Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies Books
Taylor & Francis Ltd Design of Pressure Vessels
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£105.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd Flame Spray Drying
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£114.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd New Paradigms in Ergonomics
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£43.69
Taylor & Francis Ltd Flame Spray Drying
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£68.39
Taylor & Francis Ltd Carbon Membrane Technology
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£58.89
Taylor & Francis Ltd Concise Handbook of Waste Treatment Technologies
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£73.14
Taylor & Francis Ltd Soft Computing in Materials Development and its Sustainability in the Manufacturing Sector
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£104.50
Taylor & Francis Ltd Inventory Planning with Innovation
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£80.74
Taylor & Francis Ltd Responsible Manufacturing Issues Pertaining to Sustainability
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£45.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Deterministic Flexibility Analysis Theory Design and Applications
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£58.99
Elsevier Science The Pursuit of New Product Development
Book SynopsisContaining case examples, organizational analysis and project planning tools, this book looks at that longer, organizational view of product development, and how that view can improve product development cycle times and better take advantage of new market opportunities.Table of Contents1. The Business Objective2. Market Opportunity3. The Business Concept the New Product4. The Product and Business Plan5. Justifying a Program: The Accounting Viewpoint6. Starting Out7. Executing the Plan8. Manufacturing Development9. The Prelaunch Checklist10. The Product Launch11. The Pursuit and Product Management12. Business Development Records Format
£66.60
Taylor & Francis Ltd Productivity Improvement in Manufacturing SMEs
Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the application of workstudy in productivity of manufacturing SMEs locally and abroad and also explores various industrial problems which face manufacturing SMEs in developing and underdeveloped countries in the rest of the world. Low productivity is currently a serious challenge facing manufacturing SMEs, where these SMEs are operating below expected production output levels which makes it difficult for them to compete in the global market. SMEs are the engine drivers of economic growth, one of which is manufacturing.The challenge is that government from various countries in developing and underdeveloped countries, mandated agencies in their respective areas, to ensure that there is economic progress for these SMEs, but productivity remains low in the manufacturing SMEs. When SMEs do not perform well, productivity of manufacturing SMEs declines and unemployment increases. Thus, an increase in unemployment results in a drop of GDP in the country anTable of ContentsPreface; Chapter 1: The Background of Manufacturing SMEs; Chapter 2: Work Study and Productivity Theory: Groundwork Theories; Chapter 3: Effectiveness versus Efficiency in Manufacturing SMEs; Chapter 4: Factors Influencing Productivity in Manufacturing SMEs; Chapter 5: Identifying the Environment for Manufacturing SMEs; Chapter 6: Work Study (WS) Techniques: Method Study; Chapter 7: Work Study (WS) Techniques: Work Measurement; Chapter 8: The Impact of Work Study on Physical Capital in Relation to Productivity of Manufacturing SMEs; Chapter 9: The Impact of Work Study on Technological Capital in Relation toProductivity of Manufacturing SMEs; Chapter 10: The Impact of Management in Relation to Productivity to Manufacturing SMEs; Chapter 11: Work Study Report Writing; Chapter 12: Conclusions and Further Research; Appendices; References
£73.14
Taylor & Francis Faster Better Cheaper in the History of
Book SynopsisThe industrial revolution, mechanization, water and steam power, computers, and automation have given an enormous boost to manufacturing productivity. Faster, Better, Cheaper in the History of Manufacturing shows how the ability to make products faster, better, and cheaper has evolved from the stone age to modern times. It explains how different developments over time have raised efficiency and allowed the production of more and better products with less effort and materials, and hence faster, better, and cheaper. In addition, it describes the stories of inventors, entrepreneurs, and industrialists and looks at the intersection between technology, society, machines, materials, management, and â most of all â humans. Faster, Better, Cheaper in the History of Manufacturing follows this development throughout the ages. This book covers not only the technical aspects (mechanization, power sources, new materials, interchangeable parts, electricity, automation), but oTrade Review"Brilliant insights regarding concepts of manufacturing systems for both practitioners and academics."- Dr. Masaru Nakano, Professor at Keio University, former manager of Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc."What an incredible abundance of facts and information comprehensively gathered and uniquely assembled. Its thorough production presents the fastest, best and cheapest way to make each reader more knowledgeable." - Dr. Stefan Bleiweis, Professor of International Management"This is sure to become a classic in the university curriculum to introduce students to the long history of how people improved society by making things. Roser links the progression of tools and processes from the Stone Age to emerging society to division of labor far earlier than most other scholars. He illustrates the regular progression of technology to improve productivity and closes with the future of work. Thought provoking and a necessary addition to the library of those in industry today."- Mark Warren, manufacturing engineer and amateur historianTable of ContentsThe Significance of Manufacturing – The GM-Toyota NUMMI Joint Venture. The Stone Age. The Urban Revolution – The Emergence of Society. Advances During Antiquity. The Middle Ages in Europe. Early Modern Europe. Pioneers of a New Age – The Factory System. Fire is Stronger than Blood and Water – Steam Power. Interchangeable Parts – The American System of Manufacturing. Social Conflict. Technological Advances. Science Meets Shop Floor. The Assembly Line and the Era of the Industrial Empires. Planned Economies – War, Communism, and Other Catastrophes. *Click* Let-Me-Do-This-for-You *Clack* – Computers in Manufacturing. The Toyota Production System and Lean Manufacturing. Where Are We Now?. Things to Come.
£51.29
Cambridge University Press Distillation Tray Fundamentals
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£52.60
Cambridge University Press Chemical Reactor Theory An Introduction
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£71.65
Cambridge University Press Thermodynamics Fundamentals for Applications Cambridge Series in Chemical Engineering
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£128.25
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering
Book Synopsis******Recently Published!******Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th edition continues its lengthy, successful tradition of being one of McGraw-Hill's oldest texts in the Chemical Engineering Series. Since 1956, this text has been the most comprehensive of the introductory, undergraduate, chemical engineering titles available. Separate chapters are devoted to each of the principle unit operations, grouped into four sections: fluid mechanics, heat transfer, mass transfer and equilibrium stages, and operations involving particulate solids.Now in its seventh edition, the text still contains its balanced treatment of theory and engineering practice, with many practical, illustrative examples included. Almost 30% of the problems have been revised or are new, some of which cover modern topics such as food processing and biotechnology. Other unique topics of this text include diafiltration, adsorption and membrane operations.Table of ContentsSection 1 Introduction1 Definitions and PrinciplesSection 2 Fluid Mechanics2 Fluid Statics and Its Applications3 Fluid Flow Phenomena4 Basic Equations of Fluid Flow5 Incompressible Flow in Pipes and Channels6 Flow of Compressible Fluids7 Flow past Immersed Objects8 Transportation and Metering of Fluids9 Agitation and Mixing of LiquidsSection 3 Heat Transfer and Its Applications10 Heat Transfer by Conduction11 Principles of Heat Flow in Fluids12 Heat Transfer to Fluids without Phase Change13 Heat Transfer to Fluids with Phase Change14 Radiation Heat Transfer15 Heat-Exchange Equipment16 EvaporationSection 4 Mass Transfer and Its Applications17 Principles of Diffusion and Mass Transfer between Phases18 Gas Absorption19 Humidification Operations20 Equilibrium-Stage Operations21 Distillation22 Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation23 Leaching and Extraction24 Drying of Solids25 Fixed-Bed Separatons26 Membrane Separation Processes27 CrystallizationSection 5 Operations Involving Particulate Solids28 Properties and Handling of Particulate Solids29 Mechanical SeparationsAppendix 1 Conversion Factors and Constants of NatureAppendix 2 Dimensionless GroupsAppendix 3 Dimensions, Capacities, and Weights of Standard Steel PipeAppendix 4 Condenser and Heat-Exchanger Tube DataAppendix 5 Tyler Standard Screen ScaleAppendix 6 Properties of Liquid WaterAppendix 7 Properties of Saturated Steam and WaterAppendix 8 Viscosities of GasesAppendix 9 Viscosities of LiquidsAppendix 10 Thermal Conductivities of MetalsAppendix 11 Thermal Conductivities of Various Solids and Insulating MaterialsAppendix 12 Thermal Conductivities of Gases and VaporsAppendix 13 Thermal Conductivities of Liquids Other Than WaterAppendix 14 Specific Heats of GasesAppendix 15 Specific Heats of LiquidsAppendix 16 Prandtl Numbers for Gases at 1 atm and 100CAppendix 17 Prandtl Numbers for LiquidsAppendix 18 Diffusivities and Schmidt Numbers for Gases in Air at 0c and 1 atmAppendix 19 Collision Integral and Lennard-Jones Force Constants
£386.98
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe Niebels Methods Standards Work Design
Book SynopsisThis edition addresses the increasing global competition and the fact that every industry, business, and service organization is restructuring itself to operate more effectively. Cost-effectiveness and product reliability without excess capacity are the keys to successful activity in business, industry, and government. These keys are the end results of methods engineering.The 13th edition of Methods, Standards, and Work Design will provide practical, up-to-date descriptions of engineering methods to measure, analyze, and design manual work. The text emphasizes both the manual components and the cognitive aspects of work, recognizing the gradual decline of the manufacturing sector and the growth of the service sector. The importance of ergonomics and work design as part of methods engineering emphasizes not only increased productivity, but also to improve worker health and safety, and thus, company bottom-line costs. In the twenty-first century it is essential that the industTable of ContentsNiebel's Methods, Standards, and Work Design 12eChapter 1: Methods, Standards, and Work Design: IntroductionChapter 2: Problem-Solving ToolsChapter 3: Operation AnalysisChapter 4: Manual Work DesignChapter 5: Workplace, Equipment, and Tool DesignChapter 6: Work Environment DesignChapter 7: Design of Cognitive WorkChapter 8: Workplace and Systems SafetyChapter 9: Proposed Method ImplementationChapter 10: Time StudyChapter 11: Performance Rating and AllowancesChapter 12: Standard Data and FormulasChapter 13: Predetermined Time SystemsChapter 14: Work SamplingChapter 15: Indirect and Expense Labor StandardsChapter 16: Standards Follow-Up and UsesChapter 17: Wage PaymentChapter 18: Training and Other Management PracticesAppendices1 Glossary2 Helpful Formulas3 Special Tables
£220.22
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe Simulation Modeling and Analysis
Book SynopsisSimulation Modeling and Analysis provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art, and technically correct treatment of all important aspects of a simulation study. The book strives to make this material understandable by the use of intuition and numerous figures, examples, and problems. It is equally well suited for use in university courses, simulation practice, and self-study. The book is widely regarded as the âœbibleâ of simulation and now has more than 172,000 copies in print and has been cited more than 18,500 times. This textbook can serve as the primary text for a variety of courses. It is used in leading industrial and systems engineering departments at Georgia Tech, University of Michigan, University of California at Berkeley, Stanford University, Purdue University, Texas A&M University, Columbia University, University of Washington, and Naval Postgraduate School.Table of Contents1) Basic Simulation Modeling2) Modeling Complex Systems3) Simulation Software4) Review of Basic Probability and Statistics5) Building Valid, Credible, and Appropriately Detailed Simulation Models6) Selecting Input Probability Distributions7) Random-Number Generators8) Generating Random Variates9) Output Data Analysis for a Single System10) Comparing Alternative System Configurations11) Variance-Reduction Techniques12) Experimental Design, Sensitivity Analysis, and Optimization13) Simulation of Manufacturing Systems
