Hydrology and the hydrosphere Books

Book SynopsisWe have disrupted the natural water cycle for centuries in an effort to control water for our own prosperity. Yet every year, recovery from droughts and floods costs billions of dollars, and we spend billions more on dams, diversions, levees, and other feats of engineering. These massive projects not only are risky financially and environmentally, they often threaten social and political stability. What if the answer was not further control of the water cycle, but repair and replenishment? Sandra Postel takes readers around the world to explore water projects that work with, rather than against, nature’s rhythms. In New Mexico, forest rehabilitation is safeguarding drinking water; along the Mississippi River, farmers are planting cover crops to reduce polluted runoff; and in China, “sponge cities” are capturing rainwater to curb urban flooding. Efforts like these will be essential as climate change disrupts both weather patterns and the models on which we base our infrastructure. We will be forced to adapt. The question is whether we will continue to fight the water cycle or recognise our place in it and take advantage of the inherent services nature offers. Water, Postel writes, is a gift, the source of life itself. How will we use this greatest of gifts?Trade Review"Remarkable." —New York Times Book Review

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Book SynopsisA beautiful collection of images and short travel essays highlighting the fun, eclectic, and unique nature of Vancouver Island and the attraction it has for travellers and tourists from across Canada and around the world.Join intrepid travel writer Bill Arnott as he escapes the confines of life in Vancouver for an epic and quirky road trip around Vancouver Island and to some of the surrounding smaller islands. Hitting all of the high points and chatting with locals along the way, Bill discovers why Vancouver Island has become one of western North America's top tourist destinations. From great food to wonderful wine, stunning natural habitats and memorable encounters with wildlife, Bill paints a charming picture of life on Canada's West Coast.Featuring original colour artwork throughout, A Season on Vancouver Island is a unique gift for anyone who has ever spent time on Vancouver Island.

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Book SynopsisThis title includes a number of Open Access chapters. The number of tight oil and shale gas wells continues to rise primarily in the US, but also worldwide. The US has vast reserves of oil and natural gas, which now are commercially reachable as a result of advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies. But as hydraulic fracturing is increasingly used, concerns have been raised about potential stress on surface water and groundwater supplies from the withdrawal of water used in the process. Equally important is the growing volume of wastewater generated from hydraulically fractured oil and gas wells, requiring recycling, treatment, and disposal. Wastewater and Shale Formation Development: Risks, Mitigation, and Regulation examines four major issues, taking a scientific look from different perspectives at water use in shale gas development, potential environmental effects of wastewater from fracking, how to mitigate potential risks associated with wastewater from shale development, and regulatory approaches to the wastewater management problemWith chapters from researchers in the field, this compendium volume sheds light on the important issues and challenges surrounding natural gas extraction using hydraulic fracturing and may be of interest to researchers and public policymakers alike.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Part I: Water Use and Wastewater Production in Shale Gas Development. Part 2: Potential Environmental Effects of Fracking Wastewater. Part 3: The Quest for Mitigation. Part 4: Fracking Wastewater Regulations. Index.

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Book SynopsisAbout 7,000 people lose their lives and nearly 100 million people are adversely affected by floods each year worldwide. Flooding occurs in almost every part of the world and is the result of extreme rainfall. Severe flooding also costs billions of dollars each year in damage and economic losses. This new volume focuses on two detailed studies that employ physically based hydrologic models to predict flooding in the particularly challenging environment of small watersheds with mountainous terrain and high intensity/high variability rainfall.Table of ContentsFLOOD PREDICTION LIMITATIONS IN SMALL WATERSHEDS. FLOOD ALERT SYSTEM USING HIGH RESOLUTION RADAR RAINFALL DATA.

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Book SynopsisWith a sharp focus on environmental pollution and its impact on life and nature, scientists and engineers have studied the water treatment effect of natural wetlands for many years, resulting in the development of constructed wetlands (CWs) for treating wastewater. This informative new book provides current information and guidance on the construction, performance, operation, and maintenance of subsurface flow constructed wetlands of domestic and municipal wastewater.The focus of the volume is to evaluate the performance of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands in treating domestic wastewater to establish the limit that can be safely discharged to agricultural drains. Two-step procedures were used for the preparation of this book. Using modeling and statistical analyses of treated water samples showed a significant difference between different media for the treatment of most pollutants. The authors went on to design artificial neural network models (ANNs) using Matlab software to simulate some of the experimental data and to anticipate the parameters of output concentration.The wetland systems have the ability to deal with various pollutants with different concentrations and to decrease the treated water to the standard limits. This volume presents the main role of emergent plants for treatment performance in the constructed wetlands and will be a very important resource for engineers in this field as well as for both undergraduate and graduate students.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Literature Review. Field and Experimental Works. Theoretical Approach. Field and Experimental Results. Set up Stage Analysis. Steady Stage Analysis. ANNs Modeling and SPSS Analysis. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations.

