International trade and commerce Books

Book SynopsisAsia and Oceania are close geographically, have complementary trade and investment opportunities, and have developed strong business relationships during recent decades. The rapid growth of Asia has provided huge two-way opportunities in trade and investment for businesses in these areas. In the coming decades, continued strong growth in East Asia is likely to be accompanied by even stronger growth in South Asia. Businesses in Oceania are generally better placed than those of Western Europe and North America to take early advantage of the burgeoning opportunities in Asia. Emerging Business and Trade Opportunities Between Oceania and Asia is a comprehensive reference that comprises research on the latest business ventures and developments that are being forged between countries that include Australia, China, and India. This book provides insight into general knowledge about the trade and investment policies and patterns of the two areas and specific knowledge about more targeted trade and investment opportunities. Covering a plethora of topics such as economic development, knowledge management, and start-ups across a wide range of industries that include tourism and hospitality, elderly care services, and information technology sectors, it is ideal for existing and new business entrepreneurs in Oceania and Asia; economic and political commentators; and researchers, academics, and students working in the fields of economics and business-oriented disciplines. Additionally, business professionals and financial investors can use the book to gain a deeper understanding of investment opportunities in areas such as health and tourism, and business consultants can utilize it to develop road maps for their clients of future business opportunities in what will continue to be the largest and most rapidly growing part of the world economy.

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Book SynopsisWhat is the role of trade to both expedite growth and to provide the transformative innovations needed in our post-Pandemic, post-Brexit, unstable world? Using historical examples to demonstrate how complex forces interplay into virtuous or vicious cycles of cumulative causation, Simmons and Culkin suggest alternative trade approaches to drive economic growth. Set within the socio-political space defined by a nascent Anglosphere and its implicit nationalism, they map alternative frameworks to embolden entrepreneurs to make the future. With fresh thinking Covid, Brexit and The Anglosphere equips academics, students, policymakers and general readers with the tools to drive growth in a post-Pandemic post- Brexit fragmenting world order facing rapidly advancing technical change.Trade ReviewAs a serial entrepreneur this book grasps the complex challenges I face on a daily basis. The two main concepts discussed give valuable insights into the dynamics of launching innovations that drive growth. The Quadruple Innovation Vortex neatly demonstrates the interlocking roles of the state, universities and financial capital working in partnership with entrepreneurs like myself to overcome obstacles and reach the market. The complexity and interrelation of Cumulative Causation reflects the real world the entrepreneur works in where numerous different aspects need to work together to generate the virtuous cycle of success. Simmons and Culkin’s book is a “must read” for those who want to explore how innovation and growth require so much more than just Open Trade. -- Jukka Peltola, Serial entrepreneur in global media, consumer product and complementary medicine markets.This forward-thinking book is innovative and exciting, Simmons and Culkin’s dare to imagine and envisage innovation by addressing the unanswered questions that we have all been asking. The book is an essential read for academics, researchers, policy makers and business leaders alike because it presents groundbreaking ideas on innovation and how we can drive economic growth in practical ways that are hard to ignore. -- Professor Kiran Trehan, Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Partnerships and EngagementWith the United Kingdom’s Brexit transition in seemingly perpetual motion, Simmons and Culkin provide an easily-digestible menu of socio-economic historical context, assessment of contemporary structural stagnation of breakthrough innovation, and forward-looking positive proposals for recovery from Brexit by sustaining a knowledge economy. The authors have delivered a valuable academic text that is both accessible to the lay reader, and provides important insight for businesses, investors and policy makers. In particular, the focus on establishing disruptive innovation through harnessing partnership with academic researchers provides a practical framework to catalyse economic growth that benefits wider society. -- Professor Darragh Murnane, Professor of Pharmaceutics and Deputy Director, The Centre for Doctoral Training in Aerosol ScienceThis is a great little book – aimed as a teach-in for undergraduates and others on what ‘free trade’ means (lots of different things it seems and you can take your pick!) and how, if done correctly, it could stimulate entrepreneurship and encourage growth [...] not only very informative but also at times quite entertaining. -- Vicky Pryce, The Society of Professional EconomistsTable of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Before We Begin …Definitions Chapter 3. The Menu – Differing Trade Theories Chapter 4. The Aperitif 400 Years of Change;– Southwark and Cumulative Causation Chapter 5. The Sorbet -Economic Background Chapter 6. The Soup – Nationalism Popularism, Trade and Development Chapter 7. The Seasoning? - The Anglosphere Chapter 8. "Specials” – Innovation, Trade Growth and the Entrepreneur Chapter 9. Main Course - Shocks, Trade & Growth Chapter 10. Two Twists – Regulations and Monopolies Chapter 11. Pause for Reflection, Britain in 1910 Chapter 12. Dessert Menu – Acquiring Resources to Support Innovation Chapter 13. The “Digestif” Cumulative Causation Chapter 14. Coffee and Conclusions

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Book SynopsisThe merchant, Paul Brandt, moved from Stettin (now in Poland) to Hamburg in 1686. His business prospered and four generations later, fifteen-year-old Wilhelm Brandt was apprenticed to the merchant Alexander Christian Becker in Archangel. Trading flourished in a variety of commodities including timber, flax, skins and sugar, and in 1805 Wilhelm's older brother Emanuel Heinrich moved to London and set up the agency for the Archangel business which subsequently became the family bank. Peter Augustus Brandt (ninth generation) was born in 1931, and after Eton, Cambridge and national service in the Royal Navy joined Wm Brandt's in 1954, becoming managing director in 1966. After the bank's successes in the 1960s, it was taken over by National and Grindlays and eventually sold in 1972, 160 years after its founding. With over 70 illustrations, many in colour, including family portraits, houses, documents and artefacts from the archives. Maps of Germany, the Baltic, England and Archangel show places with which the family and its businesses were associated.

