Imaging systems and technology Books
APress The Podcasters Audio Handbook
Book SynopsisPodcasting is a powerful tool of communication and creative expression that doesn''t need to be intimidating. This book brings together the creative and technical aspects of audio engineering to help podcasters communicate their ideas effectively and creatively. The Podcaster''s Audio Handbook focuses on simple techniques that immediately elevate the audio quality of your podcast. The book provides an overview of podcast recording and editing techniques, so that podcasters can avoid common pitfalls. Readers will also gain access to audio downloads to enhance the learning process. With this book, you can improve the technical aspects of recording and editing your podcasts. Anyone can learn audio techniques and I encourage anyone to share their stories through podcasting. Unleash your creativity and connect with your audience! What You Will Learn Choose the correct file formats and settings Set up a portable recorder MaTable of ContentsThe Podcaster's Audio HandbookPreface (old chapter 1)Chapter 1: File Formats and Settings (old chapter 2)Chapter 2: Gear (old chapter 3)Chapter 3: Getting a Good Take (old chapter 7)Chapter 4: Recording InsideChapter 5: Recording OutsideChapter 6: Recording RemotelyChapter 7: Editing (old chapter 8)
£35.99
SPIE Press Simulating Speckle with Mathematica®
Book SynopsisThe speckle phenomenon is ubiquitous, occurring in all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as in both ultrasound and synthetic-aperture-radar imaging. Speckle occurs whenever radiation is reflected from a surface that is rough on the scale of a wavelength, or is passed through a diffusing surface that introduces random path-length delays on the scale of a wavelength. This book is devoted to simulation of speckle phenomena using the software package Mathematica®. Various techniques for simulating speckle are discussed. Simulation topics include first-order amplitude and intensity statistics, speckle phenomena in both imaging and free-space propagation, speckle at low light levels, polarization speckle, phase vortices in speckle, and speckle metrology methods.Table of Contents First-Order Statistics of Speckle Amplitude First-Order Statistics of Speckle Intensity Simulation of Speckle in Optical Imaging Simulation of Speckle in Free-Space Propagation Speckle at Low Light Levels Speckle Phase Vortices Polarization Speckle Speckle Simulation for Metrology
£35.66
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Multi-modality Cardiac Imaging: Processing and
Book SynopsisThe imaging of moving organs such as the heart, in particular, is a real challenge because of its movement. This book presents current and emerging methods developed for the acquisition of images of moving organs in the five main medical imaging modalities: conventional X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear imaging and ultrasound. The availability of dynamic image sequences allows for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of an organ’s dynamics, which is often linked to pathologies.Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv INTRODUCTION xvii PART 1. METHODOLOGICAL BASES 1 CHAPTER 1. EXTRACTION AND SEGMENTATION OF STRUCTURES IN IMAGE SEQUENCES 3Olivier BERNARD, Patrick CLARYSSE, Thomas DIETENBECK, Denis FRIBOULET, Stéphanie JEHAN-BESSON and Jérome POUSIN 1.1. Problematics 3 1.2. Overview of segmentation methods 3 1.3. Summary of the different classes of deformable models 6 1.3.1. Non-energy approaches 7 1.3.2. Energy-based approaches 8 1.4. Deformable templates 11 1.4.1. Elastic deformable template principle 12 1.4.2. Dynamic elastic deformable template 14 1.4.3. Elastic deformable template and modal analysis 15 1.4.4. The elastic deformable template in practice 15 1.5. Variational active contours 17 1.5.1. Active contour representations 17 1.5.2. Energy functional 21 1.5.3. Obtaining the evolution equation 26 1.5.4. Level set digital implementation 34 1.6. Integration of a priori constraints in the formalism of variational contours 35 1.6.1. Shape a priori 36 1.6.2. Motion a priori 38 1.7. Implementation examples in cardiac imaging 44 1.7.1. Echographic imaging: choice of the data fitting term 44 1.7.2. Example of 3D echocardiography image segmentation 46 1.7.3. Example of 2D echocardiography image segmentation 48 1.8. Conclusion 50 1.9. Bibliography 52 CHAPTER 2. MOTION ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS 65Patrick CLARYSSE and Jérome POUSIN 2.1. Problematics 65 2.2. Problem formulation 66 2.3. Transport methods 67 2.3.1. Optical flow 68 2.3.2. Motion estimation seen as an optimal transport problem 70 2.4. Probabilistic approaches 74 2.5. Image registration 76 2.5.1. Transformation 77 2.5.2. Similarity function 78 2.5.3. Optimization 78 2.5.4. Practical considerations 79 2.6. Local methods 79 2.6.1. Block or primitive-matching 79 2.6.2. Least-square estimation 81 2.7. Hybrid methods 81 2.7.1. Power spectrum-based methods 82 2.7.2. Spatiotemporal description 82 2.8. Phase-based methods 84 2.8.1. Fleet and Jepson’s method 85 2.8.2. Analytic and monogenic signal 86 2.8.3. Harmonic phase methods 88 2.9. Registration and motion estimation in a sequence of images 89 2.9.1. Lagrangian description 89 2.9.2. Eulerian description 91 2.9.3. Strategies for the estimation in sequence 91 2.10. Evaluation of motion estimation methods 92 2.11. Conclusion 95 2.12. Bibliography 95 CHAPTER 3. POST-PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES FOR MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION QUANTIFICATION 103Bruno NEYRAN and Magalie VIALLON 3.1. Introduction 103 3.2. Dynamic measurement of perfusion with contrast agents: reminder about the MRI sequences and the different contrast agents used 107 3.2.1. Brief reminder about cardiac perfusion MRI sequences 107 3.2.2. MRI signal conversion/tracer concentration 107 3.2.3. Different clinical-candidate contrast agents 108 3.3. Motion correction and contour segmentation of the myocardium: important preprocessing prior to quantitative analysis 109 3.3.1. Dynamic image registration 109 3.3.2. Automatic contour extraction 109 3.4. Semi-quantitative perfusion analysis: calculation of relative parameters depending on the injection of the contrast medium 110 3.4.1. Semi-quantitative perfusion parameters 110 3.4.2. Heuristic modeling using a varied gamma function 112 3.4.3. Heuristic modeling with a bi-exponential function 114 3.4.4. Heuristic modeling with the Moate model 115 3.5. Absolute parameters independent of the contrast agent injection (taking account of the arterial input): pharmacokinetic modeling 117 3.5.1. General studies: tracer kinetics theory 118 3.5.2. Identification of the residual function 127 3.5.3. Identification of the discrete residual function 129 3.6. Conclusion 133 3.7. Bibliography 135 CHAPTER 4. TENSOR DECOMPOSITION OF A DYNAMIC SEQUENCE OF IMAGES INTO SIMPLE ELEMENTS 141Frédérique FROUIN and Claire PELLOT-BARAKAT 4.1. Problematics 141 4.2. Panorama of methods for the quantitative analysis of dynamic image sequences 143 4.2.1. Regions of interest method 143 4.2.2. Parametric imaging methods 144 4.2.3. Movement analysis methods 145 4.2.4. Tensor decomposition of a sequence of images into simple elements 145 4.3. Tensor decomposition methods of an image sequence into simple elements 146 4.3.1. Notations and decomposition principle 146 4.3.2. Orthogonal decomposition of an image sequence 147 4.3.3. Decomposition into simple elements 148 4.4. Specifications for radiotracer or contrast medium monitoring 149 4.4.1. Proposed approach objectives and associated constraints definition 149 4.4.2. Components estimation principle 149 4.4.3. Example of tensor decomposition into simple elements in myocardial perfusion studies 152 4.4.4. Limitations of the proposed approach 153 4.4.5. Clinical applications of the tensor decomposition into simple elements for cardiac imaging 155 4.5. Specifications for the study of cardiac motion 156 4.5.1. Proposed approach objectives and associated constraint definition 156 4.5.2. Tensor decomposition method solution 157 4.5.3. Tensor decomposition model extensions 160 4.5.4. Clinical applications and perspectives 164 4.6. Conclusion 165 4.7. Bibliography 166 PART 2. APPLICATION EXAMPLES 169 CHAPTER 5. EVALUATION OF CARDIAC STRUCTURE SEGMENTATION IN CINE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 171Alain LALANDE, Mireille GARREAU and Frédérique FROUIN 5.1. Context: significance of the automatic segmentation of the cardiac structures 171 5.1.1. Cine MRI in short-axis orientation 171 5.1.2. Left ventricle and right ventricle 172 5.2. Evaluation necessity 175 5.2.1. The place of evaluation 175 5.2.2. Analytic and empirical methods 176 5.3. Empirical evaluation methods 177 5.4. Visual evaluation methods 179 5.5. Supervised methods 180 5.5.1. The definition of a reference 180 5.5.2. Creation of an expert database 183 5.5.3. Evaluation criterion: edge-based approaches 184 5.5.4. Evaluation criteria: region-based approaches 188 5.5.5. Supervised methods for the estimation of a clinical parameter 192 5.5.6. ROC curves 193 5.5.7. Comparison of the supervised methods 194 5.5.8. Limitations of the supervised methods 195 5.6. Non-supervised evaluation methods 198 5.6.1. Unsupervised methods relying on region- or edge-based descriptors 198 5.6.2. Methods using a clinical parameter 202 5.6.3. Estimation methods of a reference segmentation 204 5.6.4. Difficulties in unsupervised methods 205 5.7. Conclusion 205 5.8. IMPEIC and MEDIEVAL working groups 207 5.9. Bibliography 209 CHAPTER 6. PHASE-BASED HEART MOTION ESTIMATION IN MULTIMODALITY CARDIAC IMAGING 217Martino ALESSANDRINI, Adrian BASARAB, Olivier BERNARD and Philippe DELACHARTRE 6.1. Phase images 218 6.1.1. Multidimensional analytic signals 218 6.1.2. Monogenic signal 219 6.2. Optical flow motion estimation on the phase of the two single-orthant analytic signals and using a deformable mesh: application to cardiac MRI sequences 221 6.2.1. Optical flow method applied to spatial phase images 223 6.2.2. Parametric modeling of local motion 226 6.2.3. Trajectory estimation 228 6.2.4. Results 230 6.2.5. Conclusion 235 6.3. Motion estimation by optical flow from the monogenic phase using a local affine model and multiscale analysis – application to ultrasonic cardiac sequences 236 6.3.1. Affine model 237 6.3.2. Multiscale choice of the window size 238 6.3.3. Iterative refinement of the displacement 238 6.4. Bibliography 244 CHAPTER 7. CARDIAC MOTION ANALYSIS IN TAGGED MRI 247Patrick CLARYSSE and Pierre CROISILLE 7.1. Motion quantification by the SinMod method 248 7.2. Processing pipeline and features of the software inTag 250 7.2.1. Data and input parameters 251 7.2.2. Motion field estimation 251 7.2.3. LV contour extraction 252 7.2.4. LV motion and deformation analysis 252 7.3. Perspectives 254 7.4. Bibliography 254 CHAPTER 8. LEFT VENTRICLE MOTION ESTIMATION IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING 257Antoine SIMON, Mireille GARREAU, Régis DELAUNAY, Dominique BOULMIER, Erwan DONAL and Christophe LECLERCQ 8.1. Introduction 257 8.1.1. Clinical problem and objectives 257 8.1.2. Technological choice: cardiac CT imaging 258 8.1.3. State of the art and method positioning 259 8.2. Surface matching method 262 8.2.1. Surface segmentation and reconstruction stage 262 8.2.2. Surface–surface matching 263 8.3. Surface–surface approach evaluation 267 8.3.1. Simulated data 267 8.3.2. Real data 270 8.4. Surface–surface approach conclusion 278 8.5. Surface and volume matching method: surface–volume approach 278 8.6. Surface–volume approach evaluation 280 8.6.1. Simulated data 280 8.6.2. Real data 283 8.7. Conclusion 285 8.8. Acknowledgments 287 8.9. Bibliography 287 PART 3 . TOWARD PATIENT-SPECIFIC CARDIOLOGY 293 CHAPTER 9. PERSONALIZATION OF ELECTROMECHANICAL MODELS OF THE CARDIAC VENTRICULAR FUNCTION BY HETEROGENEOUS CLINICAL DATA ASSIMILATION 295Stephanie MARCHESSEAU, Maxime SERMESANT, Florence BILLET, Hervé DELINGETTE and Nicholas AYACHE 9.1. Introduction 295 9.2. Anatomy and electrophysiology personalization from clinical data 298 9.2.1. Personalization of the heart and the tissue structure anatomy 298 9.2.2. Cardiac electrophysiology personalization 300 9.3. Heart mechanics modeling 302 9.3.1. Modeling of the Bestel–Clément–Sorine electromechanical coupling 302 9.3.2. Blood flow modeling 304 9.3.3. Other boundary conditions 305 9.3.4. Discussion about this model 306 9.4. Image data processing: cardiac kinematics personalization 306 9.4.1. Metrics for the comparison between observed and simulated motion 307 9.4.2. Data time interpolation 307 9.4.3. Deformable models approach 308 9.4.4. Data displacement case 310 9.4.5. Velocity data case 311 9.4.6. Results with cine-MRI data 311 9.4.7. Results from dynamic CT data 312 9.5. Calibration of the mechanical parameters from global data 313 9.5.1. Available data description 314 9.5.2. Unscented transform calibration 315 9.5.3. Calibration results with healthy volunteers 317 9.5.4. Calibration results with pathological cases 317 9.6. Mechanical personalization by variational data assimilation 318 9.6.1. Variational approach on a simplified model 320 9.6.2. Application to synthetic cases 321 9.6.3. Application to clinical cases 322 9.6.4. Sequential approach on full model 322 9.7. Conclusion 323 9.8. Bibliography 324 CONCLUSION 331 APPENDIX 1 335 APPENDIX 2 339 LIST OF AUTHORS 343 INDEX 347
£125.06
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Mathematical Foundations of Image Processing and
Book SynopsisImage processing and image analysis are typically important fields in information science and technology. By “image processing”, we generally understand all kinds of operation performed on images (or sequences of images) in order to increase their quality, restore their original content, emphasize some particular aspect of the information or optimize their transmission, or to perform radiometric and/or spatial analysis. By “image analysis” we understand, however, all kinds of operation performed on images (or sequences of images) in order to extract qualitative or quantitative data, perform measurements and apply statistical analysis. Whereas there are nowadays many books dealing with image processing, only a small number deal with image analysis. The methods and techniques involved in these fields of course have a wide range of applications in our daily world: industrial vision, material imaging, medical imaging, biological imaging, multimedia applications, satellite imaging, quality control, traffic control, and so onTable of ContentsPart 1. An Overview of Image Processing and Analysis (IPA) 1. Gray-Tone Images. 2. Gray-Tone Image Processing and Analysis. 3. Binary Images. 4. Binary Image Processing and Analysis. 5. Key Concepts and Notions for IPA. 6. Mathematical Imaging Frameworks. Part 2. Basic Mathematical Reminders for Gray-Tone and Binary Image Processing and Analysis 7. Basic Reminders in Set Theory. 8. Basic Reminders in Topology and Functional Analysis. Part 3. The Main Mathematical Notions for the Spatial and Tonal Domains 9. The Spatial Domain. 10. The Tonal Domain. Part 4. Ten Main Functional Frameworks for Gray Tone Images 11. The Algebraic and Order Functional Framework. 12. The Morphological Functional Framework. 13. The Integral Functional Framework. 14. The Convolutional Functional Framework. 15. The Differential Functional Framework. 16. The Generalized Functional Framework. 17. The Frequential Functional Framework. 18. The Multiscale Functional Framework. 19. The Variational Functional Framework. 20. The Probabilistic Functional Framework.
