Imaging systems and technology Books

Book SynopsisFluorescent chemosensors have been widely applied in many diverse fields such as biology, physiology, pharmacology, and environmental sciences. The interdisciplinary nature of chemosensor research has continued to grow over the last 25 years to meet the increasing needs of monitoring our environment and health. More recently, a large range of fluorescent chemosensors have been established for the detection of biologically and/or environmentally important species, and are increasingly being used to solve biological problems. The use of these molecules as imaging probes to diagnose and treat disease is gaining momentum with clear future applications. This book will bring together world-leading experts to describe the current state of play in the field and introduce the cutting-edge research and possible future directions into fluorescent chemosensors design. Chapters focus on the basic principles involved in the design of chemosensors for specific analytes, problems, and challenges in the field. Concentrating on advanced techniques and methods, the book will be of use for academics and researchers across a number of disciplines, with international appeal.Table of ContentsWelcome to Fluorescent Chemosensors;Supramolecular Chemistry, Fluorescence, and Sensing;Activity-based Sensing: Principles and Probes for Selective Bioimaging;Aggregation-induced Emission-based Fluorescent Systems;Diversity-oriented Fluorescence Library Approach: Accelerating Probe Development for Biological and Environmental Applications;Two-photon Fluorescent Probes;Ratiometric Fluorescent Chemosensors: Photophysical/Chemical Mechanism Principles and Design Strategies;Chirality Sensing with UV-visible Absorbance, Fluorescence, and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy;Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles;Fluorescent Chemosensors for Phosphates;Fluorescent Sensors for Reactive Oxygen Species;Subcellular Compartment-targeting Fluorescent Zn2+ Probes;Molecular Fluorescent Probes for the Detection and Imaging of Sulfane Sulfur and Reactive Selenium Species;The Activity-based Sensing of Biological Transition Metals;Activatable Photodynamic Photosensitizers for Cancer Treatment;Fluorescent Platforms for Environmental Sensing;Time-delayed Lanthanide Luminescent Sensors and Probes

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Book SynopsisMultivariate imagery is now a very common tool in numerous applications, ranging from satellite remote sensing and astrophysics to biomedical imagery, monitoring of the environment or industrial inspection. Multivariate must be understood in th emost general way: color and multispectral imaging, but also multimodal, multisource or multitemporal imagery. In all the cases, the multivariate image corresponds to a set of standard grey level images. The availability of the additional diversity, be it spectral temporal and s.o., provides an invaluable source of information, enabling to consider a wide range of new applications. However, in order to address these applications, theoretical developments are required in terms of signal and image processing, or, more generally speaking, information processing. As a matter of fact, most of the standard algorithms designed for grey level images do not generalize easily to multidimensional spaces and some specific derivations are required. This book aims at presenting the most recent advances in signal and image processing for the analysis of multivariate data. It should be helpful for electrical engineers, PhD students and researcher working in the field of signal processing, but also for any engineer dealing with some specific application where multidimensional data are processed.Trade Review"A most welcome addition to the publishers' series on Digital Signal and Image Processing, this handsome book of fourteen chapters has perforce to be highly selective in its choice of subject matter. It is a welcome addition to the studies on the subject of multivariate image processing. All chapters measure up to this reviewer's expectations. This book aims at presenting the most recent advances in signal and image processing for the analysis of multivariate data. It should be helpful for electrical engineers, students at higher levels, and researchers working in the field of signal processing, and extremely ideal for any engineer dealing with a specific application where multidimensional data are processed." (Current Engineering Practice, 26 October 2010)Table of Contents1. Introduction to Multivariate Image Processing from the Basics to New Challenges. 2. Registration. 3. Fusion of SAR and Optical Data. 4. Fusion of Satellite Images at Different Resolutions. 5. Multitemporal Processing and Change Detection. 6. Bayesian Approach to Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis. 7. Detection and Tracking of Emission Rays in Radioastronomy. 8. Wavelet Transform for the Denoising of Multivariate Images. 9. Bayesian Approach for Polarization-encoded Image Analysis. 10. Unsupervised Classification for Multivariate Images. 11. Noise Estimation.

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Book SynopsisThe imaging of moving organs such as the heart, in particular, is a real challenge because of its movement. This book presents current and emerging methods developed for the acquisition of images of moving organs in the five main medical imaging modalities: conventional X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear imaging and ultrasound. The availability of dynamic image sequences allows for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of an organ’s dynamics, which is often linked to pathologies.Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv INTRODUCTION xvii PART 1. METHODOLOGICAL BASES 1 CHAPTER 1. EXTRACTION AND SEGMENTATION OF STRUCTURES IN IMAGE SEQUENCES 3Olivier BERNARD, Patrick CLARYSSE, Thomas DIETENBECK, Denis FRIBOULET, Stéphanie JEHAN-BESSON and Jérome POUSIN 1.1. Problematics 3 1.2. Overview of segmentation methods 3 1.3. Summary of the different classes of deformable models 6 1.3.1. Non-energy approaches 7 1.3.2. Energy-based approaches 8 1.4. Deformable templates 11 1.4.1. Elastic deformable template principle 12 1.4.2. Dynamic elastic deformable template 14 1.4.3. Elastic deformable template and modal analysis 15 1.4.4. The elastic deformable template in practice 15 1.5. Variational active contours 17 1.5.1. Active contour representations 17 1.5.2. Energy functional 21 1.5.3. Obtaining the evolution equation 26 1.5.4. Level set digital implementation 34 1.6. Integration of a priori constraints in the formalism of variational contours 35 1.6.1. Shape a priori 36 1.6.2. Motion a priori 38 1.7. Implementation examples in cardiac imaging 44 1.7.1. Echographic imaging: choice of the data fitting term 44 1.7.2. Example of 3D echocardiography image segmentation 46 1.7.3. Example of 2D echocardiography image segmentation 48 1.8. Conclusion 50 1.9. Bibliography 52 CHAPTER 2. MOTION ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS 65Patrick CLARYSSE and Jérome POUSIN 2.1. Problematics 65 2.2. Problem formulation 66 2.3. Transport methods 67 2.3.1. Optical flow 68 2.3.2. Motion estimation seen as an optimal transport problem 70 2.4. Probabilistic approaches 74 2.5. Image registration 76 2.5.1. Transformation 77 2.5.2. Similarity function 78 2.5.3. Optimization 78 2.5.4. Practical considerations 79 2.6. Local methods 79 2.6.1. Block or primitive-matching 79 2.6.2. Least-square estimation 81 2.7. Hybrid methods 81 2.7.1. Power spectrum-based methods 82 2.7.2. Spatiotemporal description 82 2.8. Phase-based methods 84 2.8.1. Fleet and Jepson’s method 85 2.8.2. Analytic and monogenic signal 86 2.8.3. Harmonic phase methods 88 2.9. Registration and motion estimation in a sequence of images 89 2.9.1. Lagrangian description 89 2.9.2. Eulerian description 91 2.9.3. Strategies for the estimation in sequence 91 2.10. Evaluation of motion estimation methods 92 2.11. Conclusion 95 2.12. Bibliography 95 CHAPTER 3. POST-PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES FOR MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION QUANTIFICATION 103Bruno NEYRAN and Magalie VIALLON 3.1. Introduction 103 3.2. Dynamic measurement of perfusion with contrast agents: reminder about the MRI sequences and the different contrast agents used 107 3.2.1. Brief reminder about cardiac perfusion MRI sequences 107 3.2.2. MRI signal conversion/tracer concentration 107 3.2.3. Different clinical-candidate contrast agents 108 3.3. Motion correction and contour segmentation of the myocardium: important preprocessing prior to quantitative analysis 109 3.3.1. Dynamic image registration 109 3.3.2. Automatic contour extraction 109 3.4. Semi-quantitative perfusion analysis: calculation of relative parameters depending on the injection of the contrast medium 110 3.4.1. Semi-quantitative perfusion parameters 110 3.4.2. Heuristic modeling using a varied gamma function 112 3.4.3. Heuristic modeling with a bi-exponential function 114 3.4.4. Heuristic modeling with the Moate model 115 3.5. Absolute parameters independent of the contrast agent injection (taking account of the arterial input): pharmacokinetic modeling 117 3.5.1. General studies: tracer kinetics theory 118 3.5.2. Identification of the residual function 127 3.5.3. Identification of the discrete residual function 129 3.6. Conclusion 133 3.7. Bibliography 135 CHAPTER 4. TENSOR DECOMPOSITION OF A DYNAMIC SEQUENCE OF IMAGES INTO SIMPLE ELEMENTS 141Frédérique FROUIN and Claire PELLOT-BARAKAT 4.1. Problematics 141 4.2. Panorama of methods for the quantitative analysis of dynamic image sequences 143 4.2.1. Regions of interest method 143 4.2.2. Parametric imaging methods 144 4.2.3. Movement analysis methods 145 4.2.4. Tensor decomposition of a sequence of images into simple elements 145 4.3. Tensor decomposition methods of an image sequence into simple elements 146 4.3.1. Notations and decomposition principle 146 4.3.2. Orthogonal decomposition of an image sequence 147 4.3.3. Decomposition into simple elements 148 4.4. Specifications for radiotracer or contrast medium monitoring 149 4.4.1. Proposed approach objectives and associated constraints definition 149 4.4.2. Components estimation principle 149 4.4.3. Example of tensor decomposition into simple elements in myocardial perfusion studies 152 4.4.4. Limitations of the proposed approach 153 4.4.5. Clinical applications of the tensor decomposition into simple elements for cardiac imaging 155 4.5. Specifications for the study of cardiac motion 156 4.5.1. Proposed approach objectives and associated constraint definition 156 4.5.2. Tensor decomposition method solution 157 4.5.3. Tensor decomposition model extensions 160 4.5.4. Clinical applications and perspectives 164 4.6. Conclusion 165 4.7. Bibliography 166 PART 2. APPLICATION EXAMPLES 169 CHAPTER 5. EVALUATION OF CARDIAC STRUCTURE SEGMENTATION IN CINE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 171Alain LALANDE, Mireille GARREAU and Frédérique FROUIN 5.1. Context: significance of the automatic segmentation of the cardiac structures 171 5.1.1. Cine MRI in short-axis orientation 171 5.1.2. Left ventricle and right ventricle 172 5.2. Evaluation necessity 175 5.2.1. The place of evaluation 175 5.2.2. Analytic and empirical methods 176 5.3. Empirical evaluation methods 177 5.4. Visual evaluation methods 179 5.5. Supervised methods 180 5.5.1. The definition of a reference 180 5.5.2. Creation of an expert database 183 5.5.3. Evaluation criterion: edge-based approaches 184 5.5.4. Evaluation criteria: region-based approaches 188 5.5.5. Supervised methods for the estimation of a clinical parameter 192 5.5.6. ROC curves 193 5.5.7. Comparison of the supervised methods 194 5.5.8. Limitations of the supervised methods 195 5.6. Non-supervised evaluation methods 198 5.6.1. Unsupervised methods relying on region- or edge-based descriptors 198 5.6.2. Methods using a clinical parameter 202 5.6.3. Estimation methods of a reference segmentation 204 5.6.4. Difficulties in unsupervised methods 205 5.7. Conclusion 205 5.8. IMPEIC and MEDIEVAL working groups 207 5.9. Bibliography 209 CHAPTER 6. PHASE-BASED HEART MOTION ESTIMATION IN MULTIMODALITY CARDIAC IMAGING 217Martino ALESSANDRINI, Adrian BASARAB, Olivier BERNARD and Philippe DELACHARTRE 6.1. Phase images 218 6.1.1. Multidimensional analytic signals 218 6.1.2. Monogenic signal 219 6.2. Optical flow motion estimation on the phase of the two single-orthant analytic signals and using a deformable mesh: application to cardiac MRI sequences 221 6.2.1. Optical flow method applied to spatial phase images 223 6.2.2. Parametric modeling of local motion 226 6.2.3. Trajectory estimation 228 6.2.4. Results 230 6.2.5. Conclusion 235 6.3. Motion estimation by optical flow from the monogenic phase using a local affine model and multiscale analysis – application to ultrasonic cardiac sequences 236 6.3.1. Affine model 237 6.3.2. Multiscale choice of the window size 238 6.3.3. Iterative refinement of the displacement 238 6.4. Bibliography 244 CHAPTER 7. CARDIAC MOTION ANALYSIS IN TAGGED MRI 247Patrick CLARYSSE and Pierre CROISILLE 7.1. Motion quantification by the SinMod method 248 7.2. Processing pipeline and features of the software inTag 250 7.2.1. Data and input parameters 251 7.2.2. Motion field estimation 251 7.2.3. LV contour extraction 252 7.2.4. LV motion and deformation analysis 252 7.3. Perspectives 254 7.4. Bibliography 254 CHAPTER 8. LEFT VENTRICLE MOTION ESTIMATION IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING 257Antoine SIMON, Mireille GARREAU, Régis DELAUNAY, Dominique BOULMIER, Erwan DONAL and Christophe LECLERCQ 8.1. Introduction 257 8.1.1. Clinical problem and objectives 257 8.1.2. Technological choice: cardiac CT imaging 258 8.1.3. State of the art and method positioning 259 8.2. Surface matching method 262 8.2.1. Surface segmentation and reconstruction stage 262 8.2.2. Surface–surface matching 263 8.3. Surface–surface approach evaluation 267 8.3.1. Simulated data 267 8.3.2. Real data 270 8.4. Surface–surface approach conclusion 278 8.5. Surface and volume matching method: surface–volume approach 278 8.6. Surface–volume approach evaluation 280 8.6.1. Simulated data 280 8.6.2. Real data 283 8.7. Conclusion 285 8.8. Acknowledgments 287 8.9. Bibliography 287 PART 3 . TOWARD PATIENT-SPECIFIC CARDIOLOGY 293 CHAPTER 9. PERSONALIZATION OF ELECTROMECHANICAL MODELS OF THE CARDIAC VENTRICULAR FUNCTION BY HETEROGENEOUS CLINICAL DATA ASSIMILATION 295Stephanie MARCHESSEAU, Maxime SERMESANT, Florence BILLET, Hervé DELINGETTE and Nicholas AYACHE 9.1. Introduction 295 9.2. Anatomy and electrophysiology personalization from clinical data 298 9.2.1. Personalization of the heart and the tissue structure anatomy 298 9.2.2. Cardiac electrophysiology personalization 300 9.3. Heart mechanics modeling 302 9.3.1. Modeling of the Bestel–Clément–Sorine electromechanical coupling 302 9.3.2. Blood flow modeling 304 9.3.3. Other boundary conditions 305 9.3.4. Discussion about this model 306 9.4. Image data processing: cardiac kinematics personalization 306 9.4.1. Metrics for the comparison between observed and simulated motion 307 9.4.2. Data time interpolation 307 9.4.3. Deformable models approach 308 9.4.4. Data displacement case 310 9.4.5. Velocity data case 311 9.4.6. Results with cine-MRI data 311 9.4.7. Results from dynamic CT data 312 9.5. Calibration of the mechanical parameters from global data 313 9.5.1. Available data description 314 9.5.2. Unscented transform calibration 315 9.5.3. Calibration results with healthy volunteers 317 9.5.4. Calibration results with pathological cases 317 9.6. Mechanical personalization by variational data assimilation 318 9.6.1. Variational approach on a simplified model 320 9.6.2. Application to synthetic cases 321 9.6.3. Application to clinical cases 322 9.6.4. Sequential approach on full model 322 9.7. Conclusion 323 9.8. Bibliography 324 CONCLUSION 331 APPENDIX 1 335 APPENDIX 2 339 LIST OF AUTHORS 343 INDEX 347

