International relations Books

Book SynopsisAsian nations are no longer rising powers in the world order; they have risen. How will they conduct themselves in world politics? How will they deploy their considerable and growing power individually and collectively? These questions are critical for global governance. Conventional wisdom claims that, lacking in institutions that accumulate and coordinate the massive economic and growing military strength of Asian nations, the Asian region will continue to punch below its weight in world politics; thin and patchy institutionalization results in political weakness. In Asian Designs, Saadia M. Pekkanen and her collaborators question and provide evidence on these core assumptions of Western scholarship. The book advances a new framework for debate and sophisticated examinations of institutional arrangements for several major issue areas in the world ordersecurity, trade, environment, and public health.ContributorsVinod K. Aggarwal, University of California at BerkeleyTrade ReviewI am impressed by Asian Designs and would highly recommend it to scholars and students of Asian regionalism. Well written, the entire collection moves along smoothly and comes to an articulate and satisfying conclusion, with informed suggestions for future research. Instead of offering a reiteration of existing knowledge, it offers new insights and evidence into explaining current forms of Asian governance and makes valuable steps toward understanding and predicting future governing forms. -- Erin Zimmerman * H-Diplo, H-Net Reviews *

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Book SynopsisAsian nations are no longer rising powers in the world order; they have risen. How will they conduct themselves in world politics? How will they deploy their considerable and growing power individually and collectively? These questions are critical for global governance. Conventional wisdom claims that, lacking in institutions that accumulate and coordinate the massive economic and growing military strength of Asian nations, the Asian region will continue to punch below its weight in world politics; thin and patchy institutionalization results in political weakness. In Asian Designs, Saadia M. Pekkanen and her collaborators question and provide evidence on these core assumptions of Western scholarship. The book advances a new framework for debate and sophisticated examinations of institutional arrangements for several major issue areas in the world ordersecurity, trade, environment, and public health.ContributorsVinod K. Aggarwal, University of California at BerkeleyTrade ReviewI am impressed by Asian Designs and would highly recommend it to scholars and students of Asian regionalism. Well written, the entire collection moves along smoothly and comes to an articulate and satisfying conclusion, with informed suggestions for future research. Instead of offering a reiteration of existing knowledge, it offers new insights and evidence into explaining current forms of Asian governance and makes valuable steps toward understanding and predicting future governing forms. -- Erin Zimmerman * H-Diplo, H-Net Reviews *

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Book SynopsisFood aid has become a contentious issue in recent decades, with sharp disagreements over genetically modified crops, agricultural subsidies, and ways of guaranteeing food security in the face of successive global food crises. In Hunger in the Balance, Jennifer Clapp provides a timely and comprehensive account of the contemporary politics of food aid, explaining the origins and outcomes of recent clashes between donor nationsand between donors and recipients.She identifies fundamental disputes between donors over tied food aid, which requires that food be sourced in the donor country, versus untied aid, which provides cash to purchase food closer to the source of hunger. These debates have been especially intense between the major food aid donors, particularly the European Union and the United States. Similarly, the EU''s rejection of GMO agricultural imports has raised concerns among recipients about accepting GMO foodstuffs from the United States. For the several hundred milTrade ReviewClapp helpfully reviews the debates surrounding food aid and the changes in policy by the major donors—the United States, the European Union, Japan, Canada, and Australia, generally in that order—that have led to a decline in overall aid since the mid-1980s and a trend toward more emergency assistance. -- Richard N. Cooper * Foreign Affairs *Clapp investigates the forces that have shaped international food aid from its inception during the 1950s through the present. From tied versus untied food aid to issues associated with genetically modified organisms, local and regional purchase (LRP), and monetized food aid, Clapp exposes the particular policies and institutional contexts of donor nations that impact recipient nations and food aid processes.... Highly recommended. * Choice *Even experts steeped in the details of food aid policy debates will learn things from this extremely perceptive and carefully researched account; I certainly did. Clapp clearly and meticulously explains the ideological, institutional and interest group dynamics behind evolving food aid debates. She flags interesting emerging issues... [and] clearly lays out the analytical basis for each perspective on why food aid has been so politicized and some of the testable implications of each theory. -- Christopher B. Barrett * Journal of Developmental Studies *In her new book, Hunger in the Balance: The New Politics of International Food Aid, Jennifer Clapp lucidly and concisely deconstructs the evolution and current orientation of the international food aid system. Deftly navigating how donor nations attempt to reconcile individual economic and political interests with (a) evolving norms concerning aid effectiveness and (b) the need for adequate and sustainable aid flow, this volume will undoubtedly serve as a benchmark in food aid scholarship for years to come. -- Nicholas C. Parker * Agriculture and Human Values *In this lucid, well documented and entirely convincing book, Jennifer Clapp explains how the provision of food aid to hungry people in poor countries has always been (and largely remains) at the mercy of powerful interests in donor countries, above all the United States. -- J.E. King * Global Change, Peace, and Security *The author presents a succinct and full assessment of modern food aid, discussing its nature and specificity. In this book on the policy of aid giving she defly avoids ideological arguments and opinions, focusing instead on an objective analysis of the influences involved. * Political Studies Review *The book brings into sharp focus the conflicts among developed and developing nations over issues such as global food security.... It is written in a clear and compelling way and should serve as an excellent introductory text for those seeking to study the intersection between food production and international relations. -- Calestous Juma * International Affairs *Though there is a wealth of research considering the economic effects of food aid on both donor and recipient countries, Hunger in the Balance seeks to explain trends and changes in food aid politics as they relate not only to donor and recipient economies, but policies, corporate interests, and the food itself.... Hunger in the Balance takes on complex political ideas and applies them in a clear and cogent way. * Contemporary Sociology *Jennifer Clapp has forensically dissected post-Cold War international food aid policy with remarkable thoroughness and presented it logically, concisely and accessibly in Hunger in the Balance, a fact all the more admirable for the slimness of the book. It offers a substantive contribution to food aid discourse... in addition to serving as a valuable primer for anybody new to the subject.... It is easy to see this book becoming a common reference for students, policy professionals, and researchers. -- Andrew Wilbur * Journal of International Development *Table of Contents1. Food Aid Politics: The Old and the New 2. Past and Present Food Assistance Trends 3. Donor Policies on the Question of Tying 4. U.S. Debates on Tied Food Aid 5. The GMO Controversy 6. Food Aid at the WTO 7. The 2007–2008 Food Crisis and the Global Governance of Food Aid 8. Conclusion: Prospects for the Future of Food Aid PoliticsReferences Index

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Book SynopsisA passionate and provocative argument that the idea of universal human rights has become not only ill adapted to current realities but also overambitious and unresponsive.Trade Review[R]eadable and brilliantly written, as well as... [rich] in information... and... controversial but challenging ideas. -- Pierre Hassner * Survival *Christian Imperialism is a very welcome addition to the field of both missionary history and the history of the early American republic... For historians of missionsit shows that Americans were deeply involved in global missionary work well before they had officially crafted an overseas empire. For scholars of the early American republicit challenges that customary periodization of empire and demands that we look both within and beyond borders to recognize that the American past was never exclusively American. -- Edward E. Andrews * Journal of Church and State *According to Hopgood, we are witnessing the last gasp of human rights as the prospect of one world under secular human law is receding and thefoundations of universal liberal norms and global governance are crumbling (p. 1). It is from this vantage point that Stephen Hopgood launches into a nuanced and powerful demolition of the normalising metanarrative of the Human Rights agenda.... [T]his is a compelling text as Hopgood grapples with issues of 'who gets to decide global rules' and who gets to define "legitimate exceptions to them" (p. 2). Further, we see Human Rights are not, and never have been, above the fray of national sovereignty as organisations and states have always sought to set the parameters of the political sphere and define who would be excluded from the outset. -- Brian R. Gilbert * Critical Race and Whiteness Studies *Hopgood's point of view, sure to be controversial, is argued with clarity, passion, and verve. Hopgood challenges those concerned with humanitarianism to look beyond Western-led human rights organizations, especially to activists working within their own communities, for hope. It seems certain that this book will cause both celebration and discomfort, even outrage, within the human rights community. Readers with an interest in human rights policy, humanitarianism, and even cultural history more broadly will find much to like in Hopgood's brisk, witty prose, even if they are discomfited by his arguments. * Library Journal *In this scathing indictment of the human rights movement, Stephen Hopgood contends that it has sold out its moral clarity for an alliance with interventionist liberal states.... Hopgood's provocation is powerful, and his privileging of locally and nationally inspired activism rings true. He does an excellent job of drawing together specific incidents to support his controversial views.... The Endtimes of Human Rights is a bracing alert for human rights professionals and all who care about global ethics. Scholars, practitioners, and NGO contributors will need to reckon with this important book. -- Clifford Bob * Ethics & International Affairs *This is a provocative, angry book–and an important one.... The book is particularly good on the link between human rights and liberalism, and how the larger the human rights non-governmental organization is, the greater the likelihood that it has been tamed by capital, existing to raise money rather than raising money to exist.... This is a disturbing read, the anger driving the narrative, the passion evident in every paragraph. -- Conor Gearty * Times Higher Education Supplement *Table of ContentsPreface1. Moral Authority in a Godless World2. The Church of Human Rights3. The Holocaust Metanarrative4. The Moral Architecture of Suffering5. Human Rights and American Power6. Human Rights Empire7. Of Gods and Nations8. The Neo-Westphalian World

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Book SynopsisIn Spheres of Intervention, James R. Stocker examines the history of diplomatic relations between the United States and Lebanon during a transformational period for Lebanon and a time of dynamic changes in US policy toward the Middle East. Drawing on tens of thousands of pages of declassified materials from US archives and a variety of Arabic and other non-English sources, Stocker provides a new interpretation of Lebanon''s slide into civil war, as well as insight into the strategy behind US diplomatic initiatives toward the Arab-Israeli conflict. During this period, Stocker argues, Lebanon was often a pawn in the games of larger powers. The stability of Lebanon was an aim of US policy at a time when Israel's borders with Egypt and Jordan were in active contention. Following the June 1967 Arab-Israeli War, the internal political situation in Lebanon became increasingly unstable due to the regional military and political stalemate, the radicalization of the country's domestic Trade ReviewThis valuable work provides a highly detailed review of the American diplomatic record and lays important groundwork for future scholars to expand upon, especially those who will put Stocker's revelations into greater conversation with Middle Eastern sources. Additionally, Stocker's assessment that perceptions about American action, even when not exercised, influenced decision making provides a useful framework for scholars of U.S. international relations. -- Laila Ballout, Northwestern University * The Journal of American History *Stocker weaves in leading policy-makers’ discussions and decisions with regional and international dynamics to shed light on how the United States viewed events in Lebanon in general, and the Lebanese government in particular.... Clearly uncovers what has been argued all along by Lebanese academics and policymakers, namely, that Lebanon has never been left alone to make its own decisions freely. * PERSPECTIVES ON POLITICS *Table of ContentsIntroduction: "This Is the American Policy" US Interests in Lebanon Causes of the Lebanese Civil War The Course of the Conflict, 1975–76 1. Sparks in the Tinderbox: The United States, the June War, and the Remaking of the Lebanese Crisis Lebanese Domestic Tensions on the Eve of the June War The United States and Lebanon in the 1960s Lebanon's Six Day War Pepsi-Cola Hits the Spot The Beirut Airport Raid 2. Compromise in Cairo: The Nixon Administration and the Cairo Agreement "Trying to Be Helpful" The August Attacks and the Rogers Plan October Crisis and the Cairo Agreement 3. From Cairo to Amman: The United States and Lebanese Internal Security Post-Cairo US Assistance to Lebanon Implementing the Cairo Agreement The Kahhale Ambush and the Exodus from the South Causes of the Calm 4. Plus ça change: International Terrorism, Détente, and the May 1973 Crisis The New International Terrorism A New Request for Support The Israeli Raid on Beirut and the May Crisis The Aftermath 5. Reckoning Postponed: From the October War to the Civil War The October War and the Start of Negotiations Lebanese Domestic Politics after the October War Diplomacy on the Rocks 6. Disturbing Potential: The United States and the Renewed Conflict The Outbreak of Conflict The Military Cabinet and Syrian Mediation Sinai II and the Resumption of Violence in Lebanon The January Cease-Fire 7. Reluctant Interveners: The Red Line Agreement and Brown’s Mediation The Constitutional Document and Shifting Alignments The Non-Negotiation of the Red Line The Brown Mission and the PLO From Election to Intervention 8. Taking Its Course: The Syrian Intervention and Its Limits Reacting to the Syrian Intervention Assassinations and Evacuations The New US-Syrian Dialogue The Second Syrian Military Offensive and the End of the Conflict Red Line Redux? Epilogue: The Cycle Continues

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Book SynopsisThe relationship between established powers and emerging powers is one of the most important topics in world politics. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated how the leading state in the international system responds to rising powers in peripheral regionsactors that are not yet and might never become great powers but that are still increasing their strength, extending their influence, and trying to reorder their corner of the world. In the Hegemon''s Shadow fills this gap. Evan Braden Montgomery draws on different strands of realist theory to develop a novel framework that explains why leading states have accommodated some rising regional powers but opposed others.Montgomery examines the interaction between two factors: the type of local order that a leading state prefers and the type of local power shift that appears to be taking place. The first captures a leading state''s main interest in a peripheral region and serves as the baseline for its evaluation of any changesTrade ReviewIn this thoughtful study, Montgomery seeks to understand the logic that leads hegemons to variously support, accommodate, and oppose upstart states on their periphery. -- G. John Ikenberry * Foreign Affairs *Montgomery (Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments) provides a unique look at how leading states in the international system deal with rising states that challenge prevailing regional orders. Taking elements from a realist balance of power and a preponderance of power theories, the author develops a model to explain why leading states have supported some rising regional powers and opposed others.... The author seeks to determine the different strategies the leading states of Great Britain (and later the US) adopted concerning regional power struggles, including Egypt from 1831–41, the Confederate States of America, the rise of Japan from 1894–1902, India's emergence from 1962–71, and the rise of Iraq from 1979–91. Summing Up: Recommended. General readers through faculty * Choice *Table of ContentsIntroduction: The Puzzle of Regional Power Shifts 1: How Leading States Respond to Rising Regional Powers 2: Egypt's Bid for Mastery of the Middle East, 1831–1841 3: The Confederacy’s Quest for Intervention and Independence, 1861–1862 4: Japan and the Creation of a New Order in East Asia, 1894–1902 5: India’s Rise and the Struggle for South Asia, 1962–1971 6: The Emergence of Iraq and the Competition to Control the Gulf, 1979–1991 Conclusion: The Past and Future of Rising Regional Powers

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Book SynopsisIn Peacemaking from Above, Peace from Below, Norrin M. Ripsman explains how regional rivals make peace and how outside actors can encourage regional peacemaking. Through a qualitative empirical analysis of all the regional rivalries that terminated in peace treaties in the twentieth centuryincluding detailed case studies of the Franco-German, Egyptian-Israeli, and Israeli-Jordanian peace settlementsRipsman concludes that efforts to encourage peacemaking that focus on changing the attitudes of the rival societies or democratizing the rival polities to enable societal input into security policy are unlikely to achieve peace.Prior to a peace treaty, he finds, peacemaking is driven by states, often against intense societal opposition, for geostrategic reasons or to preserve domestic power. After a formal treaty has been concluded, the stability of peace depends on societal buy-in through mechanisms such as bilateral economic interdependence, democratization of former rivals, coopTrade ReviewIn this groundbreaking book, Ripsman argues that successful peacemaking requires both approaches. Initial breakthroughs rely on governments' negotiating formal peace settlements, often over the objections of their publics. -- G. John Ikenberry * Foreign Affairs *Table of ContentsTop-Down Peacemaking, Bottom-Up Peace 1. Regional Stabilization in International Relations Theory 2. Franco-German Peacemaking after World War II 3. The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty 4. The Israeli-Jordanian Treaty 5. Other Twentieth-Century Cases Peacemaking between Regional Rivals: Theoretical and Policy Implications

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Book SynopsisThe IMF is a purposive actor in world politics, primarily driven by a set of homogenous economic ideas, Stephen C. Nelson suggests, and its professional staff emerged from an insular set of American-trained economists. The IMF treats countries differently depending on whether that staff trusts the country''s top officials; that trust in turn depends on the educational credentials of the policy team that Fund officials face across the negotiating table. Intellectual differences thus lead to lasting economic effects for the citizens of countries seeking IMF support.Based on deep archival research in IMF archives and personnel files, Nelson argues that the IMF has been the Johnny Appleseed of neoliberalism: neoliberal policymakers sprout and take root in countries that have spent recent decades living under the Fund's conditional lending arrangements. Nelson supports his argument through quantitative measures and illustrates the dynamics of relations between the Fund and client countriTrade ReviewAn excellent book that introduces important evidence about the politics of International Monetary Fund (IMF) lending.... The book builds a convincing case by combining careful quantitative analysis that establishes the general pattern with thorough qualitative work on Argentina that illustrates his proposed mechanism. * Review of International Organizations *Table of Contents1. Understanding the IMF and Its Borrowers2. How Shared Economic Beliefs Shape Loan Size, Conditionality, and Enforcement Decisions3. Playing Favorites: Quantitative Evidence Linking Shared Economic Beliefs to Variation in IMF Treatment4. Argentina and the IMF in Turbulent Times, 1976–19845. From One Crisis to the Next: IMF-Argentine Relations, 1985–20026. Staying Alive: IMF Lending Programs and the Political Survival of Economic Policymakers7. Implications, Extensions, and Speculations: The IMF and Its Borrowers, in and out of Hard Times

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Book SynopsisOn August 21, 2013, chemical weapons were unleashed on the civilian population in Syria, killing another 1,400 people in a civil war that had already claimed the lives of more than 140,000. As is all too often the case, the innocent found themselves victims of a violent struggle for political power. Such events are why human rights activists have long pressed for institutions such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) to investigate and prosecute some of the world's most severe crimes: genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.While proponents extol the creation of the ICC as a transformative victory for principles of international humanitarian law, critics have often characterized it as either irrelevant or dangerous in a world dominated by power politics. Christopher Rudolph argues in Power and Principle that both perspectives are extreme. In contrast to prevailing scholarship, he shows how the interplay between power politics and international humanitarian law Trade ReviewRudolph challenges the assumption that states' interests are obstructive to the institutionalization of international criminal justice, and shows how principles and power are independent.... The book's research design makes the theory and empirical evidence accessible and useful to a broad range of scholars. * Perspectives on Politics *Rudolph's book is a welcome contribution to the body of literature that has left the partisan debates about constructivism versus rationalism behind and instead focuses on the exploration of their concrete interaction in producing observable outcomes. * Human Rights Review *This excellent study makes an invaluable contribution to the literature on international organizations.... The book has an excellent review of the literature explaining the creation of the [International Criminal Court], and it examines the role of interests defined in terms of power in shaping its institutional design.... A pathbreaking volume. * Choice *Table of ContentsPrologue Introduction: The Light of Justice1. Power and Principle from Nuremberg to the Hague2. Nested Interests and the Institutional Design of the International Criminal Court3. Explaining the Outliers: Domestic Politics and National Interests4. Power, Principle, and Pragmatism in Prosecutorial StrategyConclusion: Between Power and Principle