£149.35
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Deblurring Images Matrices Spectra and Filtering Fundamentals of Algorithms Series Number 3
Book SynopsisIn image deblurring, the goal is to recover the original, sharp image by using a mathematical model of the blurring process. The key issue is that some information on the lost details is indeed present in the blurred image, but this 'hidden' information can be recovered only if we know the details of the blurring process. Deblurring Images: Matrices, Spectra, and Filtering describes the deblurring algorithms and techniques collectively known as spectral filtering methods, in which the singular value decomposition - or a similar decomposition with spectral properties - is used to introduce the necessary regularization or filtering in the reconstructed image. The concise MATLAB implementations described in the book provide a template of techniques that can be used to restore blurred images from many applications.
£70.55
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics FAIR Flexible Algorithms for Image Registration
Book SynopsisImage registration is required whenever images need to be compared, merged or integrated after they have been taken at different times, from different viewpoints, and/or by different sensors. Registration, also known as alignment, fusion, or warping, is the process of transforming data into a common reference frame. This book provides an overview of state-of-the-art registration techniques from theory to practice, plus numerous exercises designed to enhance readers' understanding of the principles and mechanisms of the described techniques. It also provides, via a supplementary Web page, free access to FAIR.m, a package that is based on the MATLAB software environment, which enables readers to experiment with the proposed algorithms and explore the presented examples in much more depth. Written from an interdisciplinary point of view, this book will appeal to mathematicians, medical imaging professionals and computer scientists and engineers.
£69.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc RoughFuzzy Pattern Recognition
Book SynopsisLearn how to apply rough-fuzzy computing techniques to solve problems in bioinformatics and medical image processing Emphasizing applications in bioinformatics and medical image processing, this text offers a clear framework that enables readers to take advantage of the latest rough-fuzzy computing techniques to build working pattern recognition models. The authors explain step by step how to integrate rough sets with fuzzy sets in order to best manage the uncertainties in mining large data sets. Chapters are logically organized according to the major phases of pattern recognition systems development, making it easier to master such tasks as classification, clustering, and feature selection. Rough-Fuzzy Pattern Recognition examines the important underlying theory as well as algorithms and applications, helping readers see the connections between theory and practice. The first chapter provides an introduction to pattern recognition and data mining, including the Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv About the Authors xix 1 Introduction to Pattern Recognition and Data Mining 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Pattern Recognition 3 1.2.1 Data Acquisition 4 1.2.2 Feature Selection 4 1.2.3 Classification and Clustering 5 1.3 Data Mining 6 1.3.1 Tasks, Tools, and Applications 7 1.3.2 Pattern Recognition Perspective 8 1.4 Relevance of Soft Computing 9 1.5 Scope and Organization of the Book 10 References 14 2 Rough-Fuzzy Hybridization and Granular Computing 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Fuzzy Sets 22 2.3 Rough Sets 23 2.4 Emergence of Rough-Fuzzy Computing 26 2.4.1 Granular Computing 26 2.4.2 Computational Theory of Perception and f -Granulation 26 2.4.3 Rough-Fuzzy Computing 28 2.5 Generalized Rough Sets 29 2.6 Entropy Measures 30 2.7 Conclusion and Discussion 36 References 37 3 Rough-Fuzzy Clustering: Generalized c-Means Algorithm 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Existing c-Means Algorithms 49 3.2.1 Hard c-Means 49 3.2.2 Fuzzy c-Means 50 3.2.3 Possibilistic c-Means 51 3.2.4 Rough c-Means 52 3.3 Rough-Fuzzy-Possibilistic c-Means 53 3.3.1 Objective Function 54 3.3.2 Cluster Prototypes 55 3.3.3 Fundamental Properties 56 3.3.4 Convergence Condition 57 3.3.5 Details of the Algorithm 59 3.3.6 Selection of Parameters 60 3.4 Generalization of Existing c-Means Algorithms 61 3.4.1 RFCM: Rough-Fuzzy c-Means 61 3.4.2 RPCM: Rough-Possibilistic c-Means 62 3.4.3 RCM: Rough c-Means 63 3.4.4 FPCM: Fuzzy-Possibilistic c-Means 64 3.4.5 FCM: Fuzzy c-Means 64 3.4.6 PCM: Possibilistic c-Means 64 3.4.7 HCM: Hard c-Means 65 3.5 Quantitative Indices for Rough-Fuzzy Clustering 65 3.5.1 Average Accuracy, α Index 65 3.5.2 Average Roughness, ϱ Index 67 3.5.3 Accuracy of Approximation, α⋆ Index 67 3.5.4 Quality of Approximation, γ Index 68 3.6 Performance Analysis 68 3.6.1 Quantitative Indices 68 3.6.2 Synthetic Data Set: X32 69 3.6.3 Benchmark Data Sets 70 3.7 Conclusion and Discussion 80 References 81 4 Rough-Fuzzy Granulation and Pattern Classification 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Pattern Classification Model 87 4.2.1 Class-Dependent Fuzzy Granulation 88 4.2.2 Rough-Set-Based Feature Selection 90 4.3 Quantitative Measures 95 4.3.1 Dispersion Measure 95 4.3.2 Classification Accuracy, Precision, and Recall 96 4.3.3 κ Coefficient 96 4.3.4 β Index 97 4.4 Description of Data Sets 97 4.4.1 Completely Labeled Data Sets 98 4.4.2 Partially Labeled Data Sets 99 4.5 Experimental Results 100 4.5.1 Statistical Significance Test 102 4.5.2 Class Prediction Methods 103 4.5.3 Performance on Completely Labeled Data 103 4.5.4 Performance on Partially Labeled Data 110 4.6 Conclusion and Discussion 112 References 114 5 Fuzzy-Rough Feature Selection using f -Information Measures 117 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Fuzzy-Rough Sets 120 5.3 Information Measure on Fuzzy Approximation Spaces 121 5.3.1 Fuzzy Equivalence Partition Matrix and Entropy 121 5.3.2 Mutual Information 123 5.4 f -Information and Fuzzy Approximation Spaces 125 5.4.1 V -Information 125 5.4.2 Iα-Information 126 5.4.3 Mα-Information 127 5.4.4 χα-Information 127 5.4.5 Hellinger Integral 128 5.4.6 Renyi Distance 128 5.5 f -Information for Feature Selection 129 5.5.1 Feature Selection Using f -Information 129 5.5.2 Computational Complexity 130 5.5.3 Fuzzy Equivalence Classes 131 5.6 Quantitative Measures 133 5.6.1 Fuzzy-Rough-Set-Based Quantitative Indices 133 5.6.2 Existing Feature Evaluation Indices 133 5.7 Experimental Results 135 5.7.1 Description of Data Sets 136 5.7.2 Illustrative Example 137 5.7.3 Effectiveness of the FEPM-Based Method 138 5.7.4 Optimum Value of Weight Parameter β 141 5.7.5 Optimum Value of Multiplicative Parameter η 141 5.7.6 Performance of Different f -Information Measures 145 5.7.7 Comparative Performance of Different Algorithms 152 5.8 Conclusion and Discussion 156 References 156 6 Rough Fuzzy c-Medoids and Amino Acid Sequence Analysis 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Bio-Basis Function and String Selection Methods 164 6.2.1 Bio-Basis Function 164 6.2.2 Selection of Bio-Basis Strings Using Mutual Information 166 6.2.3 Selection of Bio-Basis Strings Using Fisher Ratio 167 6.3 Fuzzy-Possibilistic c-Medoids Algorithm 168 6.3.1 Hard c-Medoids 168 6.3.2 Fuzzy c-Medoids 169 6.3.3 Possibilistic c-Medoids 170 6.3.4 Fuzzy-Possibilistic c-Medoids 171 6.4 Rough-Fuzzy c-Medoids Algorithm 172 6.4.1 Rough c-Medoids 172 6.4.2 Rough-Fuzzy c-Medoids 174 6.5 Relational Clustering for Bio-Basis String Selection 176 6.6 Quantitative Measures 178 6.6.1 Using Homology Alignment Score 178 6.6.2 Using Mutual Information 179 6.7 Experimental Results 181 6.7.1 Description of Data Sets 181 6.7.2 Illustrative Example 183 6.7.3 Performance Analysis 184 6.8 Conclusion and Discussion 196 References 196 7 Clustering Functionally Similar Genes from Microarray Data 201 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 Clustering Gene Expression Data 203 7.2.1 k-Means Algorithm 203 7.2.2 Self-Organizing Map 203 7.2.3 Hierarchical Clustering 204 7.2.4 Graph-Theoretical Approach 204 7.2.5 Model-Based Clustering 205 7.2.6 Density-Based Hierarchical Approach 206 7.2.7 Fuzzy Clustering 206 7.2.8 Rough-Fuzzy Clustering 206 7.3 Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis 207 7.3.1 Silhouette Index 207 7.3.2 Eisen and Cluster Profile Plots 207 7.3.3 Z Score 208 7.3.4 Gene-Ontology-Based Analysis 208 7.4 Description of Data Sets 209 7.4.1 Fifteen Yeast Data 209 7.4.2 Yeast Sporulation 211 7.4.3 Auble Data 211 7.4.4 Cho et al. Data 211 7.4.5 Reduced Cell Cycle Data 211 7.5 Experimental Results 212 7.5.1 Performance Analysis of Rough-Fuzzy c-Means 212 7.5.2 Comparative Analysis of Different c-Means 212 7.5.3 Biological Significance Analysis 215 7.5.4 Comparative Analysis of Different Algorithms 215 7.5.5 Performance Analysis of Rough-Fuzzy-Possibilistic c-Means 217 7.6 Conclusion and Discussion 217 References 220 8 Selection of Discriminative Genes from Microarray Data 225 8.1 Introduction 225 8.2 Evaluation Criteria for Gene Selection 227 8.2.1 Statistical Tests 228 8.2.2 Euclidean Distance 228 8.2.3 Pearson’s Correlation 229 8.2.4 Mutual Information 229 8.2.5 f -Information Measures 230 8.3 Approximation of Density Function 230 8.3.1 Discretization 231 8.3.2 Parzen Window Density Estimator 231 8.3.3 Fuzzy Equivalence Partition Matrix 233 8.4 Gene Selection using Information Measures 234 8.5 Experimental Results 235 8.5.1 Support Vector Machine 235 8.5.2 Gene Expression Data Sets 236 8.5.3 Performance Analysis of the FEPM 236 8.5.4 Comparative Performance Analysis 250 8.6 Conclusion and Discussion 250 References 252 9 Segmentation of Brain Magnetic Resonance Images 257 9.1 Introduction 257 9.2 Pixel Classification of Brain MR Images 259 9.2.1 Performance on Real Brain MR Images 260 9.2.2 Performance on Simulated Brain MR Images 263 9.3 Segmentation of Brain MR Images 264 9.3.1 Feature Extraction 265 9.3.2 Selection of Initial Prototypes 274 9.4 Experimental Results 277 9.4.1 Illustrative Example 277 9.4.2 Importance of Homogeneity and Edge Value 278 9.4.3 Importance of Discriminant Analysis-Based Initialization 279 9.4.4 Comparative Performance Analysis 280 9.5 Conclusion and Discussion 283 References 283 Index 287
£90.86
SPIE Press Handbook of Speckle Interferometry
Book SynopsisThis handbook introduces speckle techniques to nonspecialists to help them understand the basic principles of speckle interferometry. The book mainly focuses on the use of speckle patterns with direct phase-measuring methods that produce an instantaneous phase. The major electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) techniques are presented using simplified mathematical notation that includes rigid-body and standard-body displacements to estimate object pose changes with six degrees of freedom. Additionally, the adoption of temporal phase unwrapping instead of spatial phase unwrapping is promoted. This handbook also includes a summary of recent industrial applications, with an update on current research in the ESPI field.Table of Contents Fundamentals of Interference Speckle Interference and Displacement Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometers Illumination and Displacement Detection Transient Displacement Analysis Phase Detection
£44.00
SPIE Press Introduction to Laser Radar: A New Light on
Book SynopsisThis book is in part an introduction to ladar (or lidar), providing the technical building blocks for understanding the technology, but also provides in-depth coverage of aspects of coherent detection. It covers the mathematical background of traditional direct-detection architecture, including a detailed description of photon-counting detection, which is usually achieved with Geiger-mode APD technology. The book also dives into details of coherent detection architecture, explaining various imaging techniques such as synthetic aperture lidar and vibration sensing lidar. This book can serve as a reference for readers who want to become more acquainted with lidar technology and can also be used as a textbook on the subject.Table of Contents Ladar: A New Light on Imaging Laser Transmitters Receiver Detector The Ladar Range Equation Detection Statistics, Probability of Detection and False Alarm, and Statistical Improvement Techniques Image Resolution and Optical Considerations Ladar Waveforms Receiver, Signal Processing, and Data Extraction Coherent Detection Ladar Waveform Considerations in Coherent Ladar Coherent Detection with a Geiger-Mode Receiver Lidar Applications: Present and Future
£57.60
SPIE Press Simulating Speckle with Python
Book SynopsisThe speckle phenomenon is ubiquitous, occurring in all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as in both ultrasound and synthetic-aperture-radar imaging. Speckle occurs whenever radiation is reflected from a surface that is rough on the scale of a wavelength or is passed through a diffusing surface that introduces random path-length delays on the scale of a wavelength. This book is devoted to simulation of speckle phenomena using the software package Python. Various techniques for simulating speckle are discussed. Simulation topics include first-order amplitude and intensity statistics, speckle phenomena in both imaging and free-space propagation, speckle at low light levels, polarization speckle, phase vortices in speckle, and speckle metrology methods.Table of Contents Introduction First-Order Statistics of Speckle Amplitude First-Order Statistics of Speckle Intensity Simulation of Speckle in Optical Imaging Simulation of Speckle in Free-Space Propagation Speckle at Low Light Levels Speckle Phase Vortices Polarization Speckle Speckle Simulation for Metrology
£35.66
Springer Nature Switzerland AG Digital Filters Using MATLAB
Book SynopsisThis textbook provides comprehensive coverage for courses in the basics of design and implementation of digital filters. The book assumes only basic knowledge in digital signal processing and covers state-of-the-art methods for digital filter design and provides a simple route for the readers to design their own filters. The advanced mathematics that is required for the filter design is minimized by providing an extensive MATLAB toolbox with over 300 files. The book presents over 200 design examples with MATLAB code and over 300 problems to be solved by the reader. The students can design and modify the code for their use. The book and the design examples cover almost all known design methods of frequency-selective digital filters as well as some of the authors’ own, unique techniques. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Signals and Transforms.- Discrete-Time and Digital Filters.- Filter Algorithms.- Finite Wordlength Effects.- Synthesis of Fir Filters.- Realization of Fir Filters.- Synthesis of Analog Filters.- Analog Filters with Lumped and Distributed Elements.- Synthesis of IIR Filters.- Wave Digital Filters.- Ladder Wave Digital Filters.- Symmetric Wave Digital Filters.- Frequency-Response Masking Filters.- Sampling Rate Converters.- Multirate Filters.- Implementation of Digital Filters.- References.- Index.