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Book SynopsisWireless optical communication refers to communication based on the unguided propagation of optical waves. The past 30 years have seen significant improvements in this technique – a wireless communication solution for the current millennium – that offers an alternative to radio systems; a technique that could gain attractiveness due to recent concerns regarding the potential effects of radiofrequency waves on human health. The aim of this book is to look at the free space optics that are already used for the exchange of current information; its many benefits, such as incorporating channel properties, propagation models, link budgets, data processing including coding, modulation, standards and concerns around health and safety (IEC 60825 or FCC - Class 1 for example), etc. will become indispensable over the next decade in addressing computer architectures for short-, medium- and long-range telecommunications as we move from gigabytes to terabytes per second. Wireless Optical Communications is an excellent tool for any engineer wanting to learn about wireless optical communications or involved in the implementation of real complete systems. Students will find a wide range of information and useful concepts such as those relating to propagation, optics and photometry, as well the necessary information on safety. Contents 1. Light. 2. History of Optical Telecommunications. 3. The Contemporary and the Everyday Life of Wireless Optical Communication. 4. Propagation Model. 5. Propagation in the Atmosphere. 6. Indoor Optic Link Budget. 7. Immunity, Safety, Energy and Legislation. 8. Optics and Optronics. 9. Data Processing. 10. Data Transmission. 11. Installation and System Engineering. 12. Conclusion.Table of ContentsForeword.xi Pierre-Noël FAVENNEC Acronyms xiii Introduction.xix Chapter 1. Light 1 Chapter 2. History of Optical Telecommunications 7 2.1. Some definitions 7 2.2. The prehistory of telecommunications 8 2.3. The optical aerial telegraph 11 2.4. The code 14 2.5. The optical telegraph 18 2.6. Alexander Graham Bell’s photophone 20 Chapter 3. The Contemporary and the Everyday Life of Wireless Optical Communication 25 3.1. Basic principles 25 3.2. Wireless optical communication 53 Chapter 4. Propagation Model 63 4.1. Introduction.63 4.2. Baseband equivalent model 63 4.3. Diffuse propagation link budget in a confined environment 73 Chapter 5. Propagation in the Atmosphere 85 5.1. Introduction.85 5.2. The atmosphere 86 5.3. The propagation of light in the atmosphere 87 5.4. Models.93 5.5. Experimental set-up 103 5.6. Experimental results.104 5.7. Fog, haze, and mist 107 5.8. The runway visual range (RVR) 108 5.9. Calculating process of an FSO link availability 114 5.10. Conclusion 116 Chapter 6. Indoor Optic Link Budget.119 6.1. Emission and reception parameters 119 6.2. Link budget for line of sight communication 128 6.3. Link budget for communication with retroreflectors.132 6.4. Examples of optical budget and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 135 Chapter 7. Immunity, Safety, Energy and Legislation 141 7.1. Immunity 141 7.2. The confidentiality of communication 149 7.3. Energy 153 7.4. Legislation 154 Chapter 8. Optics and Optronics 157 8.1. Overview 157 8.2. Optronics: transmitters and receivers.157 8.3. Optics 170 Chapter 9. Data Processing 177 9.1. Introduction.177 9.2. Modulation 178 9.3. The coding 184 Chapter 10. Data Transmission 197 10.1. Introduction 197 10.2. Point-to-point link 201 10.3. Point-to-multipoint data link 206 10.4. Summary 212 Chapter 11. Installation and System Engineering 213 11.1. Free-space optic system engineering and installation 213 11.2. Wireless optical system installation engineering in limited space 225 Chapter 12. Conclusion.237 APPENDICES 241 Appendix 1. Geometrical Optics, Photometry and Energy Elements 243 Appendix 2. The Decibel Unit (dB) 257 Bibliography 261 List of Figures 273 List of Tables 277 List of Equations 279 Index 283

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a substantial description of the principles and applications of digital holography.The first part of the book deals with mathematical basics and the linear filtering theory necessary to approach the topic. The next part describes the fundamentals of diffraction theory and exhaustively details the numerical computation of diffracted fields using FFT algorithms. A thorough presentation of the principles of holography and digital holography, including digital color holography, is proposed in the third part.A special section is devoted to the algorithms and methods for the numerical reconstruction of holograms. There is also a chapter devoted to digital holographic interferometry with applications in holographic microscopy, quantitative phase contrast imaging, multidimensional deformation investigations, surface shape measurements, fluid mechanics, refractive index investigations, synthetic aperture imaging and information encrypting.Keys so as to understand the differences between digital holography and speckle interferometry and examples of software for hologram reconstructions are also treated in brief. Contents 1. Mathematical Prerequisites.2. The Scalar Theory of Diffraction.3. Calculating Diffraction by Fast Fourier Transform.4. Fundamentals of Holography.5. Digital Off-Axis Fresnel Holography.6. Reconstructing Wavefronts Propagated through an Optical System.7. Digital Holographic Interferometry and Its Applications.Appendix. Examples of Digital Hologram Reconstruction ProgramsTable of ContentsIntroduction xv Chapter 1. Mathematical Prerequisites 1 Chapter 2. The Scalar Theory of Diffraction 27 Chapter 3. Calculating Diffraction by Fast Fourier Transform 77 Chapter 4. Fundamentals of Holography 115 Chapter 5. Digital Off-Axis Fresnel Holography 165 Chapter 6. Reconstructing Wavefronts Propagated through an Optical System 237 Chapter 7. Digital Holographic Interferometry and Its Applications 271 Appendix. Examples of Digital Hologram Reconstruction Programs 319 Bibliography 339 Index 355

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Book SynopsisThe authors describe a technique that can visualize the atomic structure of molecules, it is necessary, in terms of the image processing, to consider the reconstruction of sparse images. Many works have leveraged the assumption of sparsity in order to achieve an improved performance that would not otherwise be possible. For nano MRI, the assumption of sparsity is given by default since, at the atomic scale, molecules aresparse structures. This work reviews the latest results on molecular imaging for nano MRI. Sparse image reconstruction methods can be categorized as either non-Bayesian or Bayesian. A comparison of the performance and complexity of several such algorithms is given.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Nano MRI 1 Chapter 2. Sparse Image Reconstruction 7 Chapter 3. Iterative Thresholding Methods 15 Chapter 4. Hyperparameter Selection Using the SURE Criterion 43 Chapter 5. Monte Carlo Approach: Gibbs Sampling 53 Chapter 6. Simulation Study 65 Bibliography 73 Index 77