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Book SynopsisMerchants and Revolution examines the activities of London's merchant community during the early Stuart period. Proposing a new understanding of long-term commercial change, Robert Brenner explains the factors behind the opening of long-distance commerce to the south and east, describing how the great City merchants wielded power to exploit emerging business opportunities, and he profiles the new colonial traders, who became the chief architects of the Commonwealth's dynamic commercial policy.Trade ReviewBrenner has made more discoveries of importance about the period than any of his contemporaries. * London Review of Books *Constantly provocative, a giant of a book. * Times Literary Supplement *If Brenner's work suggests new beginnings, its primary focus is on some of the most venerable debates in British historiography. * Reviews in American History *

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Book SynopsisThe 2019 International Trade Statistics Yearbook, Volume II: Trade by Product: provides a condensed and integrated analytical view of the international merchandise trade, and trade in services up to the year 2019 by means of brief descriptive text, concise data tables and charts. The information presented in the publication give an insight into the latest trends of trade of around 260 commodity categories and 11 categories of services.

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Book SynopsisAgricultural products are one of Vietnam's most important exports, contributing considerably to the overall export turnover of the country. Vietnam's agricultural exports are easily affected by external factors. It is overly dependent on the Chinese market, and its agricultural products do not as yet meet strict global standards. Challenges facing Vietnam's export of fruits and vegetables to the Chinese market include technical barriers, long risk assessment periods, restrictions on products exported through official quotas to the Chinese market, and frequent changes in China's policy on border crossings. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of market diversification to this sector. To further develop its agricultural export sector, Vietnam needs to gather and consolidate information on import standards and guide its farmers on product quality requirements. Besides, efforts to gradually diversify its markets are essential for it to avoid being dependent on a small number of partners and markets. Vietnam's participation in international organizations such as ASEAN, APEC, WTO, and AEC exemplifies its increasingly active efforts at seeking new development opportunities. The seventeen bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements which have been signed by Vietnam partly demonstrates efforts at achieving market diversification.

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Book SynopsisAn explosive investigation into how the United States of America built one of the largest illicit offshore finance systems in the world. For years, one country has acted as the greatest offshore haven in the world, attracting hundreds of billions of dollars in illicit finance tied directly to corrupt regimes, extremist networks, and the worst the world has to offer. But it hasn’t been the sand-splattered Caribbean islands, or even traditional financial secrecy havens like Switzerland or Panama that have come to dominate the offshoring world. Instead, the country profiting the most also happens to be the one that still claims to be the moral leader of the free world, and the one that claims to be leading the fight against the crooked and the corrupt: the United States of America. American Kleptocracy examines just how the United States’ implosion into a centre of global offshoring took place: how states such as Delaware and Nevada perfected the art of the anonymous shell company; how post-9/11 reformers watched their success usher in a new flood of illicit finance directly into the U.S.; how African despots and post-Soviet oligarchs came to dominate American coastlines, American industries, and entire cities and small towns across the American Midwest; how Nazi-era lobbyists birthed an entire industry of spin-men whitewashing transnational crooks and despots, and how dirty money has now begun infiltrating America’s universities, think tanks, and cultural centres; and how those on the frontline are trying to restore America’s legacy of anti-corruption leadership ― and finally end this reign of American kleptocracy. It also looks at how Trump’s presidency accelerated all of the trends already on hand ― and how the Biden administration can, and should, act on this tawdry inheritance.Trade Review‘Casey Michel cuts through the spin, to reveal the inner workings of the American economy. His writing has shown again and again the subterfuges and secrecy at the heart of how money moves through the financial system, and does it with panache, wit, and a blessed aversion to jargon. I always read his work, and can't wait to read this one.’ -- Oliver Bullough, author of the international bestseller Moneyland: the inside story of the crooks and kleptocrats who rule the world‘Casey is the foremost journalistic voice in the fight against kleptocracy. No other individual is so consistently on the case and interested in both the actors and the possible policy responses. His knowledge of the existential danger posed by kleptocracy is bar none, and we rely on his work like no one else to inform policy.’ -- Paul Massaro, Congressional Policy Advisor to US Helsinki Commission‘Michel masterfully recounts the tragicomic outcomes when outre autocrats meet serviceable financial and legal systems.’ -- Martin Sandbu * Financial Times *‘Remarkable and perspicacious … an important and eye-opening book.’ -- Bradley Hope, New York Times bestselling co-author of Billion Dollar Whale‘Remarkable and well-researched … Casey Michel shows how the U.S. has taken the top spot at the ease of doing illicit business legally.’ -- Katharina Pistor, author of Code of Capital‘An indefatigable young American journalist who has virtually cornered the international kleptocracy beat on the U.S. end of the black aquifer.’ * The Los Angeles Review of Books *‘Mr Michel builds his book around two characters, both prolific users of America’s financial-secrecy infrastructure, deftly weaving together their stories and his analysis.’ * The Economist *‘Clearly-written, compelling, and fast-paced … a clarion call for citizens and those at all levels of government who have not yet realised that we need to clean up our own act to protect ourselves from predatory adversaries.’ -- Fiona Hill, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution‘Casey Michel brings home the extent to which the United States has fuelled money laundering, corruption, and other crimes plaguing the world. His passionate writing comes from his outrage at what has gone on in our own backyard and his understanding of what is at stake, namely trillions of dollars hidden from our national treasury with help from U.S. banks. Readers will learn why it is critical for Americans to look inward and do more to stop the abuses here at home that are helping to power illicit finance around the world.’ -- Senator Carl Levin‘Rule-of-law democracies are engaged in a clash of civilisations against international criminals, kleptocrats, and corrupt politicians. Michel exposes the troubling role the U.S. has played in facilitating the dark economy and underscores the urgent need for transparency, reform, and accountability.’ -- Senator Sheldon Whitehouse‘If the right person writes the right book, and enough of the right people read it, incredible changes can take place. Casey Michel has written such a book. In the right hands, it could spur policy shifts in the U.S. that would have global ramifications.’ -- Jasmin Mujanovic, author of Hunger and Fury ‘Compelling and colourful … Casey Michel is one of the United States’ brightest emerging foreign policy thinkers — a scholar, journalist, and policy expert who has spent years chronicling the rise of globalised corruption in meticulous detail. In American Kleptocracy, he provides the definitive account of the defining threat of our era — weaving together an irresistible narrative with a bold but pragmatic agenda for reform that can end America’s complicity in foreign corruption.’ -- Nate Sibley head of Hudson Institute's Kleptocracy Initiative‘American Kleptocracy is essential reading to understand how the U.S. has become the global destination for dirty money. Michel exposes the international shell games that the super-wealthy and their professional enablers deploy to launder and stash cash. He exposes why this matters, as illicit funds disrupt local real estate markets and undermine honest economic activity.’ -- Chuck Collins, director of the Program on Inequality and the Common Good at the Institute for Policy Studies, and author of The Wealth Hoarders: how billionaires pay millions to hide trillions‘In this vitally important book, Casey Michel follows the money. He shows us how, and why, so much of it ends up in American luxury real estate, hedge funds, startups, and shell corporations. Compelling true-life stories, carefully marshaled statistics, and careful analysis combine to make Michel’s book the must-read account of one of the key challenges of our time.’ -- Dan Nexon, professor of Government and Foreign Service at Georgetown University, and co-author of Exit from Hegemony‘[Casey Michel is] owed a debt of gratitude by free people everywhere.’ -- Thor Halvorssen, president of the Human Rights Foundation‘Journalist Michel debuts with a blistering account of how greed, deregulation, and deliberate avoidance have enabled dictators and drug cartels to launder their illicit profits in the US … Through rigorous research and cogent prose, Michel builds a persuasive case that the influx of unregulated money decimates America’s industrial regions and poses a grave threat to democracy. This is a stunning portrait of avarice run amok.’ * Publishers Weekly *‘Michel’s clear prose helps make a complicated subject comprehensible, and leaves readers with some hope that financial corruption may not be so inevitable after all.’ * Booklist *‘[Michel] is a masterful storyteller who grips readers with truthful and disturbing accounts of outlandish schemes … eye-opening and comprehensive.’ * Library Journal *‘Michel, a dogged investigative reporter, is as knowledgeable as they come on financial corruption in and around the United States. In American Kleptocracy, he brings it all together … Michel makes a convincing case that there has never been an illicit financial system as robust and versatile as the one the US has created, a shadow economy servicing financiers, lobbyists, old money and the newly corrupted.’ * CrimeReads *‘[A] compact grenade of a book.’ -- Gideon Haigh * The Weekend Australian *