£98.99
Springer International Publishing AG Biomedical Signal and Image Processing with Artificial Intelligence
Book SynopsisThis book focuses on advanced techniques used for feature extraction, analysis, recognition, and classification in the area of biomedical signal and image processing. Contributions cover all aspects of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning in the field of biomedical signal and image processing using novel and unexplored techniques and methodologies. The book covers recent developments in both medical images and signals analyzed by artificial intelligence techniques. The authors also cover topics related to development based artificial intelligence, which includes machine learning, neural networks, and deep learning. This book will provide a platform for researchers who are working in the area of artificial intelligence for biomedical applications. Provides insights into medical signal and image analysis using artificial intelligence; Includes novel and recent trends of decision support system for medical research; Outlines employment of evolutionary algorithms for biomedical data, big data analysis for medical databases, and reliability, opportunities, and challenges in clinical data. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Lung Classification for Covid-19.- Inspection and Test in Hemodialysis arena.- Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Images Analysis.- Parameter efficient Epileptic seizure detection.- Early lung cancer detection by using an artificial intelligence system.- Decision Making Biomedical Support Systems.- Intelligent Image Segmentation Methods using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks.- Early detection of Dyslexia.- Artificial Intelligence Assisted Cardiac Signal Analysis for Heart Disease Prediction.- An optimal model selection for COVID 19 disease classification.- Histopathology Whole-Slide Image Analysis for Breast Cancer Detection.- Analysis and Classification of Impaired Speech.- Imaging technologies for early detection of breast cancer.- VLSI implementation of sEMG based classification for muscle activity control.- An Object Aware Hybrid U-Net for Breast Tumour Annotation.- Guide to scrutinize the analysis tool for biomedical signals.- Real-time COVID-19 Prediction using Chest X-ray and AI.- Classification of Primary Benign and Primary Malignant Focal Liver Lesions in Spatial and NSCT domain.- Ultrasound Image Analysis using AI.- Conclusion.
£94.99
Springer International Publishing AG Efficient Nonlinear Adaptive Filters: Design, Analysis and Applications
Book SynopsisThis book presents the design, analysis, and application of nonlinear adaptive filters with the goal of improving efficient performance (ie the convergence speed, steady-state error, and computational complexity). The authors present a nonlinear adaptive filter, which is an important part of nonlinear system and digital signal processing and can be applied to diverse fields such as communications, control power system, radar sonar, etc. The authors also present an efficient nonlinear filter model and robust adaptive filtering algorithm based on the local cost function of optimal criterion to overcome non-Gaussian noise interference. The authors show how these achievements provide new theories and methods for robust adaptive filtering of nonlinear and non-Gaussian systems. The book is written for the scientist and engineer who are not necessarily an expert in the specific nonlinear filtering field but who want to learn about the current research and application. The book is also written to accompany a graduate/PhD course in the area of nonlinear system and adaptive signal processing.Table of Contents1) Adaptive filter2) Volterra adaptive filter3) FLANN adaptive filter4) Spline adaptive filter5) Kernel adaptive filters
£71.24
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Applikationen der Optoelektronik
Book SynopsisIn der hochbitratigen optischen Nachrichtentechnik ist es wichtig, parasitäre induktive und kapazitive Einflüsse auf die Funktion von Laser- und Fotodioden zu kompensieren. Wegen des nichtlinearen Charakters der u-i-Relationen der Induktivitäten, Kapazitäten und Widerstände ist es möglich, Kompensationsverfahren gegen parasitäre Effekte zu entwickeln oder die Nichtlinearitäten gezielt zur Signalübertragung einzusetzen. Reiner Thiele beweist, dass bei Applikation der vorgestellten Kompensationsverfahren kapazitive und induktive Influenzen auf die Grundfunktion der optoelektronischen Bauelemente vermeidbar sind, das Klemmenverhalten durch die u-i-Kennlinien von Laser- oder Fotodioden komplett erfasst wird und ungünstige Einflüsse der Systemumgebung auf die optoelektronischen Schaltungen vermieden werden. Außerdem stellt er Definitionen für optoelektronische Grundstromkreise sowie ihre Berechnung für die Applikation gleichartiger Laser- oder Fotodioden als Sende- bzw. Empfangsbauelemente der optischen Nachrichtentechnik vor.Der Autor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Reiner Thiele lehrte an der Hochschule Zittau/Görlitz und unterrichtet derzeit an der Staatlichen Studienakademie Bautzen.Table of ContentsParameter von Dioden.- Kompensation elektromagnetischer Beeinflussungen.- Optoelektronische Grundstromkreise.
£11.77
Woodhead Publishing Microbolometers
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Historical perspective 2. Introduction 3. Figure of merit 4. Infrared detector materials 5. Other materials 6. Optical and thermal detector fundamentals, microbolometer and readout integrated circuits 7. Methods of calibration 8. Types of microbolometers 9. Terahertz microbolometers 10. Antennas 11. Infrared focal plane arrays 12. Recent developments: A case study of an uncooled microbolometer 13. Present and future trends 14. Applications
£117.90
Oxford University Press Biometrics
Book SynopsisWe live in a society which is increasingly interconnected, in which communication between individuals is mostly mediated via some electronic platform, and transactions are often carried out remotely. In such a world, traditional notions of trust and confidence in the identity of those with whom we are interacting, taken for granted in the past, can be much less reliable. Biometrics - the scientific discipline of identifying individuals by means of the measurement of unique personal attributes - provides a reliable means of establishing or confirming an individual''s identity. These attributes include facial appearance, fingerprints, iris patterning, the voice, the way we write, or even the way we walk. The new technologies of biometrics have a wide range of practical applications, from securing mobile phones and laptops to establishing identity in bank transactions, travel documents, and national identity cards. This Very Short Introduction considers the capabilities of biometrics-based identity checking, from first principles to the practicalities of using different types of identification data. Michael Fairhurst looks at the basic techniques in use today, ongoing developments in system design, and emerging technologies, all aimed at improving precision in identification, and providing solutions to an increasingly wide range of practical problems. Considering how they may continue to develop in the future, Fairhurst explores the benefits and limitations of these pervasive and powerful technologies, and how they can effectively support our increasingly interconnected society.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.Table of Contents1: Are you who you say you are?2: Biometrics: where should I start?3: Making biometrics work4: Enhancing biometric processing5: An introduction to predictive biometrics6: Where are we going?Further readingIndex
£999.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Image SuperResolution and Applications
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£59.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Panoramic Imaging
Book SynopsisPanoramic imaging is a progressive application and research area. This technology has applications in digital photography, robotics, film productions for panoramic screens, architecture, environmental studies, remote sensing and GIS technology. Applications demand different levels of accuracy for 3D documentation or visualizations. This book describes two modern technologies for capturing high-accuracy panoramic images and range data, namely the use of sensor-line cameras and laser range-finders. It provides mathematically accurate descriptions of the geometry of these sensing technologies and the necessary information required to apply them to 3D scene visualization or 3D representation. The book is divided into three parts: Part One contains a full introduction to panoramic cameras and laser range-finders, including a discussion of calibration to aid preparation of equipment ready for use. Part Two explains the concept of stereo panoramic imaging,Table of ContentsPreface. Series Preface. Website and Exercises. List of Symbols. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Panoramas 1.2 Panoramic Paintings 1.3 Panoramic or Wide-Angle Photographs 1.4 Digital Panoramas 1.5 Striving for Accuracy 1.6 Exercises 1.7 Further Reading 2. Cameras and Sensors. 2.1 Camera Models 2.2 Optics 2.3 Sensor Models 2.4 Examples and Challenges 2.5 Exercises 2.6 Further Reading 3. Spatial Alignments. 3.1 Mathematical Fundamentals 3.2 Central Projection:World into Image Plane 3.3 Classification of Panoramas 3.4 Coordinate Systems for Panoramas 3.5 General Projection Formula for Cylindrical Panorama 3.6 Rotating Cameras 3.7 Mappings between Different Image Surfaces 3.8 Laser Range-Finder 3.9 Exercises 3.10 Further Reading 4. Epipolar Geometry. 4.1 General Epipolar Curve Equation 4.2 Constrained Poses of Cameras 4.3 Exercises 4.4 Further Reading 5. Sensor Calibration. 5.1 Basics 5.2 Preprocesses for a Rotating Sensor-Line Camera 5.3 A Least-Square Error Optimization Calibration Procedure 5.4 Geometric Dependencies of R and w 5.5 Error Components in LRF Data 5.6 Exercises 5.7 Further Reading 6. Spatial Sampling. 6.1 Stereo Panoramas 6.2 Sampling Structure 6.3 Spatial Resolution 6.4 Distances between Spatial Samples 6.5 Exercises 6.6 Further Reading 7. Image Quality Control. 7.1 Two Requirements 7.2 Terminology 7.3 Parameter Optimization 7.4 Error Analysis 7.5 Exercises 7.6 Further Reading 8. Sensor Analysis and Design. 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Scene Composition Analysis 8.3 Stereoacuity Analysis 8.4 Specification of Camera Parameters 8.5 Exercises 8.6 Further Reading 9. 3D Meshing and Visualization. 9.1 3D Graphics 9.2 Surface Modeling 9.3 More Techniques for Dealing with Digital Surfaces 9.4 Exercises 9.5 Further Reading 10. Data Fusion. 10.1 Determination of Camera Image Coordinates 10.2 Texture Mapping 10.3 High Resolution Orthophotos 10.4 Fusion of Panoramic Images and Airborne Data 10.5 Exercises 10.6 Further Reading References. Index.