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the different principles and equipment used in medical imaging. The importance of medical imaging for diagnostics is rapidly increasing. A good working knowledge of all the different possible physical principles involved in medical imaging is now imperative. This book covers many of these principles including matter photon interactions, the principles of detectors, detectors and information processing for radiology, X-ray tomography, positron tomography, single photon tomography and optical tomography.Table of ContentsForeword ix Guy FRIJA Chapter 1. Ultrasound Medical Imaging 1 Didier VRAY, Elisabeth BRUSSEAU, Valérie DETTI, François VARRAY, Adrian BASARAB, Olivier BEUF, Olivier BASSET, Christian CACHARD, Hervé LIEBGOTT, Philippe DELACHARTRE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Physical principles of echography 3 1.2.1. Ultrasound waves 3 1.2.2. Wavefronts 4 1.2.3. Stress/Strain relation 5 1.2.4. Propagation equation 6 1.2.5. Acoustic impedance 7 1.2.6. Acoustic intensity 7 1.2.7. Mechanical Index 9 1.2.8. Generation, emission 9 1.2.9. Resolution 10 1.2.10. Propagation of a plane wave in a finite isotropic medium 11 1.2.11. Propagation of a plane wave in a non-homogeneous medium 13 1.2.12. Speckle 15 1.2.13. Nonlinear waves 16 1.2.14. Contrast agents 17 1.3. Medical ultrasound systems 18 1.3.1. Principle 18 1.3.2. The different stages in image formation 19 1.3.3. Ultrasound imaging probe 21 1.3.4. Modes of imaging, B-mode and M-mode, and harmonic imaging modes 24 1.3.5. Doppler imaging 27 1.4. The US image 34 1.4.1. Properties of speckle, echostructure and statistical laws 34 1.4.2. Segmentation of US images 38 1.4.3. Simulation of US images 41 1.5. Recent advances in ultrasound imaging 44 1.5.1. Generation/emission of ultrasounds 44 1.5.2. Signal- and image processing 49 1.5.3. Multimodal imaging 60 1.6. A bright future for ultrasound imaging 65 1.7. Bibliography 65 Chapter 2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 73 Dominique SAPPEY-MARINIER and André BRIGUET 2.1. Introduction 73 2.2. Fundamental elements for MRI 76 2.2.1. Introduction 76 2.2.2. Vectorial description of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 78 2.2.3. RF pulses and their effect on magnetizations 88 2.2.4. Elementary pulse sequences using the refocusing technique 97 2.2.5. Spatial discrimination of signals using gradients: fundamental principle of MRI 106 2.2.6. Multi-parameter aspect of MRI 110 2.3. Instrumentation 115 2.3.1. Introduction 115 2.3.2. Recording the signal 117 2.3.3. Magnetic systems 129 2.3.4. A typical MRI installation in a clinical environment 136 2.3.5. Operation and safety 139 2.4. Image properties 144 2.4.1. Introduction 144 2.4.2. Field of view 144 2.4.3. Spatial resolution 148 2.4.4. Contrast and signal 155 2.4.5. Contrast elements in MRI practice 162 2.5. Imaging sequences and modes of reconstruction 168 2.5.1. Introduction 168 2.5.2. Overall view of acquisition sequences 168 2.5.3. Modes of reconstruction 195 2.6. Application of MRI: uses and evolution in the biomedical field 208 2.6.1. Introduction 208 2.6.2. Spectroscopy and imaging: technical and clinical complementarity 210 2.6.3. Diffusion MRI: a morphological and functional approach 217 2.6.4. Functional MRI (fMRI) of cerebral activation 236 2.6.5. Bi-modal approach to MRI: the example of MR/PET 239 2.7. Bibliography 244 List of Authors 263 Index 265

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Book SynopsisImage processing and image analysis are typically important fields in information science and technology. By “image processing”, we generally understand all kinds of operation performed on images (or sequences of images) in order to increase their quality, restore their original content, emphasize some particular aspect of the information or optimize their transmission, or to perform radiometric and/or spatial analysis. By “image analysis” we understand, however, all kinds of operation performed on images (or sequences of images) in order to extract qualitative or quantitative data, perform measurements and apply statistical analysis. Whereas there are nowadays many books dealing with image processing, only a small number deal with image analysis. The methods and techniques involved in these fields of course have a wide range of applications in our daily world: industrial vision, material imaging, medical imaging, biological imaging, multimedia applications, satellite imaging, quality control, traffic control, and so onTable of ContentsPart 1. An Overview of Image Processing and Analysis (IPA) 1. Gray-Tone Images. 2. Gray-Tone Image Processing and Analysis. 3. Binary Images. 4. Binary Image Processing and Analysis. 5. Key Concepts and Notions for IPA. 6. Mathematical Imaging Frameworks. Part 2. Basic Mathematical Reminders for Gray-Tone and Binary Image Processing and Analysis 7. Basic Reminders in Set Theory. 8. Basic Reminders in Topology and Functional Analysis. Part 3. The Main Mathematical Notions for the Spatial and Tonal Domains 9. The Spatial Domain. 10. The Tonal Domain. Part 4. Ten Main Functional Frameworks for Gray Tone Images 11. The Algebraic and Order Functional Framework. 12. The Morphological Functional Framework. 13. The Integral Functional Framework. 14. The Convolutional Functional Framework. 15. The Differential Functional Framework. 16. The Generalized Functional Framework. 17. The Frequential Functional Framework. 18. The Multiscale Functional Framework. 19. The Variational Functional Framework. 20. The Probabilistic Functional Framework.

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Book SynopsisFully automated interpretation and understanding of remotely sensed data by a computer has been a challenge for many decades, and many approaches have been developed over the years. Significant advances in knowledge-based image understanding, machine learning and artificial intelligence has led to this topic being the focus of much research in recent years. This book highlights the different theoretical and application-oriented aspects and potential solutions to the topic of automated remote sensing data analysis. Thereby, both classical knowledge-based as well as modern machine learning-oriented concepts are described. A field such as this is specialized and dynamic and also interdisciplinary and multilayered. Written by an international team of experts, the book has therefore been split into parts dealing with the concepts and applications, and the focus is on elucidating the complementarity of different lines of research rather than providing the complete set of scientific approaches.Part A of this book gives insight into the basic theories and concepts of feature extraction, image understanding and the respective assessment strategies as well as into geometric, radiometric and sensor-related fundamentals of remote sensing technology. Part B focuses on various scientific and practical applications of remote sensing data analysis. These range from the automatic detailed reconstruction of complex 3D environments to visual tracking of objects in image sequences as well as monitoring natural and anthropogenic long-term processes on a regional scale. Part C sketches recent trends in automatic analysis of remote sensing data.Table of ContentsPart A: Methodology Introduction; Object, data and sensor modelling; Feature extraction from images and point clouds: Fundamentals, advances and trends; A short survey on supervised classification in remote; Context-based classification; Toward a framework for quality assessment in remote sensing applicationsPart B: Application From raw 3D point clouds to semantic objects; Traffic extraction and characterization from optical remote sensing data; Object extraction in image sequences; A process-based model approach to predict future land-use changes and link biodiversity with soil erosion in Chile; Interferometric SAR Image analysis for 3D building reconstruction; Detection and classification of collapsed buildings after a strong earthquake by means of laser scanning and image analysis; A settlement process analysis in coastal Benin - confronting scarce data availability in developing countriesPart C: Conclusion Benchmarking - a basic requirement for effective performance evaluation; Remote sensing and computer vision image analysis: summary and recent trends

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Book SynopsisDocumentation of our cultural heritage is experiencing an explosion of innovation. New tools have appeared in recent decades including laser scanning, rapid prototyping, high dynamic range spherical and infrared imagery, drone photography, augmented and virtual reality and computer rendering in multiple dimensions. These give us visualisations and data that are at once interesting, intriguing and yet sometimes deceptive. This text provides an objective and integrated approach to the subject, bringing together the techniques of conservation with management, photographic methods, various modelling techniques and the use of unmanned aerial systems. This interdisciplinary approach addresses the need for knowledge about deploying advanced digital technologies and the materials and methods for the assessment, conservation, rehabilitation and maintenance of the sustainability of existing structures and designated historic buildings. Furthermore, this book actively provides the knowhow to facilitate the creation of heritage inventories, assessing risk, and addressing the need for sustainability.In so doing it becomes more feasible to mitigate the threats from inherent and external causes, not only for the built heritage but also for moveable objects and intangible heritage that suffer abandonment and negligence as well as looting and illegal trafficking. The book is written by a team of international experts based upon their practical experience and expertise. It therefore creates a unique book that encapsulates the knowledge of this discipline required by anyone working in this field.Trade Review`...this new publication is a welcome addition, highlighting how these 3D techniques can be utilised... ...this well-illustrated volume represents a useful contribution for scholars wishing to gain a better understanding of the underpinnings of 3D recording and documentation’. Medieval Archaeology -------------------- `...I found this book very valuable. It can reach an eclectic audience in providing a broad spectrum of the subject. This book is of major importance for Cultural Heritage 3D recording and management and...an important resource handbook’. International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works -------------------- '...this new, richly illustrated reference publication on recording and documenting cultural heritage. ... For anyone considering a digital camera for survey purposes ... this chapter [4] is essential reading, and is rightfully one of the best references currently available on the science behind imaging. ...manages to provide what is probably the most up-to-date reference book on 3D recording, documentation and management of cultural heritage. For any heritage professional, academic, student or interested individual considering applying, acquiring, undertaking or researching digital imaging, photogrammetry, Structure-from-Motion, laser scanning, GIS, BIM or RPAS/UAV within a conservation context, this book should be essential reading before embarking down any one of these rapidly developing technological routes'. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites -------------------- '...the images in this book, both in colour and high-resolution, play a critical role along with the text. This is a well produced book that is wonderful to read and view. ...I find this book exceptional for its publishing quality, content and production. It clearly includes cutting-edge knowledge, awareness and experience from many contributors involved in cultural heritage processes around the globe...would be very useful to anyone involved in cultural heritage, documentation of history and site preservation and conservation. It can readily serve as a course text in addition to being a reference text. ... I've nothing but positive things to say about this book - I think you will too'. 3D Visualization WorldTable of ContentsIntroduction - current trends in cultural heritage and documentation; Conservation techniques in cultural heritage; Cultural heritage management tools: The role of GIS and BIM; Basics of photography for cultural heritage imaging; Basics of image-based modelling techniques in cultural heritage 3D recording; Basics of range-based modelling techniques in cultural heritage 3D recording; Cultural heritage documentation with RPAS/UAV