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Book SynopsisAfter the Second World War, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) promoted trade liberalization to help make the world prosperous and peaceful. Francine McKenzie uses case studies of the Cold War, the creation of the EEC and other regional trade agreements, development, and agriculture, to show that trade is a primary goal of foreign policy, a dominant (and divisive) aspect of international relations, and a vital component of global order. She unpacks the many ways in which trade was politicised, and the layers of meaning associated with trade; trade policies, as well as disputes about trade, communicated ideas, hopes and fears that were linked to larger questions of identity, sovereignty, and status. This study reveals how the economic and political dimensions of foreign policy and international engagement intersected, showing that trade was not only instrumentalised in the service of particular policies or relations but that it was also an essential aspect of international relations.Trade Review'With trade protectionism on the rise today, it is vitally important to understand the origins of the post-World War II trading system. Francine McKenzie has written an insightful and illuminating study on the difficult past of the GATT that will be of great interest to historians, economists, and political scientists alike.' Douglas Irwin, Dartmouth College'GATT as 'the 'Cinderella of international organizations'? McKenzie's innovative study of GATT situates international trade in global politics and reminds us why the history of economics on an international scale matters. As the clock moves closer to midnight, GATT and Global Order helps us understand the paradoxes of the twentieth century international economic order, and how difficult it is to disentangle the fiscal tenets of asymmetrical globalization from the established virtues of international cooperation.' Glenda Sluga, University of Sydney/ European University Institute'This bold book brings into one place the issues, events, debates, policies, and people of the GATT during its half-century history. This is both a survey and an in-depth, multi-archival examination of a major institution – a truly amazing undertaking with results that are oftentimes breath-taking in their scope.' Tom Zeiler, University of Colorado Boulder'International historian Francine McKenzie has consulted numerous primary sources around the world, as well as secondary sources, to write an account of this important trade policy institution. Organized around four broad themes - the Cold War, regionalism, development, and agriculture - the study shows and analyses what negotiators and policy makers thought, behind the often bland or triumphant compromise public statements.' James Foreman-Peck, EH.net (Economic History Association)Table of ContentsIntroduction: GATT in World Affairs; 1. Accidental Organization: Origins and Early Years of GATT; 2. 'An Arrow in the Western World's Quiver': The Cold War Challenge to GATT; 3. 'Take It or Leave It': The EEC Challenge to GATT; 4. 'Spread Like the Plague': The Regional Challenge to GATT; 5. 'Rich Man's Club': The Development Challenge to GATT; 6. 'Agricultural Anarchy': The Agriculture Challenge to GATT; Conclusion: The Embattled History of GATT.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisDiscussion of the governance of global trade and the multilateral trading system is too often dominated by developed-country scholars and opinion-makers, with inadequate attention given to developing country perspectives. Making Global Trade Governance Work for Development gathers a diversity of developing country views on how to improve the governance of global trade and the WTO to better advance sustainable development and respond to the needs of developing countries. With contributions by senior scholars, commentators and practitioners, the essays combine new, empirically-grounded research with practical insights about the trade policy-making process. They consider the specific governance issues of interest to developing countries and acknowledge the changing dynamics in the global economy and in trade decision-making.Table of ContentsIntroduction Carolyn Deere Birkbeck; Part I. Enduring Development Challenges and New Agendas for Global Trade Governance: 1. Globalization, development, and democracy José Antonio Ocampo; 2. The United Nations and the Millennium development goals: what roles in and beyond the governance of global trade? Laskhmi Puri; 3. The interactions of trade, macroeconomic policies and sustainability: implications for global trade governance Alejandro Nadal; 4. A sustainable development perspective on global trade governance Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz and Trineesh Biswas; Part II. Roles and Responsibilities in Global Trade Governance: Diversity in Developing Country Priorities and Strategies: 5. New powers in the club: the challenges of global trade governance Amrita Narlikar; 6. China's ascent in global trade governance: from rule taker to rule shaker and, maybe rule maker? Henry Gao; 7. LDC priorities for improved global trade governance Atul Kaushik and Julian Mukiibi; 8. Priorities for small states in global trade governance Edwin Laurent; 9. Improving the participation of small developing countries in the governance of the multilateral trading system Richard Bernal; Part III. Strengthening Multilateralism: Priorities for WTO Reform: 10. The WTO, democracy, and development: a view from the South Bhupinder Chimni; 11. Reclaiming development in the world trading system revisited Yong-Shik Lee; 12. Fostering developing country engagement in the dispute settlement system: outstanding challenges and governance implications Niall Meagher; 13. Rethinking the governance of aid for trade David Luke and Luisa Bernal; 14. Strengthening WTO surveillance: making transparency work for developing countries Arunabha Ghosh; 15. Why not an Ombudsman at the WTO? A proposal for debate Félix Peña; Part IV. WTO Decision-Making Processes: 16. Towards fair and inclusive decision-making in WTO negotiations Brendan Vickers and Faizel Ismail; 17. Revisiting the single undertaking: towards a more balanced approach to WTO negotiations Miguel Rodríguez and Marie Wilke; 18. Enhancing developing country participation in global trade governance through South-South coalitions in the World Trade Organization Vicente Yu; 19. Inclusive trade governance: participation of stakeholders from the national to the multilateral levels Rashid Kaukab; 20. Global trade governance and development: the WTO accession conundrum Carlos Primo Braga and Olivier Cattaneo; Part V. Conclusion: 21. Development-oriented agendas for global trade governance: a summary of proposals Carolyn Deere Birkbeck.