£113.00
Wiley-Blackwell Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing
Book SynopsisFundamentals of Digital Image Processing is an introductory text on the science of image processing. The stand-alone text employs the Matlab programming language to illustrate some of the elementary, key concepts in modern image processing and pattern recognition, drawing on specific examples from within science, medicine, and electronics.Trade Review“Given the timely topic and its user-friendly structure, this book can therefore target a suite of users, from students to experienced researchers willing to integrate the science of image processing to strengthen their research.” (Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 1 May 2013)Table of ContentsPreface. Using the book website. 1 Representation. 1.1 What is an image? 1.1.1 Image layout. 1.1.2 Image colour. 1.2 Resolution and quantization. 1.2.1 Bit-plane splicing. 1.3 Image formats. 1.3.1 Image data types. 1.3.2 Image compression. 1.4 Colour spaces. 1.4.1 RGB. 1.4.2 Perceptual colour space. 1.5 Images in Matlab. 1.5.1 Reading, writing and querying images. 1.5.2 Basic display of images. 1.5.3 Accessing pixel values. 1.5.4 Converting image types. Exercises. 2 Formation. 2.1 How is an image formed? 2.2 The mathematics of image formation. 2.2.1 Introduction. 2.2.2 Linear imaging systems. 2.2.3 Linear superposition integral. 2.2.4 The Dirac delta or impulse function. 2.2.5 The point-spread function. 2.2.6 Linear shift-invariant systems and the convolution integral. 2.2.7 Convolution: its importance and meaning. 2.2.8 Multiple convolution: N imaging elements in a linear shift-invariant system. 2.2.9 Digital convolution. 2.3 The engineering of image formation. 2.3.1 The camera. 2.3.2 The digitization process. 2.3.3 Noise. Exercises. 3 Pixels. 3.1 What is a pixel? 3.2 Operations upon pixels. 3.2.1 Arithmetic operations on images. 3.2.1.2 Multiplication and division. 3.2.2 Logical operations on images. 3.2.3 Thresholding. 3.3 Point-based operations on images. 3.3.1 Logarithmic transform. 3.3.2 Exponential transform. 3.3.3 Power-law (gamma) transform. 3.4 Pixel distributions: histograms. 3.4.1 Histograms for threshold selection. 3.4.2 Adaptive thresholding. 3.4.3 Contrast stretching. 3.4.4 Histogram equalization. 3.4.5 Histogram matching. 3.4.6 Adaptive histogram equalization. 3.4.7 Histogram operations on colour images. Exercises. 4 Enhancement. 4.1 Why perform enhancement? 4.2 Pixel neighbourhoods. 4.3 Filter kernels and the mechanics of linear filtering. 4.3.1 Nonlinear spatial filtering. 4.4 Filtering for noise removal. 4.4.1 Mean filtering. 4.4.2 Median filtering. 4.4.3 Rank filtering. 4.4.4 Gaussian filtering. 4.5 Filtering for edge detection. 4.5.1 Derivative filters for discontinuities. 4.5.2 First-order edge detection. 4.5.3 Second-order edge detection. 4.6 Edge enhancement. 4.6.1 Laplacian edge sharpening. 4.6.2 The unsharp mask filter. Exercises. 5 Fourier transforms and frequency-domain processing. 5.1 Frequency space: a friendly introduction. 5.2 Frequency space: the fundamental idea. 5.2.1 The Fourier series. 5.3 Calculation of the Fourier spectrum. 5.4 5.4 Complex Fourier series. 5.5 The 1-D Fourier transform. 5.6 The inverse Fourier transform and reciprocity. 5.7 The 2-D Fourier transform. 5.8 Understanding the Fourier transform: frequency-space filtering. 5.9 Linear systems and Fourier transforms. 5.10 The convolution theorem. 5.11 The optical transfer function. 5.12 Digital Fourier transforms: the discrete fast Fourier transform. 5.13 Sampled data: the discrete Fourier transform. 5.14 The centred discrete Fourier transform. 6 Image restoration. 6.1 Imaging models. 6.2 Nature of the point-spread function and noise. 6.3 Restoration by the inverse Fourier filter. 6.4 The Wiener?Helstrom Filter. 6.5 Origin of the Wiener?Helstrom filter. 6.6 Acceptable solutions to the imaging equation. 6.7 Constrained deconvolution. 6.8 Estimating an unknown point-spread function or optical transfer function. 6.9 Blind deconvolution. 6.10 Iterative deconvolution and the Lucy?Richardson algorithm. 6.11 Matrix formulation of image restoration. 6.12 The standard least-squares solution. 6.13 Constrained least-squares restoration. 6.14 Stochastic input distributions and Bayesian estimators. 6.15 The generalized Gauss?Markov estimator. 7 Geometry. 7.1 The description of shape. 7.2 Shape-preserving transformations. 7.3 Shape transformation and homogeneous coordinates. 7.4 The general 2-D affine transformation. 7.5 Affine transformation in homogeneous coordinates . 7.6 The Procrustes transformation. 7.7 Procrustes alignment. 7.8 The projective transform. 7.9 Nonlinear transformations. 7.10Warping: the spatial transformation of an image. 7.11 Overdetermined spatial transformations. 7.12 The piecewise warp. 7.13 The piecewise affine warp. 7.14 Warping: forward and reverse mapping. 8 Morphological processing. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Binary images: foreground, background and connectedness. 8.3 Structuring elements and neighbourhoods. 8.4 Dilation and erosion. 8.5 Dilation, erosion and structuring elements within Matlab. 8.6 Structuring element decomposition and Matlab. 8.7 Effects and uses of erosion and dilation. 8.7.1 Application of erosion to particle sizing. 8.8 Morphological opening and closing. 8.8.1 The rolling-ball analogy. 8.9 Boundary extraction. 8.10 Extracting connected components. 8.11 Region filling. 8.12 The hit-or-miss transformation. 8.12.1 Generalization of hit-or-miss. 8.13 Relaxing constraints in hit-or-miss: ?don?t care? pixels. 8.13.1 Morphological thinning. 8.14 Skeletonization. 8.15 Opening by reconstruction. 8.16 Grey-scale erosion and dilation. 8.17 Grey-scale structuring elements: general case. 8.18 Grey-scale erosion and dilation with flat structuring elements. 8.19 Grey-scale opening and closing. 8.20 The top-hat transformation. 8.21 Summary. Exercises. 9 Features. 9.1 Landmarks and shape vectors. 9.2 Single-parameter shape descriptors. 9.3 Signatures and the radial Fourier expansion. 9.4 Statistical moments as region descriptors. 9.5 Texture features based on statistical measures. 9.6 Principal component analysis. 9.7 Principal component analysis: an illustrative example. 9.8 Theory of principal component analysis: version 1. 9.9 Theory of principal component analysis: version 2. 9.10 Principal axes and principal components. 9.11 Summary of properties of principal component analysis. 9.12 Dimensionality reduction: the purpose of principal component analysis. 9.13 Principal components analysis on an ensemble of digital images. 9.14 Representation of out-of-sample examples using principal component analysis. 9.15 Key example: eigenfaces and the human face. 10 Image Segmentation. 10.1 Image segmentation. 10.2 Use of image properties and features in segmentation. 10.3 Intensity thresholding. 10.3.1 Problems with global thresholding. 10.4 Region growing and region splitting. 10.5 Split-and-merge algorithm. 10.6 The challenge of edge detection. 10.7 The Laplacian of Gaussian and difference of Gaussians filters. 10.8 The Canny edge detector. 10.9 Interest operators. 10.10 Watershed segmentation. 10.11 Segmentation functions. 10.12 Image segmentation with Markov random fields. 10.12.1 Parameter estimation. 10.12.2 Neighbourhood weighting parameter θn 10.12.3 Minimizing U(x|y): the iterated conditional modes algorithm. 11 Classification. 11.1 The purpose of automated classification. 11.2 Supervised and unsupervised classification. 11.3 Classification: a simple example. 11.4 Design of classification systems. 11.5 Simple classifiers: prototypes and minimum distance criteria. 11.6 Linear discriminant functions. 11.7 Linear discriminant functions in N dimensions. 11.8 Extension of the minimum distance classifier and the Mahalanobis distance. 11.9 Bayesian classification: definitions. 11.10 The Bayes decision rule. 11.11 The multivariate normal density. 11.12 Bayesian classifiers for multivariate normal distributions. 11.12.1 The Fisher linear discriminant. 11.12.2 Risk and cost functions. 11.13 Ensemble classifiers. 11.13.1 Combining weak classifiers: the AdaBoost method. 11.14 Unsupervised learning: k-means clustering. Further reading. Index.
£49.46
Institute of Physics Publishing Advanced Digital Imaging Laboratory Using MATLABR
Book SynopsisWhether you are studying or already using digital imaging techniques, developing proficiency in the subject is not possible without mastering practical skills. In this book, Prof. Yaroslavsky delivers a complete applied course in digital imaging aimed at advanced students and practitioners. Covering all areas of digital imaging, the text provides an outline of outlying principles of each topic while offering more than 80 MATLAB based exercises. Subjects addressed embrace image digitization (discretization, quantization, compression), digital image formation and computational imaging, image resampling and building continuous image models, image and noise statistical characterization and diagnostics, statistical image models and pattern formation, image correlators for localization of objects, methods of image perfecting (denoising, deblurring), and methods of image enhancement. Key features include: Supports * studying of all aspects of digital imaging from image signal digitization to
£89.10
Institute of Physics Publishing Inverse Imaging with Poisson Data
Book SynopsisInverse Imaging with Poisson Data is an invaluable resource for graduate students, postdocs and researchers interested in the application of inverse problems to the domains of applied sciences, such as microscopy, medical imaging and astronomy.
£89.10
IOP Publishing Inverse Imaging with Poisson Data From cells to
Book Synopsis
£23.75
IOP Publishing PHYSICS OF DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY PB
Book Synopsis
£999.99
Institute of Physics Publishing Physics of Digital Photography Second Edition
Book SynopsisThis book provides an overview of the detailed physics involved in the imaging chain for an audience of scientists and engineers. With the increasing use of digital photography in a research environment, modern scientists and engineers need to better understand the science behind digital photography to fully exploit this invaluable research tool.
£108.00
IOP Publishing Physics of Digital Photography
Book Synopsis
£23.75
Institute of Physics Publishing Imaging Modalities for Biological and Preclinical
Book SynopsisThis compendium is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of currently available biological and preclinical imaging methods, including their benefits and limitations. Volume 1 covers ex-vivo imaging techniques.
£999.99
IOP Publishing XRay Color Imaging Static and Dynamic XRay
Book Synopsis
£28.50
Institute of Physics Publishing Imaging Modalities for Biological and Preclinical
Book SynopsisThis compendium is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of currently available biological and preclinical imaging methods, including their benefits and limitations. Volume 2 covers in-vivo imaging techniques, correlative multimodal imaging and emerging imaging technologies.
£999.99
IOP Publishing Imaging Modalities for Biological and Preclinical
Book Synopsis
£23.75
SIAM - Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging
Book SynopsisProvides a comprehensive, tutorial-style introduction to the algorithms for reconstructing cross-sectional images from projection data and contains a complete overview of the engineering and signal processing algorithms necessary for tomographic imaging. Kak and Slaney go beyond theory, emphasizing real-world applications and detailing the steps necessary for building a tomographic system.
£999.99
Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Laser Capture Microdissection
£143.99
Cambridge University Press An Introduction to Sparse Stochastic Processes
Book SynopsisProviding a novel approach to sparsity, this comprehensive book presents the theory of stochastic processes that are ruled by linear stochastic differential equations, and that admit a parsimonious representation in a matched wavelet-like basis. Two key themes are the statistical property of infinite divisibility, which leads to two distinct types of behaviour - Gaussian and sparse - and the structural link between linear stochastic processes and spline functions, which is exploited to simplify the mathematical analysis. The core of the book is devoted to investigating sparse processes, including a complete description of their transform-domain statistics. The final part develops practical signal-processing algorithms that are based on these models, with special emphasis on biomedical image reconstruction. This is an ideal reference for graduate students and researchers with an interest in signal/image processing, compressed sensing, approximation theory, machine learning, or statisticTrade Review'Over the last twenty years, sparse representation of images and signals became a very important topic in many applications, ranging from data compression, to biological vision, to medical imaging. The book An Introduction to Sparse Stochastic Processes by Unser and Tafti is the first work to systematically build a coherent framework for non-Gaussian processes with sparse representations by wavelets. Traditional concepts such as Karhunen-Loève analysis of Gaussian processes are nicely complemented by the wavelet analysis of Levy Processes which is constructed here. The framework presented here has a classical feel while accommodating the innovative impulses driving research in sparsity. The book is extremely systematic and at the same time clear and accessible, and can be recommended both to engineers interested in foundations and to mathematicians interested in applications.' David Donoho, Stanford University'This is a fascinating book that connects the classical theory of generalised functions (distributions) to the modern sparsity-based view on signal processing, as well as stochastic processes. Some of the early motivations given by I. Gelfand on the importance of generalised functions came from physics and, indeed, signal processing and sampling. However, this is probably the first book that successfully links the more abstract theory with modern signal processing. A great strength of the monograph is that it considers both the continuous and the discrete model. It will be of interest to mathematicians and engineers having appreciations of mathematical and stochastic views of signal processing.' Anders Hansen, University of CambridgeTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Roadmap to the book; 3. Mathematical context and background; 4. Continuous-domain innovation models; 5. Operators and their inverses; 6. Splines and wavelets; 7. Sparse stochastic processes; 8. Sparse representations; 9. Infinite divisibility and transform-domain statistics; 10. Recovery of sparse signals; 11. Wavelet-domain methods; 12. Conclusion; Appendix A. Singular integrals; Appendix B. Positive definiteness; Appendix C. Special functions.