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of this book has been fully updated to include information on optical sensors launched since 2012 and on new developments in technology, particularly on small satellites and on constellations. There is also a new chapter on applications which looks at how products from optical sensors are used by various organisations for the benefit of end users. Information is given on acquiring images and value added products. Examples and case studies from various disciplines and regions are included. The book is a comprehensive guide to the characteristics and use of high resolution optical images from satellite-borne sensors, concentrating on sensors designed for mapping. It considers in detail the SPOT series of satellites and sensors with a ground sample distance (GSD) of less than 15m, operational since SPOT 1 and particularly the sensors launched since 1999 with GSD of less than 1m The book explains to students, anyone working in map production and scientists working in fields other than mapping, the way in which high resolution imagery is obtained and the issues which surround its collection and use. It deals progressively with the fundamentals of mapping from imagery, followed by the key features in the design of sensors and methods of data storage and transmission, including data compression. Subsequent chapters cover the sensors, calibration, sensor models and the methods of determining the orientation elements and extracting coordinates from the images. Rigorous orientation, use of rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs) and approximate methods are covered. Results from tests showing the accuracy which can be obtained, generation of digital elevations models, their accuracy and the production of orthoimages are included, as are image processing and data fusion. Finally, future missions and the issues which face further development are discussed. High Resolution Optical Satellite Imagery is written by a team of acknowledged international experts, is the only comprehensive text on the subject and has been well received by the geospatial community.Table of ContentsIntroduction; History of Optical Sensors in Space; Principles of High Resolution Optical Sensors; Sensors with a GSD of Greater than 1 m up to 16 m; Sensors with a GSD of 1 m or less; Calibration, Sensor Models and Orientation; Processing and Products; Applications; Conclusions and Future Developments; Index

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Book SynopsisIn their 112-year history, the many special characteristics of Calcium Aluminate Cements have led to their use in all kinds of applications that are beyond the capabilities of other cements, such as Portland cements. This encompasses characteristics such as chemical resistance, rapid hardening properties, high temperature resistance, and an ideal component for blended systems and many more. The first International conference on calcium aluminate cements was held in London in 1990 and since then there have been further events in Edinburgh (2001) and twice in Avignon, France (2008 and 2014). This volume presents the fifth conference in this series and once again provides essential reading for anyone interested in the subject. This volume contains over 60 international contributions with the most up to date information about calcium aluminates and their unique properties. Topics covered include new types, hydration and durability studies including blended systems, the latter are now widely used and some of these have significantly different hydration chemistry to the pure calcium aluminates. A variety of applications of these interesting cements is covered, including traditional applications such as concretes for contrasting marine situations (seabed and coastal), temperature-resistant refractory applications, formulated blended systems within the building chemistry sector along with the necessary admixtures and the many uses in corrosive biogenic situations that give sewage system infrastructure a considerably longer lifespan. Other new applications are also explored including 3D printing, thermochemical storage encapsulation, oil well cements, and ettringite-based repair systems. The peer-reviewed papers presented in these proceedings include a wide variety of techniques used by the authors to deliver new understanding of aspects of these cements and will undoubtedly drive future research into the various aspects of these cements.

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Book SynopsisWritten by a team of international experts, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the major applications of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning. The book focuses on principles and methods and presents an integrated treatment of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning technology. Laser scanning is a relatively young 3D measurement technique offering much potential in the acquisition of precise and reliable 3D geodata and object geometries. However, there are many terrestrial and airborne scanners on the market, accompanied by numerous software packages that handle data acquisition, processing and visualization, yet existing knowledge is fragmented over a wide variety of publications, whether printed or electronic. This book brings together the various facets of the subject in a coherent text that will be relevant for advanced students, academics and practitioners. After consideration of the technology and processing methods, the book turns to applications.The primary use thus far has been the extraction of digital terrain models from airborne laser scanning data, but many other applications are considered including engineering, forestry, cultural heritage, extraction of 3D building models and mobile mapping.Trade Review'The authors and editors are to be congratulated for this effort at bringning together the knowledge of the technology, data handling and applications of laser scanning in a comprehensive book for the first time. I would recommend it as essential reading for any student or professional in the fieldof geospatial technology and its applications.' GIS DEVELOPMENT '...the editors ... did a tremendous job and provided a comprehensive and coherent textbook... The book ... is a must-have textbook for students which are interested in the large field of airborne and terrestrial LiDAR and will surely become an important reference for practitioners involved in the acquisition and use of laser scanning data.' Photogrammetrie Fernerkundung Geoinformation '...a comprehensive work... This text provides a comprehensive account of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning. ... This will likely become a core textfor undergraduate students, but will doubtlessly also appeal to a broader range of readers, including those engaged in academic research and commercial practice.' Geomatics World '...this book will form a useful reference work... ...an excellent basic text... ...will serve as a reference book for the many users who need to understand the technology and principles of airborna and terrestrial laser scanning. There is no better alternative today.' International Journal of Digital Earth 'A valuable addition to laser scanning literature... For advanced undergraduates or postgrads, Chapters 1 to 3 are an excellent introduction to the technology, and for practitioners, the applications chapters show how laser scanning data is processd to produce the products they use in many, diverse disciplines. An excellent purchase for either group.' GEOconnexion InternationalTable of ContentsIntroduction. Laser Scanning Technology (J.-Angelo Beraldin, National Research Council Canada, Francois Blais, National Research Council Canada and Uwe Lohr, Lohr Consulting Germany). Visualisation and Structuring of Point Clouds (George Vosselman and Reinhard Klein). Registration and Calibration (Derek Lichti, University of Calgary, Canada and Jan Skaloud, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [EPFL]). Extraction of Digital Terrain Models (Christian Briese, Vienna University of Technology, Austria). Building Extraction (Claus Brenner, Leibnitz Universitat Hannover, Germany). Forestry Applications (Hans-Gerd Maas). Engineering Applications (Roderick Lindenbergh, Technical University of Delft, Netherlands). Cultural Heritage Applications (Pierre Grussenmeyer, INSA Strasbourg, Graduate School of Science and Technology, France and Klaus Hanke, University of Innsbruck, Austria). Mobile Mapping (Hansjorg Kutterer, Leibniz Universitat Hannover, Germany). Index

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Book SynopsisThe development and operation of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) have resulted in many rich legacies, most particularly in science and technology—but in culture as well. It is also the first telescope in space that has been utilized as effectively as if it were situated on a mountaintop here on earth, accessible for repair and improvement when needed. This book, which includes contributions from historians of science, key scientists and administrators, and one of the principal astronauts who led many of the servicing missions, is meant to capture the history of this iconic instrument. The book covers three basic phases of HST’s history and legacy: (1) conceiving and selling the idea of a large orbiting optical telescope to astronomers, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the U.S. Congress, its creation as the HST, and its definition as a serviceable mission; (2) its launch, the discovery of the flawed mirror, the engineering of the mirror fix, subsequent servicing missions, decisions on upgrades, and the controversy over a “final” servicing mission; and (3) HST’s public image after launch—how the mirror fix changed its public image, how the HST then changed the way we visualize the universe, and how the public saved the final HST servicing mission. Collectively, this work offers a measured assessment of the HST and its contributions to science over more than 23 years. It brings together contributions from scholars, engineers, scientists, and astronauts to form an integrated story and to assess the long-term results from the mission.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook provides comprehensive coverage for courses in the basics of design and implementation of digital filters. The book assumes only basic knowledge in digital signal processing and covers state-of-the-art methods for digital filter design and provides a simple route for the readers to design their own filters. The advanced mathematics that is required for the filter design is minimized by providing an extensive MATLAB toolbox with over 300 files. The book presents over 200 design examples with MATLAB code and over 300 problems to be solved by the reader. The students can design and modify the code for their use. The book and the design examples cover almost all known design methods of frequency-selective digital filters as well as some of the authors’ own, unique techniques. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Signals and Transforms.- Discrete-Time and Digital Filters.- Filter Algorithms.- Finite Wordlength Effects.- Synthesis of Fir Filters.- Realization of Fir Filters.- Synthesis of Analog Filters.- Analog Filters with Lumped and Distributed Elements.- Synthesis of IIR Filters.- Wave Digital Filters.- Ladder Wave Digital Filters.- Symmetric Wave Digital Filters.- Frequency-Response Masking Filters.- Sampling Rate Converters.- Multirate Filters.- Implementation of Digital Filters.- References.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the automatic sizing and layout of analog integrated circuits (ICs) using deep learning (DL) and artificial neural networks (ANN). It explores an innovative approach to automatic circuit sizing where ANNs learn patterns from previously optimized design solutions. In opposition to classical optimization-based sizing strategies, where computational intelligence techniques are used to iterate over the map from devices’ sizes to circuits’ performances provided by design equations or circuit simulations, ANNs are shown to be capable of solving analog IC sizing as a direct map from specifications to the devices’ sizes. Two separate ANN architectures are proposed: a Regression-only model and a Classification and Regression model. The goal of the Regression-only model is to learn design patterns from the studied circuits, using circuit’s performances as input features and devices’ sizes as target outputs. This model can size a circuit given its specifications for a single topology. The Classification and Regression model has the same capabilities of the previous model, but it can also select the most appropriate circuit topology and its respective sizing given the target specification. The proposed methodology was implemented and tested on two analog circuit topologies. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Related Work.- Overview of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs).- On the Exploration of Promising Analog IC Designs via ANNs.- ANNs as an Alternative for Automatic Analog IC Placement.- Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on broadband power amplifier design for wireless communication. Nonlinear model embedding is described as a powerful tool for designing broadband continuous Class-J and continuous class F power amplifiers. The authors also discuss various techniques for extending bandwidth of load modulation based power amplifiers, such as Doherty power amplifier and Chireix outphasing amplifiers. The book also covers recent trends on digital as well as analog techniques to enhance bandwidth and linearity in wireless transmitters. Presents latest trends in designing broadband power amplifiers; Covers latest techniques for using nonlinear model embedding in designing power amplifiers based on waveform engineering; Describes the latest techniques for extending bandwidth of load modulation based power amplifiers such as Doherty power amplifier and Chireix outphasing amplifiers; Includes coverage of hybrid analog/digital predistortion as wideband solution for wireless transmitters; Discusses recent trends on on-chip power amplifier design with GaN /GaAs MMICs for high frequency applications. Table of ContentsIntroduction to RF Power Amplifier Design and Architecture.- Non-linear Device Characterization and Modeling for Power Amplifier Design.- Power Amplifier Design using nonlinear Model Embedding.- Broadband Techniques in Power Amplifiers.- Digital Techniques for Broadband and Linearized Transmitters.- Advance Material for Power Amplifiers Design and Packaging.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive reference provides easy access to relevant information on all aspects of Computer Vision. An A-Z format of over 240 entries offers a diverse range of topics for those seeking entry into any aspect within the broad field of Computer Vision. Over 200 Authors from both industry and academia contributed to this volume.Each entry includes synonyms, a definition and discussion of the topic, and a robust bibliography. Extensive cross-references to other entries support efficient, user-friendly searches for immediate access to relevant information. Entries were peer-reviewed by a distinguished international advisory board, both scientifically and geographically diverse, ensuring balanced coverage. Over 3700 bibliographic references for further reading enable deeper exploration into any of the topics covered.The content of Computer Vision: A Reference Guide is expository and tutorial, making the book a practical resource for students who are considering entering the field, as well as professionals in other fields who need to access this vital information but may not have the time to work their way through an entire text on their topic of interest.Table of ContentsOver 240 entries organized A to Z.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers readers an overview of some of the most recent advances in the field of detectors for X-ray imaging. Coverage includes both technology and applications, with an in-depth review of the research topics from leading specialists in the field. Emphasis is on high-Z materials like CdTe, CZT and perovskites, since they offer the best implementation possibilities for direct conversion X-ray detectors. Authors discuss material challenges, detector operation physics and technology and readout integrated circuits required to detect signals processes by high-Z sensors.Table of ContentsIntroduction to High-Z Semiconductor Detectors.- High-Z compound semiconductors as sensors for hybrid pixel area detectors.- Photon-integrating hybrid pixel array detectors for high-energy x-ray applications.- Photon counting detectors and their applications in medical imaging.- CZT Detectors for High-Flux.- Position-sensitive virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe detectors and their applications.- Drift detectors and Compton cameras.- CdTe Pixel Detectors for Hard X-Ray Astronomy.- High-Z pixel sensor characterization for synchrotron applications.- High Performance CdTe/CZT Spectro-Imagers.