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Book SynopsisVolume 20 of the ICSID Reports includes summaries, digests and excerpts of decisions rendered between 2009 and 2020 in 16 cases involving States from across Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas, reflecting the breadth of contemporary practice.Table of ContentsBayindir Insaat Turizm Ticaret Ve Sanayi A.Ş. v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan (ICSID Case No. ARB/03/29) Summary and digest by Devon Robertson, White & Case LLP, Award, 27 August 2009, paras. 111–30; EDF (Services) Limited v. Romania (ICSID Case No. ARB/05/13), Summary and digest by Jaime Gallego, LALIVE, Award, 8 October 2009, paras. 185–213; Kardassopoulos and Fuchs v. Republic of Georgia (ICSID Case Nos. ARB/05/18 and ARB/07/15), Summary and digest by Bart Wasiak, Alice Osman and Anton A Ware,Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, Award, 3 March 2010, paras. 269–80; Gustav F W Hamester GmbH & Co KG v. Republic of Ghana (ICSID Case No. ARB/07/24), Summary and digest by Gabriela Alvarez-Avila and James McGlaughlin, Curtis, Mallet‑Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP, Award, 18 June 2010, paras. 140–204, 212–56, 263–68 and 277–95; Tulip Real Estate Investment and Development Netherlands B.V. v. Republic of Turkey (ICSID Case No. ARB/11/28), Summary and digest by Carlos Hernández Durán, Uría Menéndez Abogados SLP, Award, 10 March 2014, paras. 276–328; Separate Opinion of Michael Evan Jaffe on the Question of Attribution Under Art 8, ILC Articles, 7 March 2014, paras. 1–11, Decision on Annulment, 30 December 2015, paras. 145–60, 171–202 and 211–21; Mesa Power Group, LLC v. Government of Canada (PCA Case No. 2012-17), Summary and digest by Eduardo Silva Romero, David L Attanasio and Rose Marie Wong, Dechert LLP, Award, 24 March 2016, paras. 339–77; Almås and Almås v. Republic of Poland (PCA Case No. 2015-13), Summary and digest by Thomas F Lane and Robert Price, Latham & Watkins, Award, 27 June 2016, paras. 204–72; Flemingo DutyFree Shop Private Limited v. Republic of Poland (PCA Case No. 2014-11), Summary and digest by Vasuda Sinha and Felix Schaff, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP, Award, 12 August 2016, paras. 349–448; Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Europe v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (ICSID Case No. ARB/12/13), Summary and digest by Ofilio J Mayorga and José M García Rebolledo, Foley Hoag LLP, Decision on Liability and the Principles of Quantum, 30 December 2016, paras. 368–73, 440–77 and 505–42; Ampal-American Israel Corp., EGI-Fund (08-10) Investors LLC, EGI-Series Investments LLC, BSS-EMG Investors LLC and Fischer v. Arab Republic of Egypt (ICSID Case No. ARB/12/11), Summary and digest by Berk Demirkol, University of Galatasaray, Decision on Liability and Heads of Loss, 21 February 2017, paras. 71–147; Beijing Urban Construction Group Co. Ltd. v. Republic of Yemen (ICSID Case No. ARB/14/30), Summary and digest by Kyongwha Chung, Covington & Burling LLP, Decision on Jurisdiction, 31 May 2017, paras. 29–47; Tethyan Copper Pty Limited v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan (ICSID Case No. ARB/12/1), Summary and digest by Oliver Hailes, University of Cambridge, Decision on Jurisdiction and Liability, 10 November 2017, paras. 689–747 and 1420–23; Gavrilović and Gavrilović d.o.o. v. Republic of Croatia (ICSID Case No. ARB/12/39), Summary and digest by Zachary Kady and Colleen Devine, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, Award, 25 July 2018, paras. 760–832; Unión Fenosa Gas, S.A. v. Arab Republic of Egypt (ICSID Case No. ARB/14/4), Summary and digest by Alexander Ferguson, University of Cambridge, Award, 31 August 2018, paras. 9.90–9.121, Dissenting Opinion of Mark Clodfelter, 31 August 2018, paras. 44–49; Ortiz Construcciones y Proyectos S.A. v. People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (ICSID Case No. ARB/17/1), Summary, digest and translation by Damien Charlotin, IAReporter, Award, 29 April 2020, paras. 148–263; Strabag SE v. Libya (ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/15/1), Summary and digest by Zeïneb Bouraoui, Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, Award, 29 June 2020, paras. 155–88.