£999.99
Cambridge University Press Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy
Book SynopsisThe first book on the topic, with each chapter written by pioneers in the field, this essential resource details the fundamental theory, applications, and future developments of liquid cell electron microscopy. This book describes the techniques that have been developed to image liquids in both transmission and scanning electron microscopes, including general strategies for examining liquids, closed and open cell electron microscopy, experimental design, resolution, and electron beam effects. A wealth of practical guidance is provided, and applications are described in areas such as electrochemistry, corrosion and batteries, nanocrystal growth, biomineralization, biomaterials and biological processes, beam-induced processing, and fluid physics. The book also looks ahead to the future development of the technique, discussing technical advances that will enable higher resolution, analytical microscopy, and even holography of liquid samples. This is essential reading for researchers and pTable of ContentsPart I. Technique: 1. Past, present and future electron microscopy of liquid specimens Niels de Jonge and Frances M. Ross; 2. Encapsulated liquid cells for transmission electron microscopy Eric Jensen and Kristian Mølhave; 3. Imaging liquid processes using open cells in the TEM, SEM, and beyond Chongmin Wang; 4. Membrane based environmental cells for SEM in liquids Andrei Kolmakov; 5. Observations in liquids using an inverted SEM Chikara Sato and Mitsuo Suga; 6. Temperature control in liquid cells for TEM Shen J. Dillon and Xin Chen; 7. Electron beam effects in liquid cell TEM and STEM Nicholas M. Schneider; 8. Resolution in liquid cell experiments Niels de Jonge, Nigel Browning, James E. Evans, See Wee Chee and Frances M. Ross; Part II. Applications: 9. Nanostructure growth, interactions and assembly in the liquid phase Hong-Gang Liao, Kai-Yang Niu and Haimei Zheng; 10. Quantifying electrochemical processes using liquid cell TEM Frances M. Ross; 11. Application of electrochemical liquid cells for electrical energy storage and conversion studies Raymond R. Unocic and Karren L. More; 12. Applications of liquid cell TEM in corrosion science See Wee Chee and M. Grace Burke; 13. Nanoscale water imaged by liquid cell TEM Utkur Mirsaidov and Paul Matsudaira; 14. Nanoscale deposition and etching of materials using focused electron beams and liquid reactants Eugenii U. Donev, Matthew Bresin and J. Todd Hastings; 15. Liquid cell TEM for studying environmental and biological mineral systems Michael H. Nielsen and James J. De Yoreo; 16. Liquid STEM for studying biological function in whole cells Diana B. Peckys and Niels de Jonge; 17. Visualizing macromolecules in liquid at the nanoscale Andrew C. Demmert, Madeline J. Dukes, Elliot Pohlmann, Kaya Patel, A. Cameron Varano, Zhi Sheng, Sarah M. McDonald, Michael Spillman, Utkur Mirsaidov, Paul Matsudaira and Deborah F. Kelly; 18. Application of liquid cell microscopy to study function of muscle proteins Haruo Sugi, Shigeru Chaen, Tsuyoshi Akimoto, Masaru Tanokura, Takuya Miyakawa and Hiroki Minoda; Part III. Prospects: 19. High resolution imaging in the graphene liquid cell Jungwon Park, Vivekananda P. Adiga, Alex Zettl and A. Paul Alivisatos; 20. Analytical electron microscopy during in situ liquid cell studies Megan E. Holtz, David A. Muller and Nestor J. Zaluzec; 21. Spherical and chromatic aberration correction for atomic-resolution liquid cell electron microscopy Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski and Lothar Houben; 22. The potential for imaging dynamic processes in liquids with high temporal resolution Nigel D. Browning and James E. Evans; 23. Future prospects for biomolecular, biomimetic and biomaterials research enabled by new liquid cell electron microscopy techniques Taylor Woehl and Tanya Prozorov.
£999.99
Cambridge University Press Wavefront Shaping for Biomedical Imaging
Book SynopsisLearn about the theory, techniques and applications of wavefront shaping in biomedical imaging using this unique text. With authoritative contributions from researchers who are defining the field, cutting-edge theory is combined with real-world practical examples, experimental data and the latest research trends to provide the first book-level treatment of the subject. It is suitable for both background reading and use in a course, with coverage of essential topics such as adaptive optical microscopy, deep tissue microscopy, time reversal and optical phase conjugation, and tomography. The latest images from the forefront of biomedical imaging are included, and full-colour versions are available in the eBook version. Researchers, practitioners and graduate students in optics, biophotonics, biomedical engineering, and biology who use biomedical imaging tools and are looking to advance their knowledge of the subject will find this an indispensable resource.Trade Review'Perusal of this exciting book suggests that combinations of wavefront-shaping techniques with vortex light beams may result in significant advances of deep-tissue imaging of highly scattering live specimens.' Barry R. Masters, Optics and Photonics NewsTable of ContentsPart I. Adaptive Optical Microscopy for Biological Imaging: 1. Adaptive optical microscopy using image-based wavefront sensing Jacopo Antonello, Débora M. Andrade and Martin J. Booth; 2. Adaptive optical microscopy using guide-star based direct wavefront sensing Xiaodong Tao, Oscar Azucena and Joel Kubby; Part II. Deep Tissue Microscopy: 3. Deep tissue fluorescence microscopy Meng Cui; 4. Zonal adaptive optical microscopy for deep tissue imaging Cristina Rodrıguez and Na Ji; Part III. Focusing Light through Turbid Media using the Scattering Matrix: 5. Transmission matrix approach to light control in complex media Sylvain Gigan; 6. Coupling optical wavefront shaping and photoacoustics Emmanuel Bossy; 7. Imaging and controlling light propagation deep within scattering media using time-resolved reflection matrix Youngwoon Choi, Sungsam Kang and Wonshik Choi; Part IV. Focusing Light through Turbid Media using Feedback Optimization: 8. Feedback-based wavefront shaping Ivo M. Vellekoop; 9. Focusing light through scattering media using a micro-electro-mechanical systems spatial light modulator Yang Lu and Hari P. Paudel; 10. Computer-generated holographic techniques to control light propagating through scattering media using a digital-mirror-device spatial light modulator Antonio M. Caravaca-Aguirre and Rafael Piestun; 11. Transmission matrix correlations Roarke Horstmeyer, Ivo M. Vellekoop and Benjamin Judkewitz; Part V. Time Reversal, Optical Phase Conjugation: 12. Reflection matrix approaches in scattering media: from detection to imaging Amaury Badon, Alexandre Aubry and Mathias Fink; 13. Wavefront-engineered optical focusing into scattering media using ultrasound- or perturbation-based guide stars: TRUE, TRAP, SEWS, and PAWS Xiao Xu, Cheng Ma, Puxiang Lai and Lihong V. Wang; Part VI. Shaped Beams for Light Sheet Microscopy: 14. Light-sheet microscopy with wavefront shaped beams: looking deeper into objects and increasing image contrast Alexander Rohrbach; 15. Shaped beams for light sheet imaging and optical manipulation Tom Vettenburg and Kishan Dholakia; Part VII. Tomography: 16. Incoherent illumination tomography and adaptive optics Peng Xiao, Mathias Fink and A. Claude Boccara; 17. Computational adaptive optics for broadband optical interferometric tomography of biological tissue Nathan D. Shemonski, Yuan-Zhi Liu, Fredrick A. South and Stephen A. Boppart.
£999.99
John Wiley & Sons Inc Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors
Book SynopsisAMORPHOUS OXIDE SEMICONDUCTORS A singular resource on amorphous oxide semiconductors edited by a world-recognized pioneer in the field In Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors: IGZO and Related Materials for Display and Memory, the Editors deliver a comprehensive account of the current status ofand latest developments intransparent oxide semiconductor technology. With contributions from leading international researchers and exponents in the field, this edited volume covers physical fundamentals, thin-film transistor applications, processing, circuits and device simulation, display and memory applications, and new materials relevant to amorphous oxide semiconductors. The book makes extensive use of structural diagrams of materials, energy level and energy band diagrams, device structure illustrations, and graphs of device transfer characteristics, photographs and micrographs to help illustrate the concepts discussed within. It also includes: A thorough introduction to amorphous oxide semicondTable of ContentsPreface xv Series Editor’s Foreword xvii About the Editors xviii List of Contributors xix Part I Introduction 1 1.1 Transparent Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors for Display Applications 3Hideo Hosono 1.1.1 Introduction to Amorphous Semiconductors as Thin-Film Transistor (TFT) Channels 3 1.1.2 Historical Overview 4 1.1.3 Oxide and Silicon 6 1.1.4 Transparent Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors 6 1.1.4.1 Electronic Structures 6 1.1.4.2 Materials 8 1.1.4.3 Characteristic Carrier Transport Properties 9 1.1.4.4 Electronic States 10 1.1.5 P-Type Oxide Semiconductors for Display Applications 13 1.1.5.1 Oxides of Transition Metal Cations with an Electronic Configuration of (n−1)d 10 ns 0 (n = 4or5) 13 1.1.5.2 Oxides of Metal Cations with an Electronic Configuration of ns 2 13 1.1.5.3 Oxides of Metal Cations with an Electronic Configuration of nd 6 14 1.1.6 Novel Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors 15 1.1.7 Summary and Outlook 17 References 18 1.2 Transparent Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors 21Hideya Kumomi 1.2.1 Introduction 21 1.2.2 Technical Issues and Requirements of TFTs for AM-FPDs 21 1.2.2.1 Field-Effect Mobility 21 1.2.2.2 Off-State Leakage Current and On/Off Current Ratio 23 1.2.2.3 Stability and Reliability 23 1.2.2.4 Uniformity 23 1.2.2.5 Large-Area Devices by Large-Area Mother-Glass Substrates 24 1.2.2.6 Low-Temperature Fabrication and Flexibility 24 1.2.3 History, Features, Uniqueness, Development, and Applications of AOS-TFTs 24 1.2.3.1 History 24 1.2.3.2 Features and Uniqueness 25 1.2.3.3 Applications 27 1.2.3.4 Development and Products of AM-FPDs 28 1.2.4 Summary 29 References 30 Part II Fundamentals 31 2 Electronic Structure and Structural Randomness 33Julia E. Medvedeva, Bishal Bhattarai, and D. Bruce Buchholz 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Brief Description of Methods and Approaches 35 2.2.1 Computational Approach 35 2.2.2 Experimental Approach 36 2.3 The Structure and Properties of Crystalline and Amorphous In 2 O 3 36 2.4 The Structure and Properties of Crystalline and Amorphous SnO 2 43 2.5 The Structure and Properties of Crystalline and Amorphous ZnO 46 2.6 The Structure and Properties of Crystalline and Amorphous Ga 2 O 3 52 2.7 Role of Morphology in Structure–Property Relationships 57 2.8 The Role of Composition in Structure–Property Relationships: IGO and IGZO 64 2.9 Conclusions 69 References 70 3 Electronic Structure of Transparent Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors 73John Robertson and Zhaofu Zhang 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 Mobility 73 3.3 Density of States 74 3.4 Band Structures of n-Type Semiconductors 78 3.5 Instabilities 81 3.6 Doping Limits and Finding Effective Oxide Semiconductors 86 3.7 OLED Electrodes 88 3.8 Summary 89 References 89 4 Defects and Relevant Properties 93Toshio Kamiya, Kenji Nomura, Keisuke Ide, and Hideo Hosono 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Typical Deposition Condition 93 4.3 Overview of Electronic Defects in AOSs 94 4.4 Origins of Electron Donors 96 4.5 Oxygen- and Hydrogen-Related Defects and Near-VBM States 98 4.6 Summary 102 References 102 5 Amorphous Semiconductor Mobility Physics and TFT Modeling 105John F. Wager 5.1 Amorphous Semiconductor Mobility: An Introduction 105 5.2 Diffusive Mobility 106 5.3 Density of States 110 5.4 TFT Mobility Considerations 111 5.5 TFT Mobility Extraction, Fitting, and Model Validation 112 5.6 Physics-Based TFT Mobility Modeling 118 5.7 Conclusions 121 References 122 6 Percolation Description of Charge Transport in Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors: Band Conduction Dominated by Disorder 125A. V. Nenashev, F. Gebhard, K. Meerholz, and S. D. Baranovskii 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 Band Transport via Extended States in the Random-Barrier Model (RBM) 126 6.2.1 Deficiencies of the Rate-Averaging Approach: Electrotechnical Analogy 127 6.2.2 Percolation Approach to Charge Transport in the RBM 129 6.3 Random Band-Edge Model (RBEM) for Charge Transport in AOSs 131 6.4 Percolation Theory for Charge Transport in the RBEM 133 6.4.1 From Regional to Global Conductivities in Continuum Percolation Theory 133 6.4.2 Averaging Procedure by Adler et al. 135 6.5 Comparison between Percolation Theory and EMA 136 6.6 Comparison with Experimental Data 137 6.7 Discussion and Conclusions 140 6.7.1 Textbook Description of Charge Transport in Traditional Crystalline Semiconductors (TCSs) 140 6.7.2 Results of This Chapter for Charge Transport in Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors (AOSs) 141 Acknowledgments 141 References 141 7 State and Role of Hydrogen in Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors 145Hideo Hosono and Toshio Kamiya 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 Concentration and Chemical States 145 7.3 Carrier Generation and Hydrogen 150 7.3.1 Carrier Generation by H Injection at Low Temperatures 150 7.3.2 Carrier Generation and Annihilation by Thermal Treatment 151 7.4 Energy Levels and Electrical Properties 153 7.5 Incorporation and Conversion of H Impurities 154 7.6 Concluding Remarks 155 Acknowledgments 156 References 156 Part III Processing 159 8 Low-Temperature Thin-Film Combustion Synthesis of Metal-Oxide Semiconductors: Science and Technology 161Binghao Wang, Wei Huang, Antonio Facchetti, and Tobin J. Marks 8.1 Introduction 161 8.2 Low-Temperature Solution-Processing Methodologies 162 8.2.1 Alkoxide Precursors 162 8.