Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering Books

Book SynopsisThose tasked with the planning and construction of infrastructure and development operations face an increasingly uncertain context in which they must address risks across a number of different fields. These range from the environmental and archaeological to the social, political and financial. As a consequence, the formal and informal practices of stakeholders often incorporate projections of risk and opportunity. Project Risks analyzes this paradigm shift. It reviews the origin and nature of these uncertainties, and the practices implemented by the actors to mitigate or take advantage of them. Paradoxically, these practices generate new risks and power relations that are not compatible with the collaborative planning model. These paradoxes force the rethinking of practices such as project territorialization, risk taking in planning and the responsibility of actors, as well as the societal and political choices that must be made between the realization of projects and the protection of the environment.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1. The Uncertain Environment of Project Planning and Production Process 1 1.1. A risk society? 1 1.2. Globalization and uncertainty 3 1.3. The recent economic and financial crisis context 4 1.3.1. Crisis and mobility practices 4 1.3.2. A wait-and-see demand from households 4 1.3.3. The volatility of business locations 5 1.3.4. The impact of the crisis on the phasing of infrastructure projects 6 1.3.5. Phasing and flexibility of urban projects 7 1.3.6. For more flexibility, the project can precede the plan 7 1.3.7. The use of private financing by public–private partnerships 8 1.4. Environmental uncertainty 16 1.5. The need for stakeholders in the decision-making process to have access to unlimited information 17 1.6. The difficulty of making reliable forecasts for planning development projects 22 1.7. Multi-scalar and multi-objective planning 23 1.8. Participatory decision-making process and unpredictability 25 1.9. The social, environmental, and economic performance of the companies that carry out the projects 26 1.10. Conclusion 27 Chapter 2. How Can We Define Uncertainties and Risks? Risk from a Theoretical Point of View 29 2.1. Risks, uncertainties, hazards: disciplinary definitions 29 2.1.1. The notions of risk, hazard, and vulnerability in geography 29 2.1.2. The notions of risk, uncertainty, and hazard in project management 31 2.1.3. The notions of risk and uncertainty in economics 34 2.1.4. How does the public or private project owner use the concepts of risk and uncertainty? 35 2.2. Territorialized risks 35 2.3. Risk chains in time and space 36 2.4. “Expert” risk and perceived risk 37 2.5. Risk and opportunity 38 2.6. Uncertainties, risks, and opportunities external to the project 39 2.6.1. Characteristics of events that may impact a project or its social, natural, or economic environment (according to experts) 40 2.6.2. Political risk and opportunity 41 2.6.3. Risk and social opportunities 42 2.6.4. The risk and opportunity related to the choices and behaviors of residents and the economic environment 44 2.6.5. Risk and regulatory opportunity 45 2.6.6. Archeological risk and heritage opportunity 45 2.6.7. Environmental risk 46 2.6.8. Technological risk 47 2.6.9. Natural risk 48 2.6.10. Market risk 49 2.6.11. The risk of force majeure 49 2.7. Internal project risks 50 2.7.1. Construction risk 50 2.7.2. The risk of delay 50 2.7.3. Financial risk 51 2.7.4. Commercial risk 52 2.8. Conclusion 52 Chapter 3. Diachronic Approach to Taking Risks and Uncertainties into Account in Planning, Consultation, Evaluation, Financing, and Project Implementation Practices 55 3.1. Introduction 55 3.2. From the 1970s to the end of the 1980s: only natural and technological risks were addressed by the texts 56 3.2.1. The legal framework for environmental assessment and public participation excluded the concepts of risk and uncertainty 56 3.2.2. Only the concepts of foreseeable natural risk and major accident risk were regulated during the 1980s 61 3.2.3. Risk management still not very formalized as standards 62 3.3. The 1990s: taking into account social uncertainty for major infrastructure projects (transport, energy, etc.) 64 3.3.1. From the late 1980s to the early 1990s: the (para)public project owner managed social uncertainty by increasing public information by keeping control over the design and implementation of the project 64 3.3.2. The 1992 Bianco circular and the 1995 Barnier law allowed the public to participate in the public debate but were not always applied 67 3.4. 1997 to present: financial risk, risk to the project environment, social uncertainty, political risk, and traffic risk are gradually being integrated into the assessment process 69 3.4.1. A progressive and formalized consideration of risks in the evaluation process of infrastructure, development, and urban planning projects 69 3.4.2. The environmental assessment procedure is becoming more demanding and can be a source of risk for public and private project owners 97 3.4.3. A decision-making process driven by texts that seek to limit social and political risks 101 3.4.4. The socio-economic assessment process has integrated risks related to the technical and economic environment since 2005 107 3.5. Conclusion 112 Chapter 4. How do Risks Manifest Themselves in Projects? 113 4.1. Introduction 113 4.2. Political risk 115 4.2.1. High-speed lines 115 4.2.2. Urban planning projects 122 4.3. The environmental risk 131 4.3.1. The Langon–Pau highway (A65): a risk for vulnerable natural species insufficiently anticipated 131 4.3.2. The non-hazardous waste storage center in Nonant-Le-Pin (Eure): a risk of underground pollution and a health risk 135 4.3.3. The Espace Confluent in Rezé (south of Nantes) or how to take advantage of a polluted urban wasteland 142 4.4. Social risk 145 4.4.1. The Lyon–Turin HSL: a very active cross-border opposition 145 4.4.2. Île Seguin in Boulogne-Billancourt (Île-de-France): years of recourse before mediation 153 4.5. Institutional risk 159 4.6. Archeological risk and heritage enhancement 162 4.7. Interface risks 164 4.8. Financial risk 166 4.8.1. The Perpignan–Figueras HSL: a lack of profitability 166 4.8.2. The Grand Paris Express: from additional charges to additional charges 172 4.8.3. Île Seguin in Boulogne-Billancourt (Île-de-France): the high cost of bearing the cost of land assets 176 4.9. Are there recurrences in terms of the succession of risks and uncertainties from one project to another? 178 4.9.1. Transport infrastructure projects 178 4.9.2. Development and urban planning projects 180 4.10. Conclusion: behind the risk, the actors 181 Chapter 5. Addressing or Taking Advantage of Risks Allows Actors to Build Power Relationships 183 5.1. Introduction 183 5.2. Mastering and using areas of uncertainty in the Sociology of Organizations 184 5.2.1. From the 2000s onward, research has shown that conflict can be seen as an opportunity and can reveal new uncertainties 184 5.2.2. The role of power relationships 185 5.2.3. The relationship between risk, uncertainty, and the interplay of actors 186 5.3. Addressing risk and areas of uncertainty to establish power relationships 188 5.3.1. Formalized anticipation of uncertainties and risks seems to have become a key practice 188 5.3.2. The method for socio-economically evaluating major transport projects is still more territorialized 189 5.3.3. The integrated study-concertation procedure is marked by benchmarks that can facilitate the decision-making process of transport infrastructure for the project owner 190 5.3.4. The contractualization of infrastructure and development projects implies the financial responsibility of the parties and, therefore, encourages them to treat and control risks 192 5.3.5. When the project precedes the plan: to adapt to market fluctuations or residents’ demands 194 5.3.6. Participatory planning of development and urban planning operations 197 5.4. Taking advantage of risk to have a source of power 199 5.4.1. The creation and use of areas of uncertainty by actors to build power relations 200 5.4.2. Actors implementing unpredictable behaviour to create doubt and uncertainty among other actors 211 5.5. Conclusion 220 Chapter 6. The Paradoxes of Project Planning and Management 223 6.1. Introduction 223 6.2. Flexible planning and project management offers opportunities but generates new risks 224 6.2.1. Flexibility of the decision-making, planning and project management process 224 6.2.2. The plasticity of the project and the production of new risks: the example of Météor 228 6.2.3. Flexibility and risks 233 6.3. An inflation of rules that creates additional risks 233 6.3.1. A more precise legal framework for evaluation, consultation, financing, and contractualization 233 6.3.2. More rules and obligations for the private project owner and developer 234 6.3.3. More rules and more opportunities for appeals 235 6.3.4. Risks related to controversies for non-compliance with rules: risk of litigation (sometimes in a chain), risk of delay or termination of the project, risk of additional costs 238 6.3.5. The example of the consequences of the great national debate on the environment on the achievement of the A 65 Langon–Pau highway: litigation, delay, and additional costs 240 6.4. The paradoxes of theoretical reference planning models in relation to contemporary decision-making, planning, and project design practices 245 6.4.1. Reference planning models and their limitations 245 6.4.2. Positioning of contemporary planning and project design modalities in relation to theoretical models 252 6.5. Conclusion 260 Conclusion: Ways Forward for Action 261 Appendix: The Identification, Evaluation, Prioritization and Treatment of Risk by the Project Owner, Developer or Promoter 269 Glossary of Terms 273 References 277 Index 287