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Book SynopsisWhat is the appropriate political response to mass atrocity? In Hijacked Justice, Jelena Subotic traces the design, implementation, and political outcomes of institutions established to deal with the legacies of violence in the aftermath of the Yugoslav wars. She finds that international efforts to establish accountability for war crimes in the former Yugoslavia have been used to pursue very different local political goals. Responding to international pressures, Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia have implemented various mechanisms of transitional justicethe systematic addressing of past crimes after conflicts end. Transitional justice in the three countries, however, was guided by ulterior political motives: to get rid of domestic political opponents, to obtain international financial aid, or to gain admission to the European Union. Subotic argues that when transitional justice becomes hijacked for such local political strategies, it fosters domestic backlash, deepens political insTrade ReviewSubotic argues that... international and national courts and truth commissions... have been used... to dispose of political opponents, secure economic assistance, or grease the way into the European Union. How this has happened and what those committed to making the new norms stick should do about it drive this book. Subotic goes about her study in an exceedingly clearheaded fashion; not only is she in full command of the relevant theoretical literature, but she deploys and then extends it in compact, crystal-clear paragraphs. The writing and argumentation are a model of what social science should be. -- Robert Legvold * Foreign Affairs *

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Book SynopsisIn a book full of directly applicable lessons for policymakers, Haley J. Swedlund explores why foreign aid is delivered in different ways at different times, and why various approaches prove to be politically unsustainable. She finds that no aid-delivery mechanism has yet resolved commitment problems in the donor-recipient relationship; bargaining compromises break down and have to be renegotiated; frustration grows; new ways of delivering aid gain traction over existing practices; and the dance resumes.Swedlund draws on hundreds of interviews with key decision makers representing both donor agencies and recipient governments, policy and archival documents in Ghana, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda, and an original survey of top-level donor officials working across twenty countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. This wealth of data informs Swedlund's analysis of fads and fashions in the delivery of foreign aid and the interaction between effectiveness and aid delivery. The central messagTrade ReviewThe author's writing is crisp and engaging, and she weaves her central metaphor of the negotiation process as a dance between donors and recipients throughout.... Practitioners involved in the aid bargain will also almost certainly benefit from this work, which brings what I suspect many will find to be a useful, broader frame to their lived experience. Swedlund has taken a big step forward in explaining the dance of development assistance, and her book deserves to be widely read. * Perspectives on Politics *[French language review] * Le Point *Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations 1. The Development Dance 2. It Takes Two to Tango 3. Studying the Dance 4. May I Have This Dance? 5. A Halfhearted Shuffle 6. Tracking a Craze 7. The Future of the Development Dance and Why We Should Care Appendixes Notes Works Cited Index

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Book SynopsisIn a book full of directly applicable lessons for policymakers, Haley J. Swedlund explores why foreign aid is delivered in different ways at different times, and why various approaches prove to be politically unsustainable. She finds that no aid-delivery mechanism has yet resolved commitment problems in the donor-recipient relationship; bargaining compromises break down and have to be renegotiated; frustration grows; new ways of delivering aid gain traction over existing practices; and the dance resumes.Swedlund draws on hundreds of interviews with key decision makers representing both donor agencies and recipient governments, policy and archival documents in Ghana, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda, and an original survey of top-level donor officials working across twenty countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. This wealth of data informs Swedlund's analysis of fads and fashions in the delivery of foreign aid and the interaction between effectiveness and aid delivery. The central messagTrade ReviewThe author's writing is crisp and engaging, and she weaves her central metaphor of the negotiation process as a dance between donors and recipients throughout.... Practitioners involved in the aid bargain will also almost certainly benefit from this work, which brings what I suspect many will find to be a useful, broader frame to their lived experience. Swedlund has taken a big step forward in explaining the dance of development assistance, and her book deserves to be widely read. * Perspectives on Politics *[French language review] * Le Point *Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations 1. The Development Dance 2. It Takes Two to Tango 3. Studying the Dance 4. May I Have This Dance? 5. A Halfhearted Shuffle 6. Tracking a Craze 7. The Future of the Development Dance and Why We Should Care Appendixes Notes Works Cited Index

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Book SynopsisIn Secession and Security, Ahsan I. Butt argues that states rather than separatists determine whether a secessionist struggle will be peaceful, violent, or genocidal. He investigates the strategies, ranging from negotiated concessions to large-scale repression, adopted by states in response to separatist movements. Variations in the external security environment, Butt argues, influenced the leaders of the Ottoman Empire to use peaceful concessions against Armenians in 1908 but escalated to genocide against the same community in 1915; caused Israel to reject a Palestinian state in the 1990s; and shaped peaceful splits in Czechoslovakia in 1993 and the Norway-Sweden union in 1905. Butt focuses on two main casesPakistani reactions to Bengali and Baloch demands for independence in the 1970s and India''s responses to secessionist movements in Kashmir, Punjab, and Assam in the 1980s and 1990s. Butt''s deep historical approach to his subject will appeal tTrade ReviewCompellingly and authoritatively researched. The research design—a case study approach—is exquisite. The case selections and criteria for comparison are academically sound. Butt also had access to scores of personal interviews as well as extensive archival data. The result is a significant and timely contribution to the scholarship on state decision-making in the international arena. * Choice *The spectacular achievement of Butt's seminal study is that it offers a refreshing theoretical explanation as to why states employ different strategies against separatists and, more importantly, it does so by presenting facts in an unbiased fashion. Secession and Security's academic rigour, in-depth analysis, accessibility and balanced objectivity make it a highly commendable contribution to International Relations theory and conflict studies. Apart from general readers, I highly recommend this book to scholars and policy-makers engaged in understanding and resolving the puzzling equation of state–separatist dynamics. * International Affairs *Masterly. * Northeast Now *Ahsan Butt makes a useful contribution by highlighting the international framework in explaining state response to secessionist movements but his question is very narrowly defined looking at ethnic difference when its trajectory implicitly or explicitly is separatist. * Bloomsbury Pakistan *

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Book SynopsisIn Continent by Default, Anne Marie Le Gloannec, a distinguished analyst of contemporary Europe, considers the European Union as a geopolitical project. This book offers a comprehensive narrative of how the European Union came to organize the continent, first by default through enlargement and in a more proactive, innovative, but not always successful way. The EU was not conceived as a foreign-policy actor, she says, and the Union was an innocent on questions of geopolitics. For readers who may wonder how the EU arrived at Brexit, the invasion of Ukraine, and the refugee crisis, Le Gloannec ties events to the EU's long-term failure to think in politically strategic terms. Le Gloannec takes readers through the process by which, under the security umbrella of the United States, the European Commission engineered a new way for states and societies to interact. Continent by Default shows the Commission domesticated international relations and promoted peace by including neTrade ReviewLe Gloannec’s posthumous account of the European Union’s ad hoc approach to foreign policy covers two areas: enlargement and neighborhood policy, as well as in-depth case studies of the migrant crisis and the strained relationship with Russia. The book weaves together multiple examples that convincingly advance the central argument that circumstances drive EU policy responses more than its own strategies, leading to missed opportunities and outright failures. Readers familiar with European affairs will find themselves nodding in agreement throughout this well-written book. * Choice *This thoughtful, wide-ranging and lucid account of Europe's engagement with its geopolitical environment is a reminder that [Le Gloannec's] voice will be missed among those who care about the future of the European experiment. * Survival *The chasm between the aspirations of the European Union (EU) and its capabilities has never been on greater display than over the last decade. In this brilliant, engaging, and remarkably balanced analysis of the EU's current geopolitical crises, Anne Marie Le Gloannec argues that its roots lie in the fact that the EU "came to organize the continent in a fit of absentmindedness". * Political Science Quarterly *

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Book SynopsisIn Twilight of the Titans, Paul K. MacDonald and Joseph M. Parent examine great power transitions since 1870 to determine how declining powers choose to behave, identifying the strong incentives to moderate their behavior when the hierarchy of great powers is shifting. Challenging the conventional wisdom that such transitions push declining great powers to extreme measures, this book argues that intimidation, provocation, and preventive war are not the only alternatives to the loss of relative power and prestige. Using numerous case studies, MacDonald and Parent show how declining states tend to behave, the policy options they have, how rising states respond to those in decline, and what conditions reward particular strategic choices.Trade ReviewA meaningful contribution to the debate about whether the decline of a great power is to be feared as a cause of war in the international system. Parent and McDonald took a big, important question and tried to find an answer by aggregating what we know about both great powers and their mid-level counterparts. It is not simply an interesting academic question; they make a very strong case that fighting preventive wars is self-defeating for declining powers. * The Atlantic *A terrific contribution to the debate over the so-called Thucydides trap.... So much good data, smart analysis, and beautiful writing. * War on the Rocks *Unique, convincing and important. * Survival *The operative concepts in this volume are power, security, and interests and nary a word about identity and all that non-rationalist stuff of politics... Twilight of the Titans is tightly written and organized, with a brief index and copious notes. * Choice *Paul MacDonald and Joseph Parent bring to book-length form a very sensible and persuasive argument that they have been making for some time. Great power decline is not necessarily dangerous or even destabilizing. Countries can pursue strategies of retrenchment, either of "self-help" by cutting back spending or rejuvenating their economy, or of external adjustment in paring back commitments or cementing new friendships. Such strategies, MacDonald and Parent argue, need not be destabilizing. The countries experiencing decline can regain strength and confidence. -- Philip Zelikow, University of Virginia * H-Net *[French language review] * Études internationales *MacDonald and Parent have crafted a thought-provoking contribution to the canon on great power behavior. [T]he authors' incrementalist and transitory understanding of retrenchment represents an important insight for policymakers. * H-War *

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Book SynopsisTroubled Waters looks at four dynamics in the Persian Gulf that have contributed to making the region one of the most volatile and tension-filled spots in the world. Mehran Kamrava identifies the four dynamics as: the neglect of human dimensions of security, the inherent instability involved in reliance on the United States and the exclusion of Iraq and Iran, the international and security policies pursued by inside and outside actors, and a suite of overlapping security dilemmas. These four factors combine and interact to generate long-term volatility and ongoing tensions within the Persian Gulf.Through insights from Kamrava's interviews with Gulf elites into policy decisions, the consequences of security dilemmas, the priorities of local players, and the neglect of identity and religion, Troubled Waters examines the root causes of conflicts and crises that are currently unfolding in the region. As Kamrava demonstrates, each state in the region, including SaudiTrade ReviewA succinct and accessible, yet nuanced and conceptually sophisticated, guide to the fundamental dynamics that shape inter-state security relations in the contemporary Gulf.... No other survey of Gulf affairs gives readers a more cogent and insightful foundation for understanding current trends in this part of the world. * The Key Reporter *Troubled Waters brings together Kamrava’s expertise in international relations in the Middle East with insights gained from interviews with Gulf elites to offer a new understanding of developments in the region. * Gulf Times *Thoughtful and written with some emotion and lament from a scholar deeply connected to the region.... One of the strengths of the book is its ability to synthesize theoretically from critical security studies to traditional understandings or realist conceptions of security threats. * Middle East Journal *Kamrava adds value... by presenting new material to analyse the ongoing Persian Gulf security environment. His interviews with regional policy-makers at the ministerial level as well as with Gulf academics provide invaluable regional perspectives. Anyone doing fieldwork in the Gulf can attest that this is no easy achievement. * international affairs *Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. The Trouble with the Persian Gulf 2. The Persian Gulf Security Architecture 3. The Belligerents 4. The Intractable Security Dilemma 5. Insecurity in the Persian Gulf

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Book SynopsisIn Chinese Economic Statecraft, William J. Norris introduces an innovative theory that pinpoints how states employ economic tools of national power to pursue their strategic objectives. Norris shows what Chinese economic statecraft is, how it works, and why it is more or less effective. Norris provides an accessible tool kit to help us better understand important economic developments in the People's Republic of China. He links domestic Chinese political economy with the international ramifications of China's economic power as a tool for realizing China's strategic foreign policy interests. He presents a novel approach to studying economic statecraft that calls attention to the central challenge of how the state is (or is not) able to control and direct the behavior of economic actors. Norris identifies key causes of Chinese state control through tightly structured, substate and crossnational comparisons of business-government relations. These cases range across three Trade ReviewAn impressive scholarly addition to our study of the contemporary Chinese foreign policy. It should be of great interest to both China Studies scholars as well as anyone interested in foreign policy analysis and international political economy. * Journal of Chinese Political Science *Norris’ new book is one of the first to focus on Chinese state-directed economic activities and their political effectiveness.... Norris sets a very ambitious research objective by not only selecting and examining seven extremely different cases, but also trying to build a new analytical framework based on principal-agent theory. * PERSPECTIVES ON POLITICS *Table of ContentsPart I ON ECONOMIC STATECRAFT 1. What Is Economic Statecraft? 2. The Challenge of State Control 3. Economics and China's Grand Strategy Part II SECURING STRATEGIC RAW MATERIALS 4. "Going Out" and China’s Search for Energy Security 5. Rio Tinto and the (In)visible Hand of the State Part III CROSS-STRAIT ECONOMIC STATECRAFT 6. Coercive Leverage across the Taiwan Strait 7. Interest Transformation across the Taiwan Strait Part IV CHINA’S SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS 8. State Administration of Foreign Exchange 9. What Right Looks Like 10. The China Investment Corporation Concluding Implications

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Book SynopsisWhy do great powers accommodate the rise of some challengers but contain and confront others, even at the risk of war? When Right Makes Might proposes that the ways in which a rising power legitimizes its expansionist aims significantly shapes great power responses. Stacie E. Goddard theorizes that when faced with a new challenger, great powers will attempt to divine the challenger's intentions: does it pose a revolutionary threat to the system or can it be incorporated into the existing international order? Goddard departs from conventional theories of international relations by arguing that great powers come to understand a contender's intentions not only through objective capabilities or costly signals but by observing how a rising power justifies its behavior to its audience. To understand the dynamics of rising powers, then, we must take seriously the role of legitimacy in international relations.A rising power's ability to expand depends as much on its claims to Trade ReviewThis social constructivist alternative to a rationalist approach to international security is welcome. * Choice *Table of ContentsList of Tables Acknowledgments 1. The Great Powers' Dilemma: Uncertainty, Intentions, and Rising Power Politics 2. The Politics of Legitimacy: How a Rising Power's Right Makes Might 3. America's Ambiguous Ambition: Britain and the Accommodation of the United States, 1817–23 4. Prussia's Rule-Bound Revolution: Europe and the Destruction of the Balance of Power, 1863–64 5. Germany's Rhetorical Rage: Britain and the Abandonment of Appeasement, 1938–39 6. Japan's Folly: The Conquest of Manchuria, 1931–33 7. Conclusion: Legitimacy, Power, and Strategy in World Politics Notes Index

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Book SynopsisMotivated by the lack of scholarly understanding of the substantial gender difference in attitudes toward the use of military force, Richard C. Eichenberg has mined a massive data set of public opinion surveys to draw new and important conclusions. By analyzing hundreds of such surveys across more than sixty countries, Gender, War, and World Order offers researchers raw data, multiple hypotheses, and three major findings.Eichenberg poses three questions of the data: Are there significant differences in the opinions of men and women on issues of national security? What differences can be discerned across issues, culture, and time? And what are the theoretical and political implications of these attitudinal differences? Within this framework, Gender, War, and World Order compares gender difference on military power, balance of power, alliances, international institutions, the acceptability of war, defense spending, defense/welfare compromises, and torture. EichenbTrade ReviewThis book provides a valuable analysis of gender and foreign policy attitudes that will interest students of international relations and public opinion. * Choice *Table of ContentsList of Tables and Figures Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Introduction: Gender, War, and World Order 1. Hypotheses, Data, and Method 2. Threats, Power, War, and Institutions 3. The Gendered Politics of Defense Spending 4. American Attitudes toward Torture 5. Gender Difference in American Public Opinion on the Use of Military Force 6. Gender Difference in Cross-National Perspective 7. Global Variation in Gender Difference Conclusion: The Shadow of Violence Appendix Notes References Index

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Book SynopsisSince 9/11, why have we won smashing battlefield victories only to botch nearly everything that comes next? In the opening phases of war in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya, we mopped the floor with our enemies. But in short order, things went horribly wrong.We soon discovered we had no coherent plan to manage the day after. The ensuing debacles had truly staggering consequencesmany thousands of lives lost, trillions of dollars squandered, and the apparent discrediting of our foreign policy establishment. This helped set the stage for an extraordinary historical moment in which America''s role in the world, along with our commitment to democracy at home and abroad, have become subject to growing doubt. With the benefit of hindsight, can we discern what went wrong? Why have we had such great difficulty planning for the aftermath of war?In The Day After, Brendan Gallagheran Army lieutenant colonel with multiple combat tours to Iraq and Afghanistan, and a Princeton Ph.Trade ReviewBrendan Gallagher is well placed to write this policy-focused volume, which blends personal experience and academic reflection based on interviews with decision-makers. * Choice *The fruit of a successful Princeton University PhD dissertation, the book uses the lens of prewar planning for postwar conditions to examine four recent limited wars: Afghanistan, Iraq, Kosovo, and Libya. He discovers dismayingly similar mistakes across the four cases and the Clinton, Bush, Obama, Trump, and Biden-Harris administrations that made them, suggesting that there are systemic issues beyond the idiosyncrasies of individual decision makers and the challenges presented by particular countrie * US Army War College Quarterly Parameters *Leaders at all levels have something to gain from The Day After as we enter an increasingly unstable world. * Proceedings *Gallagher deserves credit for his thought-provoking argument and use of numerous primary source materials that help to broaden our contextual knowledge and bring to light unique insights from those in office during these conflicts. * H-War *The elegance of the tactical-operational-strategic framework for understanding war lies in simplicity. The book's concise and narrowly focused coverage of each of conflicts allows readers to understand the application of the framework. * Michigan War Studies Review *Table of ContentsIntroduction: A Troubling Pattern 1. Kosovo: Not Perfect, but Tolerable 2. Afghanistan: A Road to Incoherence 3. Iraq: The Worst of All Worlds 4. Libya: A Slippery Slope Conclusion: To Learn or Not to Learn