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Annealing 165 8.2.3 High-Pressure Annealing 165 8.2.4 Photonic Annealing 165 8.2.4.1 Laser Annealing 166 8.2.4.2 Deep-Ultraviolet Illumination 168 8.2.4.3 Flash Lamp Annealing 170 8.2.5 Redox Reactions 170 8.3 Combustion Synthesis for MO TFTs 171 8.3.1 n-Type MO TFTs 172 8.3.2 p-Type MO TFTs 178 8.4 Summary and Perspectives 180 Acknowledgments 180 References 181 9 Solution-Processed Metal-Oxide Thin-Film Transistors for Flexible Electronics 185Hyun Jae Kim 9.1 Introduction 185 9.2 Fundamentals of Solution-Processed Metal-Oxide Thin-Film Transistors 187 9.2.1 Deposition Methods for Solution-Processed Oxide Semiconductors 187 9.2.1.1 Coating-Based Deposition Methods 190 9.2.1.2 Printing-Based Deposition Methods 191 9.2.2 The Formation Mechanism of Solution-Processed Oxide Semiconductor Films 194 9.3 Low-Temperature Technologies for Active-Layer Engineering of Solution-Processed Oxide TFTs 196 9.3.1 Overview 196 9.3.2 Solution Modulation 197 9.3.2.1 Alkoxide Precursors 198 9.3.2.2 pH Adjustment 199 9.3.2.3 Combustion Reactions 199 9.3.2.4 Aqueous Solvent 199 9.3.3 Process Modulation 201 9.3.3.1 Photoactivation Process 201 9.3.3.2 High-Pressure Annealing (HPA) Process 202 9.3.3.3 Microwave-Assisted Annealing Process 204 9.3.3.4 Plasma-Assisted Annealing Process 204 9.3.4 Structure Modulation 205 9.3.4.1 Homojunction Dual-Active or Multiactive Layer 206 9.3.4.2 Heterojunction Dual- or Multiactive Layer 206 9.4 Applications of Flexible Electronics with Low-Temperature Solution-Processed Oxide TFTs 208 9.4.1 Flexible Displays 208 9.4.2 Flexible Sensors 208 9.4.3 Flexible Integrated Circuits 209 References 209 10 Recent Progress on Amorphous Oxide Semiconductor Thin-Film Transistors Using the Atomic Layer Deposition Technique 213Hyun-Jun Jeong and Jin-Seong Park 10.1 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) for Amorphous Oxide Semiconductor (AOS) Applications 213 10.1.1 The ALD Technique 213 10.1.2 Research Motivation for ALD AOS Applications 215 10.2 AOS-TFTs Based on ALD 217 10.2.1 Binary Oxide Semiconductor TFTs Based on ALD 217 10.2.1.1 ZnO-TFTs 217 10.2.1.2 InOx-TFTs 218 10.2.1.3 SnOx-TFTs 218 10.2.2 Ternary and Quaternary Oxide Semiconductor TFTs Based on ALD 220 10.2.2.1 Indium–Zinc Oxide (IZO) and Indium–Gallium Oxide (IGO) 220 10.2.2.2 Zinc–Tin Oxide (ZTO) 223 10.2.2.3 Indium–Gallium–Zinc Oxide (IGZO) 223 10.2.2.4 Indium–Tin–Zinc Oxide (ITZO) 226 10.3 Challenging Issues of AOS Applications Using ALD 226 10.3.1 p-Type Oxide Semiconductors 226 10.3.1.1 Tin Monoxide (SnO) 228 10.3.1.2 Copper Oxide (cu x O) 229 10.3.2 Enhancing Device Performance: Mobility and Stability 230 10.3.2.1 Composition Gradient Oxide Semiconductors 230 10.3.2.2 Two-Dimensional Electron Gas (2DEG) Oxide Semiconductors 231 10.3.2.3 Spatial and Atmospheric ALD for Oxide Semiconductors 234 References 234 Part IV Thin-Film Transistors 239 11 Control of Carrier Concentrations in AOSs and Application to Bulk-Accumulation TFTs 241Suhui Lee and Jin Jang 11.1 Introduction 241 11.2 Control of Carrier Concentration in a-IGZO 242 11.3 Effect of Carrier Concentration on the Performance of a-IGZO TFTs with a Dual-Gate Structure 247 11.3.1 Inverted Staggered TFTs 247 11.3.2 Coplanar TFTs 251 11.4 High-Drain-Current, Dual-Gate Oxide TFTs 252 11.5 Stability of Oxide TFTs: PBTS, NBIS, HCTS, Hysteresis, and Mechanical Strain 259 11.6 TFT Circuits: Ring Oscillators and Amplifier Circuits 266 11.7 Conclusion 270 References 270 12 Elevated-Metal Metal-Oxide Thin-Film Transistors: A Back-Gate Transistor Architecture with Annealing-Induced Source/Drain Regions 273Man Wong, Zhihe Xia, and Jiapeng li 12.1 Introduction 273 12.1.1 Semiconducting Materials for a TFT 274 12.1.1.1 Amorphous Silicon 274 12.1.1.2 Low-Temperature Polycrystalline Silicon 274 12.1.1.3 MO Semiconductors 275 12.1.2 TFT Architectures 276 12.2 Annealing-Induced Generation of Donor Defects 279 12.2.1 Effects of Annealing on the Resistivity of IGZO 279 12.2.2 Microanalyses of the Thermally Annealed Samples 283 12.2.3 Lateral Migration of the Annealing-Induced Donor Defects 284 12.3 Elevated-Metal Metal-Oxide (EMMO) TFT Technology 286 12.3.1 Technology and Characteristics of IGZO EMMO TFTs 287 12.3.2 Applicability of EMMO Technology to Other MO Materials 291 12.3.3 Fluorinated EMMO TFTs 292 12.3.4 Resilience of Fluorinated MO against Hydrogen Doping 296 12.3.5 Technology and Display Resolution Trend 298 12.4 Enhanced EMMO TFT Technologies 301 12.4.1 3-EMMO TFT Technology 302 12.4.2 Self-Aligned EMMO TFTs 307 12.5 Conclusion 309 Acknowledgments 310 References 310 13 Hot Carrier Effects in Oxide-TFTs 315Mami N. Fujii, Takanori Takahashi, Juan Paolo Soria Bermundo, and Yukiharu Uraoka 13.1 Introduction 315 13.2 Analysis of Hot Carrier Effect in IGZO-TFTs 315 13.2.1 Photoemission from IGZO-TFTs 315 13.2.2 Kink Current in Photon Emission Condition 318 13.2.3 Hot Carrier–Induced Degradation of a-IGZO-TFTs 318 13.3 Analysis of the Hot Carrier Effect in High-Mobility Oxide-TFTs 322 13.3.1 Bias Stability under DC Stresses in a High-Mobility IWZO-TFT 322 13.3.2 Analysis of Dynamic Stress in Oxide-TFTs 323 13.3.3 Photon Emission from the IWZO-TFT under Pulse Stress 323 13.4 Conclusion 328 References 328 14 Carbon-Related Impurities and NBS Instability in AOS-TFTs 333Junghwan Kim and Hideo Hosono 14.1 Introduction 333 14.2 Experimental 334 14.3 Results and Discussion 334 14.4 Summary 337 References 339 Part V TFTs and Circuits 341 15 Oxide TFTs for Advanced Signal-Processing Architectures 343Arokia Nathan, Denis Striakhilev, and Shuenn-Jiun Tang 15.1 Introduction 343 15.1.1 Device–Circuit Interactions 343 15.2 Above-Threshold TFT Operation and Defect Compensation: AMOLED Displays 345 15.2.1 AMOLED Display Challenges 345 15.2.2 Above-Threshold Operation 347 15.2.3 Temperature Dependence 347 15.2.4 Effects of Process-Induced Spatial Nonuniformity 349 15.2.5 Overview of External Compensation for AMOLED Displays 351 15.3 Ultralow-Power TFT Operation in a Deep Subthreshold (Near Off-State) Regime 354 15.3.1 Schottky Barrier TFTs 355 15.3.2 Device Characteristics and Small Signal Parameters 358 15.3.3 Common Source Amplifier 360 15.4 Oxide TFT-Based Image Sensors 362 15.4.1 Heterojunction Oxide Photo-TFTs 362 15.4.2 Persistent Photocurrent 364 15.4.3 All-Oxide Photosensor Array 365 References 366 16 Device Modeling and Simulation of TAOS-TFTs 369Katsumi Abe 16.1 Introduction 369 16.2 Device Models for TAOS-TFTs 369 16.2.1 Mobility Model 369 16.2.2 Density of Subgap States (DOS) Model 371 16.2.3 Self-Heating Model 372 16.3 Applications 373 16.3.1 Temperature Dependence 373 16.3.2 Channel-Length Dependence 373 16.3.3 Channel-Width Dependence 375 16.3.4 Dual-Gate Structure 378 16.4 Reliability 379 16.5 Summary 381 Acknowledgments 381 References 382 17 Oxide Circuits for Flexible Electronics 383Kris Myny, Nikolaos Papadopoulos, Florian De Roose, and Paul Heremans 17.1 Introduction 383 17.2 Technology-Aware Design Considerations 383 17.2.1 Etch-Stop Layer, Backchannel Etch, and Self-Aligned Transistors 384 17.2.1.1 Etch-Stop Layer 384 17.2.1.2 Backchannel Etch 385 17.2.1.3 Self-Aligned Transistors 385 17.2.1.4 Comparison 386 17.2.2 Dual-Gate Transistors 386 17.2.2.1 Stack Architecture 386 17.2.2.2 Effect of the Backgate 388 17.2.3 Moore’s Law for TFT Technologies 389 17.2.3.1 Cmos 389 17.2.3.2 Thin-Film Electronics Historically 389 17.2.3.3 New Drivers for Thin-Film Scaling: Circuits 390 17.2.3.4 L-Scaling 391 17.2.3.5 W and L Scaling 391 17.2.3.6 Overall Lateral Scaling 391 17.2.3.7 Oxide Thickness and Supply Voltage Scaling 391 17.2.4 Conclusion 392 17.3 Digital Electronics 392 17.3.1 Communication Chips 392 17.3.2 Complex Metal-Oxide-Based Digital Chips 395 17.4 Analog Electronics 396 17.4.1 Thin-Film ADC Topologies 396 17.4.2 Imager Readout Peripherals 397 17.4.3 Healthcare Patches 399 17.5 Summary 400 Acknowledgments 400 References 400 Part VI Display and Memory Applications 405 18 Oxide TFT Technology for Printed Electronics 407Toshiaki Arai 18.1 OLEDs 407 18.1.1 OLED Displays 407 18.1.2 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 408 18.1.3 Printed OLEDs 409 18.2 TFTs for OLED Driving 413 18.2.1 TFT Candidates 413 18.2.2 Pixel Circuits 413 18.2.3 Oxide TFTs 414 18.2.3.1 Bottom-Gate TFTs 415 18.2.3.2 Top-Gate TFTs 418 18.3 Oxide TFT–Driven Printed OLED Displays 424 18.4 Summary 427 References 428 19 Mechanically Flexible Nonvolatile Memory Thin-Film Transistors Using Oxide Semiconductor Active Channels on Ultrathin Polyimide Films 431Sung-Min Yoon, Hyeong-Rae Kim, Hye-Won Jang, Ji-Hee Yang, Hyo-Eun Kim, and Sol-Mi Kwak 19.1 Introduction 431 19.2 Fabrication of Memory TFTs 432 19.2.1 Substrate Preparation 432 19.2.2 Device Fabrication Procedures 434 19.2.3 Characterization Methodologies 435 19.3 Device Operations of Flexible Memory TFTs 437 19.3.1 Optimization of Flexible IGZO-TFTs on PI Films 437 19.3.2 Nonvolatile Memory Operations of Flexible Memory TFTs 438 19.3.3 Operation Mechanisms and Device Physics 442 19.4 Choice of Alternative Materials 444 19.4.1 Introduction to Conducting Polymer Electrodes 444 19.4.2 Introduction of Polymeric Gate Insulators 446 19.5 Device Scaling to Vertical-Channel Structures 447 19.5.1 Vertical-Channel IGZO-TFTs on PI Films 447 19.5.2 Vertical-Channel Memory TFTs Using IGZO Channel and ZnO Trap Layers 449 19.6 Summary 453 19.6.1 Remaining Technical Issues 453 19.6.2 Conclusions and Outlooks 453 References 454 20 Amorphous Oxide Semiconductor TFTs for BEOL Transistor Applications 457Nobuyoshi Saito and Keiji Ikeda 20.1 Introduction 457 20.2 Improvement of Immunity to H 2 Annealing 458 20.3 Increase of Mobility and Reduction of S/D Parasitic Resistance 463 20.4 Demonstration of Extremely Low Off-State Leakage Current Characteristics 467 References 471 21 Ferroelectric-HfO 2 Transistor Memory with IGZO Channels 473Masaharu Kobayashi 21.1 Introduction 473 21.2 Device Operation and Design 475 21.3 Device Fabrication 478 21.4 Experimental Results and Discussions 479 21.4.1 FE-HfO 2 Capacitors with an IGZO Layer 479 21.4.2 IGZO Channel FeFETs 481 21.5 Summary 484 Acknowledgments 484 References 485 22 Neuromorphic Chips Using AOS Thin-Film Devices 487Mutsumi Kimura 22.1 Introduction 487 22.2 Neuromorphic Systems with Crosspoint-Type α-GTO Thin-Film Devices 488 22.2.1 Neuromorphic Systems 488 22.2.1.1 α-GTO Thin-Film Devices 488 22.2.1.2 System Architecture 489 22.2.2 Experimental Results 492 22.3 Neuromorphic System Using an LSI Chip and α-IGZO Thin-Film Devices [24] 493 22.3.1 Neuromorphic System 494 22.3.1.1 Neuron Elements 494 22.3.1.2 Synapse Elements 494 22.3.1.3 System Architecture 495 22.3.2 Working Principle 495 22.3.2.1 Cellular Neural Network 495 22.3.2.2 Tug-of-War Method 497 22.3.2.3 Modified Hebbian Learning 497 22.3.2.4 Majority-Rule Handling 498 22.3.3 Experimental Results 498 22.3.3.1 Raw Data 498 22.3.3.2 Associative Memory 499 22.4 Conclusion 499 Acknowledgments 500 References 500 23 Oxide TFTs and Their Application to X-Ray Imaging 503Robert A. Street 23.1 Introduction 503 23.2 Digital X-Ray Detection and Imaging Modalities 504 23.2.1 Indirect Detection Imaging 504 23.2.2 Direct Detection Imaging 505 23.2.3 X-Ray Imaging Modalities 505 23.3 Oxide-TFT X-Ray Detectors 506 23.3.1 TFT Backplane Requirements for Digital X-Rays 506 23.3.2 An IGZO Detector Fabrication and Characterization 506 23.3.3 Other Reported Oxide X-Ray Detectors 509 23.4 How Oxide TFTs Can Improve Digital X-Ray Detectors 509 23.4.1 Noise and Image Quality in X-Ray Detectors 510 23.4.2 Minimizing Additive Electronic Noise with Oxides 510 23.4.3 Pixel Amplifier Backplanes 511 23.4.4 IGZO-TFT Noise 511 23.5 Radiation Hardness of Oxide TFTs 513 23.6 Oxide Direct Detector Materials 515 23.7 Summary 515 References 515 Part VII New Materials 519 24 Toward the Development of High-Performance p-Channel Oxide-TFTs and All-Oxide Complementary Circuits 521Kenji Nomura 24.1 Introduction 521 24.2 Why Is High-Performance p-Channel Oxide Difficult? 521 24.3 The Current Development of p-Channel Oxide-TFTs 524 24.4 Comparisons of p-Type Cu 2 O and SnO Channels 526 24.5 Comparisons of the TFT Characteristics of Cu 2 O and SnO-TFTs 529 24.6 Subgap Defect Termination for p-Channel Oxides 532 24.7 All-Oxide Complementary Circuits 534 24.8 Conclusions 535 References 536 25 Solution-Synthesized Metal Oxides and Halides for Transparent p-Channel TFTs 539Ao Liu, Huihui Zhu, and Yong-Young Noh 25.1 Introduction 539 25.2 Solution-Processed p-Channel Metal-Oxide TFTs 540 25.3 Transparent Copper(I) Iodide (CuI)–Based TFTs 546 25.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 548 Acknowledgments 549 References 549 26 Tungsten-Doped Active Layers for High-Mobility AOS-TFTs 553Zhang Qun 26.1 Introduction 553 26.2 Advances in Tungsten-Doped High-Mobility AOS-TFTs 555 26.2.1 a-IWO-TFTs 555 26.2.2 a-IZWO-TFTs 562 26.2.3 Dual Tungsten-Doped Active-Layer TFTs 565 26.2.4 Treatment on the Backchannel Surface 566 26.3 Perspectives for High-Mobility AOS Active Layers 570 References 572 27 Rare Earth– and Transition Metal–Doped Amorphous Oxide Semiconductor Phosphors for Novel Light-Emitting Diode Displays 577Keisuke Ide, Junghwan Kim, Hideo Hosono, and Toshio Kamiya 27.1 Introduction 577 27.2 Eu-Doped Amorphous Oxide Semiconductor Phosphor 577 27.3 Multiple-Color Emissions from Various Rare Earth–Doped AOS Phosphors 579 27.4 Transition Metal–Doped AOS Phosphors 582 References 584 28 Application of AOSs to Charge Transport Layers in Electroluminescent Devices 585Junghwan Kim and Hideo Hosono 28.1 Electronic Structure and Electrical Properties of Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors (AOSs) 585 28.2 Criteria for Charge Transport Layers in Electroluminescent (EL) Devices 585 28.3 Amorphous Zn-Si-O Electron Transport Layers for Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes (PeLEDs) 587 28.4 Amorphous In-Mo-O Hole Injection Layers for OLEDs 589 28.5 Perspective 594 References 595 29 Displays and Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers 597Kenichi Iga 29.1 Introduction to Displays 597 29.2 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) 597 29.2.1 History of LCDs 597 29.2.2 Principle of LCD: The TN Mode 598 29.2.3 Other LC Modes 600 29.2.4 Light Sources 600 29.2.5 Diffusion Plate and Light Guiding Layer 601 29.2.6 Microlens Arrays 601 29.2.7 Short-Focal-Length Projection 602 29.3 Organic EL Display 602 29.3.1 Method (a): Color-Coding Method 603 29.3.2 Method (b): Filter Method 603 29.3.3 Method (c): Blue Conversion Method 603 29.4 Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers 604 29.4.1 Motivation of Invention 604 29.4.2 What Is the Difference? 605 29.4.3 Device Realization 605 29.4.4 Applications 607 29.5 Laser Displays including VCSELs 607 29.5.1 Laser Displays 607 29.5.2 Color Gamut 608 29.5.3 Laser Backlight Method 609 Acknowledgments 610 References 611 Index 613