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Book SynopsisRemote Sensing Digital Image Analysis provides a comprehensive treatment of the methods used for the processing and interpretation of remotely sensed image data. Over the past decade there have been continuing and significant developments in the algorithms used for the analysis of remote sensing imagery, even though many of the fundamentals have substantially remained the same. As with its predecessors this new edition again presents material that has retained value but also includes newer techniques, covered from the perspective of operational remote sensing. The book is designed as a teaching text for the senior undergraduate and postgraduate student, and as a fundamental treatment for those engaged in research using digital image analysis in remote sensing. The presentation level is for the mathematical non-specialist. Since the very great number of operational users of remote sensing come from the earth sciences communities, the text is pitched at a level commensurate with their background. The chapters progress logically through means for the acquisition of remote sensing images, techniques by which they can be corrected, and methods for their interpretation. The prime focus is on applications of the methods, so that worked examples are included and a set of problems conclude each chapter.Table of ContentsSources and characteristics of remote sensing image data.- correcting and registering images.- interpreting images.- radiometric enhancement of images.- geometric processing and enhancement: image domain techniques.- spectral domain image transforms.- spatial domain image transforms.- supervised classification techniques.- clustering and unsupervised classification.- Feature Reduction.- Image Classification in Practice.- Multisource Image Analysis.

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Book SynopsisWearable Systems Based Gait Monitoring and Analysis provides a thorough overview of wearable gait monitoring techniques and their use in health analysis. The text starts with an examination of the relationship between the human body’s physical condition and gait, and then introduces and explains nine mainstream sensing mechanisms, including piezoresistive, resistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, inductive, optical, air pressure, EMG and IMU-based architectures. Gait sensor design considerations in terms of geometry and deployment are also introduced. Diverse processing algorithms for manipulating sensors outputs to transform raw data to understandable gait features are discussed. Furthermore, gait analysis-based health monitoring demonstrations are given at the end of this book, including both medical and occupational applications. The book will enable students of biomedical engineering, electrical engineering, signal processing, and ergonomics and practitioners to understand the medical and occupational applications of engineering-based gait analysis and falling injury prevention methods.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Characteristics of Gait.- Wearable Gait Detection Technologies.- Gait Analysis Algorithms.- Medical Applications.- Occupational Applications. Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisThis book constitutes the Third 3D Head and Neck Tumor Segmentation in PET/CT Challenge, HECKTOR 2022, which was held in conjunction with the 25th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2022, on September 22, 2022.The 22 contributions presented, as well as an overview paper, were carefully reviewed and selected from 24 submissions. This challenge aims to evaluate and compare the current state-of-the-art methods for automatic head and neck tumor segmentation. In the context of this challenge, a dataset of 883 delineated PET/CT images was made available for training. Table of ContentsOverview of the HECKTOR Challenge at MICCAI 2022: Automatic Head and Neck Tumor Segmentation and Outcome Prediction in PET/CT 1.- Automated head and neck tumor segmentation from 3D PET/CTHECKTOR 2022 challenge report.- A Coarse-to-Fine Ensembling Framework for Head and Neck Tumorand Lymph Segmentation in CT and PET Images.- A General Web-based Platform for Automatic Delineation of Head and Neck Gross Tumor Volumes in PET/CT Images.- Octree Boundary Transfiner: Effcient Transformers for Tumor Segmentation Refinement.- Head and Neck Primary Tumor and Lymph Node Auto-Segmentationfor PET/CT Scans.- Fusion-based Automated Segmentation in Head and Neck Cancer via Advance Deep Learning Techniques.- Stacking Feature Maps of Multi-Scaled Medical Images in U-Net for 3DHead and Neck Tumor Segmentation.- A fine-tuned 3D U-net for primary tumor and affected lymph nodessegmentation in fused multimodal images of oropharyngeal cancer.- A U-Net convolutional neural network with multiclass Dice loss for automated segmentation of tumors and lymph nodes from head and neck cancer PET/CT images.- Multi-Scale Fusion Methodologies for Head and Neck Tumor Segmentation.- Swin UNETR for tumor and lymph node delineation of multicentre oropharyngeal cancer patients with PET/CT imaging.- Simplicity is All You Need: Out-of-the-Box nnUNet followed by Binary-Weighted Radiomic Model for Segmentation and Outcome Prediction in Head and Neck PET/CT.- Radiomics-enhanced Deep Multi-task Learning for Outcome Prediction in Head and Neck Cancer.- Recurrence-free Survival Prediction under the Guidance of Automatic Gross Tumor Volume Segmentation for Head and Neck Cancers.- Joint nnU-Net and Radiomics Approaches for Segmentation and Prognosis of Head and Neck Cancers with PET/CT images.- LC at HECKTOR 2022: The Effect and Importance of Training Data when Analyzing Cases of Head and Neck Tumors using Machine Learning.- Towards Tumour Graph Learning for Survival Prediction in Head NeckCancer Patients.- Combining nnUNet and AutoML for Automatic Head and Neck Tumor Segmentation and Recurrence-Free Survival Prediction in PET/CT Images.- Head and neck cancer localization with Retina Unet for automated segmentation and time-to-event prognosis from PET/CT images.- HNT-AI: An Automatic Segmentation Framework for Head and Neck Primary Tumors and Lymph Nodes in FDG-PET/CT images.- Head and Neck Tumor Segmentation with 3D UNet and Survival Prediction with Multiple Instance Neural Network.- Deep Learning and Machine Learning Techniques for Automated PET/CT Segmentation and Survival Prediction in Head and Neck Cancer.- Deep learning and radiomics based PET/CT image feature extractionfrom auto segmented tumor volumes for recurrence-free survival prediction in oropharyngeal cancer patients.

