Imaging systems and technology Books

Book SynopsisThe speckle phenomenon is ubiquitous, occurring in all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as in both ultrasound and synthetic-aperture-radar imaging. Speckle occurs whenever radiation is reflected from a surface that is rough on the scale of a wavelength, or is passed through a diffusing surface that introduces random path-length delays on the scale of a wavelength. This book is devoted to simulation of speckle phenomena using the software package Mathematica®. Various techniques for simulating speckle are discussed. Simulation topics include first-order amplitude and intensity statistics, speckle phenomena in both imaging and free-space propagation, speckle at low light levels, polarization speckle, phase vortices in speckle, and speckle metrology methods.Table of Contents First-Order Statistics of Speckle Amplitude First-Order Statistics of Speckle Intensity Simulation of Speckle in Optical Imaging Simulation of Speckle in Free-Space Propagation Speckle at Low Light Levels Speckle Phase Vortices Polarization Speckle Speckle Simulation for Metrology

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Book SynopsisThis book is in part an introduction to ladar (or lidar), providing the technical building blocks for understanding the technology, but also provides in-depth coverage of aspects of coherent detection. It covers the mathematical background of traditional direct-detection architecture, including a detailed description of photon-counting detection, which is usually achieved with Geiger-mode APD technology. The book also dives into details of coherent detection architecture, explaining various imaging techniques such as synthetic aperture lidar and vibration sensing lidar. This book can serve as a reference for readers who want to become more acquainted with lidar technology and can also be used as a textbook on the subject.Table of Contents Ladar: A New Light on Imaging Laser Transmitters Receiver Detector The Ladar Range Equation Detection Statistics, Probability of Detection and False Alarm, and Statistical Improvement Techniques Image Resolution and Optical Considerations Ladar Waveforms Receiver, Signal Processing, and Data Extraction Coherent Detection Ladar Waveform Considerations in Coherent Ladar Coherent Detection with a Geiger-Mode Receiver Lidar Applications: Present and Future

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Book SynopsisThe speckle phenomenon is ubiquitous, occurring in all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as in both ultrasound and synthetic-aperture-radar imaging. Speckle occurs whenever radiation is reflected from a surface that is rough on the scale of a wavelength or is passed through a diffusing surface that introduces random path-length delays on the scale of a wavelength. This book is devoted to simulation of speckle phenomena using the software package Python. Various techniques for simulating speckle are discussed. Simulation topics include first-order amplitude and intensity statistics, speckle phenomena in both imaging and free-space propagation, speckle at low light levels, polarization speckle, phase vortices in speckle, and speckle metrology methods.Table of Contents Introduction First-Order Statistics of Speckle Amplitude First-Order Statistics of Speckle Intensity Simulation of Speckle in Optical Imaging Simulation of Speckle in Free-Space Propagation Speckle at Low Light Levels Speckle Phase Vortices Polarization Speckle Speckle Simulation for Metrology

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Book SynopsisIn the field of image processing, many applications require real-time execution, particularly those in the domains of medicine, robotics and transmission, to name but a few. Recent technological developments have allowed for the integration of more complex algorithms with large data volume into embedded systems, in turn producing a series of new sophisticated electronic architectures at affordable prices. This book performs an in-depth survey on this topic. It is primarily written for those who are familiar with the basics of image processing and want to implement the target processing design using different electronic platforms for computing acceleration. The authors present techniques and approaches, step by step, through illustrative examples. This book is also suitable for electronics/embedded systems engineers who want to consider image processing applications as sufficient imaging algorithm details are given to facilitate their understanding.Table of Contents1. Introduction of Real-time Image Processing. 2. Hardware Architectures for
Real-time Processing. 3. Rapid Prototyping of Parallel Reconfigurable Instruction Set Processor for Efficient Real-Time Image Processing. 4. Exploration of High-Level Synthesis Technique. 5. CDMS4HLS: A Novel Source- To-Source
Compilation Strategy for HLS-Based FPGA Design. 6. Embedded Implementation of VHR Satellite Image Segmentation. 7. Real-time Image Processing with Very High-level Synthesis.

