 4.4.6.1. Non-truncating geographic names 4.4.6.2. Truncating geographic names 5. ADJECTIVES 5.1. Groups of Adjectives 5.1.1. Derivative Adjectives 5.2. Comparative and superlative Adjectives 5.3. Declension of Adjectives 5.3.1. Declension of adjectives without noun 5.3.2. Declension of Adjectives preceding noun5.3.2.1. Declension of vowel-stem adjectives preceding noun 5.3.2.2. Declension of consonant stem adjectives preceding noun 6. NUMERALS 6.1. Types of numerals 6.1.1. Cardinal numerals 6.1.2. Spelling of Cardinal Numerals 6.2. Ordinal and Fractional Numerals 6.3. Declension of Numerals 6.3.1. Declension of consonant-stem cardinal numerals 6.3.1.1. Declension of consonant-stem cardinal numerals 6.3.1.2. Declension of consonant-stem quantifiers 6.3.2. Declension of vowel-stem numerals 6.3.2.1. Declension of vowel-stem cardinal numerals 6.3.2.2. Declension of vowel-stem quantifiers 6.3.2.3. Declension of vowel stem ordinal numerals 6.3.3. Declension of cardinal numerals extended by particles 6.3.4. Declension of numerals followed by noun 6.3.4.1. Declension of vowel-stem numerals followed by noun 6.3.4.2. Declension of consonant-stem cardinal numerals followed by noun 6.3.5. Declension of numerals followed by numerals 7. PRONOUNS 7.1. Personal pronouns and their declension7.2. Reflexive pronouns 7.3. Possessive pronouns and their declension 7.3.1. Declension of possesive pronouns with noun 7.4. Demonstrative pronouns 7.4.1. Declension of demonstrative pronouns 7.4.2. Declension of demonstrative pronouns preceding noun 7.4.3. Declension of demonstrative pronouns with added particles separately and with noun 7.5. Interrogative pronouns and their declension 7.5.1. Declension of interrogative pronouns preceding noun 7.6. Possessive-interrogative pronouns and their declension 7.6.1. Declension of possessive-interrogative pronouns preceding noun 7.7. Negative pronouns and their declension 7.8. Definite pronouns and their declension 7.8.1. Declension of definite pronouns preceding noun 7.9. Indefinite pronouns and their declension 7.9.1. Declension of indefinite pronouns preceding noun 7.10. Reciprocal pronouns and their declension 7.11. Relative pronouns and their Declension 8. COMPOUNDS 8.1. Semantics of Compounds 8.2. Structure of Compounds 8.2.1. Compounds with reduplicated stems 8.2.2. Compounds with different stems 8.2.3. Closed Compounds 9. VERBS 9.1. Person and number of the Verb 9.1.1. Persons and actants 9.1.2. Subject and number markers 9.1.3. Direct/indirect object and number markers 9.1.4. Subject and object cases 9.1.5. Inversion of subject and object markers 9.1.6. Grammatical and actual verb persons 9.2. Preverbs 9.2.1. Structure of preverbs 9.2.2. Functions of preverb 9.3. Voice and Transitivity of verbs 9.3.1. Active voice 9.3.2. Passive voice 9.3.2.1. Suffixal passive voice verbs 9.3.2.2. Prefixal passive voice verbs 9.3.2.3. Root passive voice verbs 9.3.3. Medial verbs 9.3.3.1. Medio-Active verbs 9.3.3.2. Medio-Passive verbs 9.4. Version 9.4.1. Neutral and Locative versions 9.4.2. Subjective version 9.4.3. Objective version 9.5. Tense and its subcategories 9.5.1. Mood 9.5.2. Aspect 9.6. Conjugation of Verbs 9.6.1. I Series 9.6.1.2. Present Subseries 9.6.1.2.1. Present 9.6.1.2.2. Imperfect 9.6.1.2.3. Present subjunctive 9.6.1.3. Future Subseries 9.6.2. II Series 9.6.2.1. Aorist 9.6.2.2. Optative 9.6.3. III Series9.6.3.1. Perfect 9.6.3.2. Pluperfect 9.6.3.3. Perfect subjunctive 9.7. Irregular verbs 9.7.1. Irregular verbs with changing stems in