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Book SynopsisThis new up-to-date edition of the successful handbook and ready reference retains the proven concept of the first, covering basic and advanced methods and applications in infrared imaging from two leading expert authors in the field. All chapters have been completely revised and expanded and a new chapter has been added to reflect recent developments in the field and report on the progress made within the last decade. In addition there is now an even stronger focus on real-life examples, with 20% more case studies taken from science and industry. For ease of comprehension the text is backed by more than 590 images which include graphic visualizations and more than 300 infrared thermography figures. The latter include many new ones depicting, for example, spectacular views of phenomena in nature, sports, and daily life. Table of ContentsPreface to Second Edition XVII Preface to First Edition XIX List of Acronyms XXIII 1 Fundamentals of Infrared Thermal Imaging 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Infrared Radiation 6 1.2.1 ElectromagneticWaves and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 6 1.2.2 Basics of Geometrical Optics for Infrared Radiation 10 1.2.2.1 Geometric Properties of Reflection and Refraction 10 1.2.2.2 Specular and Diffuse Reflection 12 1.2.2.3 Portion of Reflected and Transmitted Radiation: Fresnel Equations 12 1.3 Radiometry and Thermal Radiation 14 1.3.1 Basic Radiometry 15 1.3.1.1 Radiant Power, Excitance, and Irradiance 15 1.3.1.2 Spectral Densities of Radiometric Quantities 15 1.3.1.3 Solid Angles 16 1.3.1.4 Radiant Intensity, Radiance, and Lambertian Emitters 17 1.3.1.5 Radiation Transfer between Surfaces: Fundamental Law of Radiometry and View Factor 20 1.3.2 Blackbody Radiation 21 1.3.2.1 Definition 21 1.3.2.2 Planck Distribution Function for Blackbody Radiation 22 1.3.2.3 Different Representations of Planck’s Law 24 1.3.2.4 Stefan–Boltzmann Law 26 1.3.2.5 Band Emission 26 1.3.2.6 Order-of-Magnitude Estimate of Detector Sensitivities of IR Cameras 29 1.4 Emissivity 31 1.4.1 Definition 31 1.4.2 Classification of Objects according to Emissivity 32 1.4.3 Emissivity and Kirchhoff’s Law 32 1.4.4 Parameters Affecting Emissivity Values 34 1.4.4.1 Material 34 1.4.4.2 Irregular Surface Structure 34 1.4.4.3 Viewing Angle 35 1.4.4.4 Regular Geometry Effects 39 1.4.4.5 Wavelength 41 1.4.4.6 Temperature 42 1.4.4.7 Conclusion 43 1.4.5 Techniques toMeasure/Guess Emissivities for PracticalWork 44 1.4.6 Blackbody Radiators: Emissivity Standards for Calibration Purposes 45 1.5 Optical Material Properties in IR 49 1.5.1 Attenuation of IR Radiation while Passing throughMatter 50 1.5.2 Transmission of Radiation through the Atmosphere 51 1.5.3 Transmission of Radiation through Slablike SolidMaterials 54 1.5.3.1 Nonabsorbing Slabs 54 1.5.3.2 Absorbing Slabs 55 1.5.4 Examples of Transmission Spectra of Optical Materials for IR Thermal Imaging 56 1.5.4.1 Gray Materials in Used IR Spectral Ranges 56 1.5.4.2 Some Selective Absorbers 61 1.6 Thin Film Coatings: IR Components with Tailored Optical Properties 62 1.6.1 Interference ofWaves 63 1.6.2 Interference and Optical Thin Films 64 1.6.3 Examples of AR Coatings 65 1.6.4 Other Optical Components 66 1.7 Some Notes on the History of Infrared Science and Technology 69 1.7.1 Infrared Science 69 1.7.1.1 Discovery of Heat Rays and Atmospheric Absorption 69 1.7.1.2 Blackbodies and Blackbody Radiation 72 1.7.1.3 Radiation Laws 73 1.7.2 Development of Infrared Technology 76 1.7.2.1 Prerequisites for IR Imaging 77 1.7.2.2 Quantitative Measurements 84 1.7.2.3 Applications and Imaging Techniques 88 References 97 2 Basic Properties of IR Imaging Systems 107 2.1 Introduction 107 2.2 Detectors and Detector Systems 107 2.2.1 Parameters That Characterize Detector Performance 108 2.2.2 Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference 110 2.2.3 Thermal Detectors 111 2.2.3.1 Temperature Change of Detector 111 2.2.3.2 Temperature-Dependent Resistance of Bolometer 112 2.2.3.3 NEP and D* forMicrobolometer 113 2.2.4 Photon Detectors 117 2.2.4.1 Principle of Operation and Responsivity 117 2.2.4.2 D* for Signal-Noise-Limited Detection 119 2.2.4.3 D* for Background Noise Limited Detection 120 2.2.4.4 Necessity to Cool Photon Detectors 123 2.2.5 Types of Photon Detectors 125 2.2.5.1 Photoconductors 125 2.2.5.2 Photodiodes 126 2.2.5.3 Schottky Barrier Detectors 128 2.2.5.4 Quantum Well IR Photodetectors 128 2.2.5.5 Recent Developments in IR Detector Technology 132 2.3 Basic Measurement Process in IR Imaging 142 2.3.1 Radiometric Chain 142 2.3.2 Wavebands for Thermal Imaging 146 2.3.3 Selecting the AppropriateWaveband for Thermal Imaging 147 2.3.3.1 Total Detected Amount of Radiation 148 2.3.3.2 Temperature Contrast–Radiation Changes upon Temperature Changes 151 2.3.3.3 Influence of Background Reflections 155 2.3.3.4 Influence of Emissivity and Emissivity Uncertainties 158 2.3.3.5 Potential use of Bolometers in MWor SWband 168 2.4 Complete Camera Systems 173 2.4.1 Camera Design – Image Formation 173 2.4.1.1 Scanning Systems 174 2.4.1.2 Staring Systems–Focal-Plane Arrays 176 2.4.1.3 Nonuniformity Correction 180 2.4.1.4 Bad Pixel Correction 186 2.4.2 Photon Detector versus Bolometer Cameras 186 2.4.3 Detector Temperature Stabilization and Detector Cooling 188 2.4.4 Optics and Filters 191 2.4.4.1 Spectral Response 191 2.4.4.2 Chromatic Aberrations 191 2.4.4.3 Field of View 192 2.4.4.4 Extender Rings 195 2.4.4.5 Narcissus Effect 196 2.4.4.6 Spectral Filters 199 2.4.5 Calibration 200 2.4.6 Camera Operation 204 2.4.6.1 Switch-On Behavior of Cameras 205 2.4.6.2 Thermal Shock Behavior 206 2.4.7 Camera Software – Software Tools 208 2.5 Camera Performance Characterization 209 2.5.1 Temperature Accuracy 209 2.5.2 Temperature Resolution – Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference (NETD) 210 2.5.3 Spatial Resolution – IFOV and Slit Response Function 213 2.5.4 Image Quality: MTF, MRTD, and MDTD 216 2.5.5 Time Resolution – Frame Rate and Integration Time 221 References 226 3 AdvancedMethods in IR Imaging 229 3.1 Introduction 229 3.2 Spectrally Resolved Infrared Thermal Imaging 229 3.2.1 Using Filters 230 3.2.1.1 Glass Filters 231 3.2.1.2 Plastic Filters 233 3.2.1.3 Influence of Filters on Object Signal and NETD 234 3.2.2 Two-Color or Ratio Thermography 236 3.2.2.1 Neglecting Background Reflections 237 3.2.2.2 Approximations of Planck’s Radiation Law 240 3.2.2.3 Tobj Error for True Gray Bodies withinWien Approximation 242 3.2.2.4 Additional Tobj Errors Owing to Nongray Objects 246 3.2.2.5 Ratio Versus Single-Band-Radiation Thermometry 247 3.2.2.6 Exemplary Application of Two-Color Thermography 248 3.2.2.7 Extension of Ratio Method and Applications 254 3.2.3 Multi- and Hyperspectral Infrared Imaging 256 3.2.3.1 Principal Idea 256 3.2.3.2 Basics of FTIR Spectrometry 258 3.2.3.3 Advantages of FTIR Spectrometers 262 3.2.3.4 Example of a Hyperspectral Imaging Instrument 263 3.3 Superframing 265 3.3.1 Method 266 3.3.2 Example of High-Speed Imaging and Selected Integration Times 268 3.3.3 Cameras with Fixed Integration Time 270 3.4 Polarization in Infrared Thermal Imaging 271 3.4.1 Polarization and Thermal Reflections 272 3.4.1.1 Transition from Directed to Diffuse Reflections from Surfaces 272 3.4.1.2 Reflectivities for SelectedMaterials in the Thermal Infrared Range 276 3.4.1.3 Measuring Reflectivity Spectra: Laboratory Experiments 278 3.4.1.4 Identification and Suppression of Thermal Reflections: Practical Examples 281 3.4.2 Polarization-Sensitive Thermal Imaging 284 3.5 Processing of IR Images 285 3.5.1 Basic Methods of Image Processing 287 3.5.1.1 Image Fusion 287 3.5.1.2 Image Building 289 3.5.1.3 Image Subtraction 290 3.5.1.4 Consecutive Image Subtraction: Time Derivatives 293 3.5.1.5 Consecutive Image Subtraction: High-Sensitivity Mode 296 3.5.1.6 Image Derivative in Spatial Domain 296 3.5.1.7 Infrared Image Contrast and Digital Detail Enhancement 300 3.5.2 Advanced Methods of Image Processing 309 3.5.2.1 Preprocessing 311 3.5.2.2 Geometrical Transformations 313 3.5.2.3 Segmentation 314 3.5.2.4 Feature Extraction and Reduction 316 3.5.2.5 Pattern Recognition 319 3.5.2.6 Deblurring of Infrared Images 321 3.6 Active Thermal Imaging 327 3.6.1 Transient Heat Transfer – ThermalWave Description 330 3.6.2 Pulse Thermography 333 3.6.3 Lock-in Thermography 337 3.6.3.1 Nondestructive Testing of Metals and Composite Structures 340 3.6.3.2 Solar Cell Inspection 343 3.6.4 Pulsed Phase Thermography 345 References 346 4 Some Basic Concepts in Heat Transfer 351 4.1 Introduction 351 4.2 The Basic Heat TransferModes: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation 352 4.2.1 Conduction 352 4.2.2 Convection 355 4.2.3 Radiation 356 4.2.4 Convection Including Latent Heats 357 4.3 Selected Examples of Heat Transfer Problems 359 4.3.1 Overview 359 4.3.2 Conduction within Solids: The Biot Number 361 4.3.3 Steady-State Heat Transfer through One-DimensionalWalls and U-Value 364 4.3.4 Heat Transfer ThroughWindows 369 4.3.5 Steady-State Heat Transfer in Two- and Three-Dimensional Problems: Thermal Bridges 370 4.3.6 Dew Point Temperatures 372 4.4 Transient Effects: Heating and Cooling of Objects 373 4.4.1 Heat Capacity and Thermal Diffusivity 374 4.4.2 Short Survey of Quantitative Treatments of Time-Dependent Problems 375 4.4.3 Demonstration of Transient Heat Diffusion 377 4.4.4 Typical Time Constants for Transient Thermal Phenomena 377 4.4.4.1 Cooling Cube Experiment 379 4.4.4.2 Theoretical Modeling of Cooling of Solid Cubes 379 4.4.4.3 Time Constants for Different Objects 382 4.5 Some Thoughts on the Validity of Newton’s Law 383 4.5.1 Theoretical Cooling Curves 383 4.5.2 Relative Contributions of Radiation and Convection 385 4.5.3 Experiments: Heating and Cooling of Light Bulbs 389 References 392 5 Basic Applications for Teaching: Direct Visualization of Physics Phenomena 393 5.1 Introduction 393 5.2 Mechanics: Transformation of Mechanical Energy into Heat 394 5.2.1 Sliding Friction andWeight 394 5.2.2 Sliding Friction during Braking of Bicycles and Motorcycles 395 5.2.3 Sliding Friction: the Finger or Hammer Pencil 398 5.2.4 Inelastic Collisions: Tennis 398 5.2.5 Inelastic Collisions: The Human Balance 401 5.2.6 Temperature Rise of Floor and Feet whileWalking 402 5.2.7 Temperature Rise of Tires during Normal Driving of a Vehicle 403 5.2.8 Generating Heat by Periodic Stretching of Rubber 404 5.3 Thermal Physics Phenomena 406 5.3.1 Conventional Hot-Water-Filled Heaters 407 5.3.2 Thermal Conductivities 407 5.3.3 Conduction of Heat in Stack of Paper 410 5.3.4 Convection in Liquids 410 5.3.5 Convection Effects Due to Gases 414 5.3.6 Evaporative Cooling 414 5.3.7 Adiabatic Heating and Cooling 417 5.3.8 Heating of Cheese Cubes 418 5.3.9 Cooling of Bottles and Cans 422 5.4 Electromagnetism 424 5.4.1 Energy and Power in Simple Electric Circuits 424 5.4.2 Eddy Currents 426 5.4.3 Thermoelectric Effects 427 5.4.4 Experiments with Microwave Ovens 429 5.4.4.1 Setup 429 5.4.4.2 Visualization of Horizontal Modes 430 5.4.4.3 Visualization of Vertical Modes 431 5.4.4.4 Aluminum Foil in Microwave Ovens 431 5.5 Optics and Radiation Physics 432 5.5.1 Transmission ofWindow Glass, NaCl, and SiliconWafers 433 5.5.2 From Specular to Diffuse Reflection 435 5.5.3 Some Light Sources 437 5.5.4 Blackbody Cavities 437 5.5.5 Emissivities and Leslie Cube 439 Contents XI 5.5.6 From Absorption to Emission of Cavity Radiation 441 5.5.7 Selective Absorption and Emission of Gases 443 References 444 6 Shortwave Infrared Thermal Imaging 447 6.1 Introduction 447 6.2 The Why and How of SWInfrared Imaging 447 6.3 Some Applications of SWInfrared Imaging 450 6.3.1 Water OpticalMaterial Properties 452 6.3.2 Cameras Used in the Experiments 452 6.3.3 Selected Examples of SWImaging 454 6.3.3.1 High-Temperature Measurements 454 6.3.3.2 Vegetation Studies 456 6.3.3.3 Sky-to-Cloud Contrast Enhancement 458 6.3.3.4 Sorting Plastics and Detecting Liquid Levels in Plastic Containers 460 6.3.3.5 Looking Beneath the Surface 461 6.3.3.6 Undamaged Fresh Fruit/Vegetable Test 466 6.3.3.7 Material Properties of Liquids 467 6.3.3.8 Moisture onWalls 470 6.3.3.9 Other Applications of SW Imaging 470 6.4 Survey of Commercial Systems 472 References 472 7 IR Imaging of Buildings and Infrastructure 477 7.1 Introduction 477 7.1.1 Publicity of IR Images of Buildings 478 7.1.2 Just Colorful Images? 479 7.1.2.1 Level and Span 480 7.1.2.2 Choice of Color Palette 480 7.1.2.3 More on Palette, Level, and Span 480 7.1.3 General Problems Associated with Interpretation of IR Images 485 7.1.4 Energy Standard Regulations for Buildings 488 7.2 Some Standard Examples for Building Thermography 490 7.2.1 Half-Timbered Houses behind Plaster 490 7.2.2 Other Examples with OutsideWalls 493 7.2.3 Determining whether a Defect Is Energetically Relevant 494 7.2.4 The Role of Inside Thermal Insulation 497 7.2.5 Floor Heating Systems 498 7.3 Geometrical Thermal Bridges versus Structural Problems 500 7.3.1 Geometrical Thermal Bridges 500 7.3.2 Structural Defects 504 7.4 External Influences 507 7.4.1 Wind 507 7.4.2 Effect of Moisture in Thermal Images 509 7.4.3 Solar Load and Shadows 513 7.4.3.1 Modeling Transient Effects Due to Solar Load 513 7.4.3.2 Experimental Time Constants 516 7.4.3.3 Shadows 518 7.4.3.4 Solar Load of Structures withinWalls 519 7.4.3.5 Direct Solar Reflections 520 7.4.4 General View Factor Effects in Building Thermography 525 7.4.5 Night Sky Radiant Cooling and the View Factor 528 7.4.5.1 Cars Parked Outside or Below a Carport 529 7.4.5.2 Walls of Houses Facing a Clear Sky 531 7.4.5.3 View Factor Effects: Partial Shielding ofWalls by Carport 531 7.4.5.4 View Factor Effects: The Influence of Neighboring Buildings and Roof Overhang 533 7.5 Windows 534 7.5.1 General Features 534 7.5.2 Optically Induced Thermal Effects 539 7.6 Thermography and Blower-Door Tests 541 7.6.1 Close-Up Studies 543 7.6.2 Overview Studies 547 7.7 Quantitative IR Imaging: Total Heat Transfer through Building Envelope 549 7.8 New Developments and Conclusions 552 References 556 8 Industrial Application: Detection of Gases 561 8.1 Introduction 561 8.2 Spectra of Molecular Gases 561 8.3 Influences of Gases on IR Imaging: Absorption, Scattering, and Emission of Radiation 567 8.3.1 Introduction 567 8.3.2 Interaction of Gases with IR Radiation 567 8.3.3 Influence of Gases on IR Signals from Objects 569 8.4 Absorption by Cold Gases: Quantitative Aspects 572 8.4.1 Attenuation of Radiation by a Cold Gas 572 8.4.2 From Transmission Spectra to Absorption Constants 574 8.4.3 Transmission Spectra for Arbitrary Gas Conditions and IR Camera Signal Changes 574 8.4.4 Calibration Curves for Gas Detection 577 8.4.5 Problem: the Enormous Variety ofMeasurement Conditions 578 8.5 Thermal Emission from Hot Gases 580 8.6 New Developments 582 8.7 Practical Examples: Gas Detection with Commercial IR Cameras 588 8.7.1 Organic Compounds 588 8.7.2 Some Inorganic Compounds 591 8.7.3 CO2: Gas of the Century 594 8.7.3.1 Comparison of Broadband and Narrowband Detection 596 8.7.3.2 Detecting Volume Concentration of CO2 in Exhaled Air 597 8.7.3.3 Absorption, Scattering, and Thermal Emission of IR Radiation 597 8.7.3.4 Quantitative Result: Detecting Minute Amounts of CO2 in Air 599 8.7.3.5 Quantitative Result: Detection ofWell-Defined CO2 Gas Flows from a Tube 599 8.A Appendix: Survey of Transmission Spectra of Various Gases 602 8.A.1 Inorganic Compounds 1 604 8.A.2 Inorganic Compounds 2 605 8.A.3 Simple Hydrocarbons 1 606 8.A.4 Simple Hydrocarbons 2 607 8.A.5 Simple Multiple Bond Compounds and Some Alcohols 608 8.A.6 Some Ketones/Ethers 609 8.A.7 Some Benzene Compounds 610 8.A.8 Some HydrocarbonsWith Halogens 611 References 612 9 Microsystems 615 9.1 Introduction 615 9.2 Special Requirements for Thermal Imaging 616 9.2.1 Mechanical Stability of Setup 616 9.2.2 Microscope Objectives, Close-up Lenses, Extender Rings 616 9.2.3 High-Speed Recording 618 9.2.4 Temperature Measurement 618 9.3 Microfluidic Systems 619 9.3.1 Microreactors 619 9.3.1.1 Stainless Steel Falling Film Microreactor 619 9.3.1.2 Glass Microreactor 623 9.3.1.3 Silicon Microreactor 625 9.3.2 Micro Heat Exchangers 626 9.4 Microsensors 628 9.4.1 Thermal IR Sensors 628 9.4.1.1 IR Thermopile Sensors 629 9.4.1.2 IR Bolometer Sensors 632 9.4.2 Semiconductor Gas Sensors 635 9.5 Microsystems with Electric to Thermal Energy Conversion 637 9.5.1 Miniaturized IR Emitters 637 9.5.2 Micro Peltier Elements 639 9.5.3 Cryogenic Actuators 640 References 642 10 Selected Topics in Industry 645 10.1 Introduction 645 10.2 Miscellaneous Industrial Applications 645 10.2.1 Predictive Maintenance and Quality Control 645 10.2.2 Pipes and Valves in a Power Plant 647 10.2.3 Levels of Liquids in Tanks in Petrochemical Industry 648 10.2.4 Polymer Molding 651 10.2.5 Rack-Storage Fire Testing 652 10.3 Low-Voltage Electrical Applications 653 10.3.1 Early Microelectronic Boards 654 10.3.2 Macroscopic Electric Boards 655 10.3.3 ModernMicroelectronic Boards 656 10.4 High-Voltage Electrical Applications 656 10.4.1 Substation Transformers 657 10.4.2 Overheated High-Voltage Line 659 10.4.3 Electric Fan Defects 660 10.4.4 Oil Levels in High-Voltage Bushings 660 10.5 Metal Industry and High Temperatures 662 10.5.1 Direct Imaging of HotMetal Molds 662 10.5.2 Manufacturing Hot SolidMetal Strips: Thermal Reflections 663 10.5.3 Determination of Metal Temperatures if Emissivity Is Known 665 10.5.4 Determining Metal Temperatures for Unknown Emissivity: Gold Cup Method 666 10.5.5 Determining Metal Temperatures for Unknown Emissivity:Wedge and Black Emitter Method 667 10.5.6 Other Applications of IR Imaging in Metal Industry or at High Temperatures 669 10.6 Automobile Industry 670 10.6.1 Quality Control of Heating Systems 671 10.6.2 Active and Passive IR Night Vision Systems 672 10.6.3 IR Imaging of Race Cars 675 10.6.4 Motorcycles 676 10.7 Airplane and Spacecraft Industry 676 10.7.1 Imaging of Aircraft 676 10.7.2 Imaging of Spacecraft 678 10.8 Plastic Foils 683 10.8.1 Spectra: Selective Emitters 683 10.8.2 Images: Looking through Plastics 685 10.9 Surveillance and Security: Range of IR Cameras 687 10.9.1 Applications in Surveillance 687 10.9.2 Range of IR Cameras 688 10.10 Line Scanning Thermometry ofMoving Objects 694 10.11 Remote Sensing Using IR Imaging 695 10.11.1 Survey ofMethods 695 10.11.2 Some IR Imaging Applications Using Drones 699 References 702 11 Selected Applications in Other Fields 709 11.1 Medical Applications 709 11.1.1 Introduction 709 11.1.2 Diagnosis andMonitoring of Pain 712 11.1.3 Acupuncture 716 11.1.4 Breast Thermography and Detection of Breast Cancer 718 11.1.5 Other Medical Applications 719 11.1.5.1 Raynaud’s Phenomenon 719 11.1.5.2 Pressure Ulcers 720 11.2 Animals and Veterinary Applications 721 11.2.1 Pets 722 11.2.2 Zoo Animals 723 11.2.3 Equine Thermography 725 11.2.4 Wildlife 726 11.3 Sports 729 11.3.1 High-Speed Recording of Tennis Serve 729 11.3.2 Squash and Volleyball 732 11.3.3 Other Applications in Sports 734 11.4 Arts: Music, Contemporary Dancing, and Paintings 735 11.4.1 Musical Instruments 735 11.4.2 Contemporary Dance 737 11.4.3 Paintings 740 11.5 Nature 742 11.5.1 Sky and Clouds 742 11.5.2 Wildfires 746 11.5.3 Sun and Moon 749 11.5.4 InfraredMirages 752 11.5.5 Geothermal Phenomena 754 11.5.5.1 Geysers and Hot Springs 754 11.5.5.2 IR Thermal Imaging in Volcanology 756 References 760 Index 765