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Book SynopsisHow do states overcome problems of collective action in the face of human atrocities, terrorism and the threat of weapons of mass destruction? How does international burden-sharing in this context look like: between the rich and the poor; the big and the small? These are the questions Marina E. Henke addresses in her new book Constructing Allied Cooperation. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis of 80 multilateral military coalitions, Henke demonstrates that coalitions do not emerge naturally. Rather, pivotal states deliberately build them. They develop operational plans and bargain suitable third parties into the coalition, purposefully using their bilateral and multilateral diplomatic connectionswhat Henke terms diplomatic embeddednessas a resource. As Constructing Allied Cooperation shows, these ties constitute an invaluable state capability to engage others in collective action: they are tools to construct cooperation.Pulling apart the strategTrade ReviewThe impressive study provides one of the best efforts yet to understand how and why states have built coalitions to pursue military operations... Henke demonstrates the importance of diplomacy and leadership in building a successful coalition. * Foreign Affairs *If you wish to understand the inner workings of coalition creation, this is the book for you. At a time when the Department of State has been devalued, this book helps to demonstrate exactly when maintaining a deep and extensive diplomatic staff around the globe is of keen US national security interest. * H-Net *Henke opens with her theoretical argument, then launches into a quantitative analysis of 80 multilateral military coalitions. These richly detailed case studies enliven this innovative, interesting, and convincing book, which serves not only as a scholarly work but as a manual for would-be pivotal states on constructing a multilateral military coalition * Choice *Marina E. Henke's Constructing Allied Cooperation, is an impressive book that proposes a novel mechanism behind the formation of short-term military coalitions. * International Peacekeeping *Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Acknowledgments 1. The Puzzle of Organizing Collective Action 2. Constructing Multilateral Military Coalitions 3. A Quantitative Test: What Factors Influence Multilateral Military Coalition Building? 4. Chaining Communists:: The Korean War (1950–1953) 5. Saving Darfur: UNAMID (2007–) 6. Fighting for Independence in East Timor: INTERFET (1999–2000) 7. Resisting Rebels in Chad and the Central African Republic: EUFOR Chad-CAR (2008–2009) 8. Power, Diplomacy, and Diplomatic Networks Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisHow do warlords survive and even thrive in contexts that are explicitly set up to undermine them? How do they rise after each fall? Warlord Survival answers these questions. Drawing on hundreds of in-depth interviews in Afghanistan between 2007 and 2018, with ministers, governors, a former vice-president, warlords and their entourages...Trade ReviewMalejacq gives us an extensive, in-depth vision of the political agency of warlords and how they manage to maintain their political authority even in highly challenging (geo)political scenarios. He brings an important and well-grounded interrogation to Western interventionist models of state-building. Moreover, his book has the potential of opening-up the readers' imagination to alternative constructions of political orders and broader perspectives on 'international actors', given his presentation of warlords' skilful diplomacies and strategies towards international politics. * Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding *Malejacq's book impressively illustrates in meticulous detail how understanding warlords as limited to organising violence is a gross mis-representation of their skills and political adaptive potential. * e-International Relations *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments Map of areas of relevance Map of Afghanistan provinces Introduction: Why Warlord Survival? Warlords, States, and Political Orders The Game of Survival Ismail Khan, the Armed Notable of Western Afghani stan Dostum, the Ethnic Entrepreneur Massoud and Fahim: The Mujahid and the Violent Entrepreneu Conclusion: Beyond Warlord Survival Notes Index

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Book SynopsisDo countries fight wars for oil? Given the resource''s exceptional military and economic importance, most people assume that states will do anything to obtain it. Challenging this conventional wisdom, The Oil Wars Myth reveals that countries do not launch major conflicts to acquire petroleum resources. Emily Meierding argues that the costs of foreign invasion, territorial occupation, international retaliation, and damage to oil company relations deter even the most powerful countries from initiating classic oil wars. Examining a century of interstate violence, she demonstrates that, at most, countries have engaged in mild sparring to advance their petroleum ambitions.The Oil Wars Myth elaborates on these findings by reassessing the presumed oil motives for many of the twentieth century''s most prominent international conflicts: World War II, the two American Gulf wars, the IranIraq War, the Falklands/Malvinas War, and the Chaco War. These case studies show that Trade ReviewMeirerding's book is a great contribution to the literature on international relations. The book is an important read for historians, political scientists, and international relations experts interested in the connection, or lack of, between key commodities and natural resources, and interstate conflicts. * H-Net Reviews *Meierding's, The Oil Wars Myth [is an] admirable and well-researched book, therefore, challeng[ing] many existing assumptions about the nexus between international security, petroleum resources, and the likelihood of conflict and wars. * H-Diplo *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Blood and Oil 1. From Value to Violence: Connecting Oil and War 2. Explaining the Oil Wars Myth: Mad Max and El Dorado 3. Why Classic Oil Wars Do Not Pay 4. Searching for Classic Oil Wars 5. Red Herrings: The Chaco and Iran–Iraq Wars 6. Oil Spats: The Falkland/Malvinas Islands Dispute 7. Oil Campaigns: World War II 8. Oil Gambit: Iraq's Invasion of Kuwait Conclusion: Petro-Myths and Petro-Realities

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Book SynopsisBlack Gold and Blackmail seeks to explain why great powers adopt such different strategies to protect their oil access from politically motivated disruptions. In extreme cases, such as Imperial Japan in 1941, great powers fought wars to grab oil territory in anticipation of a potential embargo by the Allies; in other instances, such as Germany in the early Nazi period, states chose relatively subdued measures like oil alliances or domestic policies to conserve oil. What accounts for this variation? Fundamentally, it is puzzling that great powers fear oil coercion at all because the global market makes oil sanctions very difficult to enforce.Rosemary A. Kelanic argues that two variables determine what strategy a great power will adopt: the petroleum deficit, which measures how much oil the state produces domestically compared to what it needs for its strategic objectives; and disruptibility, which estimates the susceptibility of a state''s oil imports to military interdTrade ReviewKelanic takes a deep dive into national governments' strategies to protect their access to oil by imagining how bad actors might interfere and by developing 'anticipatory strategies' to protect access. Her arguments are forceful and... convincing. * The Middle East Journal *Kelanic's, Black Gold and Blackmail: Oil and Great Power Politics is deeply engaging and [an] important book that advance[s] our knowledge on the politics of energy security. * H-Diplo *Table of ContentsIntroduction: The Ubiquity of Oil 1. A Theory of Strategic Anticipation 2. Oil and Military Effectiveness 3. Qualitative Methods for Testing the Theory 4. British Vulnerability and the Conquest of Mesopotamia 5. The Oil Strategies of Nazi Germany 6. American Efforts to Avoid Vulnerability 7. Empirical Tests with Fuzzy-Set QCA Conclusion: Oil and the Future of Great Power Politics

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Book SynopsisBy applying psychoanalytic perspectives to key themes, concepts, and practices underlying the development enterprise, Confronting Desire offers a new way of analyzing the problems, challenges, and potentialities of international development. Ilan Kapoor makes a compelling case for examining development''s unconscious desires and in the process inaugurates a new field of study: psychoanalytic development studies.Drawing from the work of Jacques Lacan and Slavoj Žižek, as well as from psychoanalytic postcolonial and feminist scholarship, Kapoor analyzes how development''s unconscious desires speak out, most often in excessive and unpredictable ways that contradict the outwardly rational declarations of its practitioners. He investigates development''s many irrationalitiesfrom obsessions about growth and poverty to the perverse seductions of racism and over-consumption. By deploying key psychoanalytic conceptsenjoyment, fantasy, antagonism, fetishism, envy, drive, perversTable of ContentsPart One: Introduction and Context 1. Psychoanalysis and International Development 2. Post-Development's Surrender to Global Capitalism: A Psychoanalytic Critique Part Two: Keywords/Essays 3. Antagonism: The Universalist Dimensions of Antagonism 4. Drive: What "Drives" Capitalist Development? 5. Envy: Capitalism as Envy-Machine 6. Fetishism: Fetishism in International Development: Domination, Disavowal, and Foreclosure 7. Gaze: The "Gaze" in Participatory Development: Panoptic or Traumatic? 8. Gender/Sex: When Sex = (Socially Constructed) Gender, What Is Lost, Politically? Psychoanalytic Reflections on Gender and Development 9. Perversion/Hysteria: The Politics of Perversion and Hysteria in the Tunisian Revolution and its Aftermath 10. Queerness: The Queer Third World 11. Racism: The Racist Enjoyments and Fantasies of International Development 12. Symptom: Development and the Poor: Enjoy Your Symptom!

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Book SynopsisIs Russia Fascist? argues that the charge of "fascism" has become a strategic narrative of the current world order. Through a detailed examination of the Russian domestic scene and the Kremlin's foreign policy rationales, it disentangles the foundation for, meaning, and validity of accusations of fascism in and around Russia.Trade ReviewIs Russia Fascist? is a work that offers a worthy contribution to the ongoing conversation and debate about how to define contemporary Russia and project where it is heading. Regardless of what a reader might think about "illiberalism" as an answer, Laruelle offers many good analytical insights. Her command of the facts of recent Russian political history is solid and is to be taken seriously. * H-Net *If you want to know what's been happening in the Russian far right, this is undoubtedly the book for you. Is Russia Fascist? provides excellent insights into the ideological state of play in modern Russia. It also does a thorough job of demolishing the accusations that Russia is a totalitarian state. -- Paul Robinson, Ottowa University * Irrussianality *In this book Marlene Laruelle not only seeks to answer the question "Is Russia fascist?" but to provide a comprehensive analytical framework for how to study the concept of fascism in the first place. In doing so, she engages with scholarship in multiple fields across the social sciences and in public discourse, which makes this book of interest not only to political scientists but to Russia watchers more generally. * The Russian Review *Is Russia Fascist? provides a clear, balanced assessment of contemporary Russian politics, serving not only as a sensible dissection of the status of fascism in Russia, but also as a guide to that country's problematic political structures. * Modern Language Review *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Russia and the Symbolic Landscape of Fascism 1. Russia's "Fascism" or "Illiberalism"? 2. The Soviet Legacy in Thinking about Fascism 3. Antifascism as the Renewed Social Consensus under Putin 4. International Memory Wars: Equating the Soviet Union with Nazism 5. The Putin Regime's Ideological Plurality 6. Russia's Fascist Thinkers and Doers 7. Russia's Honeymoon with the European Far Right 8. Why the Russian Regime Is Not Fascist Conclusion: Russia's Memory and the Future of Europe

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Book SynopsisIn Secession and Security, Ahsan I. Butt argues that states rather than separatists determine whether a secessionist struggle will be peaceful, violent, or genocidal. He investigates the strategies, ranging from negotiated concessions to large-scale repression, adopted by states in response to separatist movements. Variations in the external security environment, Butt argues, influenced the leaders of the Ottoman Empire to use peaceful concessions against Armenians in 1908 but escalated to genocide against the same community in 1915; caused Israel to reject a Palestinian state in the 1990s; and shaped peaceful splits in Czechoslovakia in 1993 and the Norway-Sweden union in 1905. Butt focuses on two main casesPakistani reactions to Bengali and Baloch demands for independence in the 1970s and India''s responses to secessionist movements in Kashmir, Punjab, and Assam in the 1980s and 1990s. Butt''s deep historical approach to his subject will appeal tTrade ReviewCompellingly and authoritatively researched. The research design—a case study approach—is exquisite. The case selections and criteria for comparison are academically sound. Butt also had access to scores of personal interviews as well as extensive archival data. The result is a significant and timely contribution to the scholarship on state decision-making in the international arena. * Choice *The spectacular achievement of Butt's seminal study is that it offers a refreshing theoretical explanation as to why states employ different strategies against separatists and, more importantly, it does so by presenting facts in an unbiased fashion. Secession and Security's academic rigour, in-depth analysis, accessibility and balanced objectivity make it a highly commendable contribution to International Relations theory and conflict studies. Apart from general readers, I highly recommend this book to scholars and policy-makers engaged in understanding and resolving the puzzling equation of state–separatist dynamics. * International Affairs *Masterly. * Northeast Now *Ahsan Butt makes a useful contribution by highlighting the international framework in explaining state response to secessionist movements but his question is very narrowly defined looking at ethnic difference when its trajectory implicitly or explicitly is separatist. * Bloomsbury Pakistan *

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Book SynopsisThe Downfall of the American Order? offers penetrating insight into the emerging global political economy at this moment of an increasingly chaotic world. For seventy-five years, the basic patterns of world politics and the contours of international economic activity took place in the shadow of American leadership and the institutions it designedan order designed to avoid the horrors of previous eras, including, most poignantly, two world wars and the Great Depression.But all things must pass. The global financial crisis of 2008, the legacy of two long, losing wars, and the polarizing and tumultuous presidency of Donald Trump all suggest that global affairs have reached a turning point. The implications of this are profound. The contributors to this book cast their eyes back on the order that once was, and look ahead to what might follow. In dialogue with each other''s appraisals and expectations, they differ in their assessments of the probTrade ReviewThis engaging collection of essays brings distinguished scholars of political economy together to explore the changing faces of economic liberalism within the U.S.-led postwar international order.The value of this volume is[...] in the richness of the debate about how orders, liberal and otherwise, are shaped and reshaped. * Foreign Affairs *Collectively, the contributions amount to a sophisticated and accessible analysis of the international political economy issues of our time. The contributors seem to share sympathies for embedded liberalism, so those searching for more radical perspectives should look elsewhere. Readers are left with a profound understanding of the liberal order's genesis, design, pitfalls, alterations and current challenges, and its possible futures. * International Affairs *[T]he book is a welcome addition to the scholarship grappling with the fate of the (eroding?) liberal international order today. * Choice *Table of ContentsIntroduction, by Jonathan Kirshner and Peter J. Katzenstein 1. Keynes and the Elusive Middle Way, by Jonathan Kirshner 2. The End of Social Purpose? Great Transformations of American Order, by Mark Blyth 3. The Construction of Compromise and the Rise and Fallof Global Orders, by Peter Gourevitch 4. The Social Democratic Order and the Rise and Decay of Democracy in Western Europe, by Sheri Berman 5. California Dreaming: The Crisis and Rebirth of American Power in the 1970s and Its Consequences for World Order, by Francis J. Gavin 6. Of Learning and Forgetting: Centrism, Populism, and the Legitimacy Crisis of Globalization, by Rawi Abdelal 7. Post-American Moments in Contemporary Global Financial Governance, by Ilene Grabel 8. Corporate Globalization and the Liberal Order: Disembedding and Reembedding Governing Norms, by John Gerard Ruggie 9. Liberalism's Antinomy: Endings as Beginnings?, by Peter J. Katzenstein

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewAn engaging and readable book. This slim volume is recommended for all levels. * Choice *Andreas's insightful and rigorous study is an important contribution to the literature on globalization and transnational illicit trade. * American Political Science Review *This outstanding book is a much-needed addition to the literature on the policing of international boundaries. Because it is so well written and concise, it fits beautifully into political geography curricula at the undergraduate as well as at the graduate level. * The Professional Geographer *

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Book SynopsisIn this third edition of Border Games, Peter Andreas charts the rise and transformation in policing the flow of drugs and migrants across the US-Mexico border. Recent border crackdowns and wall-building campaigns, he argues, are not unprecedented. Rather, they are the outcome of an escalatory dynamic already in motionbut now played out on a far bigger stage, with higher stakes, and in new security and political contexts. Focusing on the power of symbolic politics and policy feedback effects, Andreas traces the logic behind such buildup. Border policing is an attractive political mechanism for handling the often unintended consequences of past policy choices, signaling a commitment to territorial integrity and projecting an image of territorial authority. Yet its negative aftermath is not only frequently glossed over; it also fuels further escalation. With new chapters on the border policies of the Obama, Trump, and Biden administrations, Border Trade ReviewAn engaging and readable book. This slim volume is recommended for all levels. * Choice *Andreas's insightful and rigorous study is an important contribution to the literature on globalization and transnational illicit trade. * American Political Science Review *This outstanding book is a much-needed addition to the literature on the policing of international boundaries. Because it is so well written and concise, it fits beautifully into political geography curricula at the undergraduate as well as at the graduate level. * The Professional Geographer *

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Book SynopsisReligious Appeals in Power Politics examines how states use, or attempt to use, confessional appeals to religious belief and conscience to advance political strategies and objectives. Through case studies of the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Russia, Peter S. Henne demonstrates that religion, although not as high profile or well-funded a tool as economic sanctions or threats of military force, remains a potent weapon in international relations. Public policy analysis often minimizes the role of religion, favoring military or economic matters as the important arenas of policy debate. As Henne shows, however, at transformative moments in political history, states turn to faith-based appeals to integrate or fragment international coalitions. Henne highlights Saudi Arabia''s 1960s rivalry with Egypt, the United States''s post-9/11 leadership in the global war on terrorism, and the Russian Federation''s contemporary expansionism both to reveal the presence a

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Book SynopsisMoscow''s Heavy Shadow tells the story of the collapse of the USSR from the perspective of the many millions of Soviet citizens who experienced it as a period of abjection and violence. Mikhail Gorbachev and the leaders of the USSR saw the years of reform preceding the collapse as opportunities for rebuilding (perestroika), rejuvenation, and openness (glasnost). For those in provincial cities across the Soviet Union, however, these reforms led to rapid change, economic collapse, and violence.Focusing on Dushanbe, Tajikistan, Isaac McKean Scarborough describes how this city experienced skyrocketing unemployment, a depleted budget, and streets filled with angry young men unable to support their families. Tajikistan was left without financial or military resources, unable and unprepared to stand against the wave of populist politicians of all stripes who took advantage of the economic collapse and social discontent to try to gain power. By May

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Book SynopsisReligious Appeals in Power Politics examines how states use, or attempt to use, confessional appeals to religious belief and conscience to advance political strategies and objectives. Through case studies of the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Russia, Peter S. Henne demonstrates that religion, although not as high profile or well-funded a tool as economic sanctions or threats of military force, remains a potent weapon in international relations. Public policy analysis often minimizes the role of religion, favoring military or economic matters as the important arenas of policy debate. As Henne shows, however, at transformative moments in political history, states turn to faith-based appeals to integrate or fragment international coalitions. Henne highlights Saudi Arabia''s 1960s rivalry with Egypt, the United States''s post-9/11 leadership in the global war on terrorism, and the Russian Federation''s contemporary expansionism both to reveal the presence a