£204.60
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe Engineering Economy
Book SynopsisEngineering Economy presents a crisp, bold new design using color, highlighting and icons to focus on important concepts, terms, equations and decision guidelines. There are new features, new topics (such as ethics and staged decision making), and new online tools; yet no compromise on coverage, examples, or the well-accepted writing style of this popular text. Solved examples, problems and case studies target many of the current engineering challenges in areas such as energy, ethics, the environment, and the worldâs changing economics.McGraw-Hill's Connect, is also available as an optional, add on item. Connect is the only integrated learning system that empowers students by continuously adapting to deliver precisely what they need, when they need it, how they need it, so that class time is more effective. Connect allows the professor to assign homework, quizzes, and tests easily and automatically grades and records the scores of the student's work. Problems are randomized tTable of ContentsLearning Stage 1 - The Fundamentals1) Foundations of Engineering Economy2) Factors: How Time and Interest Affect Money3) Combining Factors and Spreadsheet Functions4) Nominal and Effective Interest RatesLearning Stage 2 - Basic Analysis Tools5) Present Worth Analysis6) Annual Worth Analysis7) Rate of Return Analysis: One Project8) Rate of Return Analysis: Multiple Alternatives9) Benefit/Cost Analysis and Public Sector EconomicsLearning Stage 2 - Epilogue: Selecting the Basic Analysis ToolLearning Stage 3 - Making Decisions10) Project Financing and Non-economic Attributes11) Replacement and Retention Decisions12) Independent Projects With Budget Limitation13) Breakeven and Payback AnalysisLearning Stage 4 - Rounding Out the Study14) Effects of Inflation15) Cost Estimation and Indirect Cost Allocation16) Depreciation Methods17) After-Tax Economic Analysis18) Sensitivity Analysis and Staged Decisions19) More on Variation and Decision Making under RiskAppendix A - Using Spreadsheets and Microsoft ExcelAppendix B - Basics of Accounting Reports and Business RatiosAppendix C - Code of Ethics for EngineersAppendix D - Alternate Methods For Equivalence CalculationsAppendix E - Glossary of Concepts and Terms
£225.70
John Wiley & Sons Inc Practical Process Control
Book SynopsisPractical Process Control (loop tuning and troubleshooting). This book differs from others on the market in several respects. First, the presentation is totally in the time domain (the word LaPlace is nowhere to be found). The focus of the book is actually troubleshooting, not tuning. If a controller is tunable, the tuning procedure will be straightforward and uneventful. But if a loop is untunable, difficulties will be experienced, usually early in the tuning effort. The nature of any difficulty provides valuable clues to what is rendering the loop untunable. For example, if reducing the controller gain leads to increased oscillations, one should look for possible interaction with one or more other loops. Tuning difficulties are always symptoms of other problems; effective troubleshooting involves recognizing the clues, identifying the root cause of the problem, and making corrections. Furthermore, most loops are rendered untunable due to some aspect of the steady-state bTable of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1. The Process Industries and Regulatory Control. 1.2. P&I Diagrams. 1.3. Regulatory Control Example. 1.4. Control Loop. 1.5. Example Process. 1.6. Cascade Control. 1.7. Summary. Chapter 2: Gain or Sensitivity. 2.1. Process Design versus Process Control. 2.2. What Do We Mean by “Process Gain” 2.3. Linear versus Nonlinear Processes. 2.4. Operating Lines and Gains from Process Tests. 2.5. Action. 2.6. Impact of Process Nonlinearities on Tuning. 2.7. Scheduled Tuning. 2.8. Heat Transfer Processes. 2.9. Vacuum Processes. 2.10. Summary. Chapter 3: Process Dynamics. 3.1. First-Order Lag and Time Constant. 3.2. Integrating Process. 3.3. Self-Regulated versus Non-Self-Regulated Processes. 3.4. Dead Time. 3.5. Measurement Issues. 3.6. Effect of Dead Time on Loop Performance. 3.7. Mixing. 3.8. Process Models. 3.9. Approximating Time Constants. 3.10. Ultimate Gain and Ultimate Period. 3.11. Damping. 3.12. Simple Performance Measures. 3.13. The Integral Criteria. 3.14. Summary. Chapter 4: Controller Modes and Mode Selection. 4.1. Mode Characteristics. 4.2 Options for Tuning Coefficients. 4.3. Computing the PID Control Equation. 4.4. Mode Combinations. 4.5. Flow Control. 4.6. Level Control. 4.7. Nonlinear Algorithms. 4.8. Level-to-Flow Cascade. 4.9. Summary. Chapter 5: Proportional Mode. 5.1. Control Equation. 5.2. Regulators. 5.3. The Proportional Band. 5.4. Bumpless Transfer. 5.5. Set-Point Changes. 5.6. Disturbance or Load Changes. 5.7. Proportional Control of Simple Models. 5.8. Adjusting the Controller Gain. 5.9. Tuning. 5.10. Summary. Chapter 6: Integral Mode. 6.1. Control Equation. 6.2. Open-Loop Behavior. 6.3. Effect of Reset Time. 6.4. PI Control of Simple Models. 6.5. Tuning. 6.6. Speed of Response. 6.7. Avoiding Sloppy Tuning. 6.8. Suppressing the Proportional Kick. 6.9. Windup Protection. 6.10. Summary. Chapter 7: Derivative Mode. 7.1. Control Equation. 7.2. Incorporating Derivative into the Control Equation. 7.3. PID Control Equations. 7.4. Effect of Derivative Time. 7.5. Getting the Most from Derivative. 7.6. PID Control of Simple Models. 7.7. Tuning. 7.8. Summary. Chapter 8: Tuning Methods. 8.1. What Is a Tuning Method. 8.2. Process Characterizations. 8.3. Ziegler-Nichols Closed Loop Method. 8.4. The Relay Method. 8.5. Open-Loop Methods. 8.6. Graphical Constructions and Nonlinear Regression. 8.7. Ziegler-Nichols Open-Loop Method. 8.8. The Lambda Method. 8.9. IMC Method. 8.10. Integral Criteria Method. 8.11. Summary. Chapter 9: Measurement Devices. 9.1. Steady-State Behavior. 9.2. Very Small Process Gain. 9.3. Temperature Measurements. 9.4. Filtering and Smoothing. 9.5. Summary. Chapter 10: Final Control Elements. 10.1. Valves and Flow Systems. 10.2. Valve Sizing. 10.3. Inherent Valve Characteristics. 10.4. Flow System Dominated by Control Valve. 10.5. Flow System Dominated by Process. 10.6. Valve Nonidealities. 10.7. Valve Positioner. 10.8. On-Off Control. 10.9. Time Proportioning Control. 10.10. Variable Speed Pumping. 10.11. Summary. Chapter 11: Process and Instrumentation Diagrams. 11.1. Developing P&I Diagrams. 11.2. P&I Diagram for a Chlorine Vaporizer. 11.3. Simple PID Control Configuration. 11.4. Temperature-to-Flow Cascade. 11.5. Temperature-to-Flow-Ratio Cascade. 11.6. Steam Heater with Control Valve on Steam. 11.7. Steam Heater with Control Valve on Condensate. 11.8. Liquid Bypass Arrangements. 11.9. Summary. Chapter 12: Loop Interaction. 12.1. Multivariable Processes. 12.2. Off-Gas System. 12.3. Flow and Pressure Control. 12.4. Gains and Sensitivities. 12.5. Effect of Interaction on Loop Performance and Tuning. 12.6. Dynamics. 12.7. Addressing Interaction Problems. 12.8. Summary. Index.
£105.40
John Wiley & Sons Inc Control of Batch Processes
Book SynopsisBatch processing is used extensively in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, coatings, and electronic materials industries, where new jobs are being created.Trade Review“This book gives a real world explanation of how to analyze and troubleshoot a process control system in a batch process plant.” (Heat Processing, 1 March 2014)Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Categories of Processes 3 1.2. The Industry 5 1.3. The Ultimate Batch Process: The Kitchen in Your Home 13 1.4. Categories of Batch Processes 14 1.5. Automation Functions Required for Batch 18 1.6. Automation Equipment 26 Reference 30 2 Measurement Considerations 31 2.1. Temperature Measurement 32 2.2. Pressure Measurement 39 2.3. Weight and Level 47 2.4. Flow Measurements 61 2.5. Loss-in-Weight Application 67 References 72 3 Continuous Control Issues 73 3.1. Loops That Operate Intermittently 74 3.2. Emptying a Vessel 80 3.3. Terminating a Co-Feed 85 3.4. Adjusting Ratio Targets 89 3.5. Attaining Temperature Target for the Heel 97 3.6. Characterization Functions in Batch Applications 100 3.7. Scheduled Tuning in Batch Applications 101 3.8. Edge of the Envelope 104 3.9. No Flow Through Control Valve 107 3.10. No Pressure Drop across Control Valve 111 3.11. Attempting to Operate above a Process-Imposed Maximum 115 3.12. Attempting to Operate Below a Process-Imposed Minimum 121 3.13. Jacket Switching 124 3.14. Smooth Transitions between Heating and One Cooling Mode 129 3.15. Smooth Transitions between Two Cooling Modes 140 References 148 4 Discrete Devices 149 4.1. Discrete Inputs 149 4.2. Discrete Outputs 157 4.3. State Feedbacks 167 4.4. Associated Functions 176 4.5. Beyond Two-State Final Control Elements 182 5 Material Transfers 185 5.1. Multiple-Source, Single-Destination Material Transfer System 186 5.2. Single-Source, Multiple-Destination Material Transfer System 189 5.3. Multiple-Source, Multiple-Destination Material Transfer System 191 5.4. Validating a Material Transfer 194 5.5. Dribble Flow 197 5.6. Simultaneous Material Transfers 202 5.7. Drums 203 6 Structured Logic for Batch 205 6.1. Structured Programming 207 6.2. Product Recipes and Product Batches 212 6.3. Formula 215 6.4. Operations 216 6.5. Phases 220 6.6. Actions 223 References 226 7 Batch Unit or Process Unit 227 7.1. Defining a Batch Unit 228 7.2. Supporting Equipment 232 7.3. Step Programmer 237 7.4. Failure Considerations 241 7.5. Coordination 254 7.6. Shared Equipment: Exclusive Use 257 7.7. Shared Equipment: Limited Capacity 261 7.8. Identical Batch Units 262 8 Sequence Logic 265 8.1. Features Provided by Sequence Logic 265 8.2. Failure Monitoring and Response 267 8.3. Relay Ladder Diagrams 273 8.4. Procedural Languages 276 8.5. Special Languages 278 8.6. State Machine 280 8.7. Grafcet/Sequential Function Charts (SFCs) 283 9 Batches and Recipes 290 9.1. Organization of Recipes 291 9.2. Corporate Recipes 294 9.3. Executing Product Batches Simultaneously 299 9.4. Managing Product Batches 302 9.5. Executing Operations 305 9.6. Batch History Data 309 9.7. Performance Parameters 313 Index 319
£94.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc Basics of Troubleshooting in Plastics Processing
Book SynopsisThe Basics of Troubleshooting in Plastics Processing is a condensed practical guide that gives the reader a broad introduction to properties of thermoplastics plastics, additives, the major processes (extrusion, injection molding, rotational molding, blow molding, and thermoforming), as well as troubleshooting. The main goal is to provide the plastics processor with an improved understanding of the basics by explaining the science behind the technology. Machine details are minimized as the emphasis is on processing problems and the defects in an effort to focus on basic root causes to problems and how to solve them. The book's framework is troubleshooting in plastics processing because of the importance it has to the eventual production of high quality end products. Each chapter contains both practical and detailed technical information. This basic guide provides state-of-the-art information on: Processing problems and defects during manufacturing <Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Market Trends. 1.2 Importance of Plastics. 1.3 Plastics Processing. 1.4 Fundamental. References. 2. Plastics Materials. 2.1 Properties and Processing. 2.2 Polyethylene. 2.3 Polypropylene (PP). 2.4 Polystyrene. 2.5 Polyvinylchloride (PVC). 2.6 Engineering Plastics. 2.7 Advantages. 2.8 Fundamental. References. 3. Plastics Additives. 3.1 Antioxidants. 3.2 Anti-block Agents. 3.3 Antistatic Agent. 3.4 Clarifying Agents. 3.5 Slip Additives. 3.6 Processing Aids. 3.7 Antifogging Agents. 3.8 Antiblocking Agents. 3.9 Heat Stabilizers. 3.10 Lubricants. 3.11 Plasticizers. 3.12 Coupling Agents or Surface Modifiers. 3.13 Release Agents. 3.14 Flame Retardants. 3.15 Pigments. 3.16 Light Stabilizers. 3.17 Impact Modifiers. 3.18 Blowing Agents. 3.19 Nucleating Agents. 3.20 Biocides. 3.21 Fillers. 3.22 Fundamentals. References. 4. Plastics Processing. 4.1 Focus on Plastics Processing. 4.2 Injection Molding. 4.3 Extrusion. 4.4 Blow Molding. 4.5 Thermoforming. 4.6 Rotational Molding. 4.7 Fundamental. References. 5. Troubleshooting – Problems and Solutions. 5.1 Troubleshooting – Requirements. 5.2 Injection Molding – Troubleshooting. 5.3 Troubleshooting – Extrusion. 5.4 Troubleshooting – Blow molding. 5.5 Troubleshooting – Thermoforming. 5.6 Troubleshooting – Rotational molding. References. 6. Future Trends. 6.1 Productivity. 6.2 Automotive Applications. 6.3 Medical Applications. 6.4 Environmental Issues. 6.5 Fundamentals. References. Index.