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Book SynopsisIn der hochbitratigen optischen Nachrichtentechnik ist es wichtig, parasitäre induktive und kapazitive Einflüsse auf die Funktion von Laser- und Fotodioden zu kompensieren. Wegen des nichtlinearen Charakters der u-i-Relationen der Induktivitäten, Kapazitäten und Widerstände ist es möglich, Kompensationsverfahren gegen parasitäre Effekte zu entwickeln oder die Nichtlinearitäten gezielt zur Signalübertragung einzusetzen. Reiner Thiele beweist, dass bei Applikation der vorgestellten Kompensationsverfahren kapazitive und induktive Influenzen auf die Grundfunktion der optoelektronischen Bauelemente vermeidbar sind, das Klemmenverhalten durch die u-i-Kennlinien von Laser- oder Fotodioden komplett erfasst wird und ungünstige Einflüsse der Systemumgebung auf die optoelektronischen Schaltungen vermieden werden. Außerdem stellt er Definitionen für optoelektronische Grundstromkreise sowie ihre Berechnung für die Applikation gleichartiger Laser- oder Fotodioden als Sende- bzw. Empfangsbauelemente der optischen Nachrichtentechnik vor.Der Autor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Reiner Thiele lehrte an der Hochschule Zittau/Görlitz und unterrichtet derzeit an der Staatlichen Studienakademie Bautzen.Table of ContentsParameter von Dioden.- Kompensation elektromagnetischer Beeinflussungen.- Optoelektronische Grundstromkreise.