£999.99
State University of New York Press Postphenomenology and Technoscience The Peking
Book Synopsis
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Taylor & Francis Inc Logo Recognition
Book SynopsisUsed by companies, organizations, and even individuals to promote recognition of their brand, logos can also act as a valuable means of identifying the source of a document. E-business applications can retrieve and catalog products according to their logos. Governmental agencies can easily inspect goods using smart mobile devices that use logo recognition techniques. However, because logos are two-dimensional shapes of varying complexity, the recognition process can be challenging. Although promising results have been found for clean logos, they have not been as robust for noisy logos. Logo Recognition: Theory and Practice is the first book to focus on logo recognition, especially under noisy conditions. Beginning with an introduction to fundamental concepts and methods in pattern and shape recognition, it surveys advances in logo recognition. The authors also propose a new logo recognition system that can be used under adverse conditions such as broken linesTrade Review"I was inspired by this book project at the very beginning; now the book appears to be even a better idea when I really have it in hand. The resulting appraisal is thoughtful, creative, and comprehensive."—From the Foreword by Professor Xiaoli Li, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University"… Overall the book is well written and easy to follow … understandable and well formulated. I recommend it to readers willing to learn about logo recognition systems and potential commercial applications of shape recognition tools."—Journal of Intelligent and Robotic SystemsTable of ContentsIntroduction. Preliminary knowledge. Review of shape recognition techniques. System overview. Polygonal approximation. Logo indexing. Logo matching. Applications. Conclusion. Appendix: Test images. Appendix: Results of feature point detection. Index.
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Taylor & Francis Inc Handbook on Soft Computing for Video Surveillance
Book SynopsisInformation on integrating soft computing techniques into video surveillance is widely scattered among conference papers, journal articles, and books. Bringing this research together in one source, Handbook on Soft Computing for Video Surveillance illustrates the application of soft computing techniques to different tasks in video surveillance. Worldwide experts in the field present novel solutions to video surveillance problems and discuss future trends.After an introduction to video surveillance systems and soft computing tools, the book gives examples of neural network-based approaches for solving video surveillance tasks and describes summarization techniques for content identification. Covering a broad spectrum of video surveillance topics, the remaining chapters explain how soft computing techniques are used to detect moving objects, track objects, and classify and recognize target objects. The book also explores advanced surveillance systems undTable of ContentsIntroduction to Video Surveillance Systems. The Role of Soft Computing in Image Analysis: Rough-Fuzzy Approach. Neural Networks in Video Surveillance: A Perspective View. Video Summarization and Significance of Content: A Review. Background Subtraction for Visual Surveillance: A Fuzzy Approach. Sensor and Data Fusion: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Applications. Independent Viewpoint Silhouette-Based Human Action Modeling and Recognition. Clustering for Multi-Perspective Video Analytics: A Soft Computing-Based Approach. An Unsupervised Video Shot Boundary Detection Technique Using Fuzzy Entropy Estimation of Video Content. Multi-Robot and Multi-Camera Patrolling. A Network of Audio and Video Sensors for Monitoring Large Environments. Index.
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Pelagic Publishing Thermal Imaging for Wildlife Applications
Book SynopsisThermal imaging is exciting technology that can act as a powerful tool in a growing number of wildlife research, ecology and management applications. It allows us to see things difficult or even impossible to detect using conventional methods, opening a window onto the worlds of cryptic, nocturnal, secretive and otherwise challenging species. This can offer a range of benefits such as increased accuracy, reduced costs, better efficiency and improvements to health and safety conditions. Yet the relevant information is often largely inaccessible to most wildlife professionals. Thermal Imaging for Wildlife Applications brings together key findings from academic research and applied field protocols, along with the author’s wealth of practical experience, to inform and guide the reader in an approachable and understandable format. This comprehensive handbook includes chapters covering the fundamentals of the technology, methods, equipment and detailed discussion of application types, as well as specific sections that focus on terrestrial mammals, bats, marine mammals and birds. The final chapter explores some of the many potential future uses of thermal imaging, before a thorough literature overview and a list of resources ensure that this will be the standard work on the subject for years to come.Trade ReviewI found the book delightful, engaging, informative, and an overall wonderful reference. It would be of interest to anyone who is either considering, or ready to begin using thermal imaging technology. It's not only a unique resource on the subject, but an impressive technical reference, which one can come back to again, and again. -- Al Milano * Bat Detecting Blog *A comprehensive guide to the use of thermography in animal research... Essentially, this is technical book for someone who is considering thermal imaging in their research programme and is planning their work with animals that are difficult to find with conventional surveys. However, this book is also useful for those who wish to use their equipment more effectively and for those naturalists who want an accessible insight into the world of thermal imaging. -- David Skydmore * BNA News Bulletin *Table of ContentsContents List of Figures Preface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 1.1 How it works 1.2 History of thermal imaging for wildlife applications 1.3 Advantages of using thermal imaging 1.4 Challenges and limitations of thermal imaging 2. Foundations 2.1 Setting the thermal scene 2.2 Detectability 3. Methods 3.1 Operations workflow 3.2 Levels of use 3.3 Deployment methods 3.4 Combining techniques 3.5 Expertise requirements 4. Equipment 4.1 Important specifications for device selection 4.2 Accessories 4.3 Calibration 5. Application Types 5.1 Detection, classification and counting 5.2 Human–wildlife interactions 5.3 Behavioural studies 5.4 Health and rehabilitation 5.5 Thermoregulation, thermal biology and thermal ecology 5.6 Communication, education and awareness 6. Wildlife Applications 6.1 Mammals 6.2 Birds 6.3 Bats 6.4 Marine mammals 7. Future Possibilities 7.1 Further development of thermal-imaging technologies 7.2 Automation 7.3 Data storage and handling 7.4 Sustainability Appendix Tables Resources Supplier Directory References Index
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Pelagic Publishing Thermal Imaging for Wildlife Applications
Book SynopsisThermal imaging is exciting technology that can act as a powerful tool in a growing number of wildlife research, ecology and management applications. It allows us to see things difficult or even impossible to detect using conventional methods, opening a window onto the worlds of cryptic, nocturnal, secretive and otherwise challenging species. This can offer a range of benefits such as increased accuracy, reduced costs, better efficiency and improvements to health and safety conditions. Yet the relevant information is often largely inaccessible to most wildlife professionals. Thermal Imaging for Wildlife Applications brings together key findings from academic research and applied field protocols, along with the author’s wealth of practical experience, to inform and guide the reader in an approachable and understandable format. This comprehensive handbook includes chapters covering the fundamentals of the technology, methods, equipment and detailed discussion of application types, as well as specific sections that focus on terrestrial mammals, bats, marine mammals and birds. The final chapter explores some of the many potential future uses of thermal imaging, before a thorough literature overview and a list of resources ensure that this will be the standard work on the subject for years to come.Trade ReviewI found the book delightful, engaging, informative, and an overall wonderful reference. It would be of interest to anyone who is either considering, or ready to begin using thermal imaging technology. It's not only a unique resource on the subject, but an impressive technical reference, which one can come back to again, and again. -- Al Milano * Bat Detecting Blog *A comprehensive guide to the use of thermography in animal research... Essentially, this is technical book for someone who is considering thermal imaging in their research programme and is planning their work with animals that are difficult to find with conventional surveys. However, this book is also useful for those who wish to use their equipment more effectively and for those naturalists who want an accessible insight into the world of thermal imaging. -- David Skydmore * BNA News Bulletin *Table of ContentsContents List of Figures Preface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 1.1 How it works 1.2 History of thermal imaging for wildlife applications 1.3 Advantages of using thermal imaging 1.4 Challenges and limitations of thermal imaging 2. Foundations 2.1 Setting the thermal scene 2.2 Detectability 3. Methods 3.1 Operations workflow 3.2 Levels of use 3.3 Deployment methods 3.4 Combining techniques 3.5 Expertise requirements 4. Equipment 4.1 Important specifications for device selection 4.2 Accessories 4.3 Calibration 5. Application Types 5.1 Detection, classification and counting 5.2 Human–wildlife interactions 5.3 Behavioural studies 5.4 Health and rehabilitation 5.5 Thermoregulation, thermal biology and thermal ecology 5.6 Communication, education and awareness 6. Wildlife Applications 6.1 Mammals 6.2 Birds 6.3 Bats 6.4 Marine mammals 7. Future Possibilities 7.1 Further development of thermal-imaging technologies 7.2 Automation 7.3 Data storage and handling 7.4 Sustainability Appendix Tables Resources Supplier Directory References Index
£71.25
Lexington Books Postphenomenology and Imaging: How to Read
Book SynopsisHow should we understand the experience of encountering and interpreting images? What are their roles in science and medicine? How do they shape everyday life? Postphenomenology and Imaging: How to Read Technology brings together scholars from multiple disciplines to investigate these questions. The contributors make use of the “postphenomenological” philosophical perspective, applying its distinctive ideas to the study of how images are experienced. These essays offer both philosophical analysis of our conception of images and empirical studies of imaging practice. The contributors analyze concrete examples from a variety of fields of science and medicine, including radiology, neuroscience, cytology, physics, remote sensing, and space science. They also include examples of imaging in everyday life, from smartphone apps to animated GIFs. Edited by Samantha J. Fried and Robert Rosenberger, this collection includes an extensive “primer” chapter introducing and expanding the postphenomenological account of imaging, as well as a set of short pieces by “critical respondents”: prominent scholars who may not self-identify as doing postphenomenology but whose adjacent work is illuminating. Table of ContentsContentsIntroductionSamantha J. Fried & Robert RosenbergerSECTION 1: Primer1. A Primer on Postphenomenology and Image ReadingRobert RosenbergerSECTION 2: Postphenomenological Thought Experiments: Multiplying Multiples2. Affect in the Age of the Image: The .gif Use CaseStacey O. Irwin3. Science Comes Late to Sonification Don Ihde4. Radiology as Skillful Coping and Enactive Hermeneutics: A Critique of Representations and Corresponding Truth Jan Kyrre Berg FriisSECTION 3: Embodied Postphenomenology: Ethnographies of the Interactive Multiple5. Image Interpretation as Object Constitution: Hermeneutic Strategies in Neuroscientific PracticeBas de Boer6. “To Be Or Not To Be”: Hermeneutic Relations Through Technology in Clinical Cytology Anette Forss7. Not Too Queer To Be Straight And Not Too Straight To Be Queer: Becoming Bisexual Through The Screen Of Digital Hook-Up App BumbleKatie WarfieldSECTION 4: Postphenomenology as Practice/Theory8. Feynman Diagrams and the Phenomenology of Paper ToolsRobert P. Crease9. Collective Visual Hermeneutics: How Posthumanist Learning Forms Perception with Technologies Cathrine Hasse10. Philosophize In It! Politicize With it!: Postphenomenology and Earth Remote Sensing as Sites of Political/Scientific InterventionSamantha J. FriedSECTION 5: Critical Respondents11. Attending to the Otherwise: Reading Illusions through Virtual RealityLisa Messeri12. Reflections on Postphenomenological CrossingsJanet Vertesi13. Representationalism and Digital ImageryWill Sutherland and David RibesAbout the Contributors