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Book SynopsisUneasy Partnerships presents the analysis and insights of practitioners and scholars who have shaped and examined China's interactions with key Northeast Asian partners. Using the same empirical approach employed in the companion volume, The New Great Game (Stanford, 2016), this new text analyzes the perceptions, priorities, and policies of China and its partners to explain why dyadic relationships evolved as they have during China's "rise." Synthesizing insights from an array of research, Uneasy Partnerships traces how the relationships that formed between China and its partner states—Japan, the Koreas, and Russia—resulted from the interplay of competing and compatible objectives, as well as from the influence of third-country ties. These findings are used to identify patterns and trends and to develop a framework that can be used to illuminate and explain Beijing's engagement with the rest of the world.Trade Review"Uneasy Partnerships is a masterful examination of China's complex interactions with its immediate neighbors. The volume provides a convincing case that China has pursued parallel goals of security and economic development for forty years, and, in the process, its interactions with neighboring countries have continually shifted with fluctuating Chinese concerns over what those countries might do for China as well as what they might do to China. The fine-grained strands of this complex story are woven into a compelling macro-level analysis of Northeast Asia that will be applauded by experts and generalists alike." -- T.J. Pempel * University of California, Berkeley *"Despite the focus on the South China Sea in recent years, this excellent volume makes clear that China's most important economic relations and most difficult security challenges lie in Northeast Asia. Rejecting the common approaches of applying grand theories to Asia or focusing solely on how Asia is responding to the rise of China, the nuanced analysis and empirical rigor in these chapters reveals the complex and multi-faceted nature of China's interactions with Japan, Russia, and the two Koreas. With insights from Western and Asian experts, this is one of the best volumes on China and Northeast Asia that has been published in recent years." -- Michael A. Glosny, Naval Postgraduate School * Department of National Security Affairs *"China's rising power in international affairs has wrought uncertain consequences in every region of the world, but none so much as northeast Asia, the arena of great power competition and conflict among Japan, Russia, the United States, and China for more than a century. This timely volume offers keen insights by a multi-national roster of contributors not simply into China's rise and the responses of the region's players to it, but also into their active pursuit of their own interests and goals by using China's rise to their own advantage in the region. Highly recommended." -- Alice Miller * Stanford University *"Uneasy Partnerships well captures the reality of China's relations with its northeast Asian neighbours and presents diverse views from the field. It offers abundant cool-headed analyses that could easily form actionable policy advice for the United States and others." -- Fei-Ling Wang * Pacific Affairs *Table of ContentsContents and Abstracts1Uneasy Partnerships Thomas Fingar chapter abstractThis chapter describes the framework that helped focus the work of contributors and explains why this approach was utilized instead of approaches that attempt to prove or disprove general theories about China's foreign policy behavior or to explain the actions of China and specific partners using international relations theory. The framework required contributors to identify the most important factors shaping the perceptions, priorities, and policies of the country examined, and to pay particular attention to the relative importance of security and economic concerns and objectives. 2Sources and Shapers of China's Global Engagement Thomas Fingar chapter abstractThis chapter examines the overarching objectives of China's "reform and opening" strategy in order to provide a baseline and context for understanding how China's engagement with the partners examined in other chapters reflects and derives from the strategy to achieve wealth, power, and influence through participation in the liberal international order led by the United States. It argues that China's highest priorities are security/stability and sustained economic development/modernization, and that Beijing's policies toward other countries are shaped by perceptions of what a given country can do to threaten or enhance China's security, and what that country can contribute to China's quest for rapid economic growth. Geography, history, relationships with key third countries, and developments in the international system, especially the end of the Cold War also play important roles, as do changes resulting from China's economic success. 3China's Global Engagement: A Chinese Perspective Liru Cui chapter abstractThis chapter examines many of the same factors and considerations as are examined from an American perspective in Chapter 2 but from a Chinese perspective. A principal difference is that this chapter emphasizes what the author considers to be unique features of China's approach, including a "win-win" approach that enables other states to benefit from China's rise and does not threaten the security or prosperity of others. 4Beijing's Japan Dilemma: Balancing Nationalism, Legitimacy, and Economic Opportunity Suisheng Zhao chapter abstractThis chapter examines dilemmas resulting from the fact that China's quest for modernity can be assisted and accelerated by taking advantage of Japan's markets, technologies, capital, proximity, and incentives to assist and capitalize on China's eagerness to attract foreign investment, but a quest that is constrained by historical memories and the part hostility to Japan plays in the legitimizing mythology of the Chinese Communist Party. China "needs" Japan to achieve sustained growth, but party leaders must react forcefully to any real or perceived threat or affront from Japan. Public readiness to protest alleged Japanese affronts is a problem for Beijing because demonstrations can easily morph into protests against corruption, environmental degradation, or other downsides of China's developmental model and/or damage Japanese property in ways that could cause Japan to pull back form engagement with China. 5Japan and the Rise of China: From Affinity to Alienation Seiichiro Takagi chapter abstractThis chapter traces the evolution of Japanese perceptions of and response to China's quest for sustained growth through engagement with the United States and its allies. Initially, and for many years, Japan was a willing contributor to China's "rise" and anticipated that economic development in China would be accompanied by political reform and amelioration of historical grievances. Japanese public opinion toward China soured markedly as China was perceived to act more aggressively toward Japan, and as anti-Japanese demonstrations in China rekindled concern about China's regional and global ambitions. 6China and Korea: Proximity, Priorities, and Policy Evolution Thomas Fingar chapter abstractThis chapter examines the evolution of China's perceptions of and policies toward North and South Korea and how they changed in response to the end of the Cold War, South Korea's emergence as an advanced industrial economy eager and able to assist and take advantage of China's quest for sustained growth, and North Korea's decreasing utility as a security buffer and limited inability to contribute to China's modernization. It traces the transformation of Chinese perceptions of North Korea from useful buffer to problematic source of instability hazardous to China's strategy of development, and the transformation of Beijing's perception of South Korea from adversary and ally of Washington to contributor to China's development and less certain partner of the United States. 7South Korea's Approach to a Rising China: Pragmatic Opportunism Myung-Hwan Yu chapter abstractThis chapter describes South Korea's wariness about China's rise, eagerness to take advantage of economic opportunities resulting from China's development, and hope that China will contribute to management and alleviation of North Korean hostility. It describes the pragmatic, even utilitarian ways in which South Korea perceives and responds to developments in China while holding tight to its alliance with the United States. China and the ROK know one another well and interact with clear-eyed pragmatism and opportunism. 8Geography and Destiny: DPRK Concerns and Objectives with Respect to China Thomas Fingar and David Straub chapter abstractThis chapter examines North Korean concerns and attempts to placate, balance, and benefit from its far larger neighbor. China's rapprochement with the United States triggered its nuclear weapons program and Beijing's "abandonment" of the North in order to pursue economic opportunities with the South prompted the DPRK to seek better relations with Washington, Tokyo, and Seoul, but those efforts failed, leaving it even more dependent on an increasingly unfriendly China. 9Soviet/Russia-China Relations: Coming Full Circle? Artyom Lukin chapter abstractThis chapter focuses on Soviet/Russian perceptions of China's rise and describes how developments in both countries made it difficult or unimportant for either to devote much attention to the other until quite recently when they rediscovered useful economic and political complementarities. Neither wants to return to anything like their relationship in the 1950s but there may be some nostalgia or renewed interest in using relations with one another to counterbalance the United States. 10China's Engagement with Northeast Asia: Patterns,Trends, and Themes Thomas Fingar chapter abstractThis chapter identifies and explores a number of patterns and trends in China's engagement with key states in Northeast Asia, tracing several of them to the influence of third country developments, geography, and growing interdependence. It also compares findings and patterns that emerge from the chapters in this book to those of the companion volume on China's relations with South and Central Asia.

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Book SynopsisIn The Atlantic Realists, intellectual historian Matthew Specter offers a boldly revisionist interpretation of "realism," a prevalent stance in post-WWII US foreign policy and public discourse and the dominant international relations theory during the Cold War. Challenging the common view of realism as a set of universally binding truths about international affairs, Specter argues that its major features emerged from a century-long dialogue between American and German intellectuals beginning in the late nineteenth century. Specter uncovers an "Atlantic realist" tradition of reflection on the prerogatives of empire and the nature of power politics conditioned by fin de siècle imperial competition, two world wars, the Holocaust, and the Cold War. Focusing on key figures in the evolution of realist thought, including Carl Schmitt, Hans Morgenthau, and Wilhelm Grewe, this book traces the development of the realist worldview over a century, dismantling myths about the national interest, Realpolitik, and the "art" of statesmanship.Trade Review"One may believe there is little left to know about the realist theory of international relations and its founder Hans Morgenthau. But through the complex figure of Morgenthau, Matthew Specter is able not only to work out the ambivalent pathways of the German mandarins who emigrated to the USA, but also put the theory of political realism itself into a wholly new light as a transatlantic exchange of ideas between the US and Germany. This dates back to the geopolitical thought and social Darwinistic milieu of both rising industrial powers in the 1880s. A particular gem is the surprising chapter on Wilhelm Grewe—a student of Carl Schmitt, who continued his Nazi career in the Federal Republic unbroken—and here, in postwar Germany, played a role similar to that of Morgenthau in the USA. An original, an illuminating, a brilliant book."—Jürgen Habermas, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Goethe University Frankfurt"A singular aspect of the German-American relationship is the cross-pollination of political and constitutional thought going back to the Revolutionary era. Matthew Specter's fascinating study shows that the concept of realism made several Atlantic crossings—beginning not, as has long been assumed, in the global cataclysm of World War II, but in the heyday of US and German empire. His trenchant critique of the 'imperial blindspots and democratic deficits' of realism is also a useful warning to the current advocates of restraint seeking to wrap themselves in the mantle of the Atlantic realist tradition."—Constanze Stelzenmüller, Fritz Stern Chair on Germany and trans-Atlantic relations, Brookings Institution"Matthew Specter's rich history rewrites the genealogy of realism. Specter lays bare the intellectual foundations of the default setting of American foreign policy. This is not just a major addition to trans-Atlantic intellectual history. In a world of escalating international tension, it is an urgent book."—Adam Tooze, Kathryn and Shelby Davis Professor of History and Director of the European Institute, Columbia University"An intensively grounded study of a carefully defined body of thought, ambitiously pitched, and persuasively contextualized, The Atlantic Realists brings both clarity and challenge to some vital cross-disciplinary conversations, from international relations and political theory to intellectual history and political history. Among its many particular virtues is a thought-provokingly helpful commentary on the influence of Carl Schmitt."—Geoff Eley, Karl Pohrt Distinguished University Professor of Contemporary History, University of Michigan"Specter's important cultural-historical reinterpretation of Realism relocates its intellectual origins from the Weimar Republic back to late nineteenth-century imperialism. He shows how American and German thinkers, steeped in provincial assumptions about imperialism and competition, developed the apologies for empire and the international use of force that still haunt international relations theory today."—Isabel Hull, John Stambaugh Professor of History Emerita, Cornell University"Matthew Specter has written a superb study that spans the intellectual history of realism across two centuries and between two continents, and traces in a most original way the network of interconnections among Atlantic Realists, notably between the US and Germany."—Karl Kaiser, Harvard Kennedy SchoolA Financial Times Best summer book of 2022: Politics"Atlantic Realists stands as a significant and important contribution to the history of international political thought and to continuing debates over what it means to be realistic in world politics."—Michael C. Williams, Contemporary Political Theory"Specter makes a solid case that the classical realists in many ways invented a noble lineage for themselves, identifying great historical philosophers whose work fit in with their notions of the world (such as Hobbes) while eliding or avoiding altogether their more questionable historical antecedents. ...This intellectual genealogy of realism is an impressive contribution."—Emma Ashford, Foreign Affairs"[Specter] makes the innovative choices of studying the timespan from the late 19th century to the present to show the long emergence of post-WW II realism and identifying relevant currents of thought between Europe, especially Germany, and the United States. These choices reveal new sources for tracking the development of realism, and readers come to appreciate that the key tenets of the theory are historical constructs that evolved somewhat erratically as currents of German and American thought interacted. ... Recommended."—M. A. Morris, CHOICE"[Specter's] criticisms are compelling and they are grounded in a close reading of the published writings and private correspondence of key figures in Germany and the United States. Specter shows that modern realism does indeed have connections to imperial pretensions from the late nineteenth century, and it smuggles subjective value judgments and political aims into its naturalized discourse. The realist worldview is not any more organic than non-realist frameworks, including liberal internationalism, Leninism, or others."—Jeremi Suri, Diplomatic History"By forcing us once more to confront the quixotic character of realism as both aggressively imperial, but with a hyperromantic attachment to politics as the art and exercise of power, Specter compels us to consider very carefully what exactly we think we are doing if we are also teachers of political thought in the first place."—Duncan Kelly, Perspectives on Politics"Specter'sThe Atlantic Realistsis an invaluable, thought-provoking addition to the history of International Relations and sheds further lights on the debates that made this discipline. Readers will learn a great deal about American-German intellectual relations since the end of the nineteenth century and how they shaped International Relations. More of this kind of work is needed."—Felix Rösch, E-International Relations

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Book SynopsisThe early decades of the Cold War presented seemingly boundless opportunity for the construction of "laboratories" of American society abroad: microcosms where experts could scale down problems of geopolitics to manageable size, and where locals could be systematically directed toward American visions of capitalist modernity. Among the most critical tools in the U.S.'s ideological arsenal was modernization theory, and Turkey emerged as a vital test case for the construction and validation of developmental thought and practice. With this book, Begüm Adalet reveals how Turkey became both the archetypal model of modernization and an active partner for its enactment. Through her analysis of the flow of aid money and expertise between the U.S. and Turkey, the planning of the American-funded Turkish highway network, and the development of the Turkish tourism industry, Adalet also highlights how "problems of knowledge" are fundamentally entwined with "problems of the political order": social scientific theories are produced in material spaces, through uncertain encounters between transnational actors and policy networks. In tracking the growth and transmission of modernization as a theory and in practice in Turkey, Hotels and Highways offers not only a specific history of a postwar development model that continues to influence our world, but a widely relevant consideration of how theoretical debates take shape in concrete situations.Trade Review"Hotels and Highways tells an absorbing story—from accounts of the modernization theorists' favorite research methods and the significant role Turkish intellectuals played in mutually shaping modernization theory itself, to the physical manifestations of their theories in infrastructures of modern capitalism in Turkey. A rich and fascinating account of how modernization theory came to Turkey." -- Laleh Khalili * University of London *"Hotels and Highways gives a clear understanding how U.S. hegemony was conceived and implemented in the aftermath of World War II and how thorough and decisive was its domination in Turkey and other similar places. Anybody interested in twentieth century experiences of modernity and U.S. power in the Middle East will need to read this book." -- Reşat Kasaba * University of Washington *"A brilliant history of the idea of modernization in the postwar period. By studying the projects and places in which concepts were shaped, Begüm Adalet opens a new perspective on twentieth-century political thought." -- Timothy Mitchell * Columbia University *"Adalet's deeply researched work regards modernization theory...as shaping the "central components" of US Cold War policy in the region. Wide-ranging chapters deal with modernization theory, sociological methods (e.g., survey research), and the role of highways and hotels in shaping modern Turkey. While the term "modernization" seems one more academic theory, Adalet sees it as a tool in the US political tool kit. On multiple levels, this is an important study of how the link of "theory" to "practice" serves key political interests. Must reading across several disciplines." -- H. Steck * Choice *"At first sight,Hotels and Highwaysappears to be a work of architectural history, urban studies, and infrastructural geography. But it goes beyond strict disciplinary fields, presenting important insights from the perspective of political science...[W]hat makesHotels and Highwaysan outstanding work is its critical take on the topic and its focus on knowledge production through the perspective of science and technology studies."––Husik Ghulyan, H-Socialisms"Hotels and Highways is a leap in scholarship on Turkey, with its sound exploration of American imperialism's modernization endeavors in Turkey during the Cold War. In addition to this, Adalet's book is also an exciting call for new study areas in order to understand the second half of the twentieth century in Turkey, and the Middle East."––Ilker Hepkaner, EuropeNow"By scrupulously recognizing the agency of multiple actors and reinstating perspectives that were deliberately erased or omitted from the record, Adalet demonstrates how intersections of theory with conditions on the ground produced myriad consequences that were often unpredictable and, at times, undesirable....[She] writes with lucidity and an economy of language that conveys much subtlety in few words, making this an eminently accessible book for a broad range of audiences." -- Zeynep Kezer * Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review *"[Hotels and Highways] is an empirically rich discussion of the negotiations and translations involved when concepts, ideas and theories travel and/or are translated into different contexts." -- Zeynep Gülşah Çapan * E-International Relations *Table of ContentsContents and AbstractsIntroduction chapter abstractThis chapter outlines how American scholars, experts, and policy makers treated Turkey as a model and laboratory of modernization theory during the early phases of the Cold War. It introduces the social scientific and infrastructural measures that contributed to the production and enactment of modernization in the postwar Turkish landscape. These measures included large-scale survey research, the extension of a highway network, and the jump-starting of the tourism industry with Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan funds. The chapter discusses the unintended consequences of developmental thought and practice, such as the resistance of recipient subjects and anxieties and hesitations on the part of practitioners. It situates the book in the literature on global histories of development and concludes with a commentary on the archives and methodology employed in the project. It also provides a chapter outline. 1Beastly Politics: Dankwart Rustow and the Turkish Model of Modernization chapter abstractThis chapter traces the emergence of modernization theory and its Turkish archetype by drawing on the published work and private papers of political scientist Dankwart Rustow. Rustow was a seminal but hesitant participant in academic and policy circles during the Cold War. The chapter proceeds by analyzing Rustow's engagements with the Committee on Comparative Politics of the Social Science Research Council, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the political science faculty at Ankara University. His travels between these institutions underscore the transnational linkages of American social science and policy making as well as the anxieties of those who benefited from the circuits of funding that joined academic centers, government agencies, and private foundations. 2Questions of Modernization: Empathy and Survey Research chapter abstractThis chapter examines survey research as an experiment that occasioned the enactment of modernization theory, with a focus on the work of sociologist Daniel Lerner, and of other research that was funded by organizations like the Voice of America, the US Agency for International Development, and the Turkish State Planning Organization. These studies, which were conducted to measure and record the attitudes of peasants, students, and administrators in Turkey in the postwar period, were also efforts to create modern subjects; the interview setting in fact was designed to produce the forms of subjectivity and interpersonal relations articulated and idealized by modernization theory. Drawing on responses from the original questionnaires as well as from interviewers' unpublished commentaries, the chapter also shows how the dissemination of survey methodology and attendant theories of modernization were derailed by skeptical respondents and disorderly interviewer behavior. 3Material Encounters: Experts, Reports, and Machines chapter abstractThis chapter examines the American-funded and -planned Turkish highway network in the immediate aftermath of World War II by focusing on the interactions between the US Bureau of Public Roads, the Turkish Directorate of Highways, and the Economic Cooperation Administration. It shows how the arrival of American aid, experts, and machinery was expected to instigate modernization in administrative and mechanical terms by acquainting the new highway organization and its civil engineers with rational methods of record keeping, time management, and machine maintenance. The location of highways, the circulation of reports, and the labeling of roadbuilding equipment were material sites where the agencies competed over the management of the Turkish economy and staked out their claims to authority and visibility. The chapter concludes by drawing attention to the personal and intimate dimensions of expertise that are otherwise often occluded by its technical and political aspects. 4"It's Not Yours If You Can't Get There": Modern Roads, Mobile Subjects chapter abstractThis chapter situates the US-funded highway program in a longer history of mobility management in Turkey, including policies of land reform and forced migration and settlement. Turkish and American social scientists, experts, and officials construed the provision of roads to the countryside as a civilizational necessity, one that would cultivate the ability for individual mobility. Developers believed that roads would grant access to remote areas populated by Kurdish minorities and that highways would shrink distances between different parts of the country, allowing its subjects to participate in a shared national space and economy. Although the experts and policy makers aimed to produce the conditions and subjects of individual economic and political rights, their projects in fact ended up enabling new critiques of inequality. 5The Innkeepers of Peace: Hospitality and the Istanbul Hilton chapter abstractThis chapter chronicles the efforts to develop a tourism industry in Turkey in the aftermath of World War II, with a focus on the design and construction of the Istanbul Hilton Hotel, which was financed by the Turkish Pension Funds and the Marshall Plan. The actors involved in the creation of the hotel alternately framed it as a bulwark against the threatening march of Communism and the signifier of a hospitable mindset, an attitude considered to be a necessary corollary to modernization. The chapter examines episodes that undermined the hotel's status as a showcase for American modernism, focusing on how local architects and politicians protested the hotel's role in the proliferation of the corporate International style, the incursion of foreign capital, and the expropriation of a public park. Conclusion chapter abstractThis chapter traces the continuing effects of modernization theory in the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the subsequent projects for its reconstruction, which once again brought together social scientists and experts who staged ideological and political battles to shape the attitudes and beliefs of their targets. It also discusses the resurgence of the Turkish model of modernization and democracy in the context of the Arab uprisings, highlighting the roots of this failed trope in the projects of social scientists, policy makers, and experts of the early Cold War period.