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Book SynopsisOf crucial economic and societal importance, process industries transform matter by chemical, physical or biological means. They cover broad fields such as chemistry, oil, pharmacy, metallurgy and agri-food, to name a few. As a result of knowledge exchange between the academic and industrial worlds, Process Industries 1 decrypts the operations and technical management of these industries in order to formulate and manufacture products with use-value, in a sustainable way. Using concrete examples, this book presents the fundamentals for defining the reaction and purification conditions that form the basis of chemical engineering. The unit operations – the technological building blocks of the production units – are the subject of scientific and technical descriptions supplemented by numerous videos. Frameworks, written by well-known specialists, provide a deep understanding of topics related to these themes. Process Industries 1 is intended for students, teachers, professionals and decision-makers interested in learning more about these industries. Table of ContentsForeword 1 ixLaurent BASEILHAC Foreword 2 xiVincent LAFLÈCHE Foreword 3 xvJune C. WISPELWEY Introduction xviiJean-Pierre DAL PONT and Marie DEBACQ Chapter 1. Industries, Businesses and People 1Jean-Pierre DAL PONT 1.1. Manufacturing, process, and service industries 2 1.1.1. Manufacturing industries 2 1.1.2. Process industries 2 1.1.3. Service industries 3 1.2. Founding fathers of the industrial enterprise 3 1.3. Anatomy of an industrial enterprise 4 1.4. Industrial strategy: the business plan 6 1.4.1. Industrial strategy of the company 7 1.4.2. Business plan 10 1.4.3. Reengineering the corporation 11 1.5. Systemic vision of the enterprise: the enterprise and flows 11 1.6. The two operating modes of the enterprise: operational and entrepreneurial 13 1.7. Governance 14 1.8. Operations abroad 15 1.9. References 15 Chapter 2. Earth, Our Habitat: Products by the Millions, the Need for Awareness 17Jean-Pierre DAL PONT and Michel ROYER 2.1. Population explosion 18 2.2. Systemic analysis and the concept of a system 20 2.3. Earth, a complex system 22 2.3.1. Atmospheric chemistry, ozone, and climate change 22 2.3.2. Water-energy-food-climate nexus 22 2.4. Awareness, sustainable development 26 2.4.1. Rachel Carson and sustainability 26 2.4.2. Sustainable development 27 2.5. Products by the millions 28 2.6. Resource Earth, garbage Earth: towards a circular economy 31 2.6.1. Circular economy 32 2.6.2. Lifecycle assessment (LCA) and ecodesign 33 2.7. Materials science 34 2.8. Product formulation and engineering 35 2.9. Product toxicology and ecotoxicology 36 2.10. Product packaging and ergonomics 37 2.10.1. Packaging and packing/wrapping 37 2.10.2. Ergonomics 37 2.11. New consumer requirements 38 2.12. Boxes 39 2.13. References 83 Chapter 3. Designing Chemical Products 85Willi MEIER 3.1. Introduction 85 3.1.1. Why is chemical product design important? 85 3.1.2. Current state of the art 87 3.2. Basic technologies 88 3.2.1. Dimensions 88 3.2.2. Additives 89 3.2.3. Microencapsulation 94 3.3. Products 97 3.3.1. Aspirin® 97 3.3.2. Coffee and related beverages 99 3.4. Product design 4.0 103 3.5. References 105 Chapter 4. Chemical Engineering: Introduction and Fundamentals 107Marie DEBACQ, Alain GAUNAND and Céline HOURIEZ 4.1. Introduction: definitions, history, and challenges 107 4.1.1. Prehistory of chemical engineering 108 4.1.2. A crosscutting science serving society 109 4.1.3. Chemistry, formulation, industrial chemistry, chemical engineering, and product engineering 110 4.2. Fundamentals of chemical engineering 114 4.2.1. Thermodynamic fundamentals of chemical engineering 114 4.2.2. Kinetic fundamentals of process design 126 4.2.3. System-balances-performance approach for process design 145 4.2.4. Conclusion: ideal hydrodynamics and balances 152 4.3. Box 154 4.4. References 155 Chapter 5. Chemical Engineering: Unit Operations 157Marie DEBACQ 5.1. Distillation 159 5.1.1. Vapor–liquid equilibria 162 5.1.2. Balances for a distillation column 164 5.1.3. McCabe–Thiele method 165 5.1.4. Technologies for continuous distillation 167 5.1.5. Conclusion on distillation 168 5.2. Fluid–solid mechanical separations 169 5.2.1. Fluid–solid interaction laws 169 5.2.2. Settling 173 5.2.3. Centrifugal and inertial separation 174 5.2.4. Filtration 177 5.2.5. Conclusion on fluid–solid mechanical separations 182 5.3. Stirring 183 5.3.1. Qualitative aspects of stirring 184 5.3.2. Quantitative aspects of stirring 186 5.3.3. Choice of impellers 188 5.3.4. Stirred tank scale-up 189 5.3.5. Conclusion on stirring 190 5.4. Heat exchangers 190 5.4.1. Heat exchanger technologies 190 5.4.2. Designing heat exchangers 192 5.4.3. Conclusion on heat exchangers 195 5.5. Reactors 195 5.5.1. Conversion rate and generalized extent of reaction 196 5.5.2. Ideal homogeneous reactors 198 5.5.3. Non-ideal reactors 203 5.5.4. Multi-phase reactors 205 5.6. Conclusion 208 5.7. Boxes 209 5.8. Glossary 223 5.9. References 224 List of Authors 227 Index 229 Summary of Volume 2 231

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Book SynopsisThermodynamic Processes 2 is devoted to the study of equilibrium between phases in the case of the four changes of physical state: fusion, boiling or vaporization, sublimation and allotropy or transition. It also includes a section that addresses energy�s relationship to the zero sum aspect of exergy and thermal cycles. This second volume presents scientific and technical examples – both theoretical and industrial – which are the result of a careful selection, accrued over more than three decades of teaching thermodynamics and in collaboration with the industry sector. The didactic exercises and the practical problems are entirely dedicated to the understanding of this science, and the potential applications for the industrial world. This book is a tool for work and reflection essential for the student in training, as well as the engineer or experienced researcher.Table of Contents1. Equilibria of Liquid/Vapor Phases. 2. Allotropic Solid/Solid Equilibria and Solid/Liquid Melting. 3. Solid/Vapor Sublimation Equilibria. 4. Process Energetics.

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Book SynopsisProcess engineering emerged at the beginning of the 20th Century and has become an essential scientific discipline for the matter and energy processing industries. Its success is incontrovertible, with the exponential increase in techniques and innovations. Rapid advances in new technologies such as artificial intelligence, as well as current societal needs – sustainable development, climate change, renewable energy, the environment – are developments that must be taken into account in industrial renewal. Process Engineering Renewal 1 – the first volume of three – focuses on training, demonstrating the need for innovation in order for the field to have a framework that is sustainable, in a highly changeable world.Table of Contents1. Historical Approach to Chemical or Process Engineering. 2. Training in Process Engineering.

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Book SynopsisArthropods as pests in crops, vectors of diseases, pollinators, and natural enemies of pests are of huge economic importance. They affect livestock, human health and food supplies around the world. This unique book examines and reviews how light and colour can be used to enhance pest management in agricultural and medical applications by manipulating the optical responses of arthropods. Arthropods use optical cues to find food, oviposition sites and to navigate. Light also regulates their diurnal and seasonal activities. Plants use optical cues to attract or deter various species of arthropod. In this book, an international team of experts show how light can be used successfully to attract, arrest, confuse and deter arthropods as well as to disrupt their biological clocks. The book: Presents an up-to-date and thorough summary of what is known about how arthropods of agricultural and medical importance respond to visual cues. Describes techniques that use light to manipulate pests and beneficial insects and mites. Presents a broad discussion of the potential use of optical manipulation of arthropods to improve the health of plants, domestic animals and humans.Table of Contents1: INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARIES OF CHAPTERS 2: LIGHT IN THE AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT 3: ARTHROPOD VISION 4: DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF UV RADIATION 5: VISUAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PLANTS AND ARTHROPODS 6: DETERRENCE OF PESTS 7: ATTRACTION OF PESTS 8: ATTRACTION OF BENEFICIALS 9: MANIPULATION OF CHRONOBIOLOGY 10: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

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Book SynopsisIn this fascinating book, Graham Matthews takes the reader through the history of the development and use of chemicals for control of pests, weeds, and vectors of disease. Prior to 1900 only a few chemicals had been employed as pesticides but in the early 1940s, as the Second World War raged, the insecticide DDT and the herbicide 2-4-D were developed. These changed everything. Since then, farmers have been using a growing list of insecticides, herbicides and fungicides to protect their crops. Their use has undoubtedly led to significant gains in agricultural production and reduction in disease transmission, but also to major problems: health concerns for both users of pesticides and the general public, the emergence of resistance in pest populations, and environmental problems. The book examines the development of legislation designed to control and restrict the use of pesticides, the emergence of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and the use of biological control agents as part of policy to protect the environment and encourage the sustainable use of pesticides. Finally, the use of new technologies in pest control are discussed including the use of genetic modification, targeted pesticide application and use of drones, alongside basic requirements for IPM such as crop rotations, close seasons and adoption of plant varieties with resistance to pests and diseases.Table of ContentsPrologue: Before Pesticides 1: Pesticides in the Early Part of the 20th Century 2: Application of Pesticides 3: Insecticides Post-1950 4: Herbicides 5: Fungicides 6: Other Pesticides 7: Resistance to Pesticides 8: Integrated Pest Management 9: Health Issues 10: Regulations and the Manufacturers of Pesticides and Related Organizations 11: Pesticides – the Future Annex: Common Name and Major Trade Name of Selected Pesticides

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Book SynopsisAn undergraduate and postgraduate textbook covering the key principles, methodologies, approaches and practical examples of insect pest management in agricultural, post harvest systems, horticulture, insect vectors and medical and veterinary entomology. The book covers the underpinning monitoring and forecasting of pest outbreaks, yield loss and impact assessments and all of the latest methods of control and management of insects from insecticides, host manipulation, plant resistance, biological control, use of interference, agronomic and precision control methods as well as socio-economic and research management aspects of developing integrated approaches to pest management. The new edition also reflects the key advances made in the disciplines of molecular biology, biochemistry and genomics related to insects and their management, as well as the importance and role of biodiversity, climate change, precision agriculture, data management and sustainability of production and supply in delivering integrated management solutions.Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Sampling, Monitoring and Forecasting 3: Yield Loss 4: Insecticides 5: Host Plant Resistance 6: Biological Control 7: Cultural and Interference Methods 8: Legislation, Codes of Conduct and Conventions 9: Programme Design, Management and Implementation 10: Driving Forces and Future Prospects for IPM