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Book SynopsisThe imaging of moving organs such as the heart, in particular, is a real challenge because of its movement. This book presents current and emerging methods developed for the acquisition of images of moving organs in the five main medical imaging modalities: conventional X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear imaging and ultrasound. The availability of dynamic image sequences allows for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of an organ’s dynamics, which is often linked to pathologies.Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv INTRODUCTION xvii PART 1. METHODOLOGICAL BASES 1 CHAPTER 1. EXTRACTION AND SEGMENTATION OF STRUCTURES IN IMAGE SEQUENCES 3Olivier BERNARD, Patrick CLARYSSE, Thomas DIETENBECK, Denis FRIBOULET, Stéphanie JEHAN-BESSON and Jérome POUSIN 1.1. Problematics 3 1.2. Overview of segmentation methods 3 1.3. Summary of the different classes of deformable models 6 1.3.1. Non-energy approaches 7 1.3.2. Energy-based approaches 8 1.4. Deformable templates 11 1.4.1. Elastic deformable template principle 12 1.4.2. Dynamic elastic deformable template 14 1.4.3. Elastic deformable template and modal analysis 15 1.4.4. The elastic deformable template in practice 15 1.5. Variational active contours 17 1.5.1. Active contour representations 17 1.5.2. Energy functional 21 1.5.3. Obtaining the evolution equation 26 1.5.4. Level set digital implementation 34 1.6. Integration of a priori constraints in the formalism of variational contours 35 1.6.1. Shape a priori 36 1.6.2. Motion a priori 38 1.7. Implementation examples in cardiac imaging 44 1.7.1. Echographic imaging: choice of the data fitting term 44 1.7.2. Example of 3D echocardiography image segmentation 46 1.7.3. Example of 2D echocardiography image segmentation 48 1.8. Conclusion 50 1.9. Bibliography 52 CHAPTER 2. MOTION ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS 65Patrick CLARYSSE and Jérome POUSIN 2.1. Problematics 65 2.2. Problem formulation 66 2.3. Transport methods 67 2.3.1. Optical flow 68 2.3.2. Motion estimation seen as an optimal transport problem 70 2.4. Probabilistic approaches 74 2.5. Image registration 76 2.5.1. Transformation 77 2.5.2. Similarity function 78 2.5.3. Optimization 78 2.5.4. Practical considerations 79 2.6. Local methods 79 2.6.1. Block or primitive-matching 79 2.6.2. Least-square estimation 81 2.7. Hybrid methods 81 2.7.1. Power spectrum-based methods 82 2.7.2. Spatiotemporal description 82 2.8. Phase-based methods 84 2.8.1. Fleet and Jepson’s method 85 2.8.2. Analytic and monogenic signal 86 2.8.3. Harmonic phase methods 88 2.9. Registration and motion estimation in a sequence of images 89 2.9.1. Lagrangian description 89 2.9.2. Eulerian description 91 2.9.3. Strategies for the estimation in sequence 91 2.10. Evaluation of motion estimation methods 92 2.11. Conclusion 95 2.12. Bibliography 95 CHAPTER 3. POST-PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES FOR MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION QUANTIFICATION 103Bruno NEYRAN and Magalie VIALLON 3.1. Introduction 103 3.2. Dynamic measurement of perfusion with contrast agents: reminder about the MRI sequences and the different contrast agents used 107 3.2.1. Brief reminder about cardiac perfusion MRI sequences 107 3.2.2. MRI signal conversion/tracer concentration 107 3.2.3. Different clinical-candidate contrast agents 108 3.3. Motion correction and contour segmentation of the myocardium: important preprocessing prior to quantitative analysis 109 3.3.1. Dynamic image registration 109 3.3.2. Automatic contour extraction 109 3.4. Semi-quantitative perfusion analysis: calculation of relative parameters depending on the injection of the contrast medium 110 3.4.1. Semi-quantitative perfusion parameters 110 3.4.2. Heuristic modeling using a varied gamma function 112 3.4.3. Heuristic modeling with a bi-exponential function 114 3.4.4. Heuristic modeling with the Moate model 115 3.5. Absolute parameters independent of the contrast agent injection (taking account of the arterial input): pharmacokinetic modeling 117 3.5.1. General studies: tracer kinetics theory 118 3.5.2. Identification of the residual function 127 3.5.3. Identification of the discrete residual function 129 3.6. Conclusion 133 3.7. Bibliography 135 CHAPTER 4. TENSOR DECOMPOSITION OF A DYNAMIC SEQUENCE OF IMAGES INTO SIMPLE ELEMENTS 141Frédérique FROUIN and Claire PELLOT-BARAKAT 4.1. Problematics 141 4.2. Panorama of methods for the quantitative analysis of dynamic image sequences 143 4.2.1. Regions of interest method 143 4.2.2. Parametric imaging methods 144 4.2.3. Movement analysis methods 145 4.2.4. Tensor decomposition of a sequence of images into simple elements 145 4.3. Tensor decomposition methods of an image sequence into simple elements 146 4.3.1. Notations and decomposition principle 146 4.3.2. Orthogonal decomposition of an image sequence 147 4.3.3. Decomposition into simple elements 148 4.4. Specifications for radiotracer or contrast medium monitoring 149 4.4.1. Proposed approach objectives and associated constraints definition 149 4.4.2. Components estimation principle 149 4.4.3. Example of tensor decomposition into simple elements in myocardial perfusion studies 152 4.4.4. Limitations of the proposed approach 153 4.4.5. Clinical applications of the tensor decomposition into simple elements for cardiac imaging 155 4.5. Specifications for the study of cardiac motion 156 4.5.1. Proposed approach objectives and associated constraint definition 156 4.5.2. Tensor decomposition method solution 157 4.5.3. Tensor decomposition model extensions 160 4.5.4. Clinical applications and perspectives 164 4.6. Conclusion 165 4.7. Bibliography 166 PART 2. APPLICATION EXAMPLES 169 CHAPTER 5. EVALUATION OF CARDIAC STRUCTURE SEGMENTATION IN CINE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 171Alain LALANDE, Mireille GARREAU and Frédérique FROUIN 5.1. Context: significance of the automatic segmentation of the cardiac structures 171 5.1.1. Cine MRI in short-axis orientation 171 5.1.2. Left ventricle and right ventricle 172 5.2. Evaluation necessity 175 5.2.1. The place of evaluation 175 5.2.2. Analytic and empirical methods 176 5.3. Empirical evaluation methods 177 5.4. Visual evaluation methods 179 5.5. Supervised methods 180 5.5.1. The definition of a reference 180 5.5.2. Creation of an expert database 183 5.5.3. Evaluation criterion: edge-based approaches 184 5.5.4. Evaluation criteria: region-based approaches 188 5.5.5. Supervised methods for the estimation of a clinical parameter 192 5.5.6. ROC curves 193 5.5.7. Comparison of the supervised methods 194 5.5.8. Limitations of the supervised methods 195 5.6. Non-supervised evaluation methods 198 5.6.1. Unsupervised methods relying on region- or edge-based descriptors 198 5.6.2. Methods using a clinical parameter 202 5.6.3. Estimation methods of a reference segmentation 204 5.6.4. Difficulties in unsupervised methods 205 5.7. Conclusion 205 5.8. IMPEIC and MEDIEVAL working groups 207 5.9. Bibliography 209 CHAPTER 6. PHASE-BASED HEART MOTION ESTIMATION IN MULTIMODALITY CARDIAC IMAGING 217Martino ALESSANDRINI, Adrian BASARAB, Olivier BERNARD and Philippe DELACHARTRE 6.1. Phase images 218 6.1.1. Multidimensional analytic signals 218 6.1.2. Monogenic signal 219 6.2. Optical flow motion estimation on the phase of the two single-orthant analytic signals and using a deformable mesh: application to cardiac MRI sequences 221 6.2.1. Optical flow method applied to spatial phase images 223 6.2.2. Parametric modeling of local motion 226 6.2.3. Trajectory estimation 228 6.2.4. Results 230 6.2.5. Conclusion 235 6.3. Motion estimation by optical flow from the monogenic phase using a local affine model and multiscale analysis – application to ultrasonic cardiac sequences 236 6.3.1. Affine model 237 6.3.2. Multiscale choice of the window size 238 6.3.3. Iterative refinement of the displacement 238 6.4. Bibliography 244 CHAPTER 7. CARDIAC MOTION ANALYSIS IN TAGGED MRI 247Patrick CLARYSSE and Pierre CROISILLE 7.1. Motion quantification by the SinMod method 248 7.2. Processing pipeline and features of the software inTag 250 7.2.1. Data and input parameters 251 7.2.2. Motion field estimation 251 7.2.3. LV contour extraction 252 7.2.4. LV motion and deformation analysis 252 7.3. Perspectives 254 7.4. Bibliography 254 CHAPTER 8. LEFT VENTRICLE MOTION ESTIMATION IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING 257Antoine SIMON, Mireille GARREAU, Régis DELAUNAY, Dominique BOULMIER, Erwan DONAL and Christophe LECLERCQ 8.1. Introduction 257 8.1.1. Clinical problem and objectives 257 8.1.2. Technological choice: cardiac CT imaging 258 8.1.3. State of the art and method positioning 259 8.2. Surface matching method 262 8.2.1. Surface segmentation and reconstruction stage 262 8.2.2. Surface–surface matching 263 8.3. Surface–surface approach evaluation 267 8.3.1. Simulated data 267 8.3.2. Real data 270 8.4. Surface–surface approach conclusion 278 8.5. Surface and volume matching method: surface–volume approach 278 8.6. Surface–volume approach evaluation 280 8.6.1. Simulated data 280 8.6.2. Real data 283 8.7. Conclusion 285 8.8. Acknowledgments 287 8.9. Bibliography 287 PART 3 . TOWARD PATIENT-SPECIFIC CARDIOLOGY 293 CHAPTER 9. PERSONALIZATION OF ELECTROMECHANICAL MODELS OF THE CARDIAC VENTRICULAR FUNCTION BY HETEROGENEOUS CLINICAL DATA ASSIMILATION 295Stephanie MARCHESSEAU, Maxime SERMESANT, Florence BILLET, Hervé DELINGETTE and Nicholas AYACHE 9.1. Introduction 295 9.2. Anatomy and electrophysiology personalization from clinical data 298 9.2.1. Personalization of the heart and the tissue structure anatomy 298 9.2.2. Cardiac electrophysiology personalization 300 9.3. Heart mechanics modeling 302 9.3.1. Modeling of the Bestel–Clément–Sorine electromechanical coupling 302 9.3.2. Blood flow modeling 304 9.3.3. Other boundary conditions 305 9.3.4. Discussion about this model 306 9.4. Image data processing: cardiac kinematics personalization 306 9.4.1. Metrics for the comparison between observed and simulated motion 307 9.4.2. Data time interpolation 307 9.4.3. Deformable models approach 308 9.4.4. Data displacement case 310 9.4.5. Velocity data case 311 9.4.6. Results with cine-MRI data 311 9.4.7. Results from dynamic CT data 312 9.5. Calibration of the mechanical parameters from global data 313 9.5.1. Available data description 314 9.5.2. Unscented transform calibration 315 9.5.3. Calibration results with healthy volunteers 317 9.5.4. Calibration results with pathological cases 317 9.6. Mechanical personalization by variational data assimilation 318 9.6.1. Variational approach on a simplified model 320 9.6.2. Application to synthetic cases 321 9.6.3. Application to clinical cases 322 9.6.4. Sequential approach on full model 322 9.7. Conclusion 323 9.8. Bibliography 324 CONCLUSION 331 APPENDIX 1 335 APPENDIX 2 339 LIST OF AUTHORS 343 INDEX 347