£115.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Porous Media Transport Phenomena
Book SynopsisThis book covers the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations, and their applications in engineered and natural porous media for general applications. This book is an important text for graduate courses in various disciplines involving fluids in porous materials and a useful reference book.Table of ContentsPreface xv About the Author xix Chapter 1. Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Synopses of Topics Covered in Various Chapters 3 Chapter 2. Transport Properties of Porous Media 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Permeability of Porous Media Based on the Bundle of Tortuous Leaky-Tube Model 10 2.3 Permeability of Porous Media Undergoing Alteration by Scale Deposition 33 2.4 Temperature Effect of Permeability 44 2.5 Effects of Other Factors on Permeability 54 2.6 Exercises 54 Chapter 3. Macroscopic Transport Equations 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 REV 58 3.3 Volume-Averaging Rules 59 3.4 Mass-Area Averaging Rules 67 3.5 Surface Area Averaging Rules 68 3.6 Applications of Volume and Surface Averaging Rules 68 3.7 Double Decomposition for Turbulent Processes in Porous Media 70 3.8 Tortuosity Effect 73 3.9 Macroscopic Transport Equations by Control Volume Analysis 74 3.10 Generalized Volume-Averaged Transport Equations 76 3.11 Exercises 76 Chapter 4. Scaling and Correlation of Transport in Porous Media 79 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Dimensional and Inspectional Analysis Methods 81 4.3 Scaling 84 4.4 Exercises 92 Chapter 5. Fluid Motion in Porous Media 97 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Flow Potential 98 5.3 Modification of Darcy’s Law for Bulk- versus Fluid Volume Average Pressures 99 5.4 Macroscopic Equation of Motion from the Control Volume Approach and Dimensional Analysis 102 5.5 Modification of Darcy’s Law for the Threshold Pressure Gradient 105 5.6 Convenient Formulations of the Forchheimer Equation 108 5.7 Determination of the Parameters if the Forchheimer Equation 111 5.8 Flow Demarcation Criteria 115 5.9 Entropy Generation in Porous Media 117 5.10 Viscous Dissipation on Porous Media 123 5.11 Generalized Darcy’s Law by Control Volume Analysis 124 5.12 Equation of Motion for Non-Newtonian Fluids 134 5.13 Exercises 138 Chapter 6. Gas Transport in Tight Porous Media 145 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Gas Glow through a Capillary Hydraulic Tube 146 6.3 Relationship between Transports Expressed on Different Bases 147 6.4 The Mean Free Path of Molecules: FHS versus VHS 149 6.5 The Knudsen Number 150 6.6 Flow Regimes and Gas Transport as Isothermal Conditions 152 6.7 Gas Transport at Nonisothermal Conditions 159 6.8 Unified Hagen-Poiseuille-Type Equation fro Apparent Gas Permeability 160 6.9 Single-Component Gas Glow 165 6.10 Multicomponent Gas Flow 166 6.11 Effect of Different Flow Regimes in a Capillary Flow Path and the Extended Klinkenberg Equation 168 6.12 Effect of Pore Size Distribution on Gas Flow through Porous Media 170 6.13 Exercises 174 Chapter 7. Fluid Transport Through Porous Media 177 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Coupling Single-Phase Mass and Momentum Balance Equations 178 7.3 Cylindrical Leaky-Tank Reservoir Model Including the Non-Darcy Effect 179 7.4 Coupling Two-Phase Mass and Momentum Balance Equations for Immiscible Displacement 186 7.5 Potential Flow Problems in Porous Media 200 7.6 Streamline/Stream Tube Formulation and Front Tracking 205 7.7 Exercises 218 Chapter 8. Parameters of Fluid Transfer in Porous Media 227 8.1 Introduction 227 8.2 Wettability and Wettability Index 230 8.3 Capillary Pressure 231 8.4 Work of Fluid Displacement 234 8.5 Temperature Effect on Wettability-Related Properties of Porous Media 235 8.6 Direct Methods for the Determination of Porous Media Flow Functions and Parameters 238 8.7 Indirect Methods for the Determination of Porous Media Flow Functions and Parameters 259 8.8 Exercises 276 Chapter 9. Mass, Momentum, and Energy Transport in Porous Media 281 9.1 Introduction 281 9.2 Dispersive Transport of Species in Heterogeneous and Anisotropic Porous Media 282 9.3 General Multiphase Fully Compositional Nonisothermal Mixture Model 288 9.4 Formulation of Source/Sink Terms in Conservation Equations 292 9.5 Isothermal Black Oil Model of a Nonvolatile Oil System 295 9.6 Isothermal Limited Compositional Model of a Volatile Oil System 298 9.7 Flow of Gas and Vaporizing Water Phases in the Near-Wellbore Region 299 9.8 Flow of Condensate and Gas Phase Containing Noncondensable Gas Species in the Near-Wellbore Region 301 9.9 Shape-Averaged Formulations 305 9.10 Conductive Heat Transfer with Phase Change 307 9.11 Simultaneous Phase Transition and Transport in Porous Media Containing Gas Hydrates 328 9.12 Modeling Nonisothermal Hydrocarbon Fluid Flow Considering Expansion/Compression and Joule-Thomson Effects 338 9.13 Exercises 346 Chapter 10. Suspended Particulate Transport in Porous Media 353 10.1 Introduction 353 10.2 Deep-Bed Filtration under Nonisothermal Conditions 355 10.3 Cake Filtration over an Effective Filter 370 10.4 Exercises 379 Chapter 11. Transport in Heterogeneous Porous Media 383 11.1 Introduction 383 11.2 Transport Units and Transport in Heterogeneous Porous Media 385 11.3 Models for Transport in Fissured/Fractured Porous Media 388 11.4 Species Transport in Fractured Porous Media 394 11.5 Immiscible Displacement in Naturally Fractured Porous Media 396 11.6 Method of Weighted Sum (Quadrature) Numerical Solutions 410 11.7 Finite Difference Numerical Solution 415 11.8 Exercises 425 References 429 Index 455
£120.60
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Pressure Relief and Effluent
Book SynopsisProviding in-depth guidance on how to design and rate emergency pressure relief systems, Guidelines for Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Systems incorporates the current best designs from the Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems as well as American Petroleum Institute (API) standards.Table of ContentsList of Figures xv List of Tables xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxv In Memoriam xxvii Files on the Web Accompanying This Book xxix Introduction 1 1.1 Objective 1 1.2 Scope 2 1.3 Design Codes and Regulations, and Sources of Information 3 1.4 Organization of This Book 5 1.5 General Pressure and Relief System Design Criteria 7 1.5.1 Process Hazard Analysis 8 1.5.2 Process Safety Information 9 1.5.3 Problems Inherent in Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Systems 11 Relief Design Criteria and Strategy 13 2.1 Limitations of the Technology 14 2.2 General Pressure Relief Strategy 14 2.2.1 Mechanism of Pressure Relief 14 2.2.2 Approach to Design 15 2.2.3 Limitations of Systems Actuated by Pressure 17 2.3 Codes, Standards, and Guidelines 19 2.3.1 Scope of Principal USA Documents 19 2.3.2 General Provisions 24 2.3.3 Protection by System Design 36 2.4 Relief Device Types and Operation 40 2.4.1 General Terminology 41 2.4.2 Pressure Relief Valves 41 2.4.3 Rupture Disk Devices 54 2.4.4 Devices in Combination (Series) 63 2.4.5 Low Pressure Relief Valves & Vents 64 2.4.6 Miscellaneous Relief System Components 70 2.4.7 Selection of Pressure Relief Devices 71 2.5 Relief System Layout 75 2.5.1 General Code Requirements 75 2.5.2 Pressure Relief Valves 77 2.5.3 Rupture Disk Devices 80 2.5.4 Low-Pressure Devices 80 2.5.5 Devices in Series 81 2.5.6 Devices in Parallel 87 2.5.7 Header Systems 88 2.5.8 Mechanical Integrity 88 2.5.9 Material Selection 88 2.5.10 Drainage and Freeze-up Provisions 89 2.5.11 Noise 89 2.6 Design Flows and Code Provisions 90 2.6.1 Safety Valves 92 2.6.2 Incompressible Liquid Flow 95 2.6.3 Low Pressure Devices 95 2.6.4 Rupture Disk Devices 95 2.6.5 Devices in Combination 99 2.6.6 Miscellaneous Nonreclosing Devices 100 2.7 Scenario Selection Considerations 100 2.7.1 Events Requiring Relief Due to Overpressure 101 2.7.2 Design Scenarios 102 2.8 Fluid Properties and System Characterization 104 2.8.1 Property Data Sources/Determination/Estimation 105 2.8.2 Pure-Component Properties 105 2.8.3 Mixture Properties 106 2.8.4 Phase Behavior 106 2.8.5 Chemical Reaction 108 2.8.6 Miscellaneous Fluid Characteristics 112 2.9 Fluid Behavior in Vessel 113 2.9.1 Accounting for Chemical Reactions 113 2.9.2 Two-Phase Venting Conditions and Effects 114 2.10 Flow of Fluids through Relief Systems 116 2.10.1 Conditions for Two-Phase Flow 116 2.10.2 Nature of Compressible Flow 117 2.10.3 Stagnation Pressure and Non-recoverable Pressure Loss 121 2.10.4 Flow Rate to Effluent Handling System 121 2.11 Relief System Reliability 122 2.11.1 Relief Device Reliability 122 2.11.2 System Reliability 125 Requirements for Relief System Design 131 3.1 Introduction 131 3.1.1 Required Background 132 3.2 Vessel Venting Background 133 3.2.1 General Considerations 133 3.2.2 Schematics and Principle Variables, Properties and Parameters 135 3.2.3 Basic Mass and Energy Balances 140 3.2.4 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties 148 3.2.5 Energy Input or Output 153 3.2.6 Solution Methods Using Computer Tools 156 3.2.7 Mass and Energy Balance Simplifications 156 3.2.8 Limiting Cases 158 3.2.9 Vapor/Liquid Disengagement 160 3.3 Venting Requirements for Nonreacting Cases 171 3.3.1 Heating or Cooling of a Constant Volume Vessel 171 3.3.2 Excess Inflow/Outflow 187 3.3.3 Additional Techniques and Considerations 190 3.4 Calorimetry for Emergency Relief System Design 190 3.4.1 Executive Summary 190 3.4.2 Runaway Reaction Effects 191 3.4.3 Reaction Basics 192 3.4.4 Reaction Screening and Chemistry Identification 196 3.4.5 Measuring Reaction Rates 197 3.4.6 Experimental Test Design 222 3.4.7 Calorimetry Data Interpretation and Analysis 234 3.5 Venting Requirements for Reactive Cases 259 3.5.1 Executive Summary 259 3.5.2 Overview of Reactive Relief Load 260 3.5.3 Analytical Methods 267 3.5.4 Dynamic Computer Modeling 279 3.5.5 Closing Comment 282 Methods for Relief System Design 283 4.1 Introduction 283 4.1.1 Relief System Sizing Computational Strategy and Tools for Relief Design 283 4.2 Manual and Spreadsheet Methods for Relief Valve Sizing 285 4.2.1 Relief Valve Sizing Fundamental Equations 285 4.2.2 Two-Phase Flow Methods 298 4.2.3 Relief Valve Sizing - Discharge Coefficient 310 4.2.4 Relief Valve Sizing - Choking in Nozzle and Valve Exit 314 4.3 Miscellaneous 317 4.3.1 Low-Pressure Devices - Liquid Flow 317 4.3.2 Low-Pressure Devices - Gas Flow 318 4.3.3 Low-Pressure Devices - Two-Phase Flow 320 4.3.4 Low-Pressure Devices - Associated Piping 320 4.4 Piping 321 4.4.1 Piping - Fundamental Equations 322 4.4.2 Piping - Pipe Friction Factors 322 4.4.3 Incompressible (Liquid) Flow 328 4.4.4 Piping Adiabatic Compressible Flow 329 4.4.