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Book SynopsisThe severe global financial crisis of 2008 could not be overcome without government interventions through industrial policy. This timely book analyses industrial policy from the perspectives of trade law and economics under the WTO system. The author expertly examines both general tools of protecting and supporting domestic producers and specific topics like special economic zones, localization, greening measures and creative economy. In addition to legal texts and jurisprudence, this book extensively utilizes other WTO materials to show what is actually discussed in WTO meetings and forums on relevant issues. Where applicable, the author advances practical recommendations for ''right'' or ''optimal'' industrial policy in certain contexts based on trade rules, case law and some countries'' real experiences. The author concludes this work with some thoughts on concrete actions to be taken at the WTO and national levels and in academic circles in order to better tackle industrial policy issues.Trade Review'Professor Shadikhodjaev has written a must-have reference book for anyone who cares about the role of governments in the global economy and world trading system.' Julia Ya Qin, Wayne State University and Peking University International Law Institute'This informative book describes what forms of industrial policy are consistent with the rules of the World Trade Organization. The book is densely written and thick with legal terminology, but it is valuable as an authoritative reference work. In addition to analyzing WTO policies, Shadikhodjaev provides a useful catalog of areas where the WTO's rules are ambiguous and suggests how they might be clarified and improved.' Richard N. Cooper, Foreign AffairsTable of ContentsPart I. General Tools of Industrial Policy: 1. Industrial policy under the global trade regime; 1.1. The conceptual framework for industrial policy; 1.2. The multilateral trading system and industrial policy; 1.3. Concluding remarks; 2. Protection of domestic industry; 2.1. Border restrictions; 2.2. Taxes; 2.3. Product standards; 2.4. Protection of services industries; 2.5. Concluding remarks; 3. Promotion of domestic industry; 3.1. The economics of government subsidies; 3.2. The WTO subsidy regime; 3.3. Industrial policies in upstream sectors; 3.4. Concluding remarks; Part II. Special Topics of Industrial Policy: 4. Free zones and industrial development; 4.1. Free zones as an industrial policy tool; 4.2. Free zones under the revised Kyoto Convention; 4.3. Free zones under WTO rules; 4.4. Customs and trade rules: some questions of concurrent application; 4.5. Concluding remarks; 5. Local content requirements and industrialization; 5.1. LCRs and world practice; 5.2. Review of the economic literature; 5.3. The scope of the WTO-applicability to LCRs; 5.4. Legality of LCRs under WTO rules; 5.5. Data localization requirements as an emerging issue; 5.6. Concluding remarks; 6. The greening of industrial policy; 6.1. Environmental dimensions of industrial policy and trade; 6.2. Border carbon adjustments; 6.3. Renewable energy subsidies; 6.4. Environmental labels; 6.5. Environmental exceptions under GATT Article XX; 6.6. Harmonization of the trade and environmental regimes; 6.7. Concluding remarks; 7. Industrial policy in the age of creative economy; 7.1. Creative economy as a new paradigm of industrial policy; 7.2. The status of creative products under the WTO legal framework; 7.3. Creative economy and technological progress under WTO law; 7.4. Policy space for trade restrictions on creative products; 7.5. Concluding remarks.

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Book SynopsisSince the publication of its first edition, this textbook has been the prime choice of teachers and students alike, due to its clear and detailed explanation of the basic principles of the multilateral trading system and the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The fifth edition continues to explore the institutional and substantive law of the WTO. It has been updated to incorporate all new developments in the WTO''s ever-growing body of case law. Moreover, each chapter includes a ''Further Readings'' section to encourage and facilitate research and discussion on the topics addressed. As in previous editions, each chapter also features a summary to reinforce learning. Questions, assignments, and exercises on WTO law and policy are contained in an online supplement, updated regularly. This textbook is an essential tool for all WTO law students and will also serve as a practitioner''s introductory guide to the WTO.Table of Contents1. International trade and the law of the WTO; 2. The World Trade Organization; 3. WTO dispute settlement; 4. Most-favoured-nation treatment; 5. National treatment; 6. Tariff barriers; 7. Non-tariff barriers; 8. General and security exceptions; 9. Economic emergency exceptions; 10. Regional trade exceptions; 11. Dumping; 12. Subsidies; 13. Technical barriers to trade; 14. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures; 15. Intellectual property rights; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe Dispute Settlement Reports are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practicing and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2017: Volume 8 reports on Indonesia - Measures Concerning the Importation of Chicken Meat and Chicken Products (WT/DS484), United States - Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products (WT/DS381/ARB) and United States - Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Measures on Large Residential Washers from Korea (WT/DS464/RPT).Table of ContentsIndonesia – Measures Concerning the Importation of Chicken Meat and Chicken Products (WT/DS484); Report of the Panel; United States – Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products (WT/DS381/ARB); Decision by the Arbitrator; United States – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Measures on Large Residential Washers from Korea (WT/DS464/RPT); Award of the arbitrator; Cumulative list of published disputes.