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Book SynopsisImage processing and image analysis are typically important fields in information science and technology. By “image processing”, we generally understand all kinds of operation performed on images (or sequences of images) in order to increase their quality, restore their original content, emphasize some particular aspect of the information or optimize their transmission, or to perform radiometric and/or spatial analysis. By “image analysis” we understand, however, all kinds of operation performed on images (or sequences of images) in order to extract qualitative or quantitative data, perform measurements and apply statistical analysis. Whereas there are nowadays many books dealing with image processing, only a small number deal with image analysis. The methods and techniques involved in these fields of course have a wide range of applications in our daily world: industrial vision, material imaging, medical imaging, biological imaging, multimedia applications, satellite imaging, quality control, traffic control, and so onTable of ContentsPart 1. An Overview of Image Processing and Analysis (IPA) 1. Gray-Tone Images. 2. Gray-Tone Image Processing and Analysis. 3. Binary Images. 4. Binary Image Processing and Analysis. 5. Key Concepts and Notions for IPA. 6. Mathematical Imaging Frameworks. Part 2. Basic Mathematical Reminders for Gray-Tone and Binary Image Processing and Analysis 7. Basic Reminders in Set Theory. 8. Basic Reminders in Topology and Functional Analysis. Part 3. The Main Mathematical Notions for the Spatial and Tonal Domains 9. The Spatial Domain. 10. The Tonal Domain. Part 4. Ten Main Functional Frameworks for Gray Tone Images 11. The Algebraic and Order Functional Framework. 12. The Morphological Functional Framework. 13. The Integral Functional Framework. 14. The Convolutional Functional Framework. 15. The Differential Functional Framework. 16. The Generalized Functional Framework. 17. The Frequential Functional Framework. 18. The Multiscale Functional Framework. 19. The Variational Functional Framework. 20. The Probabilistic Functional Framework.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook provides comprehensive coverage for courses in the basics of design and implementation of digital filters. The book assumes only basic knowledge in digital signal processing and covers state-of-the-art methods for digital filter design and provides a simple route for the readers to design their own filters. The advanced mathematics that is required for the filter design is minimized by providing an extensive MATLAB toolbox with over 300 files. The book presents over 200 design examples with MATLAB code and over 300 problems to be solved by the reader. The students can design and modify the code for their use. The book and the design examples cover almost all known design methods of frequency-selective digital filters as well as some of the authors’ own, unique techniques. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Signals and Transforms.- Discrete-Time and Digital Filters.- Filter Algorithms.- Finite Wordlength Effects.- Synthesis of Fir Filters.- Realization of Fir Filters.- Synthesis of Analog Filters.- Analog Filters with Lumped and Distributed Elements.- Synthesis of IIR Filters.- Wave Digital Filters.- Ladder Wave Digital Filters.- Symmetric Wave Digital Filters.- Frequency-Response Masking Filters.- Sampling Rate Converters.- Multirate Filters.- Implementation of Digital Filters.- References.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive reference provides easy access to relevant information on all aspects of Computer Vision. An A-Z format of over 240 entries offers a diverse range of topics for those seeking entry into any aspect within the broad field of Computer Vision. Over 200 Authors from both industry and academia contributed to this volume.Each entry includes synonyms, a definition and discussion of the topic, and a robust bibliography. Extensive cross-references to other entries support efficient, user-friendly searches for immediate access to relevant information. Entries were peer-reviewed by a distinguished international advisory board, both scientifically and geographically diverse, ensuring balanced coverage. Over 3700 bibliographic references for further reading enable deeper exploration into any of the topics covered.The content of Computer Vision: A Reference Guide is expository and tutorial, making the book a practical resource for students who are considering entering the field, as well as professionals in other fields who need to access this vital information but may not have the time to work their way through an entire text on their topic of interest.Table of ContentsOver 240 entries organized A to Z.