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Book SynopsisThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th National Conference on Man-Machine Speech Communication, NCMMSC 2017, held in Lianyungang, China, in October 2017. The 13 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 39 submissions. The papers address issues such as challenging issues in speech recognition and enhancement, speaker and language recognition, speech synthesis, corpus and phonetic in speech technology, speech generation, speech analyzing and modelling, speech processing of ethnic minorities, speech emotion recognition and audio signal processing.Table of ContentsChallenging issues in speech recognition and enhancement.- Speaker and language recognition, speech synthesis.- Corpus and phonetic in speech technology.- Speech generation, speech analyzing and modelling.- Speech processing of ethnic minorities.- Speech emotion recognition.- Audio signal processing.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the peer-reviewed proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Applications (ICICA 2020), held at Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, India, during December 22–24, 2020. The book includes the latest research on advanced computational methodologies such as neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary algorithms, hybrid intelligent systems, uncertain reasoning techniques, and other machine learning methods and their applications to decision-making and problem-solving in mobile and wireless communication networks.Table of ContentsClosed Loop Vision Based Ball Balancer.- A Novel Network Learning For Image Compressive Sensing.- COVID – 19 Severıty Predıctıons: An Analysis Usıng Correlatıon Measures.- A Novel Methodology for Comparative Analysis of Power Quality Improvement for a 3 Phase DC/AC Embedded DC/DC Converter.- Performance of Photovoltaic based ZETA Converter Water Pumping Application.- Performance Analysis of Radial Distribution System by Optimal Deployment of DG and DSTATCOM Considering Network Reconfiguration using a SAR Algorithm.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a collection of selected high-quality research papers presented at the International Conference on Computing in Engineering and Technology (ICCET 2021), organized by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere, India, during January 30–31, 2021. Focusing on frontier topics and next-generation technologies, it presents original and innovative research from academics, scientists, students and engineers alike. The theme of the conference is Applied Information Processing System.Table of ContentsChapter 1. CNN parameter adjustment for brain tumor classification.- Chapter 2. Advance Fuzzy Radial Basis Function Neural Network.- Chapter 3. Unbounded Fuzzy Radial Basis Function Neural Network Classifier.- Chapter 4. A study on the adaptability of Deep Learning-based Polar coded NOMA in Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication Scenario.- Chapter 5. Heart Rate Variability based Mental Stress Detection using Deep Learning Approach.- Chapter 6. Product Based Market Analysis using Deep Learning.- Chapter 7. Driver drowsiness detection using Deep-Learning Chapter 8. Emotion detection from social media-based using machine learning techniques: A Survey.- Chapter 9. Deep age estimation using sclera images in multiple environment.- Chapter 10. Data Handling Approach for Machine Learning in Wireless Communication: A Survey.- Chapter 11. Breast cancer detection in mammograms using deep learning.- Chapter 12. Deep learning based Parameterized Framework to investigate the influence of Pedagogical Innovations in Engineering Courses.- Chapter 13. Modern Transfer Learning based preliminary diagnosis of COVID-19 using forced cough recordings with Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients.- Chapter 14. Biomedical Text Summarization: A Graph Based Ranking Approach.- Chapter 15. EEG based Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease Using Kolmogorov Complexity.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides insights into the Third International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing (eISSP 2020) held By Electronics & Communication Engineering Department of G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Gujarat, India, during 28–30 December 2020. The book comprises contributions by the research scholars and academicians covering the topics in signal processing and communication engineering, applied electronics and emerging technologies, Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, machine learning, deep learning and artificial intelligence. The main emphasis of the book is on dissemination of information, experience and research results on the current topics of interest through in-depth discussions and contribution of researchers from all over world. The book is useful for research community, academicians, industrialists and postgraduate students across the globe.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Design and Analysis of Modified Split Ring Resonator Structured Multiband Antenna for WCDMA and WiMAX Applications.- Chapter 2: A Wearable Finger Exoskeleton For Motor Rehabilitation Using Mobile Application.- Chapter 3: Game theoretical approach for cluster-based routing protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks.- Chapter 4: Advance Digital Signal Processing for Interference Mitigation in Very High Throughput Satellite.- Chapter 5: Low-Power Endoscopic Image Compression Algorithms Using Modified Golomb Codes.- Chapter 6: Image Steganography Using Ridgelet Transform and SVD.- Chapter 7: HWCMA and HW-LS-CMA blind learning method for intelligent antenna system.- Chapter 8: Performance evaluation of prediction algorithm based tracking methods in a recovery of a lost target using Wireless Sensor Network.- Chapter 9: An Efficient Convolutional Neural Network for Acute Pain Recognition using HRV Features.- Chapter 10: Design and development of LSTM–RNN model for the prediction of RR intervals in ECG signals.- Chapter 11: FHSS Signals Classification by Linear Discriminant in a Multi-Signal Environment.- Chapter 12: Non-invasive Thyroid detection using thermal Imaging technique.- Chapter 13: Non Orthogonal Multiple Access Techniques for Next Generation Wireless Networks: A Review.- Chapter 14: Triple band circular patch antenna using complimentary split ring resonators.- Chapter 15: Features Analysis of Electroencephalography (EEG) for Mindfulness Meditation Effect on Cancer Patient toward Stress Level.

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Book SynopsisThe book is a collection of academician Yanzhong Zhang’s research papers published in English. It represents the development of aerospace systems engineering and information technology in China over the past 4 decades. Regarded as the crucial reference materials of related disciplines, it falls into three categories, namely, information technique, aeronautical engineering strategy issue of development, as well as PhD thesis.Table of ContentsInformation Technique.- Aeronautical Engineering.- Strategy Issue of Development.- Ph.D. Thesis.

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers selected high-quality research papers presented at the 2nd International Conference on Advanced Computing Applications (ICACA 2021), held virtually during 27––28 March 2021. The book is divided into four sections. These are communication and computing, signal processing and multimedia, computational intelligence and data analytics and decision computing. The topics covered are advanced communication technologies, IoT-based systems and applications, network security and reliability, virtualization technologies, compressed sensors and multimedia applications, signal image and video processing, machine learning, pattern recognitions, intelligent computing, big data analytics, analytics in bio-computing, AI-driven 6G mobile wireless networks and autonomous driving.Table of ContentsInternet of Things-based Animal Health Monitoring and Management.- Cryptanalysis of an Authentication and Key Management Scheme in Context of Generic Hierarchical IoT Network.- Personalized Smart Recommendation System for Industrial Internet of Things.- IoT Based Anti-Poaching Technology to Save Wildlife.- GeoLens: Geospatial Location Exploration Using Mobile Crowdsensing in Tourism 4.0: A case study of Kunjanagar, Falakata, West Bengal.- IoT Cloud System for Streetlights Monitoring based on Solar Energy using ESP32.- Smart Vehicle Management System using Internet of Vehicles (IoV).- IoT Based Real Time HRV Performance Analysis.- Implementation of Acoustic Source Localization on Edge-IoT Platform.- Internet of Things Platform for Advantageous Renewable Energy Generation.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the proceedings of the International Science and Technology Conference “FarEastCon 2021,” which took place on October 5–8, 2021, in Vladivostok, Russian Federation. The book discusses modern achievements and promising research in the sphere of intelligent technologies in solving real, applied problems in various fields of industry and economic policies of different countries. Featuring selected papers from the conference, this book is of interest to experts in various fields whose work involves developing innovative solutions and increasing the efficiency of economic activities.Table of ContentsOperator of Connection Between the Langmuir Equation and Oparin’s Kinematic Equation for Pendulum-Type Waves. Part I.- Operator of Connection Between the Langmuir Equation and Oparin’s Kinematic Equation for Pendulum-Type Waves. Part II.- Operator of Connection Between the Langmuir Equation and Oparin’s Kinematic Equation for Pendulum-Type Waves. Part III.- On Algorithms of Digital Simulators in Education.- Problems and Risks of the It Outsourcing Market in Russia.- Investment Prospects for Renewable Energy Projects in the Republic of Buryatia.- Software Development Technology for Predictive Analysis of the Functioning of Credit Institutions.- Method for Assessing Organization System Quality.- Analysis of the Management of Sector “Security” as Part of the Strategic Management of Bulgaria.- Circular Economy (CE) Innovation and Internationalization of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Geographical Overview and Sectorial Patterns.- Methodology for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Implementing Investments in Lean Enterprise Production.- Perfection of the Process of Interaction of Various Types of Transport in the Far Eastern Transport Hubs.

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Book SynopsisTo meet the increasing demand of electrical power, the use of renewable energy-based smart grid is attracting significant attention in recent years throughout the world. The high penetration of renewable power in the smart grids is growing its importance due to its non-finishing, reusable, reliable, sustainable, lower cost, and available characteristics. The renewable energy-based smart grid technology may mitigate the increasing energy demands effectively and efficiently without hampering the environment. But the uncertain nature of renewable sources largely affects the operation of the smart grid by un-stabling the voltage and frequency that may introduces power quality and reliability problems, which requires special control techniques. This book investigates the challenges in controlling renewable energy-based smart grids and proposes different control techniques to control the voltage and frequency effectively to improve the power quality and reliability of the power grids. This book is a valuable resource for readers interested in practical solutions in smart grids and renewable energy systems.Table of ContentsChapter 1: A Robust Controller for Multi-level Distributed Generation Based Island-ed Microgrid.- Chapter 2: Multi-source Microgrid Fre-quency Stability Control Using Learning-Based Technology.- Chapter 3: Hybrid Renewable Energy Sys-tems for Future Power Grids.- Chapter 4: Operation of Renewable Ener-gy and Energy Storage-based Hybrid Re-mote-area Power Sup-ply (RAPS) Systems: Challenges and State-of-the-arts.- Chapter 5: A Symbolic Aggregate Approx-imation-based Data Mining Tool for the Detection and Classification of Power Grid Voltage Events.- Chapter 6: Identifying Hosting Capacity of Renewable DG units in Smart Grids Con-sidering Protection Systems.- Chapter 7: Management of Distributed Generation for Smart Buildings.- Chapter 8: Smart Inverters and Controls for Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Sources.- Chapter 9: Transformerless Three-Phase Solar Photovoltaic Converters.- Chapter 10: Sensorless Control Technolo-gies for Stand-alone and Grid-connected Operation of Brush-less Doubly-Fed In-duction Generators in Smart Grid.- Chapter 11: Control and Observation of Induction Motors Based on Full-Order Terminal Sliding Mode Technique.

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Book SynopsisThis volume consists of selected peer reviewed papers from the 10th International Conference on Mechatronics and Control Engineering (ICMCE 2021) discussing latest advances in mechanical engineering and dynamic analysis, sensor technology and application, mechanical design and system modelling, control system and engineering, robot design and control engineering, development and performance analysis of functional materials. Additional themes include methodologies, algorithms, applications and knowledge discovery in mechatronics and control engineering. This volume will prove a valuable resource for those in academia and industry.Table of ContentsMechanical engineering and dynamic analysis.- Sensor Technology and Application.- Mechanical Design and System Modelling.- Control System and Engineering.- Robot design and control Engineering.- Development and performance analysis of functional materials.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents and analyzes methods to perform image co-segmentation. In this book, the authors describe efficient solutions to this problem ensuring robustness and accuracy, and provide theoretical analysis for the same. Six different methods for image co-segmentation are presented. These methods use concepts from statistical mode detection, subgraph matching, latent class graph, region growing, graph CNN, conditional encoder–decoder network, meta-learning, conditional variational encoder–decoder, and attention mechanisms. The authors have included several block diagrams and illustrative examples for the ease of readers. This book is a highly useful resource to researchers and academicians not only in the specific area of image co-segmentation but also in related areas of image processing, graph neural networks, statistical learning, and few-shot learning.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Survey of Image Co-segmentation.- Mathematical Background.- Co-segmentation using a Classification Framework.- Use of Maximum Common Subgraph Matching.- Maximally Occurring Common Subgraph Matching.- Co-segmentation using Graph Convolutional Neural Network.- Use of a Conditional Siamese Convolutional Network.- Few-shot Learning for Co-segmentation.- Conclusions.

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Book Synopsis

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