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow 333 4.4.6Homogeneous Two-Phase Pipe Flow 334 4.4.7 Piping - Separated Two-Phase Flows 346 4.4.8 Slip/Holdup 347 4.4.9 Piping - Temperature Effects 348 4.5 Rupture Disk Device Systems 349 4.5.1 Rupture Disks - Nozzle Model 349 4.5.2 Rupture Disks - Pipe Model 349 4.6 Multiple Devices 350 4.6.1 Multiple Devices in Parallel 350 4.6.2 Multiple Devices - Rupture Disk Device Upstream of a PRV 351 4.6.3 Multiple Devices - Rupture Disk Device Downstream of a PRV 351 4.7 Worked Example Index 352 Additional Considerations for Relief System Design 355 5.1 Introduction 355 5.2 Reaction Forces 356 5.3 Background 357 5.4 Selection of Design Case 363 5.5 Design Methods 363 5.5.1 Steady State Exit Force from Flow Discharging to the Atmosphere 363 5.5.2 Dynamic Load Factor 367 5.6 Selection of Design Flow Rate and Dynamic Load Factor 367 5.6.1 Rupture Disks 368 5.6.2 Safety Relief Valves 370 5.7 Transient Forces on Relief Device Discharge Piping 372 5.7.1 Liquid Relief 373 5.7.2 Gas Relief 376 5.7.3 Two-Phase Flow 384 5.8 Pipe Tension 385 5.8.1 Safety Relief Valves 386 5.8.2 Rupture Disks 387 5.9 Real Gases 390 5.10 Changes in Pipe Size 390 5.11 Location of Anchors 390 5.12 Exit Geometry 391 5.13 Worked Examples 392 Handling Emergency Relief Effluents 393 6.1 General Strategy 395 6.2 Basis for Selection of Equipment 399 6.3 Determining if Direct Discharge to Atmosphere is Acceptable 401 6.4 Factors That Influence Selection of Effluent Treatment Systems 403 6.4.1 Physical and Chemical Properties 403 6.4.2 Two-Phase Flow and Foaming 405 6.4.3 Passive or Active Systems 406 6.4.4 Technology Status and Reliability 407 6.4.5 Discharging to a Common Collection System 408 6.4.6 Plant Geography 409 6.4.7 Space Availability 409 6.4.8Turndown 409 6.4.9 Vapor-Liquid Separation 410 6.4.10 Possible Condensation and Vapor-Condensate Hammer 410 6.4.11 Time Availability 411 6.4.12 Capital and Continuing Costs 411 6.5 Methods of Effluent Handling 411 6.5.1Containment 411 6.5.2 Direct Discharge to Atmosphere 415 6.5.3 Vapor-Liquid Separators 415 6.5.4 Quench Tanks 423 6.5.5 Scrubbers (Absorbers) 429 6.5.6 Flares 432 Design Methods for Handling Effluent from Emergency Relief Systems 437 7.1 Design Basis Selection 438 7.2 Total Containment Systems 439 7.2.1 Containment in Original Vessel 439 7.2.2 Containment in External Vessel (Dump Tank or Catch Tank) 440 7.3 Relief Devices, Discharge Piping, and Collection Headers 442 7.3.1 Corrosion 443 7.3.2 Brittle Metal Fracture 444 7.3.3 Deposition 444 7.3.4 Vibration 444 7.3.5 Cleaning 445 7.4 Vapor-Liquid Gravity Separators 445 7.4.1 Separator Inlet Velocity Considerations 450 7.4.2 Horizontal Gravity Separators 451 7.4.3 Vertical Gravity Separators 460 7.4.4 Separator Safety Considerations and Features 463 7.4.5 Separator Vessel Design and Instrumentation 464 7.5 Cyclone Separators 465 7.5.1 Droplet Removal Efficiency 467 7.5.2 Design Procedure 469 7.5.3 Cyclone Separator Sizing Procedure 470 7.5.4 Alternate Cyclone Separator Design Procedure 472 7.5.5 Cyclone Reaction Force 475 7.6 Quench Pools 476 7.6.1 Design Procedure Overview 477 7.6.2 Design Parameter Interrelations 482 7.6.3 Quench Pool Liquid Selection 483 7.6.4 Quench Tank Operating Pressure 484 7.6.5 Quench Pool Heat Balance 485 7.6.6 Quench Pool Dimensions 493 7.6.7 Sparger Design 499 7.6.8 Handling Effluent from Multiple Relief Devices 509 7.6.9 Reverse Flow Problems 509 7.6.10 Vapor-Condensate Hammer 510 7.6.11 Mechanical Design Loads 510 7.6.12 Worked Example Index for Discharge Handling System Design 511 Acronyms and Abbreviations 513 Glossary 517 Nomenclature 529 Appendix A: SuperChems™ for DIERS Lite – Description and Instructions 541 A.1 Scope 541 A.2 Software Functions 543 A.2.1 Source Term Flow Calculation 543 A.2.2 Emergency Relief Requirement Calculations 544 A.2.3 Physical Properties 545 A.2.4 Piping Isometrics 546 A.2.5 Specifying Vessel Designs 546 A.3 Installing and Running SuperChems™ 547 Appendix B: CCFlow, TPHEM and COMFLOW Description and Instructions 549 B.1 Scope 549 B.1.1 Uncertainties 550 B.2 CCFlow Calculation Options 550 B.2.1 Opening and Running CCFlow 552 B.2.2 File Operations 552 B.2.3 Help Files 554 B.2.4 Other Operations 555 B.2.5 CCFlow Input Menu Errata 556 B.3 TPHEM Calculation Options 556 B.3.1 Running TPHEM with File Input 560 B.4 COMFLOW Calculation Options 562 B.4.1 Running COMFLOW 563 Appendix C: SuperChems™ for DIERS – Description and Instructions 565 C.1 Scope 565 C.2 Software Functions 567 C.2.1 Main Menu Tabs 567 C.2.2 Define Tab 568 C.2.3 Dynamic Flow Simulation 570 C.2.4 Steady-State Flow Calculations 571 C.2.5 Properties Tab 572 C.2.6 VLE Tab 574 C.3 Installing and Running SuperChems™ 576 Appendix D: Venting Requirements 577 D.1 Worked Examples – Emergency Venting 579 D.1.1 External Fire – Vapor Venting 580 D.1.2 Tube Rupture 590 D.1.3 Literature Examples for Non-Reactive Cases 596 D.2 Venting Requirements for Reactive Cases 597 D.3 Relief Valve Sizing Examples 599 D.3.1 Incompressible Liquid Flow (with Viscosity Correction) 601 D.3.2 Real Gas Flow 603 D.3.3 Supercritical Fluid Flow 607 D.3.4 Non-Flashing (Frozen) Choked Flow 609 D.3.5 Non-Flashing (Frozen) Non-choked Flow 611 D.3.6 Equilibrium Flow of Single-Component Fluid 614 D.3.7 Non-Equilibrium Flow of Single-Component Fluid 616 D.3.8 Multicomponent Fluid Flow 618 D.3.9 Equilibrium Flow of One-Component Fluid (Low Subcooled Liquid Flow) 621 D.3.10 Equilibrium Flow of Single-Component Fluid (Highly Subcooled Liquid Flow) 626 D.3.11 Single-Component Vapor Flow with Retrograde Condensation 630 D.4 Piping Flow Examples 634 D.4.1 Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow with Conventional Multiple Chokes 635 D.4.2 Real Gas Flow with Multiple Chokes 650 D.4.3 Flow of High Viscosity Liquid 654 D.5 Reaction Forces 658 D.5.1 PRV with Viscous Liquid Flow – Steady Forces 658 D.5.2 PRV with Real Gas Flow – Steady Forces 661 D.5.3 RD with Liquid Flow – Steady and Transient Forces 664 D.5.4 RD with Air Flow – Steady and Transient Forces 667 D.5.5 PRV with Steam Flow – Steady and Transient Forces 670 D.5.6 PRV with Two-Phase Flow – Steady and Transient Forces and Piping Design Pressure 673 D.5.7 PRV with Two-Phase Flow – Steady and Transient Forces and Piping Design Pressure 675 D.5.8 RD with Two-Phase Flow – Steady and Transient Forces and Piping Design Pressure 678 Appendix E: Worked Examples – Effluent Handling 681 E.1 Phase Separator and Quench Tank Design Examples 681 E.1.1 Example Problem Statement 682 E.1.2 Given Conditions 683 E.1.3 Quench Pool Design 692 E.1.4 Gravity Separator Design 706 E.1.5 Cyclone Separator Design 710 E.1.6 Summary 715 References 717 Index 743
£256.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Plantwide Control
Book SynopsisThe use of control systems is necessary for safe and optimal operation of industrial processes in the presence of inevitable disturbances and uncertainties. Plant-wide control (PWC) involves the systems and strategies required to control an entire chemical plant consisting of many interacting unit operations. Over the past 30 years, many tools and methodologies have been developed to accommodate increasingly larger and more complex plants. This book provides a state-of-the-art of techniques for the design and evaluation of PWC systems. Various applications taken from chemical, petrochemical, biofuels and mineral processing industries are used to illustrate the use of these approaches. This book contains 20 chapters organized in the following sections: Overview and Industrial Perspective Tools and Heuristics Methodologies Applications Emerging Topics With contributions from the leading researchers and industrial Trade ReviewReview copy sent 25/04/12: Book NewsTable of ContentsPreface Section I: Overview and Perspective 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Plant-Wide Control 2 1.3 Scope and Organization of the Book 4 References 10 2 Industrial Perspective on Plant-Wide Control 2.1 Introduction 1 2.2 Design Environment 3 2.3 Disturbances and Measurement System Design 6 2.4 Academic Contributions 8 2.5 Conclusions 11 References 12 Section II: Tools and Heuristics 3 Control Degrees of Freedom Analysis for Plant-Wide Control of Industrial Processes 3.1 Introduction 2 3.2 Control Degrees of Freedom (CDOF) 4 3.3 Computation Methods for Control Degrees of Freedom (CDOF): A Review 7 3.4 Computation of CDOF Using Flowsheet-Oriented Method 14 3.4.1 Computation of Restraining Number for Unit Operations 16 3.5 Application of Flowsheet-Oriented Method to Distillation Columns and the Concept of Redundant Process Variables 19 3.6 Application of Flowsheet-Oriented Method to Compute CDOF to Complex Integrated Processes 22 3.7 Conclusions 23 References 24 4 Selection of Controlled Variables Using Self-Optimizing Control Method 4.1 Introduction 2 4.2 General Principle 4 4.3 Brute-Force Optimization Approach for CV Selection 8 4.4 Local Methods 11 4.4.1 Minimum Singular Value (MSV) Rule 12 4.4.2 Exact Local Method 14 4.4.3 Optimal Measurement Combination 16 4.4.3.1 Null Space Method 16 4.4.3.2 Explicit Solution 17 4.4.3.3 Toy Example 19 4.5 Branch and Bound Methods 21 4.6 Constraint Handling 23 4.7 Case Study: Forced Circulation Evaporator 26 4.8 Conclusions and Discussion 32 4.9 Acknowledgements 34 References 34 5 Input-Output Pairing Selection for Design of Decentralized Controller 5.1 Introduction 2 5.1.1 State of the Art 3 5.2 Relative Gain Array and Variants 5 Steady-State RGA 6 5.2.2 Niederlinski Index 8 5.2.3 The Dynamic Relative Gain Array 9 5.2.4 The Effective Relative Gain Array 11 5.2.5 The Block Relative Gain 12 5.2.6 Relative Disturbance Gain Array 14 5.3 µ-Interaction Measure 15 5.4 Pairing Analysis Based on the Controllability and Observability 17 5.4.1 The Participation Matrix 17 5.4.2 The Hankel Interaction Index Array 19 5.4.3 The Dynamic Input-Output Pairing Matrix 19 Input-Output Pairing for Uncertain Multivariable Plants 21 RGA in the Presence of Statistical Uncertainty 22 RGA in the Presence of Norm-Bounded Uncertainties 23 DIOPM and the Effect of Uncertainty 26 Input-Output Pairing for Nonlinear Multivariable Plants 28 5.6.1 Relative Order Matrix 29 5.6.2 The Nonlinear RGA 30 5.7 Conclusions and Discussion 31 References 33 6 Heuristics for Plantwide Control 6.1 Introduction 2 6.2 Basics of Heuristic Plantwide Control 4 6.2.1 Plumbing 5 6.2.2 Recycle 6 6.2.2.1 Effect of Recycle on Time Constants 6 6.2.2.2 Snowball Effects in Liquid Recycle Systems 7 6.2.2.3 Gas Recycle Systems 8 6.2.3 Fresh Feed Introduction 8 6.2.3.1 Ternary Example 9 6.2.3.2 Control Structures 11 6.2.3.3 Ternary Process with Altered Volatilities 12 6.2.4 Energy Management and Integration 12 6.2.5 Controller Tuning 13 6.2.5.1 Flow and Pressure Control 13 6.2.5.2 Level Control 14 6.2.5.3 Composition and Temperature Control 16 6.2.5.4 Interacting Control Loops 17 6.2.6 Throughput Handle 18 6.3 Application to HDA Process 18 6.3.1 Process Description 19 6.3.2 Application of Plantwide Control Heuristics 20 6.3.2.1 Throughput Handle 20 6.3.2.2 Maximum Gas Recycle 20 6.3.2.3 Component Balances (Downs Drill) 20 6.3.2.4 Flow Control in Liquid Recycle Loop 21 6.3.2.5 Product Quality and Constraint Loops 21 6.4 Conclusion 21 7 Throughput Manipulator Location Selection for Economic Plantwide Control 7.1 Introduction 2 7.2 Throughput Manipulation, Inventory Regulation and Plantwide Variability Propagation 3 7.3 Quantitative Case Studies 6 7.3.1 Case Study I: Recycle Process 7 7.3.1.1 Alternative Control Structures 7 7.3.1.2 Quantitative Back-Off Results 8 7.3.1.3 Salient Observations 10 7.3.2 Case Study II: Recycle Process with Side Reaction 11 7.3.2.1 Economically Optimal Process Operation 11 7.3.2.2 Self Optimizing Variables for Unconstrained Degrees of Freedom 14 7.3.2.3 Plantwide Control System Design 15 7.3.2.4 Dynamic Simulation Results 18 7.4 Discussion 19 7.5 Conclusions 23 7.6 Acknowledgments 23 7.7 Supplementary Information 23 References 24 8 Influence of Process Variability Propagation in Plant-Wide Control 8.1 Introduction 2 8.2 Theoretical Background 5 8.3 Local Unit Operation Control 12 8.3.1 Heat Exchanger 12 8.3.2 Extraction Process 13 8.4 Inventory Control 15 8.4.1 Pressure Control in Gas Headers 15 8.4.2 Parallel Unit Operations 17 8.4.3 Liquid Inventory Control 18 Plant-Wide Control Examples 21 8.5.1 Distillation Column Control 21 8.5.2 Esterification Process 22 8.6 Conclusion 25 References 27 Section III: Methodologies 9 A Review of Plant-Wide Control Methodologies and Applications 9.1 Introduction 1 9.2 Review and Approach-Based Classification of PWC Methodologies 3 9.2.1 Heuristics-Based PWC Methods 4 9.2.2 Mathematical-Based PWC Methods 6 9.2.3 Optimization-Based PWC Methods 8 9.2.4 Mixed PWC Methods 9 9.3 Structure-Based Classification of PWC Methodologies 12 9.4 Processes Studied in PWC Applications 14 9.5 Comparative Studies on Different Methodologies 16 9.6 Concluding Remarks 18 References 20 10 Integrated Framework of Simulation and Heuristics for Plant-Wide Control System Design 10.1 Introduction 1 10.2 HDA Process: Overview and Simulation 2 10.2.1 Process Description 2 10.2.2 Steady-State and Dynamic Simulation 4 10.3 Integrated Framework Procedure and Application to HDA Plant 5 10.4 Evaluation of the Control System 17 10.5 Conclusions 18 References 20 11 Economic Plantwide Control Introduction 1 Control Layers and Time Scale Separation 3 Plantwide Control Procedure 7 Degrees of Freedom for Operation 9 11.5 Skogestad’s Plantwide Control Procedure 12 Top-Down Part 12 Discussion 29 Conclusion 30 REFERENCES 30 12 Performance Assessment of Plant-Wide Control Systems 12.1 Introduction 2 12.2 Desirable Qualities of a Good Performance Measure 4 12.3 Performance Measure Based on Steady State: Steady-State Operating Cost/Profit 5 12.4 Performance Measures Based on Dynamics 6 12.4.1 Process Settling Time Based on Overall Absolute Component Accumulation 6 12.4.2 Process Settling Time Based on Plant Production 7 12.4.3 Dynamic Disturbance Sensitivity (DDS) 8 12.4.4 Deviation from the Production Target (DPT) 8 12.4.5 Total Variation (TV) in Manipulated Variables 10 12.5 Application of the Performance Measures to the HDA Plant Control Structure 11 12.5.1 Steady-State Operating Cost 12 12.5.2 Process Settling Time Based on Overall Absolute Component Accumulation 12 12.5.3 Process Settling Time Based on Plant Production 13 12.5.4 Dynamic Disturbance Sensitivity (DDS) 14 12.5.5 Deviation from the Production Target (DPT) 15 12.5.6 Total Variation (TV) in Manipulated Variables 15 12.6 Application of the Performance Measures for Comparing PWC Systems 15 12.7 Discussion and Recommendations 17 12.7.1 Disturbances and Set-Point Changes 17 12.7.2 Performance Measures 19 12.8 Concluding Remarks 21 References 21 Section IV: Applications Studies 13 Design and Control of a Cooled Ammonia Reactor 13.1 Introduction 2 13.2 Cold-Shot Process 4 13.2.1 Process Flowsheet 4 13.2.2 Equipment Sizes, Capital and Energy Costs 6 13.3 Cooled-Reactor Process 7 13.3.1 Process Flowsheet 7 13.3.2 Reaction Kinetics 9 13.3.3 Optimum Economic Design of the Cooled-Reactor Process 10 13.3.3.1 Effect of Pressure 10 13.3.3.2 Effect of Reactor Size 12 13.3.4 Comparison of Cold-Shot and Cooled-Reactor Processes 12 13.4 Control 13 13.5 Conclusion 16 13.6 Acknowledgement 16 References 16 14 Design and Plant-Wide Control of a Biodiesel Plant 14.1 Introduction 1 14.2 Steady-State Plant Design and Simulation 4 14.2.1 Process Design 4 14.2.1.1 Feed and Product Specifications 4 14.2.1.2 Reaction Section 5 14.2.1.3 Separation Section 6 14.2.2 Process Flowsheet and HYSYS Simulation 8 14.3 Optimization of Plant Operation 10 14.4 Application of IFSH to Biodiesel Plant 12 14.5 Validation of the Plant-Wide Control Structure 18 14.6 Conclusions 20 References 20 15 Plant-Wide Control of a Reactive Distillation Process 15.1 Introduction 2 15.2 Design of Ethyl Acetate Reactive-Distillation Process 3 15.2.1 Kinetic and Thermodynamic Models 3 15.2.2 The Process Flowsheet 4 15.2.3 Comparison of the Process Using Either Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Catalyst 6 15.3 Control Structure Development of the Two Catalyst Systems 8 15.3.1 Inventory Control Loops 8 15.3.2 Product Quality Control Loops 10 15.3.3 Tuning of the Two Temperature Control Loops 12 Closed-Loop Simulation Results 13 15.3.5 Summary of PWC Aspects 15 15.4 Conclusions 17 References 17 16 Control System Design of a Crystallizer Train for Para-Xylene Recovery 16.1 Introduction 3 16.1 Process 5 16.2 Description 5 16.2.1 Para-Xylene Production Process 5 16.2.2 Para-Xylene Recovery Based on Crystallization Technology 6 16.3 Process Model 8 16.3.1 Crystallizer (Units 1–5) 8 16.3.2 Cyclone Separator (Units 9, 11) 10 16.3.3 Centrifugal Separator (Units 8, 10) 11 16.3.4 Overall Process Model 12 16.4 Control System Design 14 16.4.1 Basic Regulatory Control 14 16.4.2 Steady State Optimal Operation Policy 15 16.4.2.1 Maximization of Para-Xylene Recovery 15 16.4.2.2 Load Distribution 17 16.4.3 Design of Optimizing Controllers 19 16.4.3.1 Multiloop Controller 20 16.4.3.2 Multivariable Controller 20 16.4.3.3 Simulation 21 16.4.4 Incorporation of Steady State Optimizer 22 16.4.4.1 LP Based Steady State Optimizer 22 16.4.4.2 Simulation 24 16.4.5 Justification of MPC Application 25 16.5 Conclusions 26 16.6 5.A Linear Steady State Model and Constraints 27 References 29 17 Modeling and Control of Industrial Off-Gas Systems 17.1 Introduction 3 17.2 Process Description 5 Off-Gas System Model Development 7 17.3.1 Roaster off-Gas Train 8 17.3.2 Furnace Off-Gas Train 12 17.4 Control of Smelter Off-Gas Systems 14 17.4.1 Roaster Off-Gas System 15 17.4.1.1 Degree of Freedom Analysis 15 17.4.1.2 Definition of Optimal Operation 16 17.4.1.3 Optimization 17 17.4.1.4 Production Rate 19 17.4.1.5 Structure of the Regulatory and Supervisory Control 21 17.4.1.6 Validation of the Proposed Control Structure 22 17.4.2 Furnace Off-Gas System 22 17.4.2.1 Manipulated Variables and Degree of Freedom Analysis 22 17.4.2.2 Definition of Optimal Operation 23 17.4.2.3 Optimization 24 17.4.2.4 Production Rate 26 17.4.2.5 Structure of the Regulatory and Supervisory Control Layer 27 17.4.2.6 Validation of the Proposed Control Structures 28 17.5 Conclusion 28 Notation 29 Subscripts 32 References 33 Section V: Emerging Topics 18 Plant-Wide Control via a Network of Autonomous Controllers 18.1 Introduction 2 18.2 Process and Controller Networks 7 18.2.1 Representation of Process Network 7 18.2.2 Representation of Control Network 10 Plant-Wide Stability Analysis Based on Dissipativity 13 18.4 Controller Network Design 18 18.4.1 Transformation of the Network Topology 18 Plant-Wide Connective Stability 25 18.4.3 Performance Design 27 18.5 Case Study 31 18.5.1 Process Model 32 18.5.2 Distributed Control System Design 34 18.6 Discussions and Conclusion 35 References 40 19 Co-Ordinated, Distributed Plant-Wide Control 19.1 Introduction 2 Co-Ordination Based Plant-Wide Control 8 19.2.1 Price-Driven Co-Ordination 11 19.2.1.1 The Price Decomposition Principle 11 19.2.1.2 Algorithm 12 Price-Driven Co-Ordination Procedure: 14 19.2.1.4 Summary 15 19.2.2 Augmented Price-Driven Method 15 19.2.2.1 The Newton Based Price Update Method as a Negotiation Principle 17 19.2.3 Resource Allocation Co-Ordination 18 19.2.3.1 Resource Allocation Principle 18 19.2.3.2 Algorithm and Interpretation 18 19.2.4 Prediction-Driven Co-Ordination 21 19.2.4.1 Prediction-Driven Principle 21 19.2.4.2 Algorithm and Interpretation 23 19.2.4.3 Prediction Driven Co-Ordination Procedure 23 19.2.5 Economic Interpretation 24 19.3 Case Studies 25 19.3.1 A Pulp Mill Process 25 19.3.1.1 Problem Formulation 25 Plant-Wide Coordination and Performance Comparison 27 19.3.2 A Forced-Circulation Evaporator System 29 19.3.2.1 Problem Formulation 30 Plant-Wide Co-Ordination and Performance 32 19.4 The Future 34 References 38 20 Determination of Plant-Wide Control Loop Configuration and Eco-Efficiency 20.1 Introduction 1 20.2 Relative Gain Array (RGA) and Relative Exergy Gain Array (REA) 4 20.2.1 Relative Gain Array (RGA) 4 20.2.2 Relative Exergy Array (REA) 6 20.2.2.1 Exergy 6 20.2.2.2 Relative Exergy Array 8 20.3 Exergy Calculation Procedure 10 20.4 Case Study 13 20.4.1 Distillation Column 13 20.4.2 Case Study 2 15 20.5 Summary 19 References
£128.20
Leete's Island Books,U.S. The New Fish Wave
Book Synopsis
£17.84
Success by Design Practical Electrical and Current Signature
Book Synopsis
£119.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Process Intensification for Sustainable Energy
Book SynopsisThis book addresses the application of process intensification to sustainable energy production, combining two very topical subject areas. Due to the increasing process of petroleum, sustainable energy production technologies must be developed, for example bioenergy, blue energy, chemical looping combustion, concepts for CO2 capture etc.Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Contributors xiii 1. Introduction 1Fausto Gallucci and Martin van Sint Annaland 2. Cryogenic CO2 Capture 7M. van Sint Annaland, M. J. Tuinier and F. Gallucci 2.1 Introduction - CCS and Cryogenic Systems 7 2.1.1 Carbon Capture and Storage 8 2.1.2 Cryogenic separation 10 2.2 Cryogenic Packed Bed Process Concept 11 2.2.1 Capture Step 11 2.2.2 CO2 Recovery Step 12 2.2.3 H2O Recovery and Cooling Step 13 2.3 Detailed Numerical Model 13 2.3.1 Model Description 13 2.3.2 Simulation Results 15 2.3.3 Simplified Model: Sharp Front Approach 16 2.3.4 Model Description 16 2.3.5 Process Analysis 22 2.3.6 Initial Bed Temperature 24 2.3.7 CO2 Inlet Concentration 24 2.3.8 Inlet Temperature 25 2.3.9 Bed Properties 25 2.4 Small-Scale Demonstration (Proof of Principle) 25 2.4.1 Results of the Proof of Principle 26 2.5 Experimental Demonstration of the Novel Process Concept in a Pilot-Scale Set-Up 31 2.5.1 Experimental Procedure 32 2.5.2 Experimental Results 33 2.5.3 Simulations for the Proof of Concept 36 2.5.4 Radial Temperature Profiles 36 2.5.5 Influence of the Wall 38 2.6 Techno-Economic Evaluation 39 2.6.1 Process Evaluation 40 2.6.2 Parametric Study 41 2.6.3 Comparison with Absorption and Membrane Technology 45 2.7 Conclusions 49 2.8 Note for the Reader 49 List of symbols 50 Greek letters 50 Subscripts 51 3. Novel Pre-Combustion Power Production: Membrane Reactors 53F. Gallucci and M. van Sint Annaland 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 The Membrane Reactor Concept 55 3.3 Types of Reactors 57 3.3.1 Packed Bed Membrane Reactors 58 3.3.2 Fluidized Bed Membrane Reactors 65 3.3.3 Membrane Micro-Reactors 72 3.4 Conclusions 74 3.5 Note for the reader 75 4. Oxy Fuel Combustion Power Production Using High Temperature O2 Membranes 81Vesna Middelkoop and Bart Michielsen 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 MIEC Perovskites as Oxygen Separation Membrane Materials for the Oxy-fuel Combustion Power Production 83 4.3 MIEC Membrane Fabrication 85 4.4 High-temperature ceramic oxygen separation membrane system on laboratory scale 87 4.4.1 Oxygen permeation measurements and sealing dense MIEC ceramic membranes 87 4.4.2 BaxSr1−xCo1−xFeyO3−δ and LaxSr1−xCo1−yFeyO3−δ Membranes 89 4.4.3 Chemical Stability of Perovskite Membranes Under Flue-Gas Conditions 96 4.4.4 CO2-Tolerant MIEC Membranes 99 4.5 Integration of High-Temperature O2 Transport Membranes into Oxy-Fuel Process: Real World and Economic Feasibility 103 4.5.1 Four-End and Three-End Integration Modes 103 4.5.2 Pilot-Scale Membrane Systems 104 4.5.3 Further Scale-Up of O2 Production Systems 106 5. Chemical Looping Combustion for Power Production 117V. Spallina H. P. Hamers, F. Gallucci and M. van Sint Annaland 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Oxygen carriers 120 5.2.1 Nickel-based OCs 122 5.2.2 Iron-based OCs 122 5.2.3 Copper-based OCs 122 5.2.4 Manganese-based OCs 123 5.2.5 Other Oxygen Carriers 123 5.2.6 Sulfur Tolerance 123 5.3 Reactor Concepts 124 5.3.1 Interconnected Fluidized Bed Reactors 124 5.3.2 Packed Bed Reactors 132 5.3.3 Rotating Reactor 143 5.4 The Integration of CLC Reactor in Power Plant 144 5.4.1 Natural Gas Power Plant with CLC 144 5.4.2 Coal-Based Power Plant with CLC 148 5.4.3 Comparison between CLC in packed beds and circulated fluidized beds 162 5.5 Conclusions 164 Nomenclature 167 Subscripts 168 6. Sorption-Enhanced Fuel Conversion 175G. Manzolini, D. Jansen and A. D. Wright 6.1 Introduction 175 6.2 Development in Sorption-Enhanced Processes 176 6.2.1 Enhanced Steam Methane Reformer 177 6.2.2 SEWGS 177 6.3 Sorbent Development 180 6.3.1 Sorbent for Sorption-Enhanced Reforming 180 6.3.2 Sorbent for Enhanced Water-Gas Shift 182 6.4 Process Descriptions 188 6.4.1 Fluidised Beds 189 6.4.2 Fixed Beds 190 6.4.3 Design Optimisation of Fixed Bed Processes 195 6.5 Sorption-Enhanced Reaction Processes in Power Plant for CO2 Capture 196 6.5.1 SER 196 6.5.2 SEWGS case 199 6.6 Conclusions 203 Nomenclature 204 7. Pd-Based Membranes in Hydrogen Production for Fuel cells 209Rune Bredesen, Thijs A. Peters, Tim Boeltken and Roland Dittmeyer 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Characteristics of Fuel Cells and Applications 211 7.3 Centralized and Distributed Hydrogen Production for Energy Applications 213 7.4 Pd-Based Membranes 216 7.5 Hydrogen Production Using Pd-Based Membranes 216 7.5.1 Hydrogen from Natural Gas and Coal 217 7.5.2 Hydrogen from Ethanol 219 7.5.3 Hydrogen from Methanol 220 7.5.4 Hydrogen from Other Hydrocarbon Sources 221 7.5.5 Hydrogen from Ammonia 221 7.6 Process Intensification by Microstructured Membrane Reactors 221 7.7 Integration of Pd-Based Membranes and Fuel Cells 229 7.8 Final Remarks 231 8. From Biomass to SNG 243Luca Di Felice and Francesca Micheli 8.1 Introduction 243 8.2 Current Status of Bio-SNG Production and Facilities in Europe 244 8.3 Bio-SNG Process Configuration 245 8.3.1 The Gasification Step 247 8.3.2 Gas Cleaning 248 8.3.3 The Synthesis Step 250 8.4 Catalytic Systems 251 8.5 The Case Study 253 8.5.1 The Feeding Composition 254 8.5.2 Heat Exchangers 256 8.5.3 Scrubber Tar Removal 257 8.5.4 Ammonia Absorber 258 8.5.5 HCl and H2S Removal 259 8.5.6 Compression Section 259 8.5.7 Separation Section: H2O and CO2 Removal 259 8.5.8 Methanation Section Case 1: Adiabatic Fixed Bed with Intermediate Cooling 260 8.5.9 Methanation Section Case 2: Isothermal Fluidized Bed 262 8.6 Chemical Efficiency 263 8.7 Conclusions 263 9. Blue Energy: Salinity Gradient for Energy Conversion 267Paolo Chiesa, Marco Astolfi and Antonio Giuffrida 9.1 Introduction 267 9.2 Fundamentals of Salinity Gradient Exploitation 268 9.3 Pressure Retarded Osmosis Technology 270 9.3.1 Operating Principles 271 9.3.2 Plant Layout and Components 272 9.3.3 Design Criteria and Optimization 276 9.3.4 Technology Review 277 9.3.5 Pilot Testing 278 9.4 The Reverse Electrodialysis Technology 279 9.4.1 Operating Principles and Plant Layout 279 9.4.2 RED Technology Review 282 9.5 Other Salinity Gradient Technologies 284 9.5.1 Reverse Vapor Compression 284 9.5.2 Hydrocratic Generator 288 9.6 Osmotic Power Plants Potential 290 9.6.1 Site Criteria for Osmotic Power Plants 292 9.7 Conclusions 294 10. Solar Process Heat and Process Intensification 299Bettina Muster and Christoph Brunner 10.1 Solar Process Heat - A Short Technology Review 299 10.1.1 Examples of solar process heat system concepts 301 10.1.2 Solar process heat collector development 302 10.2 Potential of Solar Process Heat in Industry 305 10.3 Bottlenecks for Integration of Solar Process Heat in Industry 305 10.3.1 Introduction 305 10.3.2 Bottlenecks of the Industrial Process to Integrate Solar Heat Supply 306 10.3.3 Bottlenecks of the Solar Process Heat System 308 10.3.4 Engineering Intensified Process Systems for Renewable Energy Integration 308 10.4 PI - A Promising Approach to Increase the Solar Process Heat Potential? 309 10.4.1 Intensifying the Industrial Process and Possible Effects on Solar Process Heat 311 10.5 Conclusion 328 11. Bioenergy - Intensified Biomass Utilization 331Katia Gallucci and Pier Ugo Foscolo 11.1 Introduction 331 11.2 Biomass Gasification: State-of-the-Art Overview 332 11.2.1 Cold Gas Cleaning and Conditioning: Current Systems 335 11.3 Hot Gas Cleaning 343 11.3.1 Contaminant Problems Addressed 343 11.3.2 Dust Filtration 349 11.3.3 Catalytic Conditioning 352 11.3.4 The UNIQUE Concept for Gasification and Hot Gas Cleaning and Conditioning 363 11.4 Conclusions 376 Index 387
£117.75
John Wiley & Sons Inc AIChE Equipment Testing Procedure Centrifugal
Book SynopsisAIChE''s first manual for testing and measuring performance of centrifugal compressors The newest addition to AIChE''s long-running Equipment Testing Procedure series, Centrifugal Compressors: A Guide to Performance Evaluation and Site Testing provides chemical engineers, plant managers, and other professionals with helpful advice to assess and measure the performance of a key component in a number of chemical process operations. From petrochemical refining and natural gas production to air separation plants, efficient, safe, and environmentally-sound operations depend on reliable performance by centrifugal compressors. The book presents a step-by-step approach to preparing for, planning, executing, and analyzing tests of centrifugal compressors, with an emphasis on methods that can be conducted on-siteand with an acknowledgement of the strengths and limitations of these methods. The book opens with an extensive and detailed section offering definitions of releTable of Contents100.0 PURPOSE & SCOPE 1 101.0 Purpose 1 102.0 Scope 1 200.0 DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF TERMS 3 300.0 TEST PLANNING 18 301.0 General Guidance 18 302.0 Communication 18 400.0 INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT 19 401.0 Minimum Instrumentation for Checking Compressor Performance 19 402.0 The Ideal Beginning 19 403.0 Schematic of Test Piping and Instrumentation 20 404.0 When Should Tests be Conducted? 20 405.0 Test Planning 20 405.1 Test Codes 21 405.2 Equipment 21 405.3 Process Considerations 22 405.4 Safety 22 405.5 Environmental Considerations 22 405.6 Pre-Test Inspection of Physical Facilities 22 406.0 Conducting the Test 23 407.0 Duration of Test Points 24 408.0 Selecting Instruments and Methods of Measurement 25 409.0 Testing Methods25 409.1 Pressure and Temperature Measurement 25 409.2 Gas Component Measurement27 409.3 Flow Measurement27 409.4 Power Measurement 28 409.5 Speed Measurement 29 500.0 TEST PROCEDURE 30 501.0 Site Test 30 502.0 Test Planning 30 503.0 Test Measurements 31 504.0 Test Procedure 32 600.0 COMPUTATION OF RESULTS 34 700.0 EVALUATION OF RESULTS35 701.0 Guidelines for Field Modifications 35 702.0 Error Analysis with Example 36 800.0 APPENDIX 40 801.0 Applicable Codes and Specifications 40 802.0 List of Symbols and Notations 41-42 803.0 Subscripts 42 804.0 Results of Sample Performance Test 43
£37.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Guidelines for Safe Automation of Chemical
Book SynopsisThis book provides designers and operators of chemical process facilities with a general philosophy and approach to safe automation, including independent layers of safety. An expanded edition, this book includes a revision of original concepts as well as chapters that address new topics such as use of wireless automation and Safety Instrumented Systems. This book also provides an extensive bibliography to related publications and topic-specific information.Table of ContentsList of Figures Xi List of Tables Xvii Abbreviations Xix Glossary Xxiii 1 Process Safety and Safe Automation 1 1.1 Objective 7 1.2 Scope 9 1.3 Limitations 9 1.4 Target Audience 11 1.5 Incidents That Define Safe Automation 13 1.6 Overview of the Contents 18 1.7 Key Differences 21 2 The Role of Automation in Process Safety 23 2.1 Process Operations 23 2.2 Plant Automation 33 2.3 A Framework for Process Safety 42 2.4 Risk-Based Design 54 2.5 Risk Management of Existing Facility 78 3 Automation Specification 83 3.1 Process Automation Lifecycle 83 3.2 Functional Specification 91 3.3 Designing For Operating Objectives 92 3.4 Inherently Safer Practices 104 3.5 Designing for Core Attributes 107 3.6 Control and Safety System Integration 133 4 Design And Implementation Of Process Control Systems 153 4.1 Input and Output Field Signal Types 161 4.2 Basic Application Program Functions 162 4.3 Process Control Objectives 165 4.4 Process Controller Technology Selection 172 4.5 Detailed Application Program Design 194 5 Design and Implementation of Safety Controls, Alarms, and Interlocks (SCAI) 211 5.1 SCAI Classification 215 5.2 Design Considerations 220 5.3 SCAI Technology Selection 244 6 Administrative Controls and Monitoring 265 6.1 Introduction 265 6.2 Automation Organization Management 266 6.3 Process Safety Information 269 6.4 Operating Procedures 273 6.5 Maintenance Planning 291 6.6 Human and Systematic Failure Management 303 6.7 Management of Change 316 6.8 Auditing, Monitoring and Metrics 321 Appendix A. Control System Considerations 329 Appendix B. Power, Grounding, and Shielding 371 Appendix C. Communications 391 C.1 Communication Classifications 391 C.2 Common Communication Network Topologies 395 C.3 Communication between Devices 397 C.4 Wireless Communication 400 C.5 Common Communication Configurations 403 C.6 Common Data Communication Issues 407 C.7 Process Control and Safety System Communications 412 C.8 SCAI Communications 419 Appendix D. Alarm Management 423 D.1 Alarms 423 D.2 Standards and Resources 423 D.3 Alarm Management 423 D.4 Managing the Safety Aspects Of Alarms 436 D.5 Alarm System Performance Benchmarking 437 D.6 Alarm Management Software 438 Appendix E. Field Device Considerations 441 E.1 General Signal Safety 441 E.2 Field Device Selection 458 E.3 Flow Measurement 465 E.4 Pressure Measurement 475 E.5 Level Measurement 476 E.6 Temperature Measurement 487 E.7 On-Stream Process Analysis 489 E.8 Automated Valves 493 E.9 Electric Motors 504 E.10 Steam Turbine Variable Speed Drives 505 Appendix F. Sis Equipment Selection 511 F.1 Selection Basis 511 F.2 Additional Considerations 518 Appendix G. Human Machine Interface Design 529 G.1 General 529 G.2 Operator Interface Standards and Resources 531 G.3 Instrument Panels 533 G.4 Configurable Operator Workstations 534 G.5 Process Alarms 538 G.6 Sis Impact on HMI 545 G.7 Control-Center Environment 545 G.8 Video 546 G.9 Operator Interfaces Of Future 546 G.10 HMI Considerations Checklist 547 Appendix H. Application Programming 551 H.1 Software Types 551 H.2 Application Program Development 552 H.3 Application Programming Languages 554 H.4 Application Program Developmental Models 556 H.5 Process Control Application Program 557 H.6 SCAI Application Program 563 Appendix I. Instrument Reliability Program 565 I.1 Introduction 565 I.2 Tracking Failure 566 I.3 Data Taxonomy 568 I.4 Data Collection Efforts 569 I.5 Failure Investigation 571 I.6 Calculation of Failure Rate 572 I.7 Verification 576 Appendix J. Acceptance Testing Guidelines 581 J.1 Acceptance Testing 581 J.2 Standards 581 J.3 Factory Acceptance Test 582 J.4 Site Acceptance Test (SAT) 589 Index 597