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Book SynopsisIn der hochbitratigen optischen Nachrichtentechnik ist es wichtig, parasitäre induktive und kapazitive Einflüsse auf die Funktion von Laser- und Fotodioden zu kompensieren. Wegen des nichtlinearen Charakters der u-i-Relationen der Induktivitäten, Kapazitäten und Widerstände ist es möglich, Kompensationsverfahren gegen parasitäre Effekte zu entwickeln oder die Nichtlinearitäten gezielt zur Signalübertragung einzusetzen. Reiner Thiele beweist, dass bei Applikation der vorgestellten Kompensationsverfahren kapazitive und induktive Influenzen auf die Grundfunktion der optoelektronischen Bauelemente vermeidbar sind, das Klemmenverhalten durch die u-i-Kennlinien von Laser- oder Fotodioden komplett erfasst wird und ungünstige Einflüsse der Systemumgebung auf die optoelektronischen Schaltungen vermieden werden. Außerdem stellt er Definitionen für optoelektronische Grundstromkreise sowie ihre Berechnung für die Applikation gleichartiger Laser- oder Fotodioden als Sende- bzw. Empfangsbauelemente der optischen Nachrichtentechnik vor.Der Autor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Reiner Thiele lehrte an der Hochschule Zittau/Görlitz und unterrichtet derzeit an der Staatlichen Studienakademie Bautzen.Table of ContentsParameter von Dioden.- Kompensation elektromagnetischer Beeinflussungen.- Optoelektronische Grundstromkreise.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the peer-reviewed proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Applications (ICICA 2020), held at Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, India, during December 22–24, 2020. The book includes the latest research on advanced computational methodologies such as neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary algorithms, hybrid intelligent systems, uncertain reasoning techniques, and other machine learning methods and their applications to decision-making and problem-solving in mobile and wireless communication networks.Table of ContentsClosed Loop Vision Based Ball Balancer.- A Novel Network Learning For Image Compressive Sensing.- COVID – 19 Severıty Predıctıons: An Analysis Usıng Correlatıon Measures.- A Novel Methodology for Comparative Analysis of Power Quality Improvement for a 3 Phase DC/AC Embedded DC/DC Converter.- Performance of Photovoltaic based ZETA Converter Water Pumping Application.- Performance Analysis of Radial Distribution System by Optimal Deployment of DG and DSTATCOM Considering Network Reconfiguration using a SAR Algorithm.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a collection of selected high-quality research papers presented at the International Conference on Computing in Engineering and Technology (ICCET 2021), organized by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere, India, during January 30–31, 2021. Focusing on frontier topics and next-generation technologies, it presents original and innovative research from academics, scientists, students and engineers alike. The theme of the conference is Applied Information Processing System.Table of ContentsChapter 1. CNN parameter adjustment for brain tumor classification.- Chapter 2. Advance Fuzzy Radial Basis Function Neural Network.- Chapter 3. Unbounded Fuzzy Radial Basis Function Neural Network Classifier.- Chapter 4. A study on the adaptability of Deep Learning-based Polar coded NOMA in Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication Scenario.- Chapter 5. Heart Rate Variability based Mental Stress Detection using Deep Learning Approach.- Chapter 6. Product Based Market Analysis using Deep Learning.- Chapter 7. Driver drowsiness detection using Deep-Learning Chapter 8. Emotion detection from social media-based using machine learning techniques: A Survey.- Chapter 9. Deep age estimation using sclera images in multiple environment.- Chapter 10. Data Handling Approach for Machine Learning in Wireless Communication: A Survey.- Chapter 11. Breast cancer detection in mammograms using deep learning.- Chapter 12. Deep learning based Parameterized Framework to investigate the influence of Pedagogical Innovations in Engineering Courses.- Chapter 13. Modern Transfer Learning based preliminary diagnosis of COVID-19 using forced cough recordings with Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients.- Chapter 14. Biomedical Text Summarization: A Graph Based Ranking Approach.- Chapter 15. EEG based Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease Using Kolmogorov Complexity.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides insights into the Third International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing (eISSP 2020) held By Electronics & Communication Engineering Department of G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Gujarat, India, during 28–30 December 2020. The book comprises contributions by the research scholars and academicians covering the topics in signal processing and communication engineering, applied electronics and emerging technologies, Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, machine learning, deep learning and artificial intelligence. The main emphasis of the book is on dissemination of information, experience and research results on the current topics of interest through in-depth discussions and contribution of researchers from all over world. The book is useful for research community, academicians, industrialists and postgraduate students across the globe.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Design and Analysis of Modified Split Ring Resonator Structured Multiband Antenna for WCDMA and WiMAX Applications.- Chapter 2: A Wearable Finger Exoskeleton For Motor Rehabilitation Using Mobile Application.- Chapter 3: Game theoretical approach for cluster-based routing protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks.- Chapter 4: Advance Digital Signal Processing for Interference Mitigation in Very High Throughput Satellite.- Chapter 5: Low-Power Endoscopic Image Compression Algorithms Using Modified Golomb Codes.- Chapter 6: Image Steganography Using Ridgelet Transform and SVD.- Chapter 7: HWCMA and HW-LS-CMA blind learning method for intelligent antenna system.- Chapter 8: Performance evaluation of prediction algorithm based tracking methods in a recovery of a lost target using Wireless Sensor Network.- Chapter 9: An Efficient Convolutional Neural Network for Acute Pain Recognition using HRV Features.- Chapter 10: Design and development of LSTM–RNN model for the prediction of RR intervals in ECG signals.- Chapter 11: FHSS Signals Classification by Linear Discriminant in a Multi-Signal Environment.- Chapter 12: Non-invasive Thyroid detection using thermal Imaging technique.- Chapter 13: Non Orthogonal Multiple Access Techniques for Next Generation Wireless Networks: A Review.- Chapter 14: Triple band circular patch antenna using complimentary split ring resonators.- Chapter 15: Features Analysis of Electroencephalography (EEG) for Mindfulness Meditation Effect on Cancer Patient toward Stress Level.