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Book SynopsisThe Dispute Settlement Reports are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practicing and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2017: Volume 7 reports on Indonesia - Importation of Horticultural Products, Animals and Animal Products (WT/DS477, WT/DS478).Table of ContentsIndonesia – Importation of Horticultural Products, Animals and Animal Products (WT/DS477, WT/DS478); Reports of the Appellate Body; Reports of the Panel; Cumulative list of published disputes.

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Book SynopsisThe Dispute Settlement Reports are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practicing and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2017: Volume 6 reports on European Union - Anti-Dumping Measures on Imports of Certain Fatty Alcohols from Indonesia (WT/DS442).Table of ContentsEuropean Union – Anti-Dumping Measures on Imports of Certain Fatty Alcohols from Indonesia (WT/DS442); Report of the Appellate Body; Report of the panel; Cumulative list of published disputes.

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Book SynopsisThe Dispute Settlement Reports are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practicing and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2017: Volume 5 reports on United States - Conditional Tax Incentives for Large Civil Aircraft (WT/DS487).Table of ContentsUnited States – Conditional Tax Incentives for Large Civil Aircraft (WT/DS487); Report of the Appellate Body; Report of the Panel; Cumulative list of published disputes.

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Book SynopsisThe Dispute Settlement Reports are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practicing and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2017: Volume 4 reports on United States - Certain Methodologies and their Application to Anti-Dumping Proceedings Involving China (WT/DS471) and China - Anti-Dumping Measures on Imports of Cellulose Pulp from Canada (WT/DS483).Table of ContentsUnited States – Certain Methodologies and their Application to Anti-Dumping Proceedings Involving China (WT/DS471); Report of the Panel; China – Anti-Dumping Measures on Imports of Cellulose Pulp from Canada (WT/DS483); Report of the Panel; Cumulative list of published disputes.

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Book SynopsisThe Dispute Settlement Reports are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practicing and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2017: Volume 3 reports on European Union - Measures Affecting Tariff Concessions on Certain Poultry Meat Products (WT/DS492) and United States - Certain Methodologies and their Application to Anti-Dumping Proceedings Involving China (WT/DS471).Table of ContentsEuropean Union – Measures Affecting Tariff Concessions on Certain Poultry Meat Products (WT/DS492); Report of the Panel; United States – Certain Methodologies and their Application to Anti-Dumping Proceedings Involving China (WT/DS471); Report of the Appellate Body; Cumulative list of published disputes.

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Book SynopsisThe Dispute Settlement Reports are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practicing and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2017: Volume 2 reports on Russian Federation - Measures on the Importation of Live Pigs, Pork and Other Pig Products from the European Union (WT/DS475).Table of ContentsRussian Federation – Measures on the Importation of Live Pigs, Pork and Other Pig Products from the European Union (WT/DS475); Report of the Panel; Cumulative list of published disputes.

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Book SynopsisThe Dispute Settlement Reports are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practicing and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2017: Volume 1 reports on Canada - Anti-Dumping Measures on Imports of Certain Carbon Steel Welded Pipe from the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (WT/DS482) and Russian Federation - Measures on the Importation of Live Pigs, Pork and Other Pig Products from the European Union (WT/DS475).Table of ContentsCanada – Anti-Dumping Measures on Imports of Certain Carbon Steel Welded Pipe from the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (WT/DS482); Report of the Panel; Russian Federation - Measures on the Importation of Live Pigs, Pork and Other Pig Products from the European Union (WT/DS475); Report of the Appellate Body; Cumulative list of published disputes.

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Book SynopsisThese are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practicing and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide studying international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2018: ITable of ContentsUnited States – Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods from Korea (WT/DS488); United States – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Measures on Certain Coated Paper from Indonesia (WT/DS491); Cumulative List of Published Disputes

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Book SynopsisThese are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: VIITable of ContentsKorea – Import Bans, and Testing and Certification Requirements for Radionuclides (WT/DS495); Cumulative List of Published Disputes.

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Book SynopsisThese are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: VIIITable of ContentsRussia – Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit (WT/DS512); Cumulative List of Published Disputes.

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Book SynopsisThese are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: IXTable of ContentsUnited States – Countervailing Duty Measures on Certain Products from China (WT/DS437); Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by China; Cumulative List of Published Disputes.

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Book SynopsisThese are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: XTable of ContentsUkraine – Anti-Dumping Measures on Ammonium Nitrate (WT/DS493); Cumulative List of Published Disputes.

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Book SynopsisThese are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: XI.Table of ContentsKorea – Anti-Dumping Duties on Pneumatic Valves from Japan (WT/DS504); Cumulative List of Published Disputes.

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Book SynopsisThese are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: XIITable of ContentsUnited States – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Measures on Large Residential Washers from Korea (WT/DS464); Recourse to Article 22.6 of the DSU by the United States; European Communities and Certain Member States – Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (WT/DS316); Recourse to Article 22.6 of the DSU by the European Union; United States – Certain Methodologies and their Application to Anti-Dumping Proceedings Involving China (WT/DS471); Recourse to Article 22.6 of the DSU by the United States; Cumulative List of Published Disputes.