£148.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Membrane Materials for Gas and Separation
Book SynopsisSi containing polymers have been instrumental in the development of membrane gas separation practices since the early 1970s. Their function is to provide a selective barrier for different molecular species, where selection takes place either on the basis of size or on the basis of physical interactions or both. Combines membrane science, organosilicon chemistry, polymer science, materials science, and physical chemistry Only book to consider polymerization chemistry and synthesis of Si-containing polymers (both glassy and rubbery), and their role as membrane materials Membrane operations present environmental benefits such as reduced waste, and recovered/recycled valuable raw materials that are currently lost to fuel or to flares Table of ContentsContributors xi Preface xv 1 Permeability of Polymers 1Yuri Yampolskii 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Detailed mechanism of sorption and transport 3 1.2.1 Transition-state model 3 1.2.2 Free volume model 4 1.2.3 Sorption isotherms 5 1.3 Concentration dependence of permeability and diffusion coefficients 6 1.4 Effects of properties of gases and polymers on permeation parameters 10 Acknowledgement 13 References 13 2 Organosiloxanes (Silicones), Polyorganosiloxane Block Copolymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Gas Permeation Membranes Based on Them 17Igor Raygorodsky, Victor Kopylov, and Alexander Kovyazin 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Synthesis and transformations of organosiloxanes 17 2.2.1 Polyorganosiloxanes with aminoalkyl groups at silicon 19 2.2.2 Organosilicon alcohols and phenols 21 2.3 Synthesis of polyorganosiloxane block copolymers 23 2.3.1 Polyester(ether)–polyorganosiloxane block copolymers 24 2.3.2 Synthesis of polyurethane–, polyurea–, polyamide–, polyimide– organosiloxane POBCs 25 2.4 Properties of polyorganosiloxane block copolymers 29 2.4.1 Phase state of polyblock organosiloxane copolymers 29 2.5 Morphology of POBCs and its effects on their diffusion properties 30 2.5.1 Types of heterogeneous structure 30 2.6 Some representatives of POBC as membrane materials and their properties 32 2.6.1 Polycarbonate–polysiloxanes 32 2.6.2 Polyurethane(urea)–polysiloxanes 39 2.6.3 Polyimide(amide)–polysiloxanes 42 2.7 Conclusions 45 References 46 3 Polysilalkylenes 53Nikolay V. Ushakov, Stepan Guselnikov, and Eugene Finkelshtein Acknowledgement 65 References 65 4 Polyvinylorganosilanes: The Materials for Membrane Gas Separation 69Nikolay V. Ushakov 4.1 Introduction: Historical background 69 4.2 Syntheses and polymerization of vinyltriorganosilanes 71 4.2.1 Syntheses of vinyltriorganosilanes 71 4.2.2 Vinyltriorganosilane (VTOS) polymerization 73 4.3 Physico-chemical and membrane properties of polymeric PVTOS materials 88 4.4 Concluding remarks 94 Acknowledgement 95 References 95 5 Substituted Polyacetylenes 107Toshikazu Sakaguchi, Yanming Hu, and Toshio Masuda 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) and related polymers 110 5.2.1 Synthesis and general properties 110 5.2.2 Permeation of gases and liquids 112 5.2.3 Aging effect and cross-linking 114 5.2.4 Free volume 115 5.2.5 Nanocomposites and hybrids 116 5.3 Poly[1-phenyl-2-(p-trimethylsilylphenyl)acetylene] and related polymers 117 5.3.1 Polymer synthesis 118 5.3.2 Gas separation 121 5.4 Desilylated polyacetylenes 124 5.4.1 Desilylation of poly[1(p-trimethylsilylphenyl)-2-phenylacetylene] 124 5.4.2 PDPAs from precursor polymers with various silyl groups 125 5.4.3 Soluble poly(diphenylacetylene)s obtained by desilylation 127 5.4.4 Poly(diarylacetylene)s 128 5.5 Polar-group-containing polyacetylenes 130 5.5.1 Hydroxy group 130 5.5.2 Sulfonated and nitrated poly(diphenylacetylene)s 132 5.5.3 Other polar groups 134 5.6 Concluding remarks 135 References 136 6 Polynorbornenes 143Eugene Finkelshtein, Maria Gringolts, Maksim Bermeshev, Pavel Chapala, and Yulia Rogan 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Monomer synthesis 144 6.2.1 Synthesis of silicon-substituted norbornenes and norbornadienes 145 6.2.2 Synthesis of Si-containing exo-tricyclo[4.2.1.02,5]non-7-enes 152 6.3 Metathesis polynorbornenes 163 6.4 Addition polymerization 183 6.4.1 Addition polynorbornenes and polynorbornenes with alkyl side groups 184 6.4.2 Silicon and germanium-substituted polynorbornenes 187 6.4.3 Composites with addition silicon-containing polytricyclononenes 205 6.5 Conclusions 209 Acknowledgement 210 References 210 7 Polycondensation Materials Containing Bulky Side Groups: Synthesis and Transport Properties 223Susanta Banerjee and Debaditya Bera 7.1 Introduction 223 7.2 Synthesis of the polymers 224 7.2.1 Polyimides 224 7.2.2 Poly(arylene ether)s (PAEs) 227 7.2.3 Aromatic polyamides (PAs) 228 7.3 Effect of different bulky groups on polymer gas transport properties 229 7.3.1 Gas transport properties of the polyimides containing different bulky groups 229 7.3.2 Gas transport properties of polyamides containing different bulky groups 241 7.3.3 Gas transport properties of poly(arylene ether)s containing different bulky groups 248 7.3.4 Concluding remarks 263 References 265 8 Gas and Vapor Transport Properties of Si-Containing and Related Polymers 271Yuri Yampolskii 8.1 Introduction 271 8.2 Rubbery Si-containing polymers 272 8.2.1 Polysiloxanes 272 8.2.2 Siloxane-containing copolymers (block copolymers, random copolymers and graft copolymers) 274 8.2.3 Polysilmethylenes 277 8.3 Glassy Si-containing polymers 278 8.3.1 Polymers with Si–O–Si bonds in side chains 278 8.3.2 Poly(vinyltrimethyl silane) and related vinylic polymers 282 8.3.3 Metathesis norbornene polymers 285 8.3.4 Additive norbornene polymers 286 8.3.5 Polyacetylenes 290 8.3.6 Other glassy Si-containing polymers 293 8.4 Free volume in Si-containing polymers 294 8.5 Concluding remarks 296 Acknowledgement 298 References 298 9 Modeling of Si-Containing Polymers 307Joel R. Fried, Timothy Dubbs, and Morteza Azizi 9.1 Introduction 307 9.2 Main-chain silicon-containing polymers 309 9.2.1 Polysiloxanes 309 9.2.2 Polysilanes and silalkylene polymers 314 9.3 Side-chain silicon-containing polymers 316 9.3.1 Poly(vinyltrimethylsilane) 316 9.3.2 Poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] 317 9.4 Conclusions 324 Appendices 325 9.A Molecular flexibility 325 9.B Simulation of diffusivity 325 9.B.1 Einstein relationship 325 9.B.2 VACF method 325 9.C Simulation of solubility: Widom method 325 9.D Molecular mechanics force fields 326 9.D.1 DREIDING 326 9.D.2 Polymer-consistent force field (pcff ) 326 9.D.3 GROMOS 326 9.D.4 COMPASS 326 References 327 10 Pervaporation and Evapomeation with Si-Containing Polymers 335Tadashi Uragami 10.1 Introduction 335 10.2 Structural design of Si-containing polymer membranes 335 10.2.1 Chemical design of Si-containing polymer membrane materials 336 10.2.2 Physical construction of Si-containing polymer membranes 336 10.3 Pervaporation 337 10.3.1 Principle of pervaporation 337 10.3.2 Fundamentals of pervaporation 338 10.3.3 Solution–diffusion model in pervaporation 339 10.4 Evapomeation 340 10.4.1 Principle of evapomeation 340 10.4.2 Principle of temperature-difference controlled evapomeation 341 10.5 Technology of pervaporation with Si-containing polymer membranes 342 10.5.1 Alcohol permselective membranes 342 10.5.2 Hydrocarbon permselective membranes 353 10.5.3 Organic permselective membranes 360 10.5.4 Membranes for separation of organic–organic mixtures 361 10.5.5 Membranes for optical resolution 362 10.6 Technology of evapomeation with Si-containing polymer membranes 363 10.6.1 Permeation and separation by evapomeation 363 10.6.2 Concentration of ethanol by temperature-difference controlled evapomeation 364 10.7 Conclusions 365 References 365 11 Si-Containing Polymers in Membrane Gas Separation 373Adele Brunetti, Leonardo Melone, Enrico Drioli, and Giuseppe Barbieri Executive summary 373 11.1 Introduction 373 11.2 Si-containing polymer membranes used in gas separation 375 11.2.1 Silicon rubber membrane materials 375 11.2.2 Polyacetylene membrane materials 376 11.2.3 Polynorbornene membrane materials 378 11.2.4 Other Si-containing membrane materials 378 11.3 Separations 379 11.4 Membrane modules 381 11.5 Competing technologies for separation of gases 384 11.6 Applications 385 11.6.1 Air separation 385 11.6.2 Hydrogen separation 386 11.6.3 Hydrocarbon separation 390 11.6.4 VOC separation 392 References 393 Index 399
£135.80
John Wiley & Sons Inc Pollution Control Handbook for Oil and Gas