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Book SynopsisThe book is a collection of academician Yanzhong Zhang’s research papers published in English. It represents the development of aerospace systems engineering and information technology in China over the past 4 decades. Regarded as the crucial reference materials of related disciplines, it falls into three categories, namely, information technique, aeronautical engineering strategy issue of development, as well as PhD thesis.Table of ContentsInformation Technique.- Aeronautical Engineering.- Strategy Issue of Development.- Ph.D. Thesis.

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers selected high-quality research papers presented at the 2nd International Conference on Advanced Computing Applications (ICACA 2021), held virtually during 27––28 March 2021. The book is divided into four sections. These are communication and computing, signal processing and multimedia, computational intelligence and data analytics and decision computing. The topics covered are advanced communication technologies, IoT-based systems and applications, network security and reliability, virtualization technologies, compressed sensors and multimedia applications, signal image and video processing, machine learning, pattern recognitions, intelligent computing, big data analytics, analytics in bio-computing, AI-driven 6G mobile wireless networks and autonomous driving.Table of ContentsInternet of Things-based Animal Health Monitoring and Management.- Cryptanalysis of an Authentication and Key Management Scheme in Context of Generic Hierarchical IoT Network.- Personalized Smart Recommendation System for Industrial Internet of Things.- IoT Based Anti-Poaching Technology to Save Wildlife.- GeoLens: Geospatial Location Exploration Using Mobile Crowdsensing in Tourism 4.0: A case study of Kunjanagar, Falakata, West Bengal.- IoT Cloud System for Streetlights Monitoring based on Solar Energy using ESP32.- Smart Vehicle Management System using Internet of Vehicles (IoV).- IoT Based Real Time HRV Performance Analysis.- Implementation of Acoustic Source Localization on Edge-IoT Platform.- Internet of Things Platform for Advantageous Renewable Energy Generation.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the proceedings of the International Science and Technology Conference “FarEastCon 2021,” which took place on October 5–8, 2021, in Vladivostok, Russian Federation. The book discusses modern achievements and promising research in the sphere of intelligent technologies in solving real, applied problems in various fields of industry and economic policies of different countries. Featuring selected papers from the conference, this book is of interest to experts in various fields whose work involves developing innovative solutions and increasing the efficiency of economic activities.Table of ContentsOperator of Connection Between the Langmuir Equation and Oparin’s Kinematic Equation for Pendulum-Type Waves. Part I.- Operator of Connection Between the Langmuir Equation and Oparin’s Kinematic Equation for Pendulum-Type Waves. Part II.- Operator of Connection Between the Langmuir Equation and Oparin’s Kinematic Equation for Pendulum-Type Waves. Part III.- On Algorithms of Digital Simulators in Education.- Problems and Risks of the It Outsourcing Market in Russia.- Investment Prospects for Renewable Energy Projects in the Republic of Buryatia.- Software Development Technology for Predictive Analysis of the Functioning of Credit Institutions.- Method for Assessing Organization System Quality.- Analysis of the Management of Sector “Security” as Part of the Strategic Management of Bulgaria.- Circular Economy (CE) Innovation and Internationalization of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Geographical Overview and Sectorial Patterns.- Methodology for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Implementing Investments in Lean Enterprise Production.- Perfection of the Process of Interaction of Various Types of Transport in the Far Eastern Transport Hubs.

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Book SynopsisTo meet the increasing demand of electrical power, the use of renewable energy-based smart grid is attracting significant attention in recent years throughout the world. The high penetration of renewable power in the smart grids is growing its importance due to its non-finishing, reusable, reliable, sustainable, lower cost, and available characteristics. The renewable energy-based smart grid technology may mitigate the increasing energy demands effectively and efficiently without hampering the environment. But the uncertain nature of renewable sources largely affects the operation of the smart grid by un-stabling the voltage and frequency that may introduces power quality and reliability problems, which requires special control techniques. This book investigates the challenges in controlling renewable energy-based smart grids and proposes different control techniques to control the voltage and frequency effectively to improve the power quality and reliability of the power grids. This book is a valuable resource for readers interested in practical solutions in smart grids and renewable energy systems.Table of ContentsChapter 1: A Robust Controller for Multi-level Distributed Generation Based Island-ed Microgrid.- Chapter 2: Multi-source Microgrid Fre-quency Stability Control Using Learning-Based Technology.- Chapter 3: Hybrid Renewable Energy Sys-tems for Future Power Grids.- Chapter 4: Operation of Renewable Ener-gy and Energy Storage-based Hybrid Re-mote-area Power Sup-ply (RAPS) Systems: Challenges and State-of-the-arts.- Chapter 5: A Symbolic Aggregate Approx-imation-based Data Mining Tool for the Detection and Classification of Power Grid Voltage Events.- Chapter 6: Identifying Hosting Capacity of Renewable DG units in Smart Grids Con-sidering Protection Systems.- Chapter 7: Management of Distributed Generation for Smart Buildings.- Chapter 8: Smart Inverters and Controls for Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Sources.- Chapter 9: Transformerless Three-Phase Solar Photovoltaic Converters.- Chapter 10: Sensorless Control Technolo-gies for Stand-alone and Grid-connected Operation of Brush-less Doubly-Fed In-duction Generators in Smart Grid.- Chapter 11: Control and Observation of Induction Motors Based on Full-Order Terminal Sliding Mode Technique.