£87.30
Institution of Engineering and Technology Fortressing Pixels
£999.99
Royal Society of Chemistry Fluorescent Chemosensors
Book SynopsisFluorescent chemosensors have been widely applied in many diverse fields such as biology, physiology, pharmacology, and environmental sciences. The interdisciplinary nature of chemosensor research has continued to grow over the last 25 years to meet the increasing needs of monitoring our environment and health. More recently, a large range of fluorescent chemosensors have been established for the detection of biologically and/or environmentally important species, and are increasingly being used to solve biological problems. The use of these molecules as imaging probes to diagnose and treat disease is gaining momentum with clear future applications. This book will bring together world-leading experts to describe the current state of play in the field and introduce the cutting-edge research and possible future directions into fluorescent chemosensors design. Chapters focus on the basic principles involved in the design of chemosensors for specific analytes, problems, and challenges in the field. Concentrating on advanced techniques and methods, the book will be of use for academics and researchers across a number of disciplines, with international appeal.Table of ContentsWelcome to Fluorescent Chemosensors;Supramolecular Chemistry, Fluorescence, and Sensing;Activity-based Sensing: Principles and Probes for Selective Bioimaging;Aggregation-induced Emission-based Fluorescent Systems;Diversity-oriented Fluorescence Library Approach: Accelerating Probe Development for Biological and Environmental Applications;Two-photon Fluorescent Probes;Ratiometric Fluorescent Chemosensors: Photophysical/Chemical Mechanism Principles and Design Strategies;Chirality Sensing with UV-visible Absorbance, Fluorescence, and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy;Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles;Fluorescent Chemosensors for Phosphates;Fluorescent Sensors for Reactive Oxygen Species;Subcellular Compartment-targeting Fluorescent Zn2+ Probes;Molecular Fluorescent Probes for the Detection and Imaging of Sulfane Sulfur and Reactive Selenium Species;The Activity-based Sensing of Biological Transition Metals;Activatable Photodynamic Photosensitizers for Cancer Treatment;Fluorescent Platforms for Environmental Sensing;Time-delayed Lanthanide Luminescent Sensors and Probes
£999.99
Imperial College Press Nmr Probeheads For Biophysical And Biomedical
Book SynopsisNMR Probeheads for Biophysical and Biomedical Experiments 2nd Edition is essential reading for anyone in the field of NMR or MRI, from students to medical or biological scientists performing experiments under certain physical and/or geometrical conditions, unattainable by conventional or available probes. The material guides the reader through the most basic and comprehensive stages in accomplishing a correct probe design, from a very basic oscillating circuit to much more elaborate designs.This new edition has been revised and updated to include a chapter dedicated to RF components, which are commonly used for probes realization and their frequency-dependent characteristics. Another completely revised chapter concerns the multiple coil systems and discusses arrays coils, different decoupling methods, and some principles for interfacing coils with low-noise preamplifiers. The principles of linear circuit analysis are presented in a dedicated chapter. Last but not least, accompanying files containing updated software for probe design have been made available from the publisher's website.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Relating the Probe Resonator to the Spectrometer; Probe Components (Choice of RF Coil Components Specifically Designed for NMR Experiments), Practical Hints; Quadrature Driving; Multiple Frequencies Tuning; Linear Circuit Simulation; Magnetic Field Amplitude Estimation; Homogeneous Resonators; Heterogeneous Resonators, Combination of Coils; Probe Evaluation and Debugging.
£123.30
Imperial College Press Fundamentals Of Imaging, The: From Particles To
Book SynopsisIt is through images that we understand the form and function of material objects, from the fundamental particles that are the constituents of matter to galaxies that are the constituents of the Universe. Imaging must be thought of in a flexible way as varying from just the detection of objects — a blip on a screen representing an aircraft or a vapour trail representing the passage of an exotic particle — to displaying the fine detail in the eye of an insect or the arrangement of atoms within or on the surface of a solid. The range of imaging tools, both in the type of wave phenomena used and in the devices that utilize them, is vast.This book will illustrate this range, with wave phenomena covering the entire electromagnetic spectrum and ultrasound, and devices that vary from those that just detect the presence of objects to those that image objects in exquisite detail. The word ‘fundamentals’ in the title has meaning for this book. There will be no attempt to delve into the fine technical details of the construction of specific devices but rather the book aims to give an understanding of the principles behind the imaging process and a general account of how those principles are utilized.Table of ContentsThe Human Visual System; The Evolution of the Eye; The Physics of Image Formation; Seeing Small Objects; Imaging Objects with Non-Visible Radiation; Images of the Universe; Observing the Earth; Photography and the Recording of Images; Images for Entertainment; Images with Sound; Medical Imaging; Images of Atoms and Beyond.
£82.65
Imperial College Press Fundamentals Of Imaging, The: From Particles To
Book SynopsisIt is through images that we understand the form and function of material objects, from the fundamental particles that are the constituents of matter to galaxies that are the constituents of the Universe. Imaging must be thought of in a flexible way as varying from just the detection of objects — a blip on a screen representing an aircraft or a vapour trail representing the passage of an exotic particle — to displaying the fine detail in the eye of an insect or the arrangement of atoms within or on the surface of a solid. The range of imaging tools, both in the type of wave phenomena used and in the devices that utilize them, is vast.This book will illustrate this range, with wave phenomena covering the entire electromagnetic spectrum and ultrasound, and devices that vary from those that just detect the presence of objects to those that image objects in exquisite detail. The word ‘fundamentals’ in the title has meaning for this book. There will be no attempt to delve into the fine technical details of the construction of specific devices but rather the book aims to give an understanding of the principles behind the imaging process and a general account of how those principles are utilized.Table of ContentsThe Human Visual System; The Evolution of the Eye; The Physics of Image Formation; Seeing Small Objects; Imaging Objects with Non-Visible Radiation; Images of the Universe; Observing the Earth; Photography and the Recording of Images; Images for Entertainment; Images with Sound; Medical Imaging; Images of Atoms and Beyond.
£38.00
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Multivariate Image Processing
Book SynopsisMultivariate imagery is now a very common tool in numerous applications, ranging from satellite remote sensing and astrophysics to biomedical imagery, monitoring of the environment or industrial inspection. Multivariate must be understood in th emost general way: color and multispectral imaging, but also multimodal, multisource or multitemporal imagery. In all the cases, the multivariate image corresponds to a set of standard grey level images. The availability of the additional diversity, be it spectral temporal and s.o., provides an invaluable source of information, enabling to consider a wide range of new applications. However, in order to address these applications, theoretical developments are required in terms of signal and image processing, or, more generally speaking, information processing. As a matter of fact, most of the standard algorithms designed for grey level images do not generalize easily to multidimensional spaces and some specific derivations are required. This book aims at presenting the most recent advances in signal and image processing for the analysis of multivariate data. It should be helpful for electrical engineers, PhD students and researcher working in the field of signal processing, but also for any engineer dealing with some specific application where multidimensional data are processed.Trade Review"A most welcome addition to the publishers' series on Digital Signal and Image Processing, this handsome book of fourteen chapters has perforce to be highly selective in its choice of subject matter. It is a welcome addition to the studies on the subject of multivariate image processing. All chapters measure up to this reviewer's expectations. This book aims at presenting the most recent advances in signal and image processing for the analysis of multivariate data. It should be helpful for electrical engineers, students at higher levels, and researchers working in the field of signal processing, and extremely ideal for any engineer dealing with a specific application where multidimensional data are processed." (Current Engineering Practice, 26 October 2010)Table of Contents1. Introduction to Multivariate Image Processing from the Basics to New Challenges. 2. Registration. 3. Fusion of SAR and Optical Data. 4. Fusion of Satellite Images at Different Resolutions. 5. Multitemporal Processing and Change Detection. 6. Bayesian Approach to Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis. 7. Detection and Tracking of Emission Rays in Radioastronomy. 8. Wavelet Transform for the Denoising of Multivariate Images. 9. Bayesian Approach for Polarization-encoded Image Analysis. 10. Unsupervised Classification for Multivariate Images. 11. Noise Estimation.
£150.05
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Wireless Optical Communications
Book SynopsisWireless optical communication refers to communication based on the unguided propagation of optical waves. The past 30 years have seen significant improvements in this technique – a wireless communication solution for the current millennium – that offers an alternative to radio systems; a technique that could gain attractiveness due to recent concerns regarding the potential effects of radiofrequency waves on human health. The aim of this book is to look at the free space optics that are already used for the exchange of current information; its many benefits, such as incorporating channel properties, propagation models, link budgets, data processing including coding, modulation, standards and concerns around health and safety (IEC 60825 or FCC - Class 1 for example), etc. will become indispensable over the next decade in addressing computer architectures for short-, medium- and long-range telecommunications as we move from gigabytes to terabytes per second. Wireless Optical Communications is an excellent tool for any engineer wanting to learn about wireless optical communications or involved in the implementation of real complete systems. Students will find a wide range of information and useful concepts such as those relating to propagation, optics and photometry, as well the necessary information on safety. Contents 1. Light. 2. History of Optical Telecommunications. 3. The Contemporary and the Everyday Life of Wireless Optical Communication. 4. Propagation Model. 5. Propagation in the Atmosphere. 6. Indoor Optic Link Budget. 7. Immunity, Safety, Energy and Legislation. 8. Optics and Optronics. 9. Data Processing. 10. Data Transmission. 11. Installation and System Engineering. 12. Conclusion.Table of ContentsForeword.xi Pierre-Noël FAVENNEC Acronyms xiii Introduction.xix Chapter 1. Light 1 Chapter 2. History of Optical Telecommunications 7 2.1. Some definitions 7 2.2. The prehistory of telecommunications 8 2.3. The optical aerial telegraph 11 2.4. The code 14 2.5. The optical telegraph 18 2.6. Alexander Graham Bell’s photophone 20 Chapter 3. The Contemporary and the Everyday Life of Wireless Optical Communication 25 3.1. Basic principles 25 3.2. Wireless optical communication 53 Chapter 4. Propagation Model 63 4.1. Introduction.63 4.2. Baseband equivalent model 63 4.3. Diffuse propagation link budget in a confined environment 73 Chapter 5. Propagation in the Atmosphere 85 5.1. Introduction.85 5.2. The atmosphere 86 5.3. The propagation of light in the atmosphere 87 5.4. Models.93 5.5. Experimental set-up 103 5.6. Experimental results.104 5.7. Fog, haze, and mist 107 5.8. The runway visual range (RVR) 108 5.9. Calculating process of an FSO link availability 114 5.10. Conclusion 116 Chapter 6. Indoor Optic Link Budget.119 6.1. Emission and reception parameters 119 6.2. Link budget for line of sight communication 128 6.3. Link budget for communication with retroreflectors.132 6.4. Examples of optical budget and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 135 Chapter 7. Immunity, Safety, Energy and Legislation 141 7.1. Immunity 141 7.2. The confidentiality of communication 149 7.3. Energy 153 7.4. Legislation 154 Chapter 8. Optics and Optronics 157 8.1. Overview 157 8.2. Optronics: transmitters and receivers.157 8.3. Optics 170 Chapter 9. Data Processing 177 9.1. Introduction.177 9.2. Modulation 178 9.3. The coding 184 Chapter 10. Data Transmission 197 10.1. Introduction 197 10.2. Point-to-point link 201 10.3. Point-to-multipoint data link 206 10.4. Summary 212 Chapter 11. Installation and System Engineering 213 11.1. Free-space optic system engineering and installation 213 11.2. Wireless optical system installation engineering in limited space 225 Chapter 12. Conclusion.237 APPENDICES 241 Appendix 1. Geometrical Optics, Photometry and Energy Elements 243 Appendix 2. The Decibel Unit (dB) 257 Bibliography 261 List of Figures 273 List of Tables 277 List of Equations 279 Index 283
£132.00