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Book SynopsisThis new, third edition has been thoroughly updated to include all the key principles, methodologies, approaches and practical examples of insect pest management in agriculture, horticulture, medical and veterinary entomology. The book covers monitoring and forecasting of pest outbreaks, yield loss and impact assessments and all of the latest methods involved in the control and management of insects. It includes coverage of host manipulation, plant resistance, biological control, use of interference, agronomic precision control methods and insecticides as well as socio-economic and research management aspects of developing integrated approaches to pest management. The new edition also reflects the key advances made in the disciplines of molecular biology, biochemistry and genomics related to insects and their management. It also considers the importance and role of biodiversity, climate change, precision agriculture, data management and sustainability of production and supply in delivering integrated management solutions. This important text continues to be essential reading for students, researchers and industry scientists involved in all aspects of insect pest management, applied entomology, crop protection and medical and veterinary entomology.Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: Sampling, Monitoring and Forecasting 3: Yield Loss 4: Insecticides 5: Host Plant Resistance 6: Biological Control 7: Cultural and Interference Methods 8: Legislation, Codes of Conduct and Conventions 9: Programme Design, Management and Implementation 10: Driving Forces and Future Prospects for IPM

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Book SynopsisVolume 3 of Annual Surfactants Review focuses on the diversity of surfactants, both in terms of chemical structure and physico-chemical / surface active properties. These properties may be predictable for simple molecules, but for most commercial surfactants (which may be regarded as multi-component blends) this is not so easy. In the first chapter of this volume, detailed consideration is given to surfactant applications in the context of structure-performance relationships. The end uses of surface active agents are classified by industrial sector and the surfactant properties required for each application are presented in detail. The result is a unique guide to the influence of chemical structure on performance in end use. Many applications of surfactants feature formulations which incorporate polymeric materials. The topic of surfactant-polymer interactions is receiving considerable attention at present and so a chapter has been included on this area. In an attempt to illustrate the diversity of surfactant uses and focus on some of the latest developments in application technology, five areas of application are presented: natural surfactants for drug delivery systems, surfactants used in the construction industry, preparation and end uses of inverse emulsions (for example, as flocculants), the use of surfactants in plastics flotation (part of the plastics recycling process) and the role of surfactants in 'dynamic wetting'.Trade Review"A fine book with excellent information presented in a pleasant form. I recommend it for purchase as both a 'technology update' book and as a 'reference' book" - Journal of Surfactants and DetergentsTable of ContentsSurfactant applications in the context of structure-performance relationships; Surfactants in inverse (water-in-oil) emulsion polymers of acrylamide; Inter-actions between polymers and surfactants; Use of surfactants in plastic flotation; Surface-active agents in the construction industry; The role of surfactants in dynamic wetting; Interfacial properties of natural surfactants and their application in drug delivery systems; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume is concerned with the use of over 16 million tonnes of oils and fats by the oleochemical industry worldwide. It provides an overview of oleochemicals at research and professional level, with an emphasis on their industrial production and applications. Approximately half of the chapters consider matters of relevance throughout the oleochemical industry, while the remainder deal with applications. Authors are drawn from industrial and academic laboratories around the world. The book is directed at chemists and technologists working on the production and use of oleochemicals, analytical chemists and quality assurance personnel, and lipid chemists in academic research laboratories.Trade Review' . a wealth of literature references to oleochemical products and processes.' Edward C Leonard, Lipid Technology, May 2002 "It is refreshing to find a book that can take the industry as a whole, and allow both newcomers and senior members of the industry the opportunity to fully acquant themselves with aspects that they may not have encountered before." Dr Clare Temple-Heald, Chemistry & Industry, December 2002 '.a useful addition to the bookshelf.' Chemistry WorldTable of ContentsBasic oleochemicals, oleochemical products and new industrial oils; Cationic and amine-based surfactants; Manufacture of anionic surfactants; Lubricants and hydraulic fluids; Biofuels derived from vegetable oils and fats; Surface coatings and inks; Agricultural uses of oleochemicals; Analysis of oleochemicals; New chemistry of oils and fats; Oleochemicals and the environment; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe use of analytical sciences in the discovery, development and manufacture of pharmaceuticals is wide-ranging. From the analysis of minute amounts of complex biological materials to the quality control of the final dosage form, the use of analytical technology covers an immense range of techniques and disciplines. This book concentrates on the analytical aspects of drug development and manufacture, focusing on the analysis of the active ingredient or drug substance. It provides those joining the industry or other areas of pharmaceutical research with a source of reference to a broad range of techniques and their applications, allowing them to choose the most appropriate analytical technique for a particular purpose. The volume is directed at analytical chemists, industrial pharmacists, organic chemists, pharmaceutical chemists and biochemists.Trade Review"This is a generally well written, illustrated and nicely produced volume covering most aspects of pharmaceutical analysis. This is a useful book, especially I suspect for anyone joining the industry, as a means of getting up to speed on the techniques and applications of pharmaceutical analysis." Chromatographia 2004Table of Contents1. Quality control and regulation. Clive Moores, Tunbridge Wells, UK. 2. Development of achiral separation methods in pharmaceutical analysis. George Okafo and John K. Roberts, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK. 3. Chiral analysis of pharmaceuticals. W. John Lough, University of Sunderland, UK. 4. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in pharmaceutical analysis. Richard J. Smith and Andrew J. Edwards, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK. 5. Mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical analysis. Neville Haskins, Hampshire, UK. 6. Vibrational spectroscopy in pharmaceutical analysis. Clare L. Anderton, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK. 7. Solid-state analysis and polymorphism. Professor Dr Ulrich Griesser, University of Innsbruck, Austria and Dr Joseph G. Stowell, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. . 8. Microscopy and imaging in pharmaceutical analysis. Robert A. Carlton, Elan Pharmaceuticals, Pennsylvania, UK. 9. Process analysis in the pharmaceutical industry. Martin Warman and Steve Hammond, Pfizer Ltd, Sandwich, UK. References. Index

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Book SynopsisThe demand for plant-based industrial raw materials has increased as well as research into expanding the utility of plants for current and future uses. Plants are renewable, have limited or positive environmental impact and have the potential to yield a wide range of products in contrast to petroleum-based materials. Plants can be used in a variety of different industries and products including bioenergy, industrial oil and starch, fibre and dye, rubber and related compounds, insecticide and land rehabilitation. This title offers a comprehensive coverage of each of these uses. Chapters discuss the identification of plant species with desired traits, their cultivation to obtain the needed raw materials, methods utilized in producing different finished products, current and future research in crop production and processing and the present state and future prospects for the industry. Providing the first systematic review of industrial crops and their uses, this book will be an important resource for students and researchers of crop science and agricultural policy makers.Table of ContentsSection I: General Chapter 1: Overview of Industrial Crops - Bharat P. Singh Section II: Bioenergy Chapter 2: Bioenergy Industry Status and Prospects - R. Roger Ruan and Paul Chen Chapter 3: Heat and Power Generation by Gasification and Combustion - Ralph E.H. Sims Chapter 4: Ethanol from Sugar Crops - Gillian Eggleston, Thomas Tew, Lee Panella and Thomas Klasson Chapter 5: Ethanol from Grain Crops - Renyong Zhao, Xiaorong Wu, Scott Bean, and Donghai Wang Chapter 6: Ethanol from Lignocellulosic Crops - Kazuhiro Takamizawa, William Anderson and Hari P. Singh Chapter 7: Biodiesel from Oilseed Crops - Dev Shrestha and Jon Van Gerpen Section III: Industrial Oil Chapter 8: Industrial Oil Types and Uses - Lou Honary Chapter 9: Improvement of Industrial Oil Crops - Denis J Murphy Section IV: Industrial Starch Chapter 10: Starch Characterization, Variety and Application - Jay-lin Jane, Clodualdo C. Maningat and Rungtiwa Wongsagonsup Chapter 11: In Planta Modification of Starch Quantity and Quality- Sarita Jaiswal, Seedhabadee Ganeshan, Monica Båga and Ravindra N Chibbar Section V: Fibre and Dye Chapter 12: Cotton Production, Processing, and Uses of Cotton Raw Material - B. Todd Campbell and Lori Hinze Chapter 13: Research in Cotton Fibre Improvement - Lorenzo Aleman and Randy D. Allen Chapter 14: Bast Fibres: From Plants to Products - Jonathan Y. Chen and Frank Liu Chapter 15: Bast Fibre Processing and Uses - Holger Fischer and Jörg Müssig Chapter 16: Plant Dyes - R. Siva Section VI: Rubber and Related Compounds Chapter 17: Rubber Tree and Natural rubber industry- Hari P. Singh and Bharat P. Singh Chapter 18: Guayule: Culture, Breeding and Rubber Production - Dennis T. Ray, Michael A. Foster, Terry A. Coffelt and Colleen McMahan Chapter 19: Gums, resins and waxes - Enrico Casadei and Ben Chikamai Section VII: Insecticide Chapter 20: Botanical insecticides, deterrents, repellents and oils - Murray B. Isman Section VIII: Land Rehabilitation Chapter 21: Principles of Plant-based Remediation of Contaminated Soils - Peter M. Kopittke, Enzo Lombi, Neal W. Menzies and Ravi Naidu Chapter 22: Phytoremedial Crops and Current Research - Priya Padmanabhan and Shivendra V. Sahi