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Book SynopsisThis volume consists of selected peer reviewed papers from the 10th International Conference on Mechatronics and Control Engineering (ICMCE 2021) discussing latest advances in mechanical engineering and dynamic analysis, sensor technology and application, mechanical design and system modelling, control system and engineering, robot design and control engineering, development and performance analysis of functional materials. Additional themes include methodologies, algorithms, applications and knowledge discovery in mechatronics and control engineering. This volume will prove a valuable resource for those in academia and industry.Table of ContentsMechanical engineering and dynamic analysis.- Sensor Technology and Application.- Mechanical Design and System Modelling.- Control System and Engineering.- Robot design and control Engineering.- Development and performance analysis of functional materials.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents and analyzes methods to perform image co-segmentation. In this book, the authors describe efficient solutions to this problem ensuring robustness and accuracy, and provide theoretical analysis for the same. Six different methods for image co-segmentation are presented. These methods use concepts from statistical mode detection, subgraph matching, latent class graph, region growing, graph CNN, conditional encoder–decoder network, meta-learning, conditional variational encoder–decoder, and attention mechanisms. The authors have included several block diagrams and illustrative examples for the ease of readers. This book is a highly useful resource to researchers and academicians not only in the specific area of image co-segmentation but also in related areas of image processing, graph neural networks, statistical learning, and few-shot learning.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Survey of Image Co-segmentation.- Mathematical Background.- Co-segmentation using a Classification Framework.- Use of Maximum Common Subgraph Matching.- Maximally Occurring Common Subgraph Matching.- Co-segmentation using Graph Convolutional Neural Network.- Use of a Conditional Siamese Convolutional Network.- Few-shot Learning for Co-segmentation.- Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisPanoramic imaging is a progressive application and research area. This technology has applications in digital photography, robotics, film productions for panoramic screens, architecture, environmental studies, remote sensing and GIS technology. Applications demand different levels of accuracy for 3D documentation or visualizations. This book describes two modern technologies for capturing high-accuracy panoramic images and range data, namely the use of sensor-line cameras and laser range-finders. It provides mathematically accurate descriptions of the geometry of these sensing technologies and the necessary information required to apply them to 3D scene visualization or 3D representation. The book is divided into three parts: Part One contains a full introduction to panoramic cameras and laser range-finders, including a discussion of calibration to aid preparation of equipment ready for use. Part Two explains the concept of stereo panoramic imaging,Table of ContentsPreface. Series Preface. Website and Exercises. List of Symbols. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Panoramas 1.2 Panoramic Paintings 1.3 Panoramic or Wide-Angle Photographs 1.4 Digital Panoramas 1.5 Striving for Accuracy 1.6 Exercises 1.7 Further Reading 2. Cameras and Sensors. 2.1 Camera Models 2.2 Optics 2.3 Sensor Models 2.4 Examples and Challenges 2.5 Exercises 2.6 Further Reading 3. Spatial Alignments. 3.1 Mathematical Fundamentals 3.2 Central Projection:World into Image Plane 3.3 Classification of Panoramas 3.4 Coordinate Systems for Panoramas 3.5 General Projection Formula for Cylindrical Panorama 3.6 Rotating Cameras 3.7 Mappings between Different Image Surfaces 3.8 Laser Range-Finder 3.9 Exercises 3.10 Further Reading 4. Epipolar Geometry. 4.1 General Epipolar Curve Equation 4.2 Constrained Poses of Cameras 4.3 Exercises 4.4 Further Reading 5. Sensor Calibration. 5.1 Basics 5.2 Preprocesses for a Rotating Sensor-Line Camera 5.3 A Least-Square Error Optimization Calibration Procedure 5.4 Geometric Dependencies of R and w 5.5 Error Components in LRF Data 5.6 Exercises 5.7 Further Reading 6. Spatial Sampling. 6.1 Stereo Panoramas 6.2 Sampling Structure 6.3 Spatial Resolution 6.4 Distances between Spatial Samples 6.5 Exercises 6.6 Further Reading 7. Image Quality Control. 7.1 Two Requirements 7.2 Terminology 7.3 Parameter Optimization 7.4 Error Analysis 7.5 Exercises 7.6 Further Reading 8. Sensor Analysis and Design. 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Scene Composition Analysis 8.3 Stereoacuity Analysis 8.4 Specification of Camera Parameters 8.5 Exercises 8.6 Further Reading 9. 3D Meshing and Visualization. 9.1 3D Graphics 9.2 Surface Modeling 9.3 More Techniques for Dealing with Digital Surfaces 9.4 Exercises 9.5 Further Reading 10. Data Fusion. 10.1 Determination of Camera Image Coordinates 10.2 Texture Mapping 10.3 High Resolution Orthophotos 10.4 Fusion of Panoramic Images and Airborne Data 10.5 Exercises 10.6 Further Reading References. Index.