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Book SynopsisThe 1967 Arab–Israeli War rocketed the question of Israel and Palestine onto the front pages of American newspapers. Black Power activists saw Palestinians as a kindred people of color, waging the same struggle for freedom and justice as themselves. Soon concerns over the Arab–Israeli conflict spread across mainstream black politics and into the heart of the civil rights movement itself. Black Power and Palestine uncovers why so many African Americans—notably Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, and Muhammad Ali, among others—came to support the Palestinians or felt the need to respond to those who did. Americans first heard pro-Palestinian sentiments in public through the black freedom struggle of the 1960s and 1970s. Michael R. Fischbach uncovers this hidden history of the Arab–Israeli conflict's role in African American activism and the ways that distant struggle shaped the domestic fight for racial equality. Black Power's transnational connections between African Americans and Palestinians deeply affected U.S. black politics, animating black visions of identity well into the late 1970s. Black Power and Palestine allows those black voices to be heard again today. In chronicling this story, Fischbach reveals much about how American peoples of color create political strategies, a sense of self, and a place within U.S. and global communities. The shadow cast by events of the 1960s and 1970s continues to affect the United States in deep, structural ways. This is the first book to explore how conflict in the Middle East shaped the American civil rights movement.Trade Review"Michael R. Fischbach explores one of the most important international ramifications of the political awakening of African Americans in the 20th century: how movements ranging from the Black Muslims and Black Panthers to SNCC and the NAACP related to the Palestinian struggle. Original and timely, Black Power and Palestine offers fascinating insight into a vital issue in the self-definition of the African American community, one that continues to have great relevance today in the growing linkages between the Black Lives Matter movement and Palestinian activism."—Rashid Khalidi, Columbia University, author of Brokers of Deceit: How the U.S. Has Undermined Peace in the Middle East"Black Power and Palestine is an indispensable read on the civil rights and Black Power era, shedding new light on just how deeply the Arab-Israeli conflict has shaped black domestic politics. Anyone interested in why conflict in the Middle East continues to cast its long shadow over U.S. foreign and domestic policy should read this book."—Cynthia A. Young, The Pennsylvania State University, author of Soul Power: Culture, Radicalism, and the Making of a U.S. Third World Left"Fischbach's work is nothing short of an historical tour de force, shedding light on the interplay between Black activist spheres of the 1960s and '70s and their wider world.... A masterpiece of investigative research, this book is the fruit of many years spent deep in the archives, chasing down government documents, and of extensive interviews with activists and key players....Black Power and Palestine is without doubt a fresh, invaluable addition to the canons of Black struggle and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict."—Amin Gharad, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs"[A] meticulously researched history of the ties between the Black and Palestinian liberation struggles from the 1960s to the 1980s.... Fischbach explores how the Black Power movement of the 1960s embraced the Palestinian cause and how this eventually influenced moderate civil rights organizations that had unquestioningly supported Israel....Black Power and Palestine is essential reading."—Rod Such, Electronic Intifada"Fischbach offers a fascinating account of the under-examined, little-known relationship between Black Power and Palestinian activists. This well-documented book demonstrates how black militants aligned themselves with the Palestinian cause as a result of their international, anti-imperialist struggle for liberation...Most significant, this book dispels the notion of an American domestic consensus with regard to the Arab-Israeli conflict, and points the reader toward the nuanced ways in which this conflict has impacted American society...Highly recommended."—M. F. Cairo, CHOICE"Black Power and Palestine: Transnational Countries of Color by Michael Fischbach is a unique and necessary contribution to the fields ofblack, Middle Eastern, and world history. It creates a panoramic and simultaneously nuanced narrative about the history of Black Power solidarity with Palestinians."––Nadia Alahmed, H-Diplo"Michael Fischbach's Black Power and Palestine is the best book yet written on the contemporary history of Afro-Palestinian solidarity. The book is invaluable as a scholarly record of Black efforts to organize with and in support of Palestinian liberation, but also as a political argument about the centrality of Palestinian solidarity work to building internationalist, anti-imperialist solidarity in our time."––Bill V. Mullen, Mondoweiss"Fischbach's book makes two major contributions to the field of of Black-Palestinian solidarity: first, a nuanced understanding of politics and second, an insistence on the significance of the historical moment. Resonances with today's headlines fill the book.Fischbach's historically driven narrative stands at the cutting edge of scholarship on the Black Power movement."—Elizabeth Bishop, Journal of Palestine Studies"Black Power and Palestine is history at its best. Well-researched and interesting to read, it attests to the long-term impact that grass-roots activists can have, though it may not be recognised at the time. Fischbach delves into the recent past to elucidate a pivotal time and issue that still has prime relevance today."—Sally Bland, The Jordan Times"Black Power and Palestine makes a crucial intervention by excavating a rather forgotten history that undermines any notion of a timeless American consensus over U.S. Middle East policy and proposes a genealogy of the opposition to the occupation of the Palestinian territories and the treatment of Palestinians there and in the diaspora."—Oz Frankel, American Historical ReviewBlack Power and Palestine is a remarkable and timely study about solidarity between the struggle of African Americans and Palestinian Resistance. This well- researched study is in ten chapters, with a prologue, epilogue, and extensive notes. Although the struggle of African Americans has been acknowledged by scholars, black affiliations with Palestinians have not received scholarly attention. Black Power and Palestine fills the gap in the literature about the mutual connections between the two struggles."—Arab Studies QuarterlyTable of Contents1. Black Internationalism: Malcolm X and the Rise of Global Solidarity 2. The Fire This Time: SNCC, Jews, and the Demise of the Beloved Community 3. Reformers, Not Revolutionaries: The NAACP, Bayard Rustin, and Israel 4. Balanced and Guarded: Martin Luther King Jr. on the Arab-Israeli Tightrope 5. The Power of Words: The Black Arts Movement and a New Narrative 6. Struggle and Revolution: The Black Panthers and the Guerrilla Image 7. Middle East Symbiosis: Israelis, Arabs, and African Americans 8. Red, White, and Black: Communists, Guerrillas, and the Black Mainstream 9. A Seat at the Table: Bayard Rustin, Andrew Young, and Black Foreign Policy 10. Looking over Jordan: Joseph Lowery, Jesse Jackson, and Yasir Arafat

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Book SynopsisModern democracies face tough life-and-death choices in armed conflicts. Chief among them is how to weigh the value of soldiers' lives against those of civilians on both sides. The first of its kind, Whose Life Is Worth More? reveals that how these decisions are made is much more nuanced than conventional wisdom suggests. When these states are entangled in prolonged conflicts, hierarchies emerge and evolve to weigh the value of human life. Yagil Levy delves into a wealth of contemporary conflicts, including the drone war in Pakistan, the Kosovo war, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and the US and UK wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Cultural narratives about the nature and necessity of war, public rhetoric about external threats facing the nation, antiwar movements, and democratic values all contribute to the perceived validity of civilian and soldier deaths. By looking beyond the military to the cultural and political factors that shape policies, this book provides tools to understand how democracies really decide whose life is worth more.Trade Review"A tour de force. Theoretically innovative and empirically rich. With devastating precision Yagil Levy dismantles many of the myths of heroic soldiers and hapless civilians. He shows that the wages of war are far more calculated and deliberate than previously thought."—Thomas W. Smith, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg"Yagil Levy's provocative book is an essential correction to standard assumptions about how actors in democratic states weigh the costs of war. Whose Life Is Worth More? reveals the deeper political and social factors that inform hierarchies of life and death among citizens,soldiers, and enemy non-combatants."—Jennifer M Welsh, Canada 150 Research Chair in Global Governance and Security, McGill UniversityTable of Contents1. Introduction: What Determines the Value of Life, and How Has It Been Studied? 2. Determinants of the Death Hierarchy 3. How to Identify Variations in Risk Transfer 4. Risking One's Own Soldiers in Jenin and Basra 5. Passive Force Protection in Iraq and Gaza 6. Strategic Transfer of Risk in the Kosovo War 7. Tactical Transfer of Risk in Fallujah and Gaza 8. Re-Risking One's Own Soldiers: The Surge in Iraq and Afghanistan 9. Conclusion

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Book SynopsisChina is intensely conscious of its status, both at home and abroad. This concern is often interpreted as an undivided desire for higher standing as a global leader. Yet, Chinese political elites heatedly debate the nation's role as it becomes an increasingly important player in international affairs. At times, China positions itself not as a nascent global power but as a fragile developing country. Contradictory posturing makes decoding China's foreign policy a challenge, generating anxiety and uncertainty in many parts of the world. Using the metaphor of rebranding to understand China's varying displays of status, Xiaoyu Pu analyzes a rising China's challenges and dilemmas on the global stage. As competing pressures mount across domestic, regional, and international audiences, China must pivot between different representational tactics. Rebranding China demystifies how the state represents its global position by analyzing recent military transformations, regional diplomacy, and international financial negotiations. Drawing on a sweeping body of research, including original Chinese sources and interdisciplinary ideas from sociology, psychology, and international relations, this book puts forward an innovative framework for interpreting China's foreign policy. Trade Review"Xiaoyu Pu offers a thoughtful analysis of China's competing status-signaling behavior while at the same time advancing the study of status to new and exciting territories." -- T. V. Paul, James McGill Professor of International Relations * McGill University *"In Rebranding China, Xiaoyu Pu offers an innovative and insightful analysis of the various and often contradictory ways that a rising China portrays itself on the international stage. This is a must read for anyone interested in China's foreign relations and China's domestic political development in the reform era." -- Thomas J. Christensen * Columbia University *"Xiaoyu Pu has written an original, insightful and creative book. Rebranding China elegantly explains China's otherwise contradictory images of itself as both a greatpower and a developing state." -- M. Taylor Fravel * Massachusetts Institute of Technology *"In this short and well-written monograph, Pu contributes many novel insights to both China studies and status politics studies....a must-read for anyone interested in China's foreign policy, status politics and international hierarchy." -- Biao Zhang * International Affairs *"In this excellent, pathbreaking piece of scholarship, Pu...pushes us to consider non-material motives for state action and view signaling as more than just a means of communicating intentions and resolve....[This] is an impressive piece of scholarship, one which contributes simultaneously to theoretical work on signaling and status as well empirically to our understanding of the sources of PRC behavior on the international stage." -- Todd H. Hall * Journal of Chinese Political Science *"Rebranding China sets out to debunk the notion that the rising China is desperately—even recklessly—committed to improving its status in the world. The book's greatest success is to remind readers of an important point that is sometimes overlooked: rising powers have complex incentives, some of which point toward reassuring or even system-strengthening behavior." -- Steven Ward * Cambridge Review of International Affairs *"Xiaoyu Pu's timely and important book on China's use of 'status signaling' is a welcome contribution. He argues that the origins, manifestations, and implications of 'status signaling' need to be examined to better understand China's external behavior.Pu's willingness to look inside the 'gray box' of Chinese foreign policy motivations and processes will stand up well over time." -- Evan S. Mederio * Political Science Quarterly *"Rebranding China is an engaging work that not only pushes the boundaries of theoretical knowledge on status in international politics; it is also an original development of a budding research area—the so-called logic of positionality—that deserves greater attention in IR. In relation to scholarship on China's foreign policy, the book's discussion of the developing country role is a welcome addition to current conversations that tend to harp on China's rising status." -- Hoo Tiang Boon * Perspectives on Politics *"Pu presents us with a nuanced picture about Beijing's attempts to propagate and reconcile its multifaceted images to different audiences....[He] makes important contributions to several research topics that engage international relations scholars." -- Steve Chan * H-Diplo *"Pu's timely book provides a much-needed new perspective on China's rise, reminding us of the inadvisability of seeing China as a unitary state actor with a fixed strategic plan to take over the world. Rebranding China both advances and shows the fruitfulness of the line of inquiry on China and status." -- Yong Deng * H-Diplo *"[Rebranding China] makes a number of important contributions and should help to inspire future research on status signaling in China and elsewhere." -- Scott L. Kastner * H-Diplo *"Xiaoyu Pu has given us an excellent analysis of China's contemporary foreign policy behavior....his book will be important in both theory-building and foreign policy analysis." * Gregory J. Moore,H-Diplo *"Rebranding China offers an original and compelling explanation for the extraordinary difficulty scholars and policymakers have had in attempting to infer China's intentions...essential reading." -- Brandon K. Yoder * H-Diplo *"Rebranding China bridges the literature on status and signaling while providing much-needed insight into Chinese foreign policy decision-making. It is a must-read that will generate even more exciting work in studies of rising power behavior." -- Ketian Zhang * H-Diplo *Table of ContentsContents and Abstracts1Introduction chapter abstractThis chapter provides an overview of the research question, key concepts, and research design of the book. China has been sending contradictory signals about its status and role in the twenty-first century, sometimes emphasizing its great power status and other times presenting itself as a fragile developing country. Instead of focusing on China's struggle for more recognition as a great power, the book suggests that China is facing a more complicated challenge of international image projection. China's future challenge will be to manage its conflicting roles and images in ways that advance its national interests while not engendering dangerous misperceptions and expectations among its neighbors and the rest of the global community. This book takes a multimethod approach, including case studies, content analysis, and interviews. 2Status Signaling in International Relations chapter abstractThis chapter discusses the theoretical framework of status signaling in international politics. Status signaling is the use of a particular subset of signals to convey the information that a state is asserting a particular standing in international society. In a general sense, status signaling is the mechanism of information transmission that aims to change or maintain a special type of status belief among relevant political actors. Each audience is different, so an emerging power sends different status signals. There are various means through which the national leaders can signal the preferred status of their nation. This chapter identifies strategies and tactics of status signaling: conspicuous consumption, conspicuous giving, and strategic spinning. 3China on the World Stage: Multiple Audiences, Competing Expectations chapter abstractThis chapter describes China's multiple identities and audiences in detail. China's identities include that of socialist country, developing country, both emerging and established great power, and quasi superpower, and its audiences include the domestic, regional, global South, and Western domains. While China certainly intends to build a positive image, the country has multiple incentives to project different images. This chapter illuminates the various motivations of China's signaling behaviors. 4Domestic Audience, Nationalism, and Weapons of Mass Consumption chapter abstractThis chapter opens with a conceptual analysis of how China signals a higher status through conspicuous consumption in international relations. It then turns to the importance of domestic audience and nationalism. The chapter discusses China's aircraft carrier project and 2015 military parade, examining the underlying motivations and comparing the status signaling argument with competing approaches. 5Red Mask and White Mask: Charm Offensive, Selective Coercion, and China's Regional Diplomacy chapter abstractThis chapter analyzes China's competing images in regional diplomacy. China signaled a higher status as a regional leader through conspicuous giving in the Asian financial crisis, and China has strengthened its charm offensive strategy in recent years. However, China has also tried to defend its maritime claims through selective coercion. The two faces of China's regional diplomacy pose a challenge to regional order. 6Lying Low or Striving for Achievement: Global Financial Crisis and Spin Doctoring in Beijing chapter abstractThis chapter analyzes China's strategic spinning during the global financial crisis. Facing two types of global audiences (the global South and the West), China sometimes highlights its profile as an emerging great power and other times downplays its profile by emphasizing its developing country status. A developing country status serves multiple purposes for China. Targeting the West, signaling a developing country status sends a reassuring message, and it allows China to shirk greater international responsibilities. Targeting the global South, signaling a developing country status plays the solidarity card. The tension between China's great power status and its identity of developing country is bound to increase as China seeks a new role in the twenty-first century. 7Conclusion chapter abstractThe concluding chapter summarizes the findings and implications for China's foreign policy, status politics, and signaling in international relations more broadly. Applying the analytical framework of status signaling, the chapter also provides a preliminary analysis of Xi Jinping's foreign policy in a new era.

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Book SynopsisA Eurasian transformation is underway, and it flows from China. With a geopolitically central location, the country's domestic and international policies are poised to change the face of global affairs. The Belt and Road Initiative has called attention to a deepening Eurasian continentalism that has, argues Kent Calder, much more significant implications than have yet been recognized. In Super Continent, Calder presents a theoretically guided and empirically grounded explanation for these changes. He shows that key inflection points, beginning with the Four Modernizations and the collapse of the Soviet Union; and culminating in China's response to the Global Financial Crisis and Crimea's annexation, are triggering tectonic shifts. Furthermore, understanding China's emerging regional and global roles involves comprehending two ongoing transformations—within China and across Eurasia as a whole—and that the two are profoundly interrelated. Calder underlines that the geo-economic logic that prevailed across Eurasia before Columbus, and that made the Silk Road a central thoroughfare of world affairs for close to two millennia, is reasserting itself once again.Trade Review"Kent Calder is dead right. An increasingly reconnected Eurasia is re-emerging, and it will, once again, become the center of gravity in our world. This volume is an indispensable guide for both professors and politicians to the complex new realities of this Super Continent." -- Kishore Mahbubani, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy * National University of Singapore *"Super Continent is a super book. Calder breaks new analytic ground by assessing the Eurasian continent as a whole and describes the multiple centripetal forces that are increasingly knitting this vast landmass – and its many sovereign states – together. He demonstrates a dexterous feel for the multiple private actors, countries and governments, regional organizations, and amorphous forces that are driving de facto integration. This book will be an eye-opener to many readers and should be read widely by scholars, officials, and practitioners." -- David Shambaugh * George Washington University *"The bold analysis in Calder's Super Continent reveals a rapidly integrating Eurasian continent with a wealthy and powerful China at its core. It spells out the implications for world order and for a diminished United States in a presentation worthy of Halford Mackinder. American policy makers focused exclusively on the Indian and Pacific oceanic rims ignore Eurasian continental integration at their peril." -- David B. Shear * former Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asian and Pacific Affairs *"One of the most erudite experts in East Asian studies today, in an extraordinarily thought-provoking sweep, broadens the transpacific debate to a global one. Today, modern technologies attract corporations and states to establish a logistical network on the Eurasian continent. It brings into almost direct contact the two major global centers, beside the U.S.A.—the EU and China—and helps integrate the vast area in between the two. Kent Calder argues that this may well prove right, belatedly, Halford Mackinder with his geopolitical notion of Eurasian dominance in the world: the creation of a Super Continent. The myth of the Silk Road might finally come true. While the potential is there, though, Professor Calder argues there is no automatism that the emerging transcontinental network will be successful. Overly ambitious or malevolent Russian and Chinese intentions, or factors such as demographic developments, may take the continent in a different direction. But as this is an age when American presidents withdraw from post-Second World War U.S. engagement with the world, it is not hard to see that the new synergistic dynamism in Eurasia may well be the crucial factor putting an end to America's unipolar dominance in the world. Calder does not fail to outline in a persuasive conclusion what the consequences for U.S. politics should be. ... One of this book's strengths is that it not only describes where present tendencies in Eurasian developments might lead the world. Super Continent is also a welcome challenge to thinkers and practitioners in the field of international relations." -- Volker Stanzel * former Ambassador to China and Japan and current Vice President of the German Council on Foreign Relations *"Will China unite or divide the world? Professor Calder expects unity—at least on the super continent....None of us possesses a crystal ball. ButSuper Continentprovides meaningful facts and ideas for assessing alternative futures in world affairs." -- Walter Clemens * New York Journal of Books *Table of ContentsContents and AbstractsIntroduction chapter abstractThis section chronicles the emergence in North America during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries of what was to become a Super Continent, in the form of a cohesive contiguous geographic unit destined for global prominence. This introduction emphasizes, in its consideration of how the American Super Continent emerged, the importance of strategic infrastructure. It describes how both the transcontinental railway and the Panama Canal came to be and assesses the geo-economic implications of this strategic infrastructure for America's emerging global role. This introduction to the book prefigures the assessment to follow of China's Belt and Road Initiative, and the BRI's relationship to Chinese grand strategy today. 1Eurasian Reconnection and Renaissance chapter abstractThis chapter summarizes main themes of the book and relates them to broader theory in politics and international political economy. It builds, in particular, on the classic decision-making typology of Theodore Lowi and relates it to the incentive structures being created today by China's Belt and Road Initiative. The central empirical theme presented is that the eastern and western poles of Eurasia—Europe and China—are reconnecting, in part due to BRI, and that such reconnection is leading both to greater prosperity for the continent as a whole and to greater geopolitical influence for nations of the continent collectively in world affairs. This revival of transcontinental connectivity is producing a more plural regional and global leadership structure, which is distributive rather than regulatory in nature, making the systemic transitions relating to China's role (including the BRI) less likely to be conflictual than classic hegemonic transitions or than theorists suggest. 2The Silk Road Syndrome chapter abstractThis chapter first recounts the classical history of transcontinental interaction across Eurasia, and then summarizes and compares the diverse visions of modern leaders across the continent, ranging from Erdoğan, Putin, and Moon Jae-in to Xi Jinping regarding how transcontinental connectivity should evolve. It notes that economic and cultural exchange across Eurasia has venerable origins, well over two thousand years ago, but that long-distance contact has until recently been only intermittent and dominated by middlemen. Past Silk Roads have never been a vehicle for Chinese dominance, and Chinese have only rarely ventured far outside China, so Xi Jinping's current BRI formulation is notably ambitious from a historical perspective. 3Eurasia in the Making chapter abstractThis chapter deals, from a historical perspective, with the political processes through which the nations of Eurasia have begun to evolve since the late 1970s into an increasingly coherent and interactive entity. The chapter contends that the process of integration has been highly discontinuous, proceeding through a series of four "critical junctures" that have radically transformed the continent and its relations with the broader world. These four critical junctures are China's Four Modernizations (1978), the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991), the global financial crisis following the collapse of Lehman Brothers (2008), and the Ukraine crisis of 2014. 4The Logic of Integration chapter abstractThis chapter first reviews enduring geophysical features of Eurasia with special relevance for the continent's geopolitics, and then examines how energy, finance, and transit trade interact with the physical traits to shape Eurasian development. Important geographic realities include China's dominant position on overland routes from East Asia to the west, the complexities of Sino-Russian maritime access, and India's tortuous overland options. Energy forces China into dependence on Russia and the Middle East; finance serves as a critical catalyst for transit trade that advantages China over India, and deepens the ability of China's BRI to serve as a catalyst for the emergence of deeper Sino-European ties, and ultimately of a Super Continent linking Europe and China. 5Quiet Revolution in China chapter abstractThe chapter begins by reviewing China's rising scale within the Eurasian continental economy—from around 22.5 percent of the continental total GDP in PPP terms in 2000 to 43.1 percent in 2015 and prospectively 47.8 percent in 2030. It then considers the changing profile of Chinese growth—from a heavy export orientation before 2008 to growth propelled by domestic infrastructure spending and capital investment in related sectors like steel over the past decade. The chapter shows how this domestic transformation, which prioritizes inland development within China, helps drive BRI across the continent, both by creating vested interests in infrastructure spending and by shifting China's center of geo-economic gravity and developmental priorities westward. Chinese domestic developments since 2008, particularly heavily infrastructure spending in the west and the south, are having broad and originally unintended continental implications. 6Southeast Asia: The First Experiment chapter abstractChina's relations with Southeast Asia are venerable, dating back to the Han period. They have long been subject to major social and geopolitical challenges, which this chapter enumerates. Yet important new synergies have emerged since the late 1970s. Southeast Asian leaders, especially Lee Kuan Yew, helped mediate China's global emergence, and Southeast Asia has benefitted economically from China's rise. Technological cooperation is deepening and infrastructural links are improving, both overland and via the Maritime Silk Road, despite continuing frictions in the South China Sea. 7Russia: An Unbalanced Entente chapter abstractChina and Russia have longstanding historical rivalries, but their relationship has deepened substantially over the quarter century since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Both economic and political-military ties have deepened, although increasingly on Chinese terms, as China's economy has grown from parity with Russia to roughly six times its size, and as Russia's diplomatic options have narrowed, especially since the 2013–2014 Ukraine crisis. Russia's attraction for China is increasingly as a transit zone en route to Europe. Some Russian leverage does continue, however, in defense technology, Arctic transit, and periodically in sellers' markets for energy. 8The New Europe: Deepening Synergies chapter abstractEurope was fascinated from afar with China for centuries, but direct historical contact was limited to a few adventurers like Marco Polo and missionaries such as the Jesuit Matteo Ricci. Sino-European relations have entered a much more dynamic era, however, since the collapse of the Soviet Union and especially since the 2008 global financial crisis. Central and Eastern Europe, in particular, are rapidly deepening ties with China, with Chinese infrastructural and commercial investment increasing. Both the EU-China Dialogue and the 16+1 Cooperation Framework are institutionalizing transcontinental relationships, which are also being reinforced by transcontinental infrastructure. Deepening EU-China ties, animated further by US protectionism, are assuming global importance. 9Shadows and Critical Uncertainties chapter abstractIn general, this book paints a relatively optimistic picture of prospects for deepening Eurasian interdependence, economic growth, and global role. This chapter details the uncertainties surrounding this forecast, as well as some negative implications of rising interdependence that may not be avoidable. Predictable shadows on the future include demographic change, especially aging; negative impacts of globalization, including rising inequality; ethnic conflict, itself flowing in part from interdependence; proliferating weapons of mass destruction; as well as resource shortages and environmental damage resulting from otherwise positive economic growth. Critical uncertainties include the possibility (arguably remote) of intra-Eurasian great-power conflict, the implications for policy of clearly rising populism, and—importantly—the evolution of the US-Eurasian relationship. 10Toward a New World Order chapter abstractThe gradual reconnection of Eurasia, the largest continent on earth, naturally raises the prospect of change in the global system of international relations, since American geopolitical dominance has been greatly enhanced by the historic fragmentation of the continent. This chapter reviews the essential features of the existing liberal international system, dominated by the United States, which has persisted in large measure since the end of World War II. It then considers what might potentially replace this US-centric order, giving particular attention to multilateral arrangements giving greater prominence to Eurasia, and to Chinese conceptions of international organization. The chapter suggests that a new paradigm of international relations, which might be characterized as "distributive globalism" and markedly less legalistic than Western liberal internationalism, is emerging with minimal global opposition and will become increasingly prominent in years to come. In conclusion the chapter outlines what such a system might look like. 11Prospects and Policy Implications chapter abstractThis concluding chapter begins by reviewing key findings of the volume, stressing the importance of a broad Eurasian analytical lens that captures dynamic changes across the continent, especially Chinese interaction with Central and Eastern Europe. The analysis then moves to policy implications, especially for the United States, of a potential emerging Super Continent in Eurasia. It stresses the strategic importance for the US of the Indian Ocean, and of relations with maritime nations such as Japan, India, and Australia as well as a revived dialogue with Russia, together with increased attention to cooperative energy and food security initiatives that could also help stabilize potentially conflictual relations with a rising China.

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Book SynopsisThe U.S. has indirectly intervened in international conflicts on a relatively large scale for decades. Yet little is known about the immediate usefulness or long-term effectiveness of contemporary proxy warfare. In cases when neither direct involvement nor total disengagement are viable, proxy warfare is often the best option, or, rather, the least bad option. Tyrone L. Groh describes the hazards and undesirable aspects of this strategy, as well as how to deploy it effectively. Proxy War explores the circumstances under which indirect warfare works best, how to evaluate it as a policy option, and the possible risks and rewards. Groh offers a fresh look at this strategy, using uncommon and understudied cases to test the concepts presented. These ten case studies investigate and illustrate the different types and uses of proxy war under varying conditions. What arises is a complete theoretical model of proxy warfare that can be applied to a wide range of situations. Proxy war is here to stay and will likely become more common as players on the international stage increasingly challenge U.S. dominance, making it more important than ever to understand how and when to deploy it.Trade Review"Proxy War offers an excellent assessment of one of today's most important, and least understood, forms of warfare. Tyrone Groh compellingly argues that proxy war is often essential and yet often falls short." -- Daniel Byman * Georgetown University *"The conceptual thinking Tyrone Groh offers on how to frame and understand this type of war is genuinely thought-provoking. This book offers a thorough analysis of the decision-making processes at multiple levels that lead to proxy wars occurring." -- Andrew Mumford * University of Nottingham *Table of ContentsContents and Abstracts1Introduction chapter abstractThis chapter introduces the book and focuses on the need for a pragmatic yet rigorous study on proxy war. The chapter explains how the term proxy war carries a lot of baggage and how its usefulness has been overblown, largely due to Cold War influences that continue to dominate the contemporary view of indirect interventions involving a third party to influence civil affairs abroad. This view is antiquated and dangerous. Using proxy war as a means of indirect intervention requires considering both the policy's utility—a short-term view that determines if a proxy can provide the ability to intervene—and the efficacy—a long-term view that evaluates the likelihood that supporting the chosen proxy can produce a desirable outcome. Proxy war offers an opportunity to help manage some of the uncertainty associated with indirect intervention, but is rarely a low-cost policy and it is never risk free. 2Sharpening the Definitions of Indirect Intervention and Proxy War chapter abstractIn this chapter, the book proposes four general categories that represent the barriers that lead states to choose indirect intervention: (1) the risk of escalation, (2) a lack of domestic support, (3) a lack of international support, and (4) a lack of capacity. Facing these restrictions, states must decide how much control they desire over the outcome when intervening indirectly. Further, the chapter suggests that proxy war is only one means of indirectly intervening in the affairs of another state and can be broken down into two general types: donated assistance and proxy war. Lastly, the chapter offers a new typology for proxy war (in it to win it, holding action, meddling, and feeding the chaos) and explains how the different types fit into a state's policy to intervene in the affairs of another state. 3The Evolution of Proxy War Since 1945 chapter abstractIn this chapter, the book explains how war has a way of confounding policy. Barriers influence a state's decision to intervene in the affairs of another state, but the nature and interpretation of those barriers change as the structure of the world order changes. The need for proxy intervention remains, but the conditions under which it operates have changed. Looking at the changes from a systemic perspective offers some interesting insights. To this end, this chapter asks three questions: (1) How does the order of the international system influence the use of proxy war? (2) How does a state's position in that order influence its use of proxy war? (3) How does a state's perception of the barriers affect the choice to engage in proxy war? Looking at these questions leads to a model that describes, and potentially predicts, the conditions under which a state will resort to proxy war. 4A Theory of Proxy War chapter abstractThis chapter presents a theory of how to conduct proxy war in a way that maximizes such a policy's utility and efficacy. Regardless of how well the proxy appears to fit the need, the reliance on another to pursue interests and objectives means that the intervening state must prepare for the additional costs and challenges associated with working through a third party. This chapter explores how certain conditions and methods lead to maximizing a proxy's utility and efficacy. Utility refers to the idea that a proxy can do what is needed—that it can perform the tasks necessary to carry out the intervention. Efficacy describes the proxy's ability to enable the intervening state to accomplish its desired objectives. Therefore, efficacy represents the long-term perspective. 5America's Proxy War in Laos chapter abstractThis chapter presents a case study for how the United States failed to persuade the Royal Lao Government to commit to counterinsurgency efforts against the communist Pathet Lao and therefore cultivated an indigenous proxy in the Hmong. International conditions did not support U.S. involvement at any level, yet the United States gained significant benefits from the arrangement with comparatively small costs. This case represents one of the rare instances when an intervening state supports a proxy that is essentially unaffiliated with the sitting government. Although the Hmong had already begun to band together to fight the North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao, it was not until the United States got involved that the Hmong became an influential factor in the Laotian conflict. 6South Africa's Proxy War in Angola chapter abstractThis chapter presents a case study for how South Africa used UNITA as a proxy to intervene in the tense civil war in Angola to protect itself from communist influence. Pretoria wanted to prevent the African National Congress from taking over South Africa by force and to minimize Soviet influence in the region. UNITA received relatively overt support, operated with a high degree of autonomy, and had highly divergent objectives. Although the international community rhetorically opposed South Africa's involvement in Angola, the actions of the United States and Western Europe reflected a more tacit approval. Domestically, South Africa's public was reluctantly supportive but only on the condition that the costs remain low. Considering that most states had already rhetorically condemned Pretoria's government and its foreign policy in southern Africa, it is interesting that states failed to raise the international costs of South Africa's indirect intervention in Angola. 7India's Proxy War in Sri Lanka chapter abstractThis chapter presents a case study for how India initially supported the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) covertly to protect ethnic Tamils in Sri Lanka and then later had to overtly intervene to stop LTTE's operations during efforts to broker peace. For the duration of the conflict, India's support remained covert and plausibly deniable. Inside Sri Lanka, the character of the conflict was almost exclusively ethnic and involved the government in Colombo trying to prevent the emergence of an independent Tamil state. Internationally, the United States, the Soviet Union, and most other global powers, for the most part, remained sidelined. Domestically, India's government had to balance its foreign policy with concerns about its sympathetic Tamil population and the threat of several different secessionist movements inside its own borders. The India-LTTE case reflects history's most costly proxy war policy. 8Conclusion chapter abstractThis chapter summarizes the book's findings and concludes that the twenty-first century and its associated advances in information sharing, communication, and social media will not likely create a revolutionary change in the utility and efficacy of proxy war. In the cases of Russia, China, and the United States, intrastate conflicts on the periphery will once again become proxy war hotbeds. Indirect intervention will most likely follow a policy of donating assistance, meddling, or feeding the chaos in states near their competitors. Although a multipolar world order means that there are more states with global interests, the heightened competition in key regions mean that gains can be made in areas that are less strategic. Unfortunately, this probably means that Africa will experience an increase in civil wars propagated and supported by third-party intervention.

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Book SynopsisIntelligence and security communities have access to an overwhelming amount of information. More data is better in an information-hungry world, but too much data paralyzes individual and institutional abilities to process and use information effectively. Robert Mandel calls this phenomenon "global data shock." He investigates how information overload affects strategic ambiguity, deception, and surprise, as well as the larger consequences for international security. This book provides not only an accessible framework for understanding global data shock and its consequences, but also a strategy to prepare for and respond to information overload. Global Data Shock explores how information overload facilitates deception, eroding international trust and cooperation in the post-Cold War era. A sweeping array of case studies illustrates the role of data shock in shaping global events from the 1990 Iraqi attack on Kuwait to Brexit. When strategists try to use an overabundance of data to their advantage, Mandel reveals, it often results in unanticipated and undesirable consequences. Too much information can lead to foreign intelligence failures, security policy incoherence, mass public frustrations, curtailment of democratic freedoms, and even international political anarchy. Global Data Shock addresses the pressing need for improved management of information and its strategic deployment.Trade Review"The prevalence of awful mistakes historically made statesmen assume they would do better if they had more information. Robert Mandel brings sharply into focus the very modern and surprising problem that more information turns out to be as much a curse as a cure, and creatively examines the implications for a wide range of policy challenges." -- Richard K. Betts, Director of the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies * Columbia University *"This pertinent, well-written, and timely book addresses authoritatively and comprehensively the critical tension between the benefits of access to multitudinous data and the potentially pernicious consequences of being overwhelmed by it. Global Data Shock offers remedies to this vicious problem and should be required reading for policy analysts, students, and practitioners." -- Yaacov Vertzberger * The Hebrew University of Jerusalem *"Robert Mandel offers a cautionary tale for technophiles who believe the combination of supercomputers and limitless data will end ambiguity in international affairs. Global Data Shock stakes out its position clearly: people are the weak link in the human-machine interface and information overload makes that link increasingly tenuous, creating unprecedented opportunities for deception in international relations." -- James J. Wirtz * Naval Postgraduate School *Table of ContentsContents and AbstractsIntroduction chapter abstractThis introduction identifies the study's central puzzles; delimits the scope of the discussion (including its geographical scope, its time frame, and substantive issues covered); explains what makes the analysis unique and provocative; and highlights the linkages between this investigation and broader security questions. The necessary background is provided to clarify why studying global data shock, incorporating the security impact of information overload on strategic ambiguity, deception, and surprise, is such a critical issue now. There is also an explanation of why it is so important to incorporate the perspectives of both manipulation initiators and manipulation targets in this analysis. 1Global Information Overload chapter abstractThis chapter summarizes the roots and current nature of globally exploding information overload. It begins by summarizing contrasting reactions to the information explosion, providing a comparative pre-Internet-Age retrospective to demonstrate how much more intense the security impacts have been in recent decades, discussing "big data analysis" promises and perils, and exploring mass public global data shock fears and concerns. The chapter then analyzes in detail the major barriers to information interpretation, including data quantity/quality distortions involving escalating information overload and security information unreliability; receiver processing limitations involving human cognitive frailty and organizational decision inflexibility; and system value heterogeneity involving global cultural diversity and international political anarchy. This chapter sets the stage for the resulting increase in strategic ambiguity, deception, and surprise discussed in the next chapter. 2Global Strategic Manipulation chapter abstractThis chapter explores the linkages between information overload and the increasingly evident patterns of strategic manipulation in today's world, involving ambiguity, deception, and surprise. It specifically examines how information overload can intensify and expand the range of strategic manipulation across national boundaries. It then reviews strategic manipulation goals, comparing those of offensive manipulation initiators and those of defensive manipulation responders; the general dynamics of strategic manipulation and the specific dynamics of strategic ambiguity, deception, and surprise; and a comprehensive assessment of strategic manipulation costs and benefits. This chapter completes the picture of why both intelligence analysts and private citizens are currently experiencing global data shock, overwhelmed with data that they cannot properly interpret and cannot find appropriate ways to manage. 3Global Data Shock Case Studies chapter abstractThis chapter presents ten global case studies highlighting distinctive security challenges for coping with global data shock, for both initiators using offensive manipulation and targets defending against manipulation under information overload. The cases are organized by theme—whether the primary form of manipulation exhibited by initiators is strategic ambiguity, manipulation, or surprise. Highlighting strategic ambiguity are the 2017 foreign security policy style of American president Donald Trump, the 2016 Brexit vote to leave the European Union, and the 2002-2003 nondiscovery of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. Highlighting strategic deception are the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea, the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, and the 2008 Russian invasion of Georgia. Highlighting strategic surprise are the 2007 Israeli destruction of the Syrian al-Kibar nuclear plant, the 2005 Andijan massacre in Uzbekistan, the 2001 al-Qaeda terrorist attacks on the United States, and the 1990 Iraqi attack on Kuwait. 4Emerging Case Patterns chapter abstractThis chapter reviews the patterns emerging from the ten global case studies about initiator manipulation facilitation under information overload and target manipulation vulnerability under information overload, including patterns specific to strategic ambiguity, deception, and surprise and patterns specific to manipulation initiators and manipulation targets. Then it summarizes the trend in post-manipulation tensions, eroding trust and predictability among longtime allies. Next, it provides a detailed analysis of under what circumstances (1) information overload most promotes strategic manipulation; (2) initiators' offensive manipulation and targets' defensive response are most effective; (3) strategic manipulation is most legitimate; and (4) strategic manipulation is most dangerous. Finally, the chapter highlights notable general case lessons informing global data shock management, and it explains the countermanipulation conundrum that makes such management so challenging. 5Managing Global Data Shock chapter abstractThis chapter suggests ways to help to manage information overload and to assist both initiators and targets to manage strategic ambiguity, deception, and surprise. Creative thinking is vital to cope with foreign data interpretation and strategic manipulation, including combining fluid, innovative, and responsive measures, avoiding "stick-in-the-mud" repetitive use; discovering or creating new information and communication channels; and engaging in more systematic advanced contingency planning. The first step is to avoid the many forms of global data shock mismanagement, which are chronicled in detail regarding information overload, initiator offensive manipulation, and target defensive responses. Then the chapter provides a probing comparative prioritization of general management strategies, showing decisive advantages for some approaches over others. Next it provides specific policy recommendations for improving offensive manipulation and defensive responses under information overload, followed by specific advice for specifically addressing strategic ambiguity, manipulation, and surprise. Conclusion chapter abstractThis conclusion wraps up the book by identifying how global data shock stymies the universal search for meaning; how the rise of informal influence in international relations connects to the growth of strategic manipulation; how ethical concerns arise from the international use of strategic manipulation; how a paradox surrounds the desirability of information transparency on a global scale; how ominous dangers surround future global data shock trends; and how better human-computer, state-to-state, and citizen-government collaboration is needed to cope with global data shock. The emphasis is on taking responsibility to address this seemingly intractable problem rather than avoiding confronting it or fatalistically accepting it.