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Book SynopsisThese are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practicing and academic trade lawyers and needed by students worldwide studying international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2018: VTable of ContentsEuropean Communities and Certain Member States – Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft – Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States (WT/DS316); Cumulative List of Published Disputes

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Book SynopsisThese are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: I.Table of ContentsBrazil – Certain Measures Concerning Taxation and Charges (WT/DS472, WT/DS497); Cumulative List of Published Disputes.

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Book SynopsisThese are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: IITable of ContentsBrazil – Certain Measures Concerning Taxation and Charges (WT/DS472, WT/DS497).

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Book SynopsisThese are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: IIITable of ContentsUnited States – Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products (WT/DS381); Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States; Second Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Mexico.

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Book SynopsisThese are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: IVTable of ContentsUnited States – Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (Second Complaint); Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the European Union (WT/DS353); Cumulative List of Published Disputes.

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Book SynopsisIn pharmaceutical patent law, the problem of lack of policy direction and inappropriate legal framework is widespread - particularly among jurisdictions with little to no pharmaceutical research or manufacturing. This book aims to inform public policy and influence debate through a comprehensive review of Hong Kong''s pharmaceutical patent law. By demonstrating the need for a holistic review of pharmaceutical patent laws and evaluating Hong Kong''s system in light of health policy, economic and social factors, Bryan Mercurio recommends changes to the legal framework and constructs a more efficient and effective system for Hong Kong. He thoroughly evaluates the international framework and best practice models to offer a global perspective to each issue before providing local context in the analysis. While the focus of the book is Hong Kong, the analysis on pharmaceutical patent law and policy extends to other jurisdictions facing issues on reforming their national system.Trade Review'Bryan Mercurio's book breaks new ground in making the link between international legal obligations and domestic policymaking in the field of pharmaceutical patent law. Demonstrating a solid understanding of the fundamentals and nuances of these complex areas, Mercurio's clearly written book offers expert analysis and recommendations which will garner attention from both scholars and policymakers. With the publication of this book, Professor Mercurio further cements his place as the world's leading international economic law scholar researching on intellectual property rights.' Lorand Bartels, University of Cambridge'Professor Bryan Mercurio once again demonstrates his expertise in both international economic law and intellectual property law in his forthcoming book on pharmaceuticals, patents and policy in Hong Kong. The book is a must-read for any scholar interested in this important topic, and in general. The book is innovative in approach, significantly advances the literature and should be engaged with not only by the academic community but also by policymakers in Hong Kong and elsewhere. Page after page, the book demonstrates how few, if any, scholars possess Professor Mercurio's ability to expertly understand the details of the patent regime and the pharmaceutical industry, and with it offering clear and practical recommendations as a way forward in this important area of the law and policy … I deeply enjoyed [the book] and found it to a superb piece of scholarship and one that is much needed in the legal literature.' Irene Calboli, Singapore Management University'This timely, well-written and carefully analysed book provides a definitive study of the pharmaceutical patent system in Hong Kong. More broadly, it reveals the far-reaching impacts new international trade and intellectual property standards can have on local health systems. The book strikes a rare but appropriate balance between a global perspective and local contextual analyses. It is a must-read for anybody interested in intellectual property, public health and international trade.' Peter K. Yu, Director, Center for Law and Intellectual Property, Texas A&M University'Professor Mercurio has written the definitive book on this important topic. Innovative, well researched and argued, it will have a significant impact on policy not only in Hong Kong but internationally. It is a must read for academics, policymakers and practitioners involved in the area.' Andrew Mitchell, University of Melbourne'Like previous works by Professor Mercurio, this book is engaging and easy to read and is a welcome contribution to the study of pharmaceutical patent law and policy. It is highly recommended to scholars, policymakers and industry practitioners. Undoubtedly, this book deserves to be viewed as a model to understand and assess policy objectives in patent law and should be considered as a template for best practices in addressing pharmaceutical patenting in emerging and developing economies.' Pratyush Nath Upreti, Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice'[T]he book makes a substantial contribution to this conundrum by drawing widely from patent law and practice variations in other jurisdictions (including Australia, Canada, Japan, Singapore, South Africa, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and the United States). As such, the book builds a clear picture of policy options available to Hong Kong but also with lessons of wider applicability worldwide. For this, and for its profound depth and breadth of knowledge of international and national patent law and practice, the book is highly recommended.' Duncan Matthews, International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition LawTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. The contextual framework of Hong Kong's pharmaceutical patent laws and policy; 3. Standards of patentability; 4. Extension of patent terms for pharmaceutical products; 5. Exceptions to exclusive rights; 6. Test data exclusivity; 7. Patent linkage; 8. Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThese are the WTO's authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising trade lawyers and a useful tool for students and academics worldwide working in the field of international economic or trade law. The form of citation for this volume recommended by the WTO is DSR 2019: VITable of ContentsChina – Domestic Support for Agricultural Producers (WT/DS511); Cumulative List of Published Disputes.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a detailed overview of recent and likely future developments in bilateral trade of agricultural commodities between the United States and Canada. Factors affecting trade flows of agricultural commodities are examined and their effects on US agriculture are analysed. In addition, external factors, such as the Uruguay Round Agreement of the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT), concluded in 1994, the value of the US dollar against the Canadian currency, and farm subsidies, are discussed. An important secondary goal of this book is to discuss new developments in agribusiness industries in the two countries under CUSTA and implications for trade flows of agricultural commodities and products. Also, concerns are raised about ongoing bilateral trade disputes.

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Book SynopsisWhile some may dispute that economics is the driving force behind much of history, nobody can argue that trade is not a significant factor in international relations. In an increasingly globalised world, products are perpetually crossing borders, leading to both political and fiscal conflicts. Businesses have to face diverse markets and regions while worrying about protectionist government initiatives that hamper free trade. Even the ostensible champion of free markets, America, has its own streak of inhibiting the flow of goods; witness the recent steel tariffs which have angered European partners. No society, therefore, is immune to the pressures of world trade and the need to balance the free movement of products with the desire to preserve domestic industries. This book assembles a collection of articles examining some of the most current and divisive issues in the international trade arena. They range from the tensions between the United States and Mexico in NAFTA to the war-fuelled trade in diamonds in Africa. With such a broad range of issues discussed, this book serves as a needed tool for understanding the most important contemporary economic subjects.