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Book SynopsisMultivariate imagery is now a very common tool in numerous applications, ranging from satellite remote sensing and astrophysics to biomedical imagery, monitoring of the environment or industrial inspection. Multivariate must be understood in th emost general way: color and multispectral imaging, but also multimodal, multisource or multitemporal imagery. In all the cases, the multivariate image corresponds to a set of standard grey level images. The availability of the additional diversity, be it spectral temporal and s.o., provides an invaluable source of information, enabling to consider a wide range of new applications. However, in order to address these applications, theoretical developments are required in terms of signal and image processing, or, more generally speaking, information processing. As a matter of fact, most of the standard algorithms designed for grey level images do not generalize easily to multidimensional spaces and some specific derivations are required. This book aims at presenting the most recent advances in signal and image processing for the analysis of multivariate data. It should be helpful for electrical engineers, PhD students and researcher working in the field of signal processing, but also for any engineer dealing with some specific application where multidimensional data are processed.Trade Review"A most welcome addition to the publishers' series on Digital Signal and Image Processing, this handsome book of fourteen chapters has perforce to be highly selective in its choice of subject matter. It is a welcome addition to the studies on the subject of multivariate image processing. All chapters measure up to this reviewer's expectations. This book aims at presenting the most recent advances in signal and image processing for the analysis of multivariate data. It should be helpful for electrical engineers, students at higher levels, and researchers working in the field of signal processing, and extremely ideal for any engineer dealing with a specific application where multidimensional data are processed." (Current Engineering Practice, 26 October 2010)Table of Contents1. Introduction to Multivariate Image Processing from the Basics to New Challenges. 2. Registration. 3. Fusion of SAR and Optical Data. 4. Fusion of Satellite Images at Different Resolutions. 5. Multitemporal Processing and Change Detection. 6. Bayesian Approach to Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis. 7. Detection and Tracking of Emission Rays in Radioastronomy. 8. Wavelet Transform for the Denoising of Multivariate Images. 9. Bayesian Approach for Polarization-encoded Image Analysis. 10. Unsupervised Classification for Multivariate Images. 11. Noise Estimation.

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Book SynopsisWireless optical communication refers to communication based on the unguided propagation of optical waves. The past 30 years have seen significant improvements in this technique – a wireless communication solution for the current millennium – that offers an alternative to radio systems; a technique that could gain attractiveness due to recent concerns regarding the potential effects of radiofrequency waves on human health. The aim of this book is to look at the free space optics that are already used for the exchange of current information; its many benefits, such as incorporating channel properties, propagation models, link budgets, data processing including coding, modulation, standards and concerns around health and safety (IEC 60825 or FCC - Class 1 for example), etc. will become indispensable over the next decade in addressing computer architectures for short-, medium- and long-range telecommunications as we move from gigabytes to terabytes per second. Wireless Optical Communications is an excellent tool for any engineer wanting to learn about wireless optical communications or involved in the implementation of real complete systems. Students will find a wide range of information and useful concepts such as those relating to propagation, optics and photometry, as well the necessary information on safety. Contents 1. Light. 2. History of Optical Telecommunications. 3. The Contemporary and the Everyday Life of Wireless Optical Communication. 4. Propagation Model. 5. Propagation in the Atmosphere. 6. Indoor Optic Link Budget. 7. Immunity, Safety, Energy and Legislation. 8. Optics and Optronics. 9. Data Processing. 10. Data Transmission. 11. Installation and System Engineering. 12. Conclusion.Table of ContentsForeword.xi Pierre-Noël FAVENNEC Acronyms xiii Introduction.xix Chapter 1. Light 1 Chapter 2. History of Optical Telecommunications 7 2.1. Some definitions 7 2.2. The prehistory of telecommunications 8 2.3. The optical aerial telegraph 11 2.4. The code 14 2.5. The optical telegraph 18 2.6. Alexander Graham Bell’s photophone 20 Chapter 3. The Contemporary and the Everyday Life of Wireless Optical Communication 25 3.1. Basic principles 25 3.2. Wireless optical communication 53 Chapter 4. Propagation Model 63 4.1. Introduction.63 4.2. Baseband equivalent model 63 4.3. Diffuse propagation link budget in a confined environment 73 Chapter 5. Propagation in the Atmosphere 85 5.1. Introduction.85 5.2. The atmosphere 86 5.3. The propagation of light in the atmosphere 87 5.4. Models.93 5.5. Experimental set-up 103 5.6. Experimental results.104 5.7. Fog, haze, and mist 107 5.8. The runway visual range (RVR) 108 5.9. Calculating process of an FSO link availability 114 5.10. Conclusion 116 Chapter 6. Indoor Optic Link Budget.119 6.1. Emission and reception parameters 119 6.2. Link budget for line of sight communication 128 6.3. Link budget for communication with retroreflectors.132 6.4. Examples of optical budget and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 135 Chapter 7. Immunity, Safety, Energy and Legislation 141 7.1. Immunity 141 7.2. The confidentiality of communication 149 7.3. Energy 153 7.4. Legislation 154 Chapter 8. Optics and Optronics 157 8.1. Overview 157 8.2. Optronics: transmitters and receivers.157 8.3. Optics 170 Chapter 9. Data Processing 177 9.1. Introduction.177 9.2. Modulation 178 9.3. The coding 184 Chapter 10. Data Transmission 197 10.1. Introduction 197 10.2. Point-to-point link 201 10.3. Point-to-multipoint data link 206 10.4. Summary 212 Chapter 11. Installation and System Engineering 213 11.1. Free-space optic system engineering and installation 213 11.2. Wireless optical system installation engineering in limited space 225 Chapter 12. Conclusion.237 APPENDICES 241 Appendix 1. Geometrical Optics, Photometry and Energy Elements 243 Appendix 2. The Decibel Unit (dB) 257 Bibliography 261 List of Figures 273 List of Tables 277 List of Equations 279 Index 283