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Book SynopsisWhy do countries go to war over disputed lands? Why do they fight even when the territories in question are economically and strategically worthless? Drawing on critical approaches to international relations, political geography, international law, and social history, and based on a close examination of the Indian experience during the twentieth century, Itty Abraham addresses these important questions and offers a new conceptualization of foreign policy as a state territorializing practice. Identifying the contested process of decolonization as the root of contemporary Asian inter-state territorial conflicts, he explores the political implications of establishing a fixed territorial homeland as a necessary starting point for both international recognition and national identity—concluding that disputed lands are important because of their intimate identification with the legitimacy of the postcolonial nation-state, rather than because of their potential for economic gains or their place in historic grievances. By treating Indian diaspora policy and geopolitical practice as exemplars of foreign policy behavior, Abraham demonstrates how their intersection offers an entirely new way of understanding India's vexed relations with Pakistan and China. This approach offers a new and productive way of thinking about foreign policy and inter-state conflicts over territory in Asia—one that is non-U.S. and non-European focused—that has a number of implications for regional security and for foreign policy practices in the contemporary postcolonial world.Trade Review"Strikingly innovative . . . Abraham's rich and rewarding discussion on India's territoriality and foreign policy deserve a wider airing beyond the ivory tower." -- C. Raja Mohan * The Book Review *"How India Became Territorial is a long overdue account of the history of territorial sovereignty in India that explores how and why the territorial principle became the standard of national self-determination and the implication that this has had for India's domestic development and foreign policy. Others have explored these themes; however, Abraham usefully draws together literature from several disciplines to produce some interesting and novel insights." -- Priya Chacko * Economic and Political Weekly *"Abraham utilizes critical approaches to international relations to reconceptualize the ways in which 'territory' is thought of . . . To support his theory, Abraham expertly uses India as a case study, demonstrating how its foreign policy has been essentially a boundary-making enterprise. He offers a novel way to understand why territorial disputes with neighboring states, such as Pakistan, have been hard to resolve by focusing on issues such as national identity and statehood . . . This work is an important contribution to the field of international relations and foreign policy . . . Summing Up: Highly Recommended." -- A. Mazumdar * CHOICE *"In an intellectual space crowded with texts, Itty Abraham breaks new ground. He offers an elegant and insightful account of India's fraught boundaries and the stakes—both domestic and international—of struggles over them. At the same time he sheds new light on academic arguments in international relations and the very practical matter of what nation means in our international world." -- Craig Calhoun * Director of the London School of Economics and Political Science *"Through territorial disputes with neighboring states, the actions of its diaspora and the overall geopolitics of its foreign policy, 'India' has been an active participant in its own making. In this fluently argued book, Itty Abraham shows that a territorial claim lies at the heart of Indian nation-statehood but that its legitimacy like that of nation-statehood worldwide remains perpetually in question." -- John Agnew * UCLA, author of Globalization and Sovereignty *"This refreshingly original book has implications far beyond the important case of India. Drawing on post-colonial, feminist, and critical theory, Itty Abraham conceptualizes the international as an emergent space of struggle. In the process, he provides insights into both the nature of inter-state territorial disputes and of territoriality itself." -- Thomas Biersteker, Gasteyger Professor, The Graduate Institute * Geneva *"A remarkably rich, thought-provoking and controversial reinterpretation of Indian foreign policy with territory at the centre that will interest not just scholars of post-colonial Asia, but international relations more broadly." -- Ian Hall * Political Studies *"[A] deceptively slim but deeply insightful work...this is a strikingly original and richly multidisciplinary take on issues of national identity, conflict, and territory in India, Pakistan, and China. All the more remarkable, and much needed, given the very well-grooved narratives that dominate much of the extant literature on these issues." -- Sankaran Krishna * The Journal of Asian Studies *"This is an original, provocative and ambitious book...the interested general reader can only benefit from its perusal." -- Achin Vanaik * Biblio: A Review of Books *"As historians are aware, codes such as race, class, gender, masculinity, migration, fertility, religious belief and so on, have historically given or found expression in anxieties and contestations over space, territory and sovereignty. One of the strengths of How India Became Territorial lies in drawing renewed attention to these codes for post-colonial India. Historians familiar with the scholarship of the last decade or so on migration and citizenship in other parts of the world will recognise much about such codes and anxieties that were not,however, peculiar to India or post-colonial societies. They will also wonder to what extent lenses from IR, however historical, are capable of uncovering broader kinships between territorial histories of modern nation-states, including imperial nation-states. This monograph may encourage them to attempt to situate the discipline of IR itself in relation to unfolding meanings of territory for the nation-state between the nineteenth century and the present." -- G. Balachandran * Indian Economic and Social History Review *"[A]n absolute must-read not just for academics, but for anyone with an interest in Indian foreign policy, history and politics." -- Tridivesh Singh Maini * International Affairs *

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Book SynopsisFor the past sixty years, countries have conducted military and civilian activities in space, often for competitive purposes. But they have not yet fought in this environment. This book examines the international politics of the space age from 1957 to the present, the reasons why strategic restraint emerged among the major military powers, and how recent trends toward weaponization may challenge prior norms of conflict avoidance. James Clay Moltz analyzes the competing demands of national interests in space against the shared interests of all spacefarers in preserving the safe use of space in the face of emerging threats, such as man-made orbital debris. This new edition offers analysis of the 2011 to 2018 period, including the second term of President Obama and the beginning of the Trump administration. Focusing on great power competition and cooperation, as well as questions related to the sustainability of current and future national space policies, The Politics of Space Security is an authoritative history of the space age.Trade Review"In The Politics of Space Security, James Clay Moltz presents a concise yet brilliant analysis of the history of space security through the lens of the political environment that shaped it. Moltz's book does a fantastic job of giving just enough detail to strengthen his arguments while still keeping the text flowing." -- Brian Weeden * author of Arms Control Today *Table of ContentsContents and AbstractsIntroduction chapter abstractThis section discusses two competing visions for space security—space weaponization and space sanctuary—in the context of emerging threats. It outlines the chapters in the book and proposes an alternative argument to existing approaches based on the concept of "environmental security" and military restraint in the face of such threats as man-made nuclear radiation and orbital debris. 1The Dynamics of Space Security: Existing Explanations chapter abstractThis chapter begins by defining "space security" and then provides a short history of the international politics that have surrounded this term since 1957. Next, it analyzes four analogies that have been used in the international relations literature to try to explain and predict space competition and cooperation: the New World, sea power, air power, and the Antarctic. After noting how actual space dynamics have differed from each of the analogies, it then summarizes the existing literature on international space activity, grouping authors into four main schools: space nationalism, global institutionalism, technological determinism, and social interactionism. It concludes by suggesting a new approach to space based on concepts related to collective goods and environmental management. 2Space and Environmental Security chapter abstractThis chapter discusses space security as an evolving environmental management challenge, looking particularly at the risks posed to space activity from man-made radiation caused by nuclear testing in orbit from 1958 to 1962 and, later, from orbital debris created by anti-satellite weapons tests and other sources. It then lays out an argument based on gradual state learning about "collective bads" in space and the development of self-interested strategic restraint. The chapter considers a counterfactual case of non-learning and extensive weaponization in space, which would have left space unusable for other purposes. It then examines how actual learning occurred—through critical events such as the 1962 Starfish Prime nuclear test—and how this learning was institutionalized through formal and informal international agreements. 3Roots of the U.S.-Soviet Space Race: 1920s–1962 chapter abstractThis chapter provides a detailed political history of the space age up to 1962. It begins by examining the different political and strategic factors affecting U.S., German, and Soviet rocket activities in the 1920s and 1930s. It then looks at why Nazi Germany surged ahead with the V-2 missile, and how both the U.S. and Soviet space programs benefited after the war from German missile technology. The chapter next discusses why the Soviet Union treated missile development as a top priority program after 1945, while the United States—with its extensive bomber forces and nuclear advantage—did not. Finally, it looks at the rising competition between the two programs after Sputnik's launch in 1957 and the assumption of both sides that space would soon become a venue for war. 4The Emergence of Cooperative Restraint: 1962–1975 chapter abstractThis chapter explains how shared fears about the effects of orbital nuclear testing on space activity, after the U.S. Starfish Prime nuclear test in July of 1962, caused the first set of U.S.-Soviet agreements on cooperative restraint in space. This led to the signing of the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty and two U.N. resolutions on space restraint, which were later codified in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. The chapter traces the shift of U.S.-Soviet space competition toward passive military programs and civil space activity, such as the Kennedy-inspired Moon race, won by NASA in 1969. The chapter discusses the détente era, the signing of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and the SALT I agreement (which banned attacks on verification satellites), and the waning of space cooperation following the joint Apollo-Soyuz mission in 1975. 5Challenges to Space Security and Their Resolution: 1976–1991 chapter abstractThis chapter examines rising U.S.-Soviet space tensions in the late 1970s and early 1980s, their decline after the Gorbachev reforms, and then their sudden end with the Soviet Union's break-up in 1991. It begins with the decline of détente and the restarting of the Soviet kinetic-kill, anti-satellite program, which led to reciprocal development efforts by the United States. President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative in 1983 further increased U.S.-Soviet tensions, with its plan for space-based lasers and interceptors and an end to the ABM Treaty. The U.S. test of a kinetic anti-satellite weapon in 1985 raised new understanding about the risks of man-made orbital debris, causing changes to U.S. military practices regarding space. By the end of the period, Soviet reforms created new opportunities for space cooperation, including renewed scientific exchanges and bilateral discussions on limiting orbital debris. 6Post–Cold War Space Uncertainty: 1992–2000 chapter abstractThis chapter begins with the story of how U.S.-Russian space cooperation with the Russian Mir space station and the U.S. space shuttle expanded into Russian membership in the U.S.-led International Space Station (ISS). The chapter also tracks U.S.-Russian disputes over missile defenses and the ABM Treaty during the 1990s, as well as the end of international negotiations in Geneva on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS). It then discusses the remarkable growth of commercial cooperation between Russian space enterprises and U.S. corporations. But the chapter also describes how the near-collapse of Russia's early-warning network in space led to new concerns over crisis stability. By the end of this period, President Clinton had elected to remain in the ABM Treaty, but Congressional Republicans called for an end to the cornerstone of space security with Moscow, setting up a likely confrontation. 7Renewed U.S. Space Nationalism: 2001–2008 chapter abstractThis chapter analyzes the Bush administration's space policy, the U.S. withdrawal from the ABM Treaty, and the return of space nationalism. It also examines China's emergence as a major spacefaring nation with its Shenzhou V manned flight, as well as China's controversial decision to test a kinetic anti-satellite weapon in 2007, creating a cloud of long-lived orbital debris. The chapter discusses the rise of new commercial space companies, such as SpaceX and Virgin Galactic, whose commercial human spaceflight projects planned to break the dominance of state-led programs. Finally, the chapter reviews several international proposals to improve space security during this period, including the European Code of Conduct, the Russo-Chinese-backed Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Space (PPWT), and the U.N. Debris Mitigation Guidelines. 8Expanding International Norms amid Tensions: 2009–Present chapter abstractThis chapter examines space security developments from 2009 to 2018. The chapter first discusses President Obama's 2010 U.S. National Space Policy and the 2011 U.S. National Security Space Strategy, which focused attention on "responsible behavior" in space and expanded cooperation with allies and the commercial sector. But China's decision to continue anti-satellite weapons testing and Russian President Putin's reconstitution of his country's military space constellations and counterspace weapons programs created new tensions. The chapter tracks the failure of International Code of Conduct at the United Nations, as well as the progress of talks on Long-Term Sustainability of Space Activities in Vienna. It then examines how emerging commercial space actors began to promote stability and transparency in space by offering unprecedented services in space situational awareness and traffic management. Finally, the chapter discusses President Trump's space security policy and his proposal for a U.S. Space Force. 9Alternative Futures for Space Security chapter abstractThe concluding chapter returns to the four schools of thought on space trends laid out in Chapter 1—space nationalism, global institutionalism, technological determinism, and social interactionism. The chapter first reviews the "lessons" of the first sixty years of space security and then analyzes some key emerging challenges: space traffic control, space situational awareness, and crowding of the radio frequency spectrum and the geostationary orbital belt. The chapter then projects the arguments of each school into the future, while looking at such challenges as lunar governance, space mining, and weaponization. Finally, it examines the growing role of the commercial space sector and its interests in stability, the rule of law, and peaceful space operations. It concludes by refocusing attention on the need to maintain a safe space environment, if humankind is going to be able to continue to develop the orbital realm.

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Book SynopsisIntelligence and security communities have access to an overwhelming amount of information. More data is better in an information-hungry world, but too much data paralyzes individual and institutional abilities to process and use information effectively. Robert Mandel calls this phenomenon "global data shock." He investigates how information overload affects strategic ambiguity, deception, and surprise, as well as the larger consequences for international security. This book provides not only an accessible framework for understanding global data shock and its consequences, but also a strategy to prepare for and respond to information overload. Global Data Shock explores how information overload facilitates deception, eroding international trust and cooperation in the post-Cold War era. A sweeping array of case studies illustrates the role of data shock in shaping global events from the 1990 Iraqi attack on Kuwait to Brexit. When strategists try to use an overabundance of data to their advantage, Mandel reveals, it often results in unanticipated and undesirable consequences. Too much information can lead to foreign intelligence failures, security policy incoherence, mass public frustrations, curtailment of democratic freedoms, and even international political anarchy. Global Data Shock addresses the pressing need for improved management of information and its strategic deployment.Trade Review"The prevalence of awful mistakes historically made statesmen assume they would do better if they had more information. Robert Mandel brings sharply into focus the very modern and surprising problem that more information turns out to be as much a curse as a cure, and creatively examines the implications for a wide range of policy challenges." -- Richard K. Betts, Director of the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies * Columbia University *"This pertinent, well-written, and timely book addresses authoritatively and comprehensively the critical tension between the benefits of access to multitudinous data and the potentially pernicious consequences of being overwhelmed by it. Global Data Shock offers remedies to this vicious problem and should be required reading for policy analysts, students, and practitioners." -- Yaacov Vertzberger * The Hebrew University of Jerusalem *"Robert Mandel offers a cautionary tale for technophiles who believe the combination of supercomputers and limitless data will end ambiguity in international affairs. Global Data Shock stakes out its position clearly: people are the weak link in the human-machine interface and information overload makes that link increasingly tenuous, creating unprecedented opportunities for deception in international relations." -- James J. Wirtz * Naval Postgraduate School *Table of ContentsContents and AbstractsIntroduction chapter abstractThis introduction identifies the study's central puzzles; delimits the scope of the discussion (including its geographical scope, its time frame, and substantive issues covered); explains what makes the analysis unique and provocative; and highlights the linkages between this investigation and broader security questions. The necessary background is provided to clarify why studying global data shock, incorporating the security impact of information overload on strategic ambiguity, deception, and surprise, is such a critical issue now. There is also an explanation of why it is so important to incorporate the perspectives of both manipulation initiators and manipulation targets in this analysis. 1Global Information Overload chapter abstractThis chapter summarizes the roots and current nature of globally exploding information overload. It begins by summarizing contrasting reactions to the information explosion, providing a comparative pre-Internet-Age retrospective to demonstrate how much more intense the security impacts have been in recent decades, discussing "big data analysis" promises and perils, and exploring mass public global data shock fears and concerns. The chapter then analyzes in detail the major barriers to information interpretation, including data quantity/quality distortions involving escalating information overload and security information unreliability; receiver processing limitations involving human cognitive frailty and organizational decision inflexibility; and system value heterogeneity involving global cultural diversity and international political anarchy. This chapter sets the stage for the resulting increase in strategic ambiguity, deception, and surprise discussed in the next chapter. 2Global Strategic Manipulation chapter abstractThis chapter explores the linkages between information overload and the increasingly evident patterns of strategic manipulation in today's world, involving ambiguity, deception, and surprise. It specifically examines how information overload can intensify and expand the range of strategic manipulation across national boundaries. It then reviews strategic manipulation goals, comparing those of offensive manipulation initiators and those of defensive manipulation responders; the general dynamics of strategic manipulation and the specific dynamics of strategic ambiguity, deception, and surprise; and a comprehensive assessment of strategic manipulation costs and benefits. This chapter completes the picture of why both intelligence analysts and private citizens are currently experiencing global data shock, overwhelmed with data that they cannot properly interpret and cannot find appropriate ways to manage. 3Global Data Shock Case Studies chapter abstractThis chapter presents ten global case studies highlighting distinctive security challenges for coping with global data shock, for both initiators using offensive manipulation and targets defending against manipulation under information overload. The cases are organized by theme—whether the primary form of manipulation exhibited by initiators is strategic ambiguity, manipulation, or surprise. Highlighting strategic ambiguity are the 2017 foreign security policy style of American president Donald Trump, the 2016 Brexit vote to leave the European Union, and the 2002-2003 nondiscovery of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. Highlighting strategic deception are the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea, the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, and the 2008 Russian invasion of Georgia. Highlighting strategic surprise are the 2007 Israeli destruction of the Syrian al-Kibar nuclear plant, the 2005 Andijan massacre in Uzbekistan, the 2001 al-Qaeda terrorist attacks on the United States, and the 1990 Iraqi attack on Kuwait. 4Emerging Case Patterns chapter abstractThis chapter reviews the patterns emerging from the ten global case studies about initiator manipulation facilitation under information overload and target manipulation vulnerability under information overload, including patterns specific to strategic ambiguity, deception, and surprise and patterns specific to manipulation initiators and manipulation targets. Then it summarizes the trend in post-manipulation tensions, eroding trust and predictability among longtime allies. Next, it provides a detailed analysis of under what circumstances (1) information overload most promotes strategic manipulation; (2) initiators' offensive manipulation and targets' defensive response are most effective; (3) strategic manipulation is most legitimate; and (4) strategic manipulation is most dangerous. Finally, the chapter highlights notable general case lessons informing global data shock management, and it explains the countermanipulation conundrum that makes such management so challenging. 5Managing Global Data Shock chapter abstractThis chapter suggests ways to help to manage information overload and to assist both initiators and targets to manage strategic ambiguity, deception, and surprise. Creative thinking is vital to cope with foreign data interpretation and strategic manipulation, including combining fluid, innovative, and responsive measures, avoiding "stick-in-the-mud" repetitive use; discovering or creating new information and communication channels; and engaging in more systematic advanced contingency planning. The first step is to avoid the many forms of global data shock mismanagement, which are chronicled in detail regarding information overload, initiator offensive manipulation, and target defensive responses. Then the chapter provides a probing comparative prioritization of general management strategies, showing decisive advantages for some approaches over others. Next it provides specific policy recommendations for improving offensive manipulation and defensive responses under information overload, followed by specific advice for specifically addressing strategic ambiguity, manipulation, and surprise. Conclusion chapter abstractThis conclusion wraps up the book by identifying how global data shock stymies the universal search for meaning; how the rise of informal influence in international relations connects to the growth of strategic manipulation; how ethical concerns arise from the international use of strategic manipulation; how a paradox surrounds the desirability of information transparency on a global scale; how ominous dangers surround future global data shock trends; and how better human-computer, state-to-state, and citizen-government collaboration is needed to cope with global data shock. The emphasis is on taking responsibility to address this seemingly intractable problem rather than avoiding confronting it or fatalistically accepting it.