agreement with a plural subject 9.7.2. Irregular verbs with changing stems in agreement with a plural direct object 9.7.3. Honorific verbs of polite conversation 9.7.4. Irregular verbs with changing stems by tense 9.7.5. Irregular verbs with changimg stems by aspect 9.8. Verbal nouns 9.8.1. Gerund and its derivation9.8.2. Participles 9.8.2.1. Active voice Participles 9.8.2.2. Passive voice participles 9.8.2.2.1. Past passive participles 9.8.2.2.2. Future passive participles 9.8.2.2.3 Negative passive participles 9.8.2.3. Medial voice participles 10. ADVERBS 10.1. Primary and derivative adverbs 10.2. Semantic groups of Adverbs 11. POSPOSITIONS 12. CONJUNCTIONS 12.1. Coordinating Conjunctions 12.1.1. Correlative Conjunctions 12.1.2. Separating Conjunctions 12.1.3. Contrastive Conjunctions 12.1.4. Equating Conjunctions 12.2. Subordinating Conjunctions 13. PARTICLES 13.1. Interrogative particles 13.2. Limiting particles 13.3. Negation particles 13.4. Affirmative particles13.5. Reported speech particles 13.6. Approximating particles 13.7. Emphasizing particles 13.8. Particles expressing wish or desire 13.9. Selective particles 13.10. Particles expressing possibility or supposition 13.11. Imitative particles 13.12. Indicative particles 13.13. Particle denoting frequency of action 13.14. Particle denoting not witnessed action 13.15. Parts of speech functioning as particles 14. INTERJECTIONS SINTACTIC STRUCTURES15. NOUN PHRASE 15.1. Noun/subject 15.2. Noun/direct and indirect objects 15.3. Adjectives 15.3.1. Attributive adjectives 15.3.2. Genitive modifier 16. VERB PHRASE 16.1. Predicate 16.1.1. Simple predicate 16.1.2. Compound predicate and its structure 16.2. Adjunct object 16.3. Predicative adjective 16.4. Adverbial modifiers 17. SYNTACTYC PAIRS 17.1. Number of syntactic pairs in the sentence 17.2. Types of word relations within syntactic pairs 17.2.1. Coordination 17.2.2. Subordination 17.3. Increasing and decreasing basic parts of a sentence 17.3.1. Increasing the number of actants in a sentence 17.3.1.1. Increasing the number of actants with causative verbs 17.3.1.2. Increasing the number of actants by changing version 17.3.1.3. Increasing the number of actants with preverbs 17.3.2. Decreasing the number of actants in a sentence 17.3.2.1. Conversion 18. MODALITY OF SENTENCES 18.1. Declarative sentence 18.2. Interrogative sentence 18.3. Imperative and Exclamative sentences 18.4. Interrogative-Exclamative sentence 19. STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES 19.1. Simple Sentences 19.1.1. Unextended and extended sentences 19.1.2. Complete and Incomplete Sentences 19.1.3. Sentences without or with omitted subjects 19.1.4. Noun-sentence 19.2. Sentence with coordinated parts 19.2.1. Coordinated parts 19.2.1.1. Joining coordinated parts 19.3. Coordinated parts in syntactic pairs 19.3.1. Compound predicates 19.3.2. Compound subjects 19.3.3. Coordinated direct objects 19.3.4. Coordinated indirect objects 19.4. Parenthetical words and phrases 19.4.1. Appositive 19.4.2. Free modifiers 19.4.3. Asides 19.4.4. Addressing formulas and expressions 20. COMPLEX SENTENCE 20.1. Complex coordinate sentence 20.2. Complex subordinate sentence 20.3. Adverbial Clause of Condition 20.4. Adverbial Clause of Concession 20.5. Adverbial Clause of Result 20.6. The compound-complex sentence 20.6.1. Compound sentence with several subordinate clauses 20.6.2. Mixed sentences 20.7. Direct and Indirect speech BIBLIOGRAPHY

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