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Book SynopsisDue to the consequences of globa l warming and significant greenhouse gas emissions, several ideas have been studied to reduce these emissions or to suggest solut ions for pollutant remov al. The most promising ideas are reduced consumption, waste recovery and waste treatment by biological systems. In this latter category, studies have demonstrated that the use of microalgae is a very promising solution for the biofixation of carbon dioxide. In fact, these micro-organisms are able to offset high levels of CO2 thanks to photosynthesis. Microalgae are also used in various fields (food industry, fertilizers, biofuel, etc.). To obtain a n optimal C O2 sequestration us ing micr oal gae, their cul tivatio n has to be c arried ou t in a f avorable e nvironment, corresponding to optimal operating conditions (temperature, nutrients, pH, light, etc.). Therefore, microalgae are grown in an enclosure, i.e. photobioreactors, which notably operate in continuous mode. This type of closed reactor notably enables us to reduce culture contamination, to improve CO2 transfer and to better control the cultivation system. This last point involves the regulation of concentrations (biomass, substrate or by-product) in addition to conventional regulations (pH, temperature).To do this, we have to establish a model of the system and to identify its parameters; to put in place estimators in order to rebuild variables that are not measured online (software sensor); and finally to implement a control law, in order to maintain the system in optimal conditions despite modeling errors and environmental disturbances that can have an influence on the system (pH variations, temperature, light, biofilm appearance, etc.).Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1 Microalgae 1 1.1 Definition 1 1.2 Characteristics 2 1.3 Uses of microalgae 3 1.4 Microalgae cultivation systems 10 1.5 Factors affecting algae cultivation 14 1.6 Conclusion 21 Chapter 2 CO2 Biofixation 23 2.1 Selection of microalgae species 25 2.2 Optimization of the photobioreactor design 31 2.3 Conclusion 32 Chapter 3 Bioprocess Modeling 33 3.1 Operating modes 33 3.2 Growth rate modeling 37 3.3 Mass balance models 47 3.4 Model parameter identification 49 3.5 Example: Chlorella vulgaris culture 51 3.6 Conclusion 63 Chapter 4 Estimation of Biomass Concentration 65 4.1 Generalities on estimation 65 4.2 State of the art 68 4.3 Kalman filter 72 4.4 Asymptotic observer 80 4.5 Interval observer 84 4.6 Experimental validation on Chlorella vulgaris culture 98 4.7 Conclusion 101 Chapter 5 Bioprocess Control 103 5.1 Determination of optimal operating conditions 104 5.2 Generalities on control 106 5.3 State of the art 108 5.4 Generic Model Control 110 5.5 Input/output linearizing control 114 5.6 Nonlinear model predictive control 119 5.7 Application to Chlorella vulgaris cultures 132 5.8 Conclusion 144 Conclusion 147 Bibliography 153 Index 173

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Book SynopsisExtrusion is by far the most important and the oldest processing and shaping method for thermoplastic polymers. This process concerns almost all synthetic polymers, as well as elastomers or food materials. Single-screw extrusion is mainly used nowadays to manufacture finished goods or semi-finished products. More than 90 million tons of thermoplastics are therefore processed every year. Twin-screw extrusion may be divided into two systems: contra-rotating systems used within the context of PVC extrusion, for the manufacture of pipes or profiles; and co-rotating systems experiencing nowadays a very significant development, because of their significant adaptability and flexibility, which enables the manufacture of specific materials (polymer alloys, thermoplastic elastomers, filled polymers, nanocomposites). Extrusion is carried out by passing molten polymer through a tool called die that will give the product its final shape (films and sheets, rolled products, and electric cables). Thanks to the design of dies, we obtain at the output a product with controlled dimensions, uniform speeds and homogeneous temperatures. The book will discuss the same production types, but only in the case of coextrusion flows, i.e. multilayer stratified products. First of all, we will present in this book the physics of the mechanisms at stake, then propose more or less complex models in order to describe these mechanisms and then go forward in the interpretation of results and the control of condition flows.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1 Continuum Mechanics, Rheology and Heat Transfer Overview 1 1.1 Continuum mechanics 1 1.2 Rheology 7 1.3 Heat transfer [CAR 59, BIR 60, AGA 14] 11 1.4 Bibliography 19 Chapter 2 Calculation Methods 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 1D solutions 22 2.3 2D solutions 28 2.4 Bibliography 34 Chapter 3 Single-Screw Extrusion 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Geometry and approximations 39 3.3 Solid conveying zone 45 3.4 Melting zone 73 3.5 Metering zone 85 3.6 Overall model 95 3.7 Technological improvements 99 3.8 Conclusion 105 3.9 Bibliography 105 Chapter 4 Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extrusion 109 4.1 Twin-screw extrusion 109 4.2 General overview of co-rotating twin-screw extruders 113 4.3 Solid conveying zone 120 4.4 Melting zone 121 4.5 Flow in the molten state 128 4.6 An overall model of twin-screw extrusion 151 4.7 Compounding application and production of complex materials 162 4.8 Conclusion 198 4.9 Bibliography 198 Chapter 5 Profile Extrusion 211 5.1 Profile extrusion 211 5.2 Pipe extrusion 229 5.3 Calibrators 240 5.4 Conclusion 241 5.5 Bibliography 241 Chapter 6 Production of Films and Sheets 245 6.1 Introduction 245 6.2 Cast film extrusion 249 6.3 Film blowing 256 6.4 Conclusion 298 6.5 Bibliography 298 Chapter 7 Wire Coating and Cable Insulation 305 7.1 General process 306 7.2 Commonly encountered problems 310 7.3 Analyses and solutions 310 7.4 Conclusion 330 7.5 Bibliography 331 Index 335