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Book SynopsisA Eurasian transformation is underway, and it flows from China. With a geopolitically central location, the country's domestic and international policies are poised to change the face of global affairs. The Belt and Road Initiative has called attention to a deepening Eurasian continentalism that has, argues Kent Calder, much more significant implications than have yet been recognized. In Super Continent, Calder presents a theoretically guided and empirically grounded explanation for these changes. He shows that key inflection points, beginning with the Four Modernizations and the collapse of the Soviet Union; and culminating in China's response to the Global Financial Crisis and Crimea's annexation, are triggering tectonic shifts. Furthermore, understanding China's emerging regional and global roles involves comprehending two ongoing transformations—within China and across Eurasia as a whole—and that the two are profoundly interrelated. Calder underlines that the geo-economic logic that prevailed across Eurasia before Columbus, and that made the Silk Road a central thoroughfare of world affairs for close to two millennia, is reasserting itself once again.Trade Review"Kent Calder is dead right. An increasingly reconnected Eurasia is re-emerging, and it will, once again, become the center of gravity in our world. This volume is an indispensable guide for both professors and politicians to the complex new realities of this Super Continent." -- Kishore Mahbubani, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy * National University of Singapore *"Super Continent is a super book. Calder breaks new analytic ground by assessing the Eurasian continent as a whole and describes the multiple centripetal forces that are increasingly knitting this vast landmass – and its many sovereign states – together. He demonstrates a dexterous feel for the multiple private actors, countries and governments, regional organizations, and amorphous forces that are driving de facto integration. This book will be an eye-opener to many readers and should be read widely by scholars, officials, and practitioners." -- David Shambaugh * George Washington University *"The bold analysis in Calder's Super Continent reveals a rapidly integrating Eurasian continent with a wealthy and powerful China at its core. It spells out the implications for world order and for a diminished United States in a presentation worthy of Halford Mackinder. American policy makers focused exclusively on the Indian and Pacific oceanic rims ignore Eurasian continental integration at their peril." -- David B. Shear * former Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asian and Pacific Affairs *"One of the most erudite experts in East Asian studies today, in an extraordinarily thought-provoking sweep, broadens the transpacific debate to a global one. Today, modern technologies attract corporations and states to establish a logistical network on the Eurasian continent. It brings into almost direct contact the two major global centers, beside the U.S.A.—the EU and China—and helps integrate the vast area in between the two. Kent Calder argues that this may well prove right, belatedly, Halford Mackinder with his geopolitical notion of Eurasian dominance in the world: the creation of a Super Continent. The myth of the Silk Road might finally come true. While the potential is there, though, Professor Calder argues there is no automatism that the emerging transcontinental network will be successful. Overly ambitious or malevolent Russian and Chinese intentions, or factors such as demographic developments, may take the continent in a different direction. But as this is an age when American presidents withdraw from post-Second World War U.S. engagement with the world, it is not hard to see that the new synergistic dynamism in Eurasia may well be the crucial factor putting an end to America's unipolar dominance in the world. Calder does not fail to outline in a persuasive conclusion what the consequences for U.S. politics should be. ... One of this book's strengths is that it not only describes where present tendencies in Eurasian developments might lead the world. Super Continent is also a welcome challenge to thinkers and practitioners in the field of international relations." -- Volker Stanzel * former Ambassador to China and Japan and current Vice President of the German Council on Foreign Relations *"Will China unite or divide the world? Professor Calder expects unity—at least on the super continent....None of us possesses a crystal ball. ButSuper Continentprovides meaningful facts and ideas for assessing alternative futures in world affairs." -- Walter Clemens * New York Journal of Books *Table of ContentsContents and AbstractsIntroduction chapter abstractThis section chronicles the emergence in North America during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries of what was to become a Super Continent, in the form of a cohesive contiguous geographic unit destined for global prominence. This introduction emphasizes, in its consideration of how the American Super Continent emerged, the importance of strategic infrastructure. It describes how both the transcontinental railway and the Panama Canal came to be and assesses the geo-economic implications of this strategic infrastructure for America's emerging global role. This introduction to the book prefigures the assessment to follow of China's Belt and Road Initiative, and the BRI's relationship to Chinese grand strategy today. 1Eurasian Reconnection and Renaissance chapter abstractThis chapter summarizes main themes of the book and relates them to broader theory in politics and international political economy. It builds, in particular, on the classic decision-making typology of Theodore Lowi and relates it to the incentive structures being created today by China's Belt and Road Initiative. The central empirical theme presented is that the eastern and western poles of Eurasia—Europe and China—are reconnecting, in part due to BRI, and that such reconnection is leading both to greater prosperity for the continent as a whole and to greater geopolitical influence for nations of the continent collectively in world affairs. This revival of transcontinental connectivity is producing a more plural regional and global leadership structure, which is distributive rather than regulatory in nature, making the systemic transitions relating to China's role (including the BRI) less likely to be conflictual than classic hegemonic transitions or than theorists suggest. 2The Silk Road Syndrome chapter abstractThis chapter first recounts the classical history of transcontinental interaction across Eurasia, and then summarizes and compares the diverse visions of modern leaders across the continent, ranging from Erdoğan, Putin, and Moon Jae-in to Xi Jinping regarding how transcontinental connectivity should evolve. It notes that economic and cultural exchange across Eurasia has venerable origins, well over two thousand years ago, but that long-distance contact has until recently been only intermittent and dominated by middlemen. Past Silk Roads have never been a vehicle for Chinese dominance, and Chinese have only rarely ventured far outside China, so Xi Jinping's current BRI formulation is notably ambitious from a historical perspective. 3Eurasia in the Making chapter abstractThis chapter deals, from a historical perspective, with the political processes through which the nations of Eurasia have begun to evolve since the late 1970s into an increasingly coherent and interactive entity. The chapter contends that the process of integration has been highly discontinuous, proceeding through a series of four "critical junctures" that have radically transformed the continent and its relations with the broader world. These four critical junctures are China's Four Modernizations (1978), the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991), the global financial crisis following the collapse of Lehman Brothers (2008), and the Ukraine crisis of 2014. 4The Logic of Integration chapter abstractThis chapter first reviews enduring geophysical features of Eurasia with special relevance for the continent's geopolitics, and then examines how energy, finance, and transit trade interact with the physical traits to shape Eurasian development. Important geographic realities include China's dominant position on overland routes from East Asia to the west, the complexities of Sino-Russian maritime access, and India's tortuous overland options. Energy forces China into dependence on Russia and the Middle East; finance serves as a critical catalyst for transit trade that advantages China over India, and deepens the ability of China's BRI to serve as a catalyst for the emergence of deeper Sino-European ties, and ultimately of a Super Continent linking Europe and China. 5Quiet Revolution in China chapter abstractThe chapter begins by reviewing China's rising scale within the Eurasian continental economy—from around 22.5 percent of the continental total GDP in PPP terms in 2000 to 43.1 percent in 2015 and prospectively 47.8 percent in 2030. It then considers the changing profile of Chinese growth—from a heavy export orientation before 2008 to growth propelled by domestic infrastructure spending and capital investment in related sectors like steel over the past decade. The chapter shows how this domestic transformation, which prioritizes inland development within China, helps drive BRI across the continent, both by creating vested interests in infrastructure spending and by shifting China's center of geo-economic gravity and developmental priorities westward. Chinese domestic developments since 2008, particularly heavily infrastructure spending in the west and the south, are having broad and originally unintended continental implications. 6Southeast Asia: The First Experiment chapter abstractChina's relations with Southeast Asia are venerable, dating back to the Han period. They have long been subject to major social and geopolitical challenges, which this chapter enumerates. Yet important new synergies have emerged since the late 1970s. Southeast Asian leaders, especially Lee Kuan Yew, helped mediate China's global emergence, and Southeast Asia has benefitted economically from China's rise. Technological cooperation is deepening and infrastructural links are improving, both overland and via the Maritime Silk Road, despite continuing frictions in the South China Sea. 7Russia: An Unbalanced Entente chapter abstractChina and Russia have longstanding historical rivalries, but their relationship has deepened substantially over the quarter century since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Both economic and political-military ties have deepened, although increasingly on Chinese terms, as China's economy has grown from parity with Russia to roughly six times its size, and as Russia's diplomatic options have narrowed, especially since the 2013–2014 Ukraine crisis. Russia's attraction for China is increasingly as a transit zone en route to Europe. Some Russian leverage does continue, however, in defense technology, Arctic transit, and periodically in sellers' markets for energy. 8The New Europe: Deepening Synergies chapter abstractEurope was fascinated from afar with China for centuries, but direct historical contact was limited to a few adventurers like Marco Polo and missionaries such as the Jesuit Matteo Ricci. Sino-European relations have entered a much more dynamic era, however, since the collapse of the Soviet Union and especially since the 2008 global financial crisis. Central and Eastern Europe, in particular, are rapidly deepening ties with China, with Chinese infrastructural and commercial investment increasing. Both the EU-China Dialogue and the 16+1 Cooperation Framework are institutionalizing transcontinental relationships, which are also being reinforced by transcontinental infrastructure. Deepening EU-China ties, animated further by US protectionism, are assuming global importance. 9Shadows and Critical Uncertainties chapter abstractIn general, this book paints a relatively optimistic picture of prospects for deepening Eurasian interdependence, economic growth, and global role. This chapter details the uncertainties surrounding this forecast, as well as some negative implications of rising interdependence that may not be avoidable. Predictable shadows on the future include demographic change, especially aging; negative impacts of globalization, including rising inequality; ethnic conflict, itself flowing in part from interdependence; proliferating weapons of mass destruction; as well as resource shortages and environmental damage resulting from otherwise positive economic growth. Critical uncertainties include the possibility (arguably remote) of intra-Eurasian great-power conflict, the implications for policy of clearly rising populism, and—importantly—the evolution of the US-Eurasian relationship. 10Toward a New World Order chapter abstractThe gradual reconnection of Eurasia, the largest continent on earth, naturally raises the prospect of change in the global system of international relations, since American geopolitical dominance has been greatly enhanced by the historic fragmentation of the continent. This chapter reviews the essential features of the existing liberal international system, dominated by the United States, which has persisted in large measure since the end of World War II. It then considers what might potentially replace this US-centric order, giving particular attention to multilateral arrangements giving greater prominence to Eurasia, and to Chinese conceptions of international organization. The chapter suggests that a new paradigm of international relations, which might be characterized as "distributive globalism" and markedly less legalistic than Western liberal internationalism, is emerging with minimal global opposition and will become increasingly prominent in years to come. In conclusion the chapter outlines what such a system might look like. 11Prospects and Policy Implications chapter abstractThis concluding chapter begins by reviewing key findings of the volume, stressing the importance of a broad Eurasian analytical lens that captures dynamic changes across the continent, especially Chinese interaction with Central and Eastern Europe. The analysis then moves to policy implications, especially for the United States, of a potential emerging Super Continent in Eurasia. It stresses the strategic importance for the US of the Indian Ocean, and of relations with maritime nations such as Japan, India, and Australia as well as a revived dialogue with Russia, together with increased attention to cooperative energy and food security initiatives that could also help stabilize potentially conflictual relations with a rising China.

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Book SynopsisThe United States is the world's leading foreign aid donor. Yet there has been little inquiry into how such assistance affects the politics and societies of recipient nations. Drawing on four decades of data on U.S. economic and military aid, Aiding and Abetting explores whether foreign aid does more harm than good. Jessica Trisko Darden challenges long-standing ideas about aid and its consequences, and highlights key patterns in the relationship between assistance and violence. She persuasively demonstrates that many of the foreign aid policy challenges the U.S. faced in the Cold War era, such as the propping up of dictators friendly to U.S. interests, remain salient today. Historical case studies of Indonesia, El Salvador, and South Korea illustrate how aid can uphold human freedoms or propagate human rights abuses. Aiding and Abetting encourages both advocates and critics of foreign assistance to reconsider its political and social consequences by focusing international aid efforts on the expansion of human freedom.Trade Review"This is a critical book at a time when the U.S. approach to human rights is in deep crisis and global human rights are in grave danger. Jessica Trisko Darden has given us a beautifully written and compellingly readable account of how U.S. foreign aid has tragically supported regimes that unleashed violence against their own citizens."—William Easterly, New York University"Jessica Trisko Darden's new book is a masterful look at the dangerous and often unintended consequences of U.S. foreign aid. By combining state-of-the-art quantitative methods with detailed case studies, she convincingly shows that foreign aid often deeply harms the citizens it is purported to help. The book should be required reading for international political economy, human rights, and foreign policy scholars. It persuasively calls for a radical reimagination of the American foreign aid process."—Amanda Murdie, University of Georgia"This is a fascinating study of one of the darker sides of American foreign policy. Drawing on her own family's experience as well as decades of diplomatic history, Jessica Trisko Darden shows how foreign aid—widely seen as a bipartisan vehicle for promoting American values abroad—has often played into the hands of ruthless autocrats."—Robert Worth, contributing writer, The New York Times Magazine"This book is a sobering but necessary corrective to the notion that foreign aid delivers only beneficial ends."—Chris Preble, War on the Rocks"[This] study makes a significant contribution to the literature on foreign aid and its political effects. Recommended."—K. Buterbaugh, CHOICE"Aiding and Abetting provides a short, readable account of U.S. foreign aid and assistance and the role of both in subsidizing state violence and repression by recipients....This work should serve as a yield sign to those policymakers and military officials who consider bi-lateral foreign assistance in areas of supposed strategic American interests....[and] as a guide to better envision the enduring effects of U.S. assistance."—Harrison Manlove, RealClear Defense"Perhaps the most striking sections of Aiding and Abetting are where Trisko Darden discusses the policy implications of her findings....Aiding and Abetting [also] raises several questions for future research."—Inken von Borzyskowski, Democracy and Autocracy"This is a timely book and it fills an important gap in the current literature. Aid policymakers have yet to take into account the effects of aid on state violence, which has been well established in the empirical literature. This work constitutes a call to action to do so."—Emily Silcock, Contemporary Arab Affairs"Trisko Darden makes important points about the fungibility of foreign assistance, the challenges of constraining the executive in the realm of foreign policy, and the plausibility of effective aid sanctions... Aiding and Abettingprovides both quantitative and qualitative evidence that foreign assistance in general likely enables or emboldens governments that are facing civil conflict to cause harm to civilian populations and otherwise engage in repressive measures. This is no doubt a challenge to individuals who want to see foreign aid used to bring about economic development and widespread poverty alleviation. Simultaneously, one hopes, it is a challenge even to those who seek to use foreign aid for the purpose of promoting national security, calling upon policymakers to think about how best to support allied regimes while also holding them to the highest standards of human rights protection."—Matthew S. Winters, H-Diplo"Overwhelmingly, studies of human rights and foreign aid have analyzed how a recipient state's human rights record may impact the amount of foreign aid they receive from the US. [Trisko] Darden correctly points out that 'relatively little work has been done to demonstrate the opposite: how foreign aid affects human rights' (17)... [T]he case study chapters allow for a closer examination of the mechanics of exactly how US foreign aid contributes to human rights abuses."—Evan W. Sandlin, Human Rights ReviewTable of ContentsIntroduction: Aiding Freedom: Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Assistance 1. Abetting Violence: The Coercive Effect of Foreign Aid 2. Patterns of Foreign Aid and State Violence 3. Indonesia: Arming and Oppressing 4. El Salvador: Buying Guns and Butter 5. South Korea: Constraining Coercion 6. Aiding and Abetting in the Twenty-First Century Conclusion: Can "Do No Harm" Be Done?

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Book SynopsisModern democracies face tough life-and-death choices in armed conflicts. Chief among them is how to weigh the value of soldiers' lives against those of civilians on both sides. The first of its kind, Whose Life Is Worth More? reveals that how these decisions are made is much more nuanced than conventional wisdom suggests. When these states are entangled in prolonged conflicts, hierarchies emerge and evolve to weigh the value of human life. Yagil Levy delves into a wealth of contemporary conflicts, including the drone war in Pakistan, the Kosovo war, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and the US and UK wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Cultural narratives about the nature and necessity of war, public rhetoric about external threats facing the nation, antiwar movements, and democratic values all contribute to the perceived validity of civilian and soldier deaths. By looking beyond the military to the cultural and political factors that shape policies, this book provides tools to understand how democracies really decide whose life is worth more.Trade Review"A tour de force. Theoretically innovative and empirically rich. With devastating precision Yagil Levy dismantles many of the myths of heroic soldiers and hapless civilians. He shows that the wages of war are far more calculated and deliberate than previously thought."—Thomas W. Smith, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg"Yagil Levy's provocative book is an essential correction to standard assumptions about how actors in democratic states weigh the costs of war. Whose Life Is Worth More? reveals the deeper political and social factors that inform hierarchies of life and death among citizens,soldiers, and enemy non-combatants."—Jennifer M Welsh, Canada 150 Research Chair in Global Governance and Security, McGill UniversityTable of Contents1. Introduction: What Determines the Value of Life, and How Has It Been Studied? 2. Determinants of the Death Hierarchy 3. How to Identify Variations in Risk Transfer 4. Risking One's Own Soldiers in Jenin and Basra 5. Passive Force Protection in Iraq and Gaza 6. Strategic Transfer of Risk in the Kosovo War 7. Tactical Transfer of Risk in Fallujah and Gaza 8. Re-Risking One's Own Soldiers: The Surge in Iraq and Afghanistan 9. Conclusion

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