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a substantial description of the principles and applications of digital holography.The first part of the book deals with mathematical basics and the linear filtering theory necessary to approach the topic. The next part describes the fundamentals of diffraction theory and exhaustively details the numerical computation of diffracted fields using FFT algorithms. A thorough presentation of the principles of holography and digital holography, including digital color holography, is proposed in the third part.A special section is devoted to the algorithms and methods for the numerical reconstruction of holograms. There is also a chapter devoted to digital holographic interferometry with applications in holographic microscopy, quantitative phase contrast imaging, multidimensional deformation investigations, surface shape measurements, fluid mechanics, refractive index investigations, synthetic aperture imaging and information encrypting.Keys so as to understand the differences between digital holography and speckle interferometry and examples of software for hologram reconstructions are also treated in brief. Contents 1. Mathematical Prerequisites.2. The Scalar Theory of Diffraction.3. Calculating Diffraction by Fast Fourier Transform.4. Fundamentals of Holography.5. Digital Off-Axis Fresnel Holography.6. Reconstructing Wavefronts Propagated through an Optical System.7. Digital Holographic Interferometry and Its Applications.Appendix. Examples of Digital Hologram Reconstruction ProgramsTable of ContentsIntroduction xv Chapter 1. Mathematical Prerequisites 1 Chapter 2. The Scalar Theory of Diffraction 27 Chapter 3. Calculating Diffraction by Fast Fourier Transform 77 Chapter 4. Fundamentals of Holography 115 Chapter 5. Digital Off-Axis Fresnel Holography 165 Chapter 6. Reconstructing Wavefronts Propagated through an Optical System 237 Chapter 7. Digital Holographic Interferometry and Its Applications 271 Appendix. Examples of Digital Hologram Reconstruction Programs 319 Bibliography 339 Index 355

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Book SynopsisThe authors describe a technique that can visualize the atomic structure of molecules, it is necessary, in terms of the image processing, to consider the reconstruction of sparse images. Many works have leveraged the assumption of sparsity in order to achieve an improved performance that would not otherwise be possible. For nano MRI, the assumption of sparsity is given by default since, at the atomic scale, molecules aresparse structures. This work reviews the latest results on molecular imaging for nano MRI. Sparse image reconstruction methods can be categorized as either non-Bayesian or Bayesian. A comparison of the performance and complexity of several such algorithms is given.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Nano MRI 1 Chapter 2. Sparse Image Reconstruction 7 Chapter 3. Iterative Thresholding Methods 15 Chapter 4. Hyperparameter Selection Using the SURE Criterion 43 Chapter 5. Monte Carlo Approach: Gibbs Sampling 53 Chapter 6. Simulation Study 65 Bibliography 73 Index 77

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the different principles and equipment used in medical imaging. The importance of medical imaging for diagnostics is rapidly increasing. A good working knowledge of all the different possible physical principles involved in medical imaging is now imperative. This book covers many of these principles including matter photon interactions, the principles of detectors, detectors and information processing for radiology, X-ray tomography, positron tomography, single photon tomography and optical tomography.Table of ContentsForeword ix Guy FRIJA Chapter 1. Ultrasound Medical Imaging 1 Didier VRAY, Elisabeth BRUSSEAU, Valérie DETTI, François VARRAY, Adrian BASARAB, Olivier BEUF, Olivier BASSET, Christian CACHARD, Hervé LIEBGOTT, Philippe DELACHARTRE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Physical principles of echography 3 1.2.1. Ultrasound waves 3 1.2.2. Wavefronts 4 1.2.3. Stress/Strain relation 5 1.2.4. Propagation equation 6 1.2.5. Acoustic impedance 7 1.2.6. Acoustic intensity 7 1.2.7. Mechanical Index 9 1.2.8. Generation, emission 9 1.2.9. Resolution 10 1.2.10. Propagation of a plane wave in a finite isotropic medium 11 1.2.11. Propagation of a plane wave in a non-homogeneous medium 13 1.2.12. Speckle 15 1.2.13. Nonlinear waves 16 1.2.14. Contrast agents 17 1.3. Medical ultrasound systems 18 1.3.1. Principle 18 1.3.2. The different stages in image formation 19 1.3.3. Ultrasound imaging probe 21 1.3.4. Modes of imaging, B-mode and M-mode, and harmonic imaging modes 24 1.3.5. Doppler imaging 27 1.4. The US image 34 1.4.1. Properties of speckle, echostructure and statistical laws 34 1.4.2. Segmentation of US images 38 1.4.3. Simulation of US images 41 1.5. Recent advances in ultrasound imaging 44 1.5.1. Generation/emission of ultrasounds 44 1.5.2. Signal- and image processing 49 1.5.3. Multimodal imaging 60 1.6. A bright future for ultrasound imaging 65 1.7. Bibliography 65 Chapter 2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 73 Dominique SAPPEY-MARINIER and André BRIGUET 2.1. Introduction 73 2.2. Fundamental elements for MRI 76 2.2.1. Introduction 76 2.2.2. Vectorial description of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 78 2.2.3. RF pulses and their effect on magnetizations 88 2.2.4. Elementary pulse sequences using the refocusing technique 97 2.2.5. Spatial discrimination of signals using gradients: fundamental principle of MRI 106 2.2.6. Multi-parameter aspect of MRI 110 2.3. Instrumentation 115 2.3.1. Introduction 115 2.3.2. Recording the signal 117 2.3.3. Magnetic systems 129 2.3.4. A typical MRI installation in a clinical environment 136 2.3.5. Operation and safety 139 2.4. Image properties 144 2.4.1. Introduction 144 2.4.2. Field of view 144 2.4.3. Spatial resolution 148 2.4.4. Contrast and signal 155 2.4.5. Contrast elements in MRI practice 162 2.5. Imaging sequences and modes of reconstruction 168 2.5.1. Introduction 168 2.5.2. Overall view of acquisition sequences 168 2.5.3. Modes of reconstruction 195 2.6. Application of MRI: uses and evolution in the biomedical field 208 2.6.1. Introduction 208 2.6.2. Spectroscopy and imaging: technical and clinical complementarity 210 2.6.3. Diffusion MRI: a morphological and functional approach 217 2.6.4. Functional MRI (fMRI) of cerebral activation 236 2.6.5. Bi-modal approach to MRI: the example of MR/PET 239 2.7. Bibliography 244 List of Authors 263 Index 265

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