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Book SynopsisThe design and development of dyes and chromophores have recently attracted much attention in various research fields such as materials, radiation curing, (laser) imaging, optics, medicine, microelectronics, nanotechnology, etc.. In this book, the recent research for the use of dyes and chromophores in polymer science is presented. The interaction of the visible light with the dyes or the selected chromophores is particularly important in different fields (e.g. for photovoltaic, display applications (LED ...), laser imaging or laser direct writing, green chemistry with sunlight induced photopolymerization etc ...). This book gives an overview of the dyes and chromophores for all the important fields. Table of ContentsPREFACE xi CHAPTER 1. TRENDS IN DYE PHOTOSENSITIZED RADICAL POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS 1Jacques LALEVÉE and Jean-Pierre FOUASSIER 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. A brief overview of dye-based PISs 6 1.2.1. Dye one-component systems 6 1.2.2. Dye two-component systems 7 1.2.3. Dye three-component systems 10 1.3. A discussion on specific or recent developments in dye-based photoinitiating systems 12 1.3.1. Dyes for use with polychromatic visible lights 14 1.3.2. Dyes for blue, green and red laser light-induced polymerizations 16 1.3.3. Dyes as part of PISs in the medical area 18 1.3.4. Dyes in controlled radical photopolymerization reactions 19 1.3.5. Photoinitiation under soft irradiation conditions: novel three-component systems 19 1.3.6. Dyes with red-shifted absorptions and high molar extinction coefficients 22 1.3.7. Performances of novel three-component PISs in low-viscosity matrices under LEDs/laser diodes and low-intensity household devices 23 1.3.8. Recoverable dyes: the concept of photoinitiator catalysts 25 1.3.9. Metal-based dyes: recent perspectives 26 1.3.10. Dyes under sunlight exposure 27 1.3.11. Dye-based PISs as a source of mediator radicals: application to FRPCP 27 1.3.12. Dyes exhibiting a dual radical/cationic behavior: application to concomitant radical/cationic photopolymerizations 28 1.3.13. Dyes in thiol-ene photopolymerizations 29 1.3.14. Dyes for the manufacture of photopolymerizable panchromatic films 29 1.3.15. Dyes for polymerization of in situ nanoparticle containing films 30 1.4. Dye-based photoinitiating systems: properties, efficiency and reactivity 31 1.5. Trends and perspectives 32 1.6. Bibliography 34 CHAPTER 2. SENSITIZATION OF CATIONIC PHOTOPOLYMERIZATIONS 45James CRIVELLO 2.1. Introduction 45 2.2. Photosensitization of onium salts 48 2.3. Synthesis of long wavelength absorbing photoinitiators 50 2.4. Photosensitization of onium salt cationic photoinitiators 51 2.5. Early dye sensitization studies 55 2.6. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives 56 2.7. Phenothiazine photosensitizers 60 2.8. Carbazole photosensitizers 62 2.9. Thioxanthone photosensitizers 63 2.10. Curcumin as a photosensitizer 64 2.11. Quinoxaline photosensitizers 65 2.12. Miscellaneous electron-transfer photosensitizers 66 2.13. Free-radical-promoted photosensitization 66 2.14. Conclusions 70 2.15. Bibliography 71 CHAPTER 3. CONTROLLED PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION AND NOVEL ARCHITECTURES 81Sean DORAN, Omer Suat TASKIN, Mehmet Atilla TASDELEN and Yusuf YACI 3.1. Introduction 81 3.2. Photoinitiated controlled radical polymerizations 84 3.2.1. Photoiniferter 84 3.2.2. Photoinitiated nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization 87 3.2.3. Photoinitiated atom transfer radical polymerization 89 3.2.4. Photoinitiated RAFT polymerization 97 3.3. Photoinitiated living ionic polymerization 102 3.3.1. Living cationic photopolymerization 102 3.3.2. Living anionic photopolymerization 106 3.4. Acknowledgments 108 3.5. Bibliography 109 CHAPTER 4. APPLIED PHOTOCHEMISTRY IN DENTAL MATERIALS: FROM BEGINNINGS TO STATE OF THE ART 123Joachim E. KLEE, Maximilian MAIER and Christoph P. FIK 4.1. Photoinitiated free radical polymerization 123 4.1.1. Introduction: from ultraviolet to visible light curing 123 4.1.2. The camphorquinone/amine system 124 4.1.3. Acyl phosphine oxides 127 4.1.4. Various other photoinitiator systems 129 4.2. Cationic photopolymerization 133 4.3. Conclusion 134 4.4. Bibliography 134 CHAPTER 5. PHOTOINITIATED CROSS-LINKING IN OLEDS: AN EFFICIENT TOOL FOR ADDRESSING THE SOLUTION-PROCESSED DEVICES ELABORATION AND STABILITY ISSUES 139Frédéric DUMUR and Didier GIGMES 5.1. Introduction 139 5.2. Cross-linking of light-emitting materials 141 5.2.1. Polymer-based light-emitting materials 141 5.2.2. Small-molecule-based light-emitting materials 154 5.3. Cross-linking of charge-transport materials 157 5.3.1. Polymer-based hole-transport materials 157 5.3.2. Polymer-based electron-transport/injection materials 165 5.3.3. Small-molecule-based hole-transport materials 167 5.4. Conclusion 169 5.5. Bibliography 170 CHAPTER 6. POLYMERS AS LIGHT-HARVESTING DYES IN DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS 183Thanh-Tuân BUI, Xavier SALLENAVE and Fabrice GOUBARD 6.1. Introduction 183 6.2. Characterization of DSSC devices 185 6.3. Poly(3-thiophenylacetic acid)-based polymers 188 6.4. Phenylenevinylene-based polymers 194 6.5. Triphenylamine-based polymer 195 6.6. Fluorene-based polymers 196 6.7. Dye polymers with acceptor–donor structure 197 6.8. Polymer containing metal complexes 199 6.9. Conclusion 205 6.10. Bibliography 206 CHAPTER 7. NIR-DYES FOR PHOTOPOLYMERS AND LASER DRYING IN THE GRAPHIC INDUSTRY 213Bernd STREHMEL, Thomas BRÖMME, Christian SCHMITZ, Knut REINER, Steffen ERNST and Dietmar KEIL 7.1. Introduction 213 7.2. Computer to plate systems 216 7.2.1. Technical remarks 216 7.2.2. Photochemical aspects of photoinitiation using NIR lasers 218 7.2.3. Importance of thermal deactivation 230 7.2.4. Contrast materials and color on demand 232 7.2.5. Sensitivity 236 7.3. Laser-drying and offset-printing 239 7.3.1. Principle of laser-drying 239 7.3.2. Chemical systems 241 7.4. Conclusions and outlook 243 7.5. Acknowledgments 244 7.6. Bibliography 244 CHAPTER 8. DYES AND PHOTOPOLYMERS 251Yue QI and John T. SHERIDAN 8.1. Photopolymer 251 8.2. Dye study of the photopolymer materials 260 8.3. Conclusion 271 8.4. Bibliography 272 CHAPTER 9. ADVANCED STRATEGIES FOR SPATIALLY RESOLVED SURFACE DESIGN VIA PHOTOCHEMICAL METHODS 279Anja S. GOLDMANN, Guillaume DELAITTRE, Jan O. MUELLER and Christopher BARNER-KOWOLLIK 9.1. Introduction 279 9.2. Inorganic surfaces 282 9.3. Bio and bioinspired surfaces 296 9.4. Cross-linking 309 9.5. Conclusion 314 9.6. Bibliography 315 CHAPTER 10. PHOTOSYNTHESIZED HIGH-PERFORMANCE BIOMATERIALS 327Julien BABINOT, Estelle RENARD, Valérie LANGLOIS and Davy-Louis VERSACE 10.1. Introduction 327 10.2. Surface photografting methodology 329 10.2.1. Photoinduced “grafting-from” method 329 10.2.2. Benzophenone and derivatives 329 10.2.3. Ketones and derivatives 331 10.2.4. Photo-oxidation process 333 10.2.5. Photoiniferters for living/controlled surface photografting 334 10.2.6. Triarylsulfonium salts 335 10.3. Photoinduced “grafting-to” procedure 337 10.3.1. Aryl azides chemistry 337 10.3.2. Anthraquinone-derived monomers 337 10.4. Achievements and biomedical applications of the photosynthesized materials 339 10.4.1. Achievements 339 10.4.2. Stimuli-responsive materials 341 10.4.3. Modification of membranes 343 10.4.4. Biomedical applications 344 10.4.5. Enzymes and proteins immobilization 347 10.4.6. Cell adhesion and compatibility 348 10.5. Conclusion 350 10.6. Bibliography 350 CHAPTER 11. LIGHT-CURED LUMINESCENT COATINGS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES 361Federico BELLA, Gianmarco GRIFFINI, Roberta BONGIOVANNI and Stefano TURRI 11.1. Photovoltaics: technology, devices and spectral management 361 11.1.1. Energy demand and photovoltaic converters 361 11.1.2. Spectral management for photovoltaics: principles, materials and applications 364 11.2. Photocurable luminescent downshifting layers and dye-sensitized solar cells 371 11.3. Luminescent solar concentrators 378 11.4. Bibliography 385 CHAPTER 12. POLYMERS WITH PHOTOINDUCED SELF-HEALING PROPERTIES 393Julien POLY 12.1. Introduction 393 12.2. Healing based on photo-reversible cycloadditions 395 12.3. Healing based on photoinduced homolytic dissociations of covalent bonds 399 12.4. Photoinduced healing in supramolecular polymers and related systems 408 12.5. Healing based on photothermally induced phase transitions or photo-isomerizations 413 12.6. Conclusion and perspectives 416 12.7. Bibliography 418 LIST OF AUTHORS 423 INDEX 427

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights the processes of biomass thermochemical conversion, covering topics from combustion and gasification, to pyrolysis and liquefaction. Heat, power, biofuels and green chemicals can all be produced by these thermochemical processes. The different scales of investigation are presented: from the bioenergy chains, to the reactors and molecular mechanisms. The author uses current research and data to present bioenergy chains from forest to final use, including the biomass supply chains, as well as the life cycle assessment of different process chains. Biomass conversion reactors are also presented, detailing their technologies for combustion, gasification and syngas up-grading systems, pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading. The physical-chemical mechanisms occurring in all these reactors are presented highlighting the main pathways for gas, char and bio-oil formation from biomass. This book offers an overview of biomass valorization for students, engineers or developers in chemistry, chemical, environmental or mechanical engineering.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 Bioenergy Chain and Process Scales 1 1.1 Biomass production and ecological issues 1 1.2 Modeling of bioenergy chains 3 1.3 Technical-economical analysis of bioenergy chains 15 1.4 Life-cycle and multicriteria of bioenergy chains 20 Chapter 2 Reactor Scale 29 2.1 Introduction about the reactions occurring in biomass thermochemical reactors 29 2.2 Reactors for biomass combustion 32 2.3 Reactors for biomass gasification 38 2.4 Reactors for biomass pyrolysis 51 2.5 Reactors for biomass liquefaction 62 Chapter 3 Particle Scale and Mesoscale 67 3.1 Introduction on the main mechanisms occurring during wood pyrolysis 67 3.2 Physical-chemical mechanism of pyrolysis at the particle scale 68 3.3 Evolution of polymer network in biomass at the mesoscale 78 3.4 Structure of a char particle and mechanisms of its oxidation 89 Chapter 4 Molecular Scale 93 4.1 Introduction on the variability of biomass composition and the decoupling of reactions 93 4.2 Chemical structure of lignocellulosic biomass 94 4.3 Chemical mechanisms of primary pyrolysis 96 4.4 Molecular mechanisms of gas-phase reactions 109 4.5 Molecular mechanisms of catalytic reactions 117 Conclusion 135 Bibliography 139 Index 157

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Book SynopsisThis excellent book systematically identifies the issues surrounding the effective linking of project management techniques and engineering applications. It is not a technical manual, nor is it procedure-led. Instead, it encourages creative learning of project engineering methodology that can be applied and modified in different situations. In short, it offers a distillation of practical ‘on-the job’ experience to help project engineers perform more effectively. While this book specifically addresses process plants, the principles are applicable to other types of engineering project where multidisciplinary engineering skills are required, such as power plant and general factory construction. It focuses on the technical aspects, which typically influence the configuration of the plant as a whole, on the interface between the various disciplines involved, and the way in which work is done – the issues central to the co-ordination of the overall engineering effort. It develops an awareness of relationships with other parties – clients, suppliers, package contractors, and construction managers – and of how the structure and management of these relationships impact directly on the performance of the project engineer. Readers will welcome the author’s straightforward approach in tackling sensitive issues head on. COMPLETE CONTENTS Introduction A process plant A project and its management A brief overview The engineering work and its management The project’s industrial environment The commercial environment The contracting environment The economic environment Studies and proposals Plant layout and modelling Value engineering and plant optimization Hazards, loss, and safety Specification, selection and purchase Fluid transport Bulk solids transport Slurries and two-phase transport Hydraulic design and plant drainage Observations on multidiscipline engineering Detail design and drafting The organization of work Construction Construction contracts Commissioning Communication Change and chaos Fast-track projects Advanced information management Project strategy development Key issues summary Table of ContentsFirst cycle - a process plant and a project: a process plant; a project and its management - a brief overview; the engineering work and its management. Second cycle - environment: the project's industrial environment; the commercial environment; the contracting environment; the economic environment. Third cycle - conceptual development: studies and proposals; plant layout and modelling; value engineering and plant optimization; hazards, loss and safety. Fourth cycle - engineering development and detail: specification, selection and purchase; fluid transport; bulk solids transport; slurries and two-phase transport; hydraulic design and plant drainage; observations on multi-discipline engineering; detail design and drafting; traditional documentation control. Fifth cycle - more on management: the organization of work; construction; construction contracts; commissioning; communication; change and chaos; fast-track projects; advanced information management systems. Final cycle - strategies for success: project strategy development; key issues.