Book SynopsisThis is a major new handbook that covers hundreds of subjects that cross numerous industry sectors; however, the handbook is heavily slanted to oil and gas environmental management, control and pollution prevention and energy efficient practices. Multi-media pollution technologies are covered : air, water, solid waste, energy. Students, technicians, practicing engineers, environmental engineers, environmental managers, chemical engineers, petroleum engineers, and environmental attorneys are all professionals who will benefit from this major new reference source. The handbook is organized in three parts. Part A provides an extensive compilation of abbreviations and concise glossary of pollution control and engineering terminology. More than 400 terms are defined. The section is intended to provide a simple look-up guide to confusing terminology used in the regulatory field, as well as industry jargon. Cross referencing between related definitions and acronyms are provided to aTable of ContentsPreface xi About the Author xiii PART A: Abbreviations and Glossary 1 PART B: Physical Properties and Safety Data 71 PART C: Macropedia of Subjects 81 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 83 Air Dispersion Modeling 95 Air Pollution Control Device 109 Air Quality Index 117 Anaerobic Lagoons 131 AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors 137 API Gravity 141 API Separator 143 Baghouses/Fabric Filters 149 Barrel Burning 163 Belt Filter Presses 167 Best Available Control Technology (BACT) 175 Best Management Practices 181 Bhopal Disaster 185 Blowdown and Purging (Natural Gas Industry Practices) 191 Calpuff 203 Carbon Adsorption 205 Carbon Capture and Sequestration 223 Ceramic Membrane Filtration Technology 235 Clean Air Act 241 Compressors 245 Control Efficiency 279 Cooling Towers (WET) 303 Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs) 325 Cyclone Separators 333 Deep Well Waste Injection 345 Dioxins 355 Dissolved Gas Flotation 367 Electrostatic Precipitators 375 Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act 409 Emission Factors 417 Emissions Inventory 425 Environmental Management System 439 Environmental Site Assessment 443 EPA Environmental Voluntary Programs 457 Explosive Limits 461 Faculative Ponds 467 Filter Presses 473 Flares 487 Flue Gas Desulfurization 503 Fly Ash 513 Fugitive Dust Emissions 517 Contents vii Fugitive Emissions (Leaking Equipment) 547 Natural Gas Production Facilities (Emission Factors) 577 Gasification 585 Glycol Dehydrators 599 Gravity Settling Chambers 603 Green Chemistry Institute 611 Greenhouse Gases 613 Hazardous Air Pollutants 621 Haze 629 Heater-Treaters 637 HEPA Filtration 645 Hydraulic Fracturing 661 Ideal Gas Law 697 Impingement-Plate/Tray Tower Scrubbers 701 Indoor Air Quality 705 Indoor Air Quality Testing 711 Inertial Separators 721 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) 745 Ion Exchange 749 Leak Detection and Repair 757 Life Cycle Costing Analysis 781 MACT (NESHAP) Standards 801 Mass Balance Method 823 Membrane Filtration 831 National Air Toxics Assessments 841 National Ambient Air Quaility Standards (NAAQS) 845 Odor Control 855 Odor Threshold 875 Oil and Gas Production Facilities (Emission Factors) 901 Petroleum Bulk Plants and Terminals (Emission Factors) 905 Phase Diagram 911 Photochemical Smog 913 Pneumatic Controllers (Natural Gas Industry) 917 Pneumatic Devices 925 Pollution Prevention Practices – Organic Chemicals Industry Sector 931 Pollution Prevention Practices – Petroleum Refining 947 Pressure Relief Valves and Regulators 955 Pressure Separators 969 Preventive Maintenance 975 Radionuclides 983 Radon 987 Reciprocating Engines (Natural Gas-Fired) 995 Regenerative Incinerator 1001 Remote Sensing and Monitoring 1013 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 1023 Responsible Care Program 1031 Rotary Drum Filters 1035 Settling Ponds and Sedimentation 1043 Settling 1047 Snubbing 1073 Stack Emissions Testing 1087 Stokes’s Law 1101 Storage Tank Emissions (Oil and Condensate Tanks) 1107 Storage Tank Emissions (General) 1139 Thermal Incinerator 1159 Thermodynamic Processes 1173 Thickeners and Clarifiers 1179 Title V Permits 1189 Total Reduced Sulfurs 1195 Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) 1201 Toxics Release Inventory 1209 Transport Properties 1241 UV Disinfection 1255 Vapor Cloud Explosions and BLEVEs 1261 Vapor Intrusion 1283 Vapor Pressure 1305 Vapor Recovery Units 1311 Venturi Scrubber 1323 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 1331 Waste Heat to Power 1341 Well Swabbing 1351 Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization 1367 Wet Scrubbing Technology 1373
£206.10
McGraw-Hill Education Heat and Mass Transfer for Chemical Engineers Principles and Applications
Book Synopsis Learn and apply heat and mass transfer principles to real-world chemical engineering problemsThis hands-on textbook provides a concept-based introduction to heat and mass transfer procedures and lays out the foundation to practical applications in a broad range of fields relevant to chemical and biochemical processing.Written by a recognized academic and experienced author, Heat and Mass Transfer for Chemical Engineers: Principles and Applications contains comprehensive discussions on conductive and diffusive processes and the engineering correlations between momentum, heat, and mass transfer. Readers will get Mathematica workbooks that facilitate calculations and explore trends. The book refers extensively to Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Ninth Edition for data and correlations.Coverage includes: Introduction to heat and mass transfer Thermal conductivity Steady-state, one-dimensional heat conductionTable of ContentsPrefaceGeneral ReferencesNomenclaturePart I Heat Transfer 1 Introduction to Heat Transfer 2 Thermal Conductivity 3 Steady-State, One-Dimensional Heat Conduction 4 Combined Conductive and Convective Heat Transfer 5 Multidimensional and Transient Heat Conduction 6 Convective Heat Transfer 7 Thermal Design of Heat ExchangersPart II Mass Transfer 8 Introduction to Mass Transfer 9 Fick’s Law 10 Diffusivity 11 One-Dimensional Diffusion 12 Multidimensional and Transient Diffusion 13 Convective Mass Transfer 14 Design of Packed Gas Absorption and Stripping Columns 15 Coupled Mass Transfer Processes 16 Mass Transfer with ReactionA Physical Properties of Liquid Water and AirB Unit Conversion Factors and Physical ConstantsIndex
£123.99
Wiley Guidelines for Process Safety Knowledge
Book SynopsisUse this guideline to develop an effective Process Safety Knowledge Management system When managing the risks of hazardous materials and energies, a well-developed process safety program is critical for maintaining a healthy workforce, for protecting the environment, and for sustaining the business. The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has identified Process Knowledge Management as one of its twenty Elements in its Risk Based Process Safety (RBPS) approach. With an effective Process Safety Knowledge Management (PSKM) system, an organization will be able to capture, organize, maintain, and access its technical, engineering, and administrative information. Thus, an effective PSKM system will help an organization successfully manage its risks. This book provides a set of comprehensive guidelines for implementing a Process Safety Knowledge Management (PSKM) system, which will help an organization improve its process safety performance. The book begins with a discussion on the char
£102.60
John Wiley & Sons Inc Customized Technologies for Sustainable Management of Industrial Wastewater
£148.20
Cengage Learning Residential Oil Burners
Book SynopsisPacked with more need-to-know information than any other book on the market, Residential Oil Burners, 3E provides the knowledge and skills that residential oil burner technicians will need to succeed in the industry. Now in its third edition, the book has been fully updated to incorporate the latest technological advancements, with an all-new chapter on boilers, and updated chapters on electrical equipment and oil burner controls. With coverage of the combustion process, oil burners, heating systems, as well as electrical systems and equipment, users will build a solid foundation of information that is easily transferable to work situations they may encounter in the field. Straightforward and easy-to-use, this book is a valuable addition to every service technician's vehicle or learning library.Trade ReviewChapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. The Combustion Process Chapter 3 Oil Burners Chapter 4. The Air Delivery System Chapter 5. The Fuel Delivery System - Oil Tank Installations Chapter 6. The Fuel Delivery System - Pumps and Nozzles Chapter 7. The Ignition System Chapter 8. Boilers Chapter 9. The Steam Heating system Chapter 10. The Hot Water Heating Systems Chapter 11. Warm Air Heating systems Chapter 12. Basic Electricity Chapter 13. Electrical Equipment Chapter 14. Oil Burner Controls Chapter 15. Control Circuit Wiring Chapter 16. Service Procedures - Burner Not Operating Chapter 17. Service Procedures - Improper Operation Chapter 18. Domestic Hot Water Chapter 19. Annual Tune-Up Chapter 20. Combustion Efficiency Testing Chapter 21. Improving Combustion EfficiencyTable of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. The Combustion Process Chapter 3 Oil Burners Chapter 4. The Air Delivery System Chapter 5. The Fuel Delivery System - Oil Tank Installations Chapter 6. The Fuel Delivery System - Pumps and Nozzles Chapter 7. The Ignition System Chapter 8. Boilers Chapter 9. The Steam Heating system Chapter 10. The Hot Water Heating Systems Chapter 11. Warm Air Heating systems Chapter 12. Basic Electricity Chapter 13. Electrical Equipment Chapter 14. Oil Burner Controls Chapter 15. Control Circuit Wiring Chapter 16. Service Procedures - Burner Not Operating Chapter 17. Service Procedures - Improper Operation Chapter 18. Domestic Hot Water Chapter 19. Annual Tune-Up Chapter 20. Combustion Efficiency Testing Chapter 21. Improving Combustion Efficiency
£159.00
Cengage Learning, Inc Project Lead the Way Civil Engineering and
Book SynopsisBased on the innovative Project Lead the Way (PLTW) curriculum, this dynamic new text is designed to prepare students for college and career success in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). Whether students are interested in becoming engineering or architecture professionals, or simply want to understand the structural systems and building styles in their communities, this text will help them develop the technological literacy to appreciate, describe, and make informed decisions about our built environment. As an integrated part of your PLTW program or a standalone classroom resource, CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE is an ideal choice to support your students' STEM success. This book provides a richly illustrated history of architectural styles and the engineering achievements that produced them, as well as detailed coverage of the principles and concepts that current professionals use to shape today's built environment. From site discovery through landscaping, the textTable of Contents1. Definitions and History of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2. Careers. 3. Research, Documentation, and Communication. 4. Architectural Design. 5. Site Discovery for Viability Analysis. 6. Site Planning. 7. Site Design. 8. Energy Conservation and Design. 9. Residential Space Planning. 10. Commercial Space Planning. 11. Dimensioning and Specifications. 12. Building Materials and Components. 13. Framing Systems: Residential and Commercial Applications. 14. Structural Systems: What Makes a Building Stand? 15. Planning Electric Codes. 16. Planning for Plumbing. 17. Indoor Environmental Quality and Security. 18. Landscaping. 19. Visual Communication of Design Intent. 20. Formal Communication and Analysis.
£148.71
Arcadia Publishing Made in Chicago The Windy Citys Manufacturing
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£19.99
Arcadia Publishing (SC) City of Industry
Book Synopsis
£20.39
History Press High Point University and the Furniture Industry
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£18.69
History Press Made in Ohio
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£20.39
Royal Collins Publishing Company Great National Craftsmen
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£17.95
ROYAL COLLINS PUB CO The Rise of Chatgpt
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£22.46
Bloomsbury Academic Apparel Production Terms and Processes
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Zephyr Press Beginner's Guide to 3d Printing
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£15.15
Goodheart-Wilcox Publisher Welding Projects
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£131.71