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Book SynopsisWhile some may dispute that economics is the driving force behind much of history, nobody can argue that trade is not a significant factor in international relations. In an increasingly globalised world, products are perpetually crossing borders, leading to both political and fiscal conflicts. Businesses have to face diverse markets and regions while worrying about protectionist government initiatives that hamper free trade. Even the ostensible champion of free markets, America, has its own streak of inhibiting the flow of goods; witness the recent steel tariffs which have angered European partners. No society, therefore, is immune to the pressures of world trade and the need to balance the free movement of products with the desire to preserve domestic industries. This book assembles a collection of articles examining some of the most current and divisive issues in the international trade arena. They range from the tensions between the United States and Mexico in NAFTA to the war-fuelled trade in diamonds in Africa. With such a broad range of issues discussed, this book serves as a needed tool for understanding the most important contemporary economic subjects.

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Book SynopsisThere is a fast change observed in the world markets resulting into the new emerging markets across the countries. In this century China, India and Latin America and the emerging market based economies in Eastern Europe promise new opportunities for global trade. The European Union provided an outlet, initially for unskilled-labour intensive products of Central and Eastern European countries and more recently for skilled-labour intensive and technology-based products. Knowledge-intensive imports from the European Union have also contributed to industrial realignment in the Central European countries. The growing trade agreements in the countries indicate some likelihood of success because when the level of tariff and non-tariff barriers is already low, a preferential agreement is more likely to have an adverse impact than a beneficial one. However, the reduction in the tariff barriers, duties and liberalisation process worldwide has further given a stimulus to the international marketing across regional boundaries. This book discusses a research analysis based on extensive survey of literature and statistical analysis of the data available from secondary sources and argues the strategic partnership model developed by analysing the functional gap-map in reference to the political, economic, legal and trade related factors. The analysis emphasises the evolution of productivity and exports, and discusses factors variability in the transitional economies and emerging markets on the basis of spatial and temporal data. The research study analysed in the book discusses economic integration between two economies, distinctively one central, with a large local market, and the other peripheral, with a small local market.

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Book SynopsisTrade policies and agreements are a powerful weapon in the Era of Globalization. Most countries'' strategy is to pursue multiple market-opening initiatives on a global, regional and bilateral basis, establishing models of success that can be used throughout all negotiations. This book presents some trade policies and agreements of the United States.

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Book SynopsisThe United States and Canada maintain the world''s largest trading relationship, one that has been strengthened during the past fifteen years by the approval of two multilateral free trade agreements. Although commercial disputes may not be quite as prominent now as they have been in the past, the two countries in recent years have engaged in difficult negotiations over items in several trade sectors, including natural resources, agricultural commodities, and the cultural/entertainment industry. However, these disputes affect but a small percentage of the total goods and services exchanged. Also, the United States and Canada work together closely on environmental matters, including monitoring solid waste transfers, and protecting and maintaining the quality of border waterways. This new book explores specific issues related to trade between these two countries.

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Book SynopsisUnfair foreign pricing and government subsidies distort the free flow of goods and adversely affect American business in the global marketplace. Import Administration, within the International Trade Administration of the Department of Commerce, enforces laws and agreements to protect U.S. businesses from unfair competition within the U.S. resulting from unfair pricing by foreign companies and unfair subsidies to foreign companies by their governments. Dumping occurs when a foreign producer sells a product in the United States at a price that is below that producer''s sales price in the country of origin ("home market"), or at a price that is lower than the cost of production. The difference between the price (or cost) in the foreign market and the price in the U.S. market is called the dumping margin. Unless the conduct falls within the legal definition of dumping as specified in U.S. law, a foreign producer selling imports at prices below those of American products is not necessarily dumping. Foreign governments subsidise industries when they provide financial assistance to benefit the production, manufacture or exportation of goods. Subsidies can take many forms, such as direct cash payments, credits against taxes, and loans at terms that do not reflect market conditions. The statute and regulations establish standards for determining when an unfair subsidy has been conferred. The amount of subsidies the foreign producer receives from the government is the basis for the subsidy rate by which the subsidy is offset, or "countervailed", through higher import duties. If a U.S. industry believes that it is being injured by unfair competition through dumping or subsidisation of a foreign product, it may request the imposition of antidumping or countervailing duties by filing a petition with both Import Administration and the United States International Trade Commission. Import Administration investigates foreign producers and governments to determine whether dumping or subsidisation has occurred and calculates the amount of dumping or subsidies.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding exporting in the small and micro firm presents an SOR model that owners/managers and public policy makers can use to help them develop effective strategies to improve the export propensity of small firms, especially those from small, developing economies. A formal scientific treatment of exporting from these into small, developing economies hitherto, was missing from the academic and policy discourse in these economies. This book interrogates the issue by focusing on the question: Why, of the population of small and micro locally-owned firms, some choose to sell a portion of their sales abroad while seemingly similar others, facing similar market conditions, remain focused on their domestic market? The book presents a conceptual model that is used to explain why some small firms export a portion of their sales abroad while others do not. This model will serve as an important tool that export policy makers in the public sector can use to develop profiles of firms that are suitable to receive government assistance for export market entry. It will also help export promotion organisations to better target firms for export assistance and thus prevent wastage of limited resources which is a feature of most small economies. The book also presents case studies on the challenges that small exporters and non-exporters face in developing an internationally competitive business. These cases can serve as good learning tools for managers in the small firm.

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