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Book SynopsisAs the case for Climate Change mitigation becomes ever more pressing, hydrogen has the potential to play a major role in a low-carbon energy future. Hydrogen can drive the vehicles of tomorrow and also heat homes and supply energy to businesses. Much recent discussion in energy policy circles has considered ways in which greatly expanded electrification can meet the demand for low-carbon mobility and heating. Such narratives centre on the widespread use of renewable energy sources with occasionally surplus renewable electricity being used to produce hydrogen, for example by electrolysis. While such developments have a beneficial role to play, this book focuses on an alternative paradigm. This book considers a more evolutionary path involving the continued extraction and use of fossil fuels, most notably natural gas, but in ways that greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this way much established industrial capacity and know how might be transitioned to help deliver the low carbon future that the world so desperately requires. Presenting up-to-date energy policy recommendations with a focus on hydrogen from fossil fuels, the book will be of considerable interest to policymakers and energy researchers in academia, industry and government labs, while also offering a valuable reference guide for business developers in low-carbon energy, and for oil and gas industry analysts.Table of ContentsIntroduction: The Hydrogen Economy Today.- Hydrogen and The Future: Energy and Mobility.- Stem Methane Reforming: A Technology with a Bright Future.- Partial Oxidation Technologies.- Carbon Monoxide: Molecular Building Block.- Three Case Studies I: USA Gulf of Mexico – A Centre of Hydrogen Infrastructure.- Three Case Studies II: UK: Proposed Natural Gas to Hydrogen Transition.- Three Case Studies III: Poland and the Future for Coal in Europe.- Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a large number of organic reactions performed under green conditions, which were earlier performed using anhydrous conditions and various volatile organic solvents. The conditions used involve green solvents like water, super critical carbon dioxide, ionic liquids, polymer-supported reagents, polyethylene glycol and perfluorous liquids. A number of reactions have been conducted in solid state without using any solvent. Most of the reactions have been conducted under microwave irradiations and sonication. In large number of reactions, catalysts like phase transfer catalysts, crown ethers and biocatalysts have been used. Providing the protocols that every laboratory should adopt, this book elaborates the principles of green chemistry and discusses the planning and preparations required to convert to green laboratory techniques. It includes applications relevant to practicing researchers, students and environmental chemists. This book is useful for students (graduate and postgraduate), researchers and industry professionals in the area of chemical engineering, chemistry and allied fields.Table of ContentsForward vPreface to the Third Edition viiPreface to the First Edition ix1. GREEN CHEMISTRY 2. GREEN REACTIONS 3. GREEN PREPARATION MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ANSWERS SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSINDEX

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Book SynopsisThis textbook provides both students and professionals alike with a transdisciplinary and comprehensive foundation to design responsible chemical products and processes that protect human health and the environment. It serves as a compact guide that brings together knowledge and tools from across multiple disciplines. Readers are introduced to a set of core topics with focus placed on basic technical methods and tools (including life cycle assessment, product and process risk assessment, and thermal safety concepts) as well as on important normative topics (including philosophical, societal, and business perspectives in addition to current environmental and safety legislation). Developed in collaboration with industry partners, this textbook also provides a workable, illustrative case study that guides readers through applying the fundamentals learned to the production and application of a real-world chemical product. Building upon the success of its first German edition published in 1998, this latest edition has been significantly updated and expanded to reflect developments over the past two decades. Its publication comes at a key time when the volume and pace of global chemical production is dramatically increasing, and the rise of social media and informed citizen scientists make the dialogue with stakeholders even more important and demanding. This textbook is a valuable resource for both the current and next generation of scientists and engineers that will be tasked with addressing the many challenges and opportunities that are appearing as a result. Covering a wide range of interconnected topics at a fundamental level applicable across scientific study programs and professions, this textbook fills a need not met by many of the other more specialized textbooks currently available. Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview.- Technology, Risk, Precaution, and Sustainability.- The Role of Legislation.- Placing Integrated Development into the Business Perspective.- Life Cycle Assessment of Chemical Products and Processes.- Risk Assessment and Management of Chemical Products.- Risk Assessment and Management of Chemical Processes.- Thermal Process Safety.- Societal Dialogue on Risks and Benefits.- Illustrative Case Study.- Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThis book analyses the use of a pulsed gas flow to structure bubbling gas-solid fluidised beds and to induce a special fluidisation state, called "dynamically structured flow", as a promising approach to process intensification. It explores the properties of bubbles rising in staggered periodic arrays without direct interaction, assessing their size, separation, and velocity, and explains how a highly uniform, scalable flow offers tight control over the system hydrodynamics. These features are desirable, as they not only bypass engineering challenges occurring in traditional operations, such as maldistribution and non-uniform contact, but also allow to decouple conflicting design objectives, such as mixing and gas-solid contact. The thesis also presents computational simulations which reveal the periodic transitions of the particulate phase between fluid-like and solid-like behaviour. This book will be of interest to researchers, engineers, and graduate students alike, particularly those working in industrial drying, combustion, and chemical production. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Bubbling Properties in Pulsed Fluidised Beds.- A Dynamic Structured Fluidisation Regime to Control the Behaviour of Bubbling Beds.- Pattern Formation Applied as a Tool for Multiphase Flow Model Validation.- Modelling of Pattern Formation: A Periodic Transition Between Solid and Fluid.- The Role of Solid Mechanics in Stabilising Pattern Formation.- Conclusions and Future Work.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook introduces the concepts and tools that biomedical and chemical engineering students need to know in order to translate engineering problems into a numerical representation using scientific fundamentals. Modeling concepts focus on problems that are directly related to biomedical and chemical engineering. A variety of computational tools are presented, including MATLAB, Excel, Mathcad, and COMSOL, and a brief introduction to each tool is accompanied by multiple computer lab experiences. The numerical methods covered are basic linear algebra and basic statistics, and traditional methods like Newton’s method, Euler Integration, and trapezoidal integration. The book presents the reader with numerous examples and worked problems, and practice problems are included at the end of each chapter.Table of ContentsList of Examples.- List of Definitions.- Foreword.- Modern Engineering.- Mathematical Fundamentals .- Engineering Modeling.- Computational Problem Solving.- Introduction to MATLAB.- Linear Algebra.- Solving Problems Numerically.- Spreadsheets.- Basic Statistics and Probability.- Linearity.- Forces.- Classes of Numerical Problems.- Introduction to COMSOL.- Tips on Presenting Your Work.- Technical Writing Suggestions.- Lecture Notes.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a concept to analyze and increase the energy and resource efficiency of machining systems. Machining systems are widely used to produce workpieces in large quantities and with complex geometrical shapes. These systems, however, are also relevant in terms of energy and resource consumption, which is strongly connected to the choice of cutting fluid strategy. Within the focus of the concept, cutting fluid connects the elements of the machining system and results in interactions between them. Based on this description and an extensive literature review, a modeling approach is developed that comprises the relations between process parameters, cutting fluid strategies, and relevant machining system elements. The performance of the machining system is assessed with regard to environmental, economic as well as technological indicators and improved by various organizational and technical measures. The exemplary application of the developed concept is carried out in the context of two case studies and also indicates the corresponding effects of improvement measures.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Machining Systems and Impact of Cutting Fluids.- State of Research.- Concept Development.- Exemplary Application of the Concept.- Summary, Discussion and Outlook.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses effective and alternative uses for natural gas (NG) and highlights the utilization of NG in the field of methane activation and chemical production. It details the techniques used during the reforming process of petrochemical and bio-derived fuels and it presents cutting-edge research that describes the utilization of NG that enables it to be more cost-effective and eliminate the expensive greenhouse gas emitting process of hydrogen production. The book addresses three major topics: NG use in upstream heavy oil and bitumen upgrading, NG and its use in downstream oil refining through co-aromatization of various feeds in the petrochemical industry, and NG use in the upgrading of bio-derived fuels and discusses alternative uses of NG. In-depth chapters demonstrate uses for NG beyond heating homes, through catalysis and in-situ hydrogen donation, and its potential applications for the petrochemical and biofuel industries.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Methane Sources and Current Uses.- Chapter 2. Introducing Methane Activation.- Chapter 3. Direct Systems: Methane Dehydroaromatization (MDA) and the Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM).- Chapter 4. The Cross-Coupling of Methane with Non-oxidative Hydrocarbons.- Chapter 5. Catalytic Upgrading of Heavy Oil Resources under Methane.- Chapter 6. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) assisted catalytic conversion of methane and other hydrocarbons.- Chapter 7. Biomass valorization under methane environment.- Chapter 8. Mechanism studies on biofuel conversion under methane environment.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the state-of-the-art research, development, and commercial prospective of recent advances in chemical sciences. The innovative work in the field of Environmental Engineering, Bio-chemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Nanotechnology, Environment Impact Assessment, Green Technologies. The contents in this book cover various design concepts and control and optimization for applications in Chemical, Bio and Environmental Engineering, manufacturing, Physics, Chemistry and Biological sciences. This book will be useful resource for researchers, academicians as well as professionals interested in the highly interdisciplinary field of Chemical, Bio and Environmental Engineering.Table of ContentsReview on synthesis of iron doped TiO2 nanoparticles.- Microbial degradation of conventional polyethylene waste: current status and future prospective.- Biological and thermochemical strategies for building biorefinery platform.- Advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment: perspective through nanomaterials.- Coal gasification in a circulating fluidized bed.- Carbon sequestration and capturing technologies-a review.- Feasibility evaluation of reactive distillation process for the purification of bioethanol.- A review of alternative sustainable methods of ammonia production.- Experimental analysis of spherical five hole flow analyzer for subsonic wind tunnels.- Incident heat flux measurements with efficient plate thermometer in the fire test environment.- Comparison of experimental and simulations for esterification process for recovery of acetic acid by reactive distillation.- Development and evaluation of soft computing models for monatana flume aeration.- Physicochemical and pyrolysis kinetic aspects of biomass feedstocks: an overview.- Air pollution modelling for Jharia region, in India.- Kinetic studies for the esterification of propionic acid with 1-butanol process with ionic resin catalyst.- Preparation and characterization of amine modified activated carbon from corncobs for carbon dioxide capture.- Electrolyte role in electrocoagulation process for nitrates removal from groundwater.- A review on titanium dioxide based photocatalytic cement: self-cleaning cement.- A review on the valorization of biorefinery based waste lignin: exploratory potential market approach.- Chelating poly (amidoxime) and poly (hydroxamic acid) derived from co-polymers of butyl acrylate, acrylonitrile and cinnamic acid used as metal ion sorbents: a brief review.- Stabilization of expansive soil with thermal power plant waste (fly ash and coal bottom ash)- a review.- Synthesis, properties and photo catalytic application of cadmium based quantum dots: a review.- In-silico identification of potential phytochemicals against human protease activated receptor-2 (par2) involved in rheumatoid arthritis.- Crop residues: a potential bioenergy resource.- Kinetics analysis of solid state reaction for the synthesis of lithium orthosilicate.- An assessment of ghg emission reduction by using renewable energy and energy efficient processes.- Removal of fluoride using nanoparticles of Fe2O3 with Al2O3 and activated sugarcane bagasse.- In silico characterization and structural modeling of proteins involved in arsenic tolerance of hyperaccumulating fern pteris vittata.- Potential application of carbon nanotubes membranes in water and wastewater treatment: a review.- Remediation of crude oil contaminated kaolin clay.- Cost and global warming optimization through landfill reuse and integrated waste management for Kolkata.- Evaluation of abrasive wear of bio-waste based silica/carbon particulate epoxy composites.- Analysis and comparison of mechanical properties of a specimen by using FEA.- Use of multi-criteria decision-making techniques for selecting waste-to-energy technologies.- Environmental impact of application of ozone bleaching for production of pulp from agro based fibrous materials - an innovative approach.- Perception towards infection control measures among health care providers’ working in selected hospitals of Goa.- Assessment of catalytic biodiesel production: a mini-review.- Analysis of fire and explosion hazard of LPG tanker truck accident: a case study.- A review on the divergent pathways used in the purification of biodiesel.- Fenton assisted ultrafiltration for removal of cod of reactive black 5 dye from synthetic wastewater.- Synthesis of biodegradable composite films from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/ amla leaf fibre (ALF) for packaging application.- A critical appraisal of biomedical waste management in Uttar Pradesh.- Legacy waste characterization: bio-mining solution for landfills and resource recovery towards circularity.- Hydrogen utilisation via ammonia borane dehydrogenation and regeneration: a review.- Water conservation strategies & opportunities for sustainability of pulp & paper sector – an overview of recent trends.- Sequestering of heavy metal ions from aqueous stream by raw and modified lignocellulosic materials.- Synthesis of iron nanoparticles loaded proton exchange membrane for microbial fuel cell application.- Ferrofluids for waste-water treatment.- Thermal performance study of quarterly-divided cylindrical pin fins under natural convection.- Chitosan - derivatives, properties and applications.- Do millennial exhibit environmentally responsive consumption behaviors - a study on determinants of green purchase decision?.- Screening of organic solvents for separation of thiophene and iso-octane: density functional theory and molecular dynamic simulations.- Optimization of lactobacillus and aspergillus niger biobeads formation for the removal of reactive yellow dye from wastewater.- Fast pyrolysis of coconut coir in solar energy embedded fixed bed tubular reactor.- Study of some magnetic effects of mg substituted hexaferrite in nano range.- Eco-friendly ceramic membranes from inexpensive raw materials and their applications.- Therapeutic potential of seleno-compounds in cancer- an overview.- Photocatalytic degradation of amaranth dye from water using TiO2-BiOI nanocomposite.- Reduction of fluoride from domestic waste water by using activated diatomaceous earth.- An inside for the treatment of tannery industry effluent.- Enrichment of anammox in sequencing batch reactor (SBR).- Overview of gel casted fused silica ceramics.- Curing of epoxy resin by using commercial amine/hydrazine and its effect on ultra violet spectrum.- An introduction to bioenergy, biofuel, and bio refining.- Optimization of extraction parameters and evaluation of functional properties of protein isolate obtained from cottonseed meal.- MOF encapsulated beads for fluoride removal from water.- Non-catalytic and catalytic co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic-lignocellulosic waste.- Separation of congo red dye from water using AgNPs based hybrid UF membrane.- Synthesis and characterization of copper (ii) Schiff base metal complex for environmental remediation.- Environmental impact assessment of potato cultivation in northern India.- Evaluation of drugs as corrosion inhibitors for metals: a brief review.- Groundwater quality assessment by using water quality index for block abohar, district fazilka in Punjab.- Sustainable approach to biodiesel production using hydrodynamic cavitation route.- Electrochemical treatment of sulphidic spent caustic waste stream generated from petroleum refineries.- Lignin based hydrogel production and their applications.