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Book SynopsisGlobal warming and population growth have resulted in an increase in the intensity of natural and anthropogenic stressors. Investigating the complex nature of environmental problems requires the integration of different environmental processes across major components of the environment, including water, climate, ecology, air, and land. Cumulative effects assessment (CEA) not only includes analyzing and modeling environmental changes, but also supports planning alternatives that promote environmental monitoring and management. Disjointed and narrowly focused environmental management approaches have proved dissatisfactory. The adoption of integrated modelling approaches has sparked interests in the development of frameworks which may be used to investigate the processes of individual environmental component and the ways they interact with each other. Integrated modelling systems and frameworks are often the only way to take into account the important environmental processes and interactions, relevant spatial and temporal scales, and feedback mechanisms of complex systems for CEA. This book examines the ways in which interactions and relationships between environmental components are understood, paying special attention to climate, land, water quantity and quality, and both anthropogenic and natural stressors. It reviews modelling approaches for each component and reviews existing integrated modelling systems for CEA. Finally, it proposes an integrated modelling framework and provides perspectives on future research avenues for cumulative effects assessment.

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Book SynopsisGlobal warming and population growth have resulted in an increase in the intensity of natural and anthropogenic stressors. Investigating the complex nature of environmental problems requires the integration of different environmental processes across major components of the environment, including water, climate, ecology, air, and land. Cumulative effects assessment (CEA) not only includes analyzing and modeling environmental changes, but also supports planning alternatives that promote environmental monitoring and management.Disjointed and narrowly focused environmental management approaches have proved dissatisfactory. The adoption of integrated modelling approaches has sparked interests in the development of frameworks which may be used to investigate the processes of individual environmental component and the ways they interact with each other. Integrated modelling systems and frameworks are often the only way to take into account the important environmental processes and interactions, relevant spatial and temporal scales, and feedback mechanisms of complex systems for CEA.This book examines the ways in which interactions and relationships between environmental components are understood, paying special attention to climate, land, water quantity and quality, and both anthropogenic and natural stressors. It reviews modelling approaches for each component and reviews existing integrated modelling systems for CEA. Finally, it proposes an integrated modelling framework and provides perspectives on future research avenues for cumulative effects assessment.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers aspects of water science research, including hydrology, water movement studies; and oceanography. Within every one of these disciplines, the physical, biological, and chemical cycles of water are additionally divided into study areas. Water front regions globally are densely populated with vibrant ecological diversity and socio-economic resources. Earth's water cycle meagerly affected due to climate change of the Earth;s atmosphere, and because of such minute change, ecological condition are little beat disturbed. These systems offer significant services, including flood protection, carbon, and water storage, nutrient cycling, coastline stabilization, and wildlife reserve. Determining the interaction between maritime and hydro climate factors, and pointers between natural and human systems is significant for water resource management and risk expectation. The book investigates the hydrology of wetlands, deltas, shallow oceans, and estuaries and invites interdisciplinary entries that explore the reaction of waterfront systems to changing hydrologic conditions and oceanic elements. This provides an opportunity to improve waterway systems from disasters like flooding, considering this is an all-encompassing perspective on hydrological and oceanic involving different regions. Subjects of interest include the movement and exchange of earth and groundwater in watersheds; estuarine components and hydrologic management on residue supply and salinity intermission, ecosystem activities and morphologic developments under ocean level rise; modernization and watershed management; flowing/compounding impacts of hydroclimate excesses like tropical storms, atmospheric rivers and dry seasons.

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding groundwater contamination. Through the exploration of emerging research and opportunities, this book aims to shed light on the various contaminants present in groundwater and their impact on human health and the environment. It strives to offer a deep understanding of the factors contributing to groundwater contamination, the potential risks associated with it, and the innovative strategies and technologies available for remediation. By addressing this critical issue, the book seeks to empower researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in their efforts to safeguard this vital natural resource for future generations.

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Book SynopsisHydrogeology is an important and vibrant sub-set of geology. It deals with the distribution and movement of water, groundwater, in the soil and rocks of the Earth. Groundwater transport is one part of the overall hydrological cycle; water is transferred by evaporation from the oceans into the atmosphere. Some falls to land as precipitation, some percolates underground, much of it to become groundwater. Groundwater travels from areas of high elevation to discharge points such as springs or to lower surface waters. On its way, it acquires its own distinct chemical signature, while its period underground can vary between only a few weeks to tens of thousands of years. Hydrogeology interacts with a variety of diverse disciplines beyond geology, not least hydrology, climatology and socio-economics. Nick Robins describes the basic concepts of groundwater flow analysis in simple language and avoids burdening the reader with overmuch analytical detail. All facets of hydrogeology, physical and chemical, are described, so the book places hydrogeology in its important role, underpinning our increasing demands on the environment. A variety of topical issues are considered, including climate change impact, water scarcity, nuclear waste repositories and oil shale fracking. As with other titles in the series, Introducing Hydrogeology will appeal to the non-scientist interested in learning more about this important topic; to those staring on or contemplating a career in hydrogeology; and to those studying related topics, such as civil engineering, who require a sound overview of this branch of earth science.Trade Review'Introducing Hydrogeology is clearly written, easy to follow and provides a range of useful examples from all over the world. The content is invaluable for those curious about furthering their academic studies or for the recent hydrogeology graduate looking to put what they have learned into context. It would even make good reading for the more experienced hydrogeologist searching for a newfound inspiration.' Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 'A handy glossary makes Introducing Hydrogeology thoroughly accessible to readers of all backgrounds. Full- color photographs or diagrams on almost every page enrich this thoughtful, scientific discussion of interactions between sediment and water, including aquifer properties and groundwater flow, groundwater pollution or protection, the challenges of coastal aquifers and small islands, problems related to floods or droughts, and more. Introducing Hydrogeology is a "must-read" for not only for prospective professionals in the field, but also for policymakers involved in any issue related to groundwater! Highly recommended.' Midwest Book ReviewTable of Contents1:Water, Earth's special mineral; 2: Aquifers and the three Rs: Rainfall, runoff and recharge; 3: Aquifer properties and groundwater flow - some simple mathematics; 4: Groundwater flow and numerical analysis; 5: Boreholes and test pumping; 6: Groundwater management; 7:Groundwater quality; 8: Groundwater pollution, vulnerability and protection; 9: Coastal aquifers and small islands - a challenge; 10: Flood, drought and subsidence; 11: Some topical issues; 12: Hydrogeology. Glossary. Further reading