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Book SynopsisCo-edited by world-renowned scientists in the field of catalysis, this book contains the cutting-edge in situ and operando spectroscopy characterization techniques operating under reaction conditions to determine a materials’ bulk, surface, and solution complex and their applications in the field of catalysis with emphasis on solid catalysts in powder form since such catalyst are relevant for industrial applications. The handbook covers from widely-used to cutting-edge techniques. The handbook is written for a broad audience of students and professionals who want to pursue the full capabilities available by the current state-of-the-art in characterization to fully understand how their catalysts really operate and guide the rational design of advanced catalysts. Individuals involved in catalysis research will be interested in this handbook because it contains a catalogue of cutting-edge methods employed in characterization of catalysts. These techniques find wide use in applications such as petroleum refining, chemical manufacture, natural gas conversion, pollution control, transportation, power generation, pharmaceuticals and food processing. fdsfdsTable of ContentsVibrational Spectroscopy.- Electron and Photoelectron Spectroscopy.- Electron Microscopy.- Particle Scattering.- X-Ray Methods.- Magnetic Resonances.- Transient and Thermal Methods.- Soft Operando.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is intended for undergraduate and graduate students pursuing courses in chemistry and allied fields. It includes fundamental concepts, equations involved in organic reactions, chemical bonds (ionic and covalent bonds), hybridization, representation of a chemical reaction and mechanism of organic reactions. The book also discusses the displacement of bonding electrons involving inductive effect, electromeric effect, mesomeric effect, hyperconjugative effect and resonance. A number of organic reactions involving formation of intermediates such as carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, nitrenes and benzynes have also been included. It also discusses different types of reagents involved in a chemical reactions along with types of additional reactions and its detailed mechanism. The book also includes the use of pedagogical elements such as multiple choice questions and end of chapter exercises to aid self-learning among studentsTable of ContentsOrganic Reactions and Their Mechanisms.

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights the importance of Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) for the application of carbon capture, covering its introduction, gas transport phenomena and models, reaction mechanisms, industrial applications such as bio-gas upgradation, flue gas separation, hydrogen gas and natural gas purification, fabrication methods of both FTMs and their carrier mediums, testing/characterization techniques, techno-analysis with up-to-date trends and the future outlooks. Climate change and environmental impacts are resulted due to greenhouse gases, particularly CO2. The industrial revolution is currently causing the augmented emission of greenhouse gases. Therefore, various technologies are being looked at to overcome these problems. In which, membrane technology is key among them and is envisaged for many industrial applications, especially for gas separations and carbon capture. Considering this, FTMs are being actively investigated due to their remarkable gas separation performance.This book describes the working principle of FTMs and includes case studies to explore their impact on different industrial applications. Also, the book highlights how FTMs are reshaping science to capture CO2 for reducing climate and environmental impacts.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) Gas Transport Models and Reaction Mechanisms.- Fabrication and Characterization of FTMs and Design of Membrane Systems.- Parametric Study of CO2 Capture through FTMs.- FTMs for Natural Gas Purification (CO2/CH4).- FTMs for Bio-gas Purification (CO2/CH4).- FTMs for Syn-gas Purification (CO2/H2).- FTMs for Carbon capture from Flue gas (CO2/N2).- Robeson Curve of FTMs for Carbon Capture.- CO2 gas storage and utilization.- Techno-economics analysis.- Current Challenges and Future Trends.

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Book SynopsisThis monograph presents the theoretical background of the industrial process for the production of Al-Si alloys in standard aluminum electrolyzers. It reviews the physical chemistry and electrochemistry of cryolite melts containing silica and focuses on analyzing the exchange reactions in Na3AlF6–Al2O3–SiO2 melts. It presents the kinetics and mechanism of Si(IV) electroreduction in Na3AlF6–Al2O3–SiO2 melts on Al cathodes while the current yields as well as industrial tests performed are discussed. The modern research trends in the field are also overviewed. Providing readers with information not easily obtained in any other single source, this book is of great interest to researchers, graduates, and professionals working in the fields of electrochemistry and technology of cryolite-based melts.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Exchange reactions in Na3AlF6–Al2O3–SiO2 meltsChapter 2: Kinetics and mechanism of Si(IV) electroreduction in Na3AlF6–Al2O3–SiO2 melts on Al cathodeChapter 3: Current YieldChapter 4: Industrial TestsChapter 5: Modern Research Trends

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Book SynopsisIntroduction.- Chapter 1. Perspectives on Sustainable Processes in Chemical Engineering.- SECTION 1. SDG2, ZERO HUNGER.- Chapter 2. Microbial food safety through emerging technologies based on ultraviolet light for liquid food processing.- Chapter 3. Edible insects, a sustainable alternative for human feeding and food processing.- SECTION 2. SDG6, CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION.- Chapter 4. Advances in wastewater treatment technologies as enablers to reach Sustainable Development Goal 6.- Chapter 5. Microbial interactions for wastewater treatment focusing on microalgae-based systems.- SECTION 3. SDG 7, "AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY".- Chapter 6. Biorefineries based on rice residues as sustainable productive models.- Chapter 7. Performance investigation of solar stills for small-scale freshwater demand in rural communities in México: economic and environmental analysis.- Chapter 8. Influence of cocoa bean husk and coffee husk composition on bio-oil yield and Life Cycle Assessment in fast pyrolysis.- SECTION 4. SDG 9, "INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE".- Chapter 9. Process safety and environmental protection for extractive distillation: A guide to the application of inherent risk and eco-indicator 99.- Chapter 10. Process intensification applied to biojet production through ATJ process.- Chapter 11. Bio-jetfuel an alternative to achieve a sustainable aviation industry. Case study of Mexico considering economic, environmental and social aspects.- SECTION 5. SDG 13, "CLIMATE ACTION".- Chapter 12. Chemical engineering to aid an effective shift towards sustainable low-carbon energy systems: A BECCS case study.- Chapter 13. Analysis of carbon dioxide integration as raw material in existing biomass upgrading processes for the sustainable production of high value-added products.- Chapter 14. Socio-economic implications of deploying sustainable phosphorus management systems.

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Book SynopsisOffshore Processing of Natural Gas.- Conventional Natural Gas Processing.- Natural Gas Processing with Supersonic Separator.- Homogenous Condensation of Water Vapor in Supersonic Flows.- Polydisperse Droplet Spectrum and Exergy Analysis.- Three field Two fluid Model with Homogenous and Heterogenous Condensation.- Euler Lagrange Euler Approach for Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Condensing Droplets and Films in Supersonic Separator.- Joule Thomson Effect and Structural Parameter impact for Energy Efficient Supersonic Dehydration of Natural Gas.- High pressure Supersonic Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Separation.

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Book SynopsisSurfactants are surface active agents, molecules that have a significant role in emulsions, suspensions, and foams. They find widespread application in personal care, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and the food industry. The main objective of this graduate level textbook is to present an overview of the classification, physical properties, phase behavior, their effects and applications of surfactants, e.g. as emulsifiers, foam stabilizer, in nano- and microemulsions and as wetting agents.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Introduction Physical Chemistry of Surfactant Solutions Phase Behavior of Surfactant Systems Adsorption of Surfactants at the Air/Liquid and Liquid/Liquid Interfaces Adsorption of Surfactants and Polymeric Surfactants at the Solid/Liquid Interface Application of Surfactants in Emulsion Formation and Stabilization Surfactants as Dispersants Surfactants in Foams Surfactants in Nanoemulsions Surfactants in Microemulsions Role of Surfactants in Wetting, Spreading and Adhesion Surfactants in Personal Care and Cosmetics Surfactants in Pharmaceuticals Surfactants in Agrochemicals Surfactants in Food Products

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Book SynopsisCatalytic Reactors presents several key aspects of reactor design in Chemical and Process Engineering. Starting with the fundamental science across a broad interdisciplinary field, this graduate level textbook offers a concise overview on reactor and process design for students, scientists and practitioners new to the field. This book aims to collate into a comprehensive and well-informed work of leading researchers from north America, western Europe and south-east Asia. The editor and international experts discuss state-of-the-art applications of multifunctional reactors, biocatalytic membrane reactors, micro-flow reactors, industrial catalytic reactors, micro trickle bed reactors and multiphase catalytic reactors. The use of catalytic reactor technology is essential for the economic viability of the chemical manufacturing industry. The importance of Chemical and Process Engineering and efficient design of reactors are another focus of the book. Especially the combination of advantages from both catalysis and chemical reaction technology for optimization and intensification as essential factors in the future development of reactors and processes are discussed. Furthermore, options that can drastically influence reaction processes, e.g. choice of catalysts, alternative reaction pathways, mass and heat transfer effects, flow regimes and inherent design of catalytic reactors are reviewed in detail. Focuses on the state-of-the-art applications of catalytic reactors and optimization in the design and operation of industrial catalytic reactors Insights into transfer of knowledge from laboratory science to industry For students and researchers in Chemical and Mechanical Engineering, Chemistry, Industrial Catalysis and practising Engineers

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Book SynopsisCompanies often struggle to turn successful research into viable commercial products, processes and systems. This book defines technology development and reveals methods to successfully evaluate, fund and commercialize a technology. Cases studies help the reader evaluate the connection between a technology and potential markets, set useful hypotheses, develop statistically valid conclusions, and apply those conclusions to business goals. Table of ContentsIntroduction to Technology DevelopmentTechnology Development and the Chemical Industry Method of Successful Technology Development Case Studies

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Book SynopsisThis four volume set covers the entire spectrum of pulp and paper chemistry and technology from starting material to processes and products including market demands. This work is essential for all students of wood science and a useful reference for those working in the pulp and paper industry or on the chemistry of renewable resources. Volume 1 provides a survey of the biological and chemical structure of wood as well as an introduction to the chemical reactions used during pulp production processes. The work presents the different raw materials used for pulp production, the macroscopic and morphological construction of wood and related characterization methods, the chemical structure and arrangement of the wood polymers and extractives, biosynthesis of wood polymers, carbohydrate and lignin analysis, reactions of wood polymers in mechanical and chemical pulping and bleaching processes, biotechnical processes of relevance for the pulp and paper industry, different types of microorganisms and their modes of interaction with wood, the impact of chemical and microbiological processes on the hierarchical structure of wood and pulp.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of self-reinforced polymer composites (SRCs) science and technology. After introducing the fundamental characteristics of SRCs, ample space is given to manufacturing, processing, characterization and application techniques. The approach is didactic and focused on formulations, illustrations and applications, which makes the book ideal for students, teachers and practitioners alike.

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Book SynopsisThe manufacture of artifi cial leather using polymeric systems is a vital component as an essential commodity for consumer, industrial and automobile applications. Both practical and exciting possibilities to the standard traditional coatings with PVC and polyurethanes with newer coatings of silicone and graphene induced coatings, and economical biomass materials as non-traditional fi llers, stiffening and softening agents are discussed.

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Book SynopsisTellurium, a well-known chalcogen, finds potential applications in various fields from chemistry to other branches of science such as nanotechnology and macromolecular science. However, its safety must also be taken into consideration when exploring its industrial applications. This book explores the breadth of tellurium‘s applications, outlines strategies for industrial use, and describes the safety concerns of this element.

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Book SynopsisBioenhancers have been used in Ayurveda historically and are now being investigated for their pharmacological effi cacy. Herbal bioenhancers work on the gastrointestinal tract to improve absorption and drug bioavailability by acting on the drug metabolic process. Many herbal drugs show low activity due to their poor lipid solubility or improper molecular size. Piperine, gingerol, naringin, quercetin, niaziridin, glycyrrhizin, allicin, curcumin, genistein and others are able to enhance the bioavailability of active pharmaceuticals. This book details various facets of herbal bio-enhancers in a single comprehensive text.

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Book SynopsisGasification provides a series of workflow process fundamentals set within authentic contexts and case studies while exploring the pathways for gasification optimization, the effect of fuel blending in gasification systems, and the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics to describe said processes. Comprehensive in its coverage, this book allows engineering graduate students, advanced undergraduates, researchers and industry practitioners to further advance their own gasification strategy and understanding. Key features: Compares gasification with pyrolysis and combustion. Covers broad gasification mechanisms, experimental procedures, and numerical modelling. Provides techno-economic analysis applied to gasification systems coupled with risk analysis. Describes state-of-the-art processes concerning the co-firing of ammonia, coal and biomass.

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Book SynopsisCorrosion Science and Engineering is now an integral part of research throughout the world. Researchers are actively looking for an alternative eco-friendly way of developing non-toxic corrosion inhibitors from natural sources. This book discusses all the recent advancements in the corrosion field with an emphasis on natural sources which is the demand of the era to replace the commercially available toxic corrosion inhibitors.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers an analysis of the state-of-the-art in high entropy alloys (HEA). In order to increase the qualities of an alloy, one major element is typically chosen and other elements are added to it in small amounts. In order to create multi-component alloys without a single major element, Professor J.W. Yeh described a novel method of alloy design in 2004. This method involved mixing elements in equiatomic or nearly equiatomic proportions. HEAs have a wide range of structural and physical properties and may find use in various applications. HEAs are intended to have high configurational entropy. The fundamental information now known in the subject, the range of different alloy systems and the features that have been investigated so far, the current major study fields, and the technological applications are presented in this book. Includes high entropy alloy fabrication and phase development. Discusses thermodynamic design criteria to develop HEAs. Covers the HEAs functioning characteristics. Compares the different processing routes used for the synthesis of HEAs

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