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Book SynopsisThe need for fresh water is increasing with the rapid growth of the world's population. In countries and regions with available water resources, it is necessary to ensure the health and safety of the water supply. However, in countries and regions with limited freshwater resources, priority is given to water supply plans and projects, among which the desalination strategy stands out. In the desalination process, membrane and thermal processes are used to obtain fresh water from salty water that is in abundant amounts in the sea. This book will outline valuable scientific contributions to the new desalination and water treatment technologies to obtain high quality water with low negative environmental impacts and cost. The editors would like to record their sincere thanks to the authors for their contributions.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a series of exercises of various types covering matters of hydrology and watershed management. The exercises include true/false questions, multiple choice questions, and numeric, graphical, and analytical exercises. The questions draw on the basic disciplines of hydrology and physics, with some stress placed on correct or appropriate units. The questions reflect the authors' many years of teaching watershed management at undergraduate and graduate levels. Questions cover: 1. Terminology and measurement of flow (and units) 2. Quantifying stream networks 3. Concepts of water balance and evapotranspiration 4. Slope recharge, groundwater hydrology, and water-table/phreatic aquifers 5. Single and paired watershed experiments 6. Impacts of fires on watersheds 7. Concepts and measurements of water quality 8. Flooding forests 9. Valuation of water 10. Protection of forest stream by buffers 11. Urban watershed concepts The book is self-contained, and designed to be used at any time in any place, either for revision or as source material for teaching. The work is graded so that easier questions are presented early, followed by harder questions. Answers are concise but contain enough information to help students study and revise on a topic-by-topic basis. The book concludes with suggestions for student exercises and projects and is an invaluable resource for both students and instructors.Table of Contents1: Multiple Choice Questions 2: Matching Questions 3: Fill-in-the-blank Questions 4: True or False Questions 5: Image-based Questions 6: Essays and Projects

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the mechanisms that allow aquatic photosynthetic organisms to contribute about half of the global primary productivity; in order to mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide and producing oxygen, they transform the original anoxic atmosphere of the Earth over geological time. Aquatic photosynthesis is performed by a wide diversity of organisms, predominantly involving cyanobacteria, and algae derived from the “red-lineage”, unlike terrestrial primary productivity, which is restricted to “green-lineage” plants. Blue Planet, Red and Green Photosynthesis describes how, in order to maximize productivity, aquatic primary producers have evolved a series of structures and mechanisms that increase the limiting supply of carbon dioxide to the enzyme, Rubisco, which is responsible for carbon dioxide fixation. This book covers the molecular mechanisms involved in aquatic carbon uptake and the global consequences as humankind alters the blue planet.Table of ContentsPreface xiStephen Christopher MABERLY and Brigiette GONTERO Chapter 1. An Introduction to Productivity and Carbon Cycling in Aquatic Ecosystems 1Brigitte GONTERO, Timothy M. LENTON and Stephen Christopher MABERLY 1.1. Overview 1 1.2. Light and productivity on Earth 2 1.3. Converting light energy into chemical energy 4 1.3.1. Underwater light 4 1.3.2. The primary phase of photosynthesis 4 1.4. Carbon fixation 6 1.4.1. Inorganic carbon in air and water 6 1.4.2. Mechanisms of carbon fixation 10 1.5. The global carbon cycle 12 1.6. Perspectives 19 1.7. Acknowledgments 19 1.8. References 20 Chapter 2. Evolution of Aquatic Photoautotrophs 27John A. RAVEN 2.1. Background 27 2.2. Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria 28 2.3. Cyanobacteria 30 2.4. Photosynthetic eukaryotes 32 2.5. References 36 Chapter 3. Biogeographical Patterns and Genomes of Aquatic Photoautotrophs 43Juan José PIERELLA KARLUSICH, Charlotte NEF, Chris BOWLER and Richard G. DORRELL 3.1. Introduction – the changing face of algal genomes 43 3.2. Diversity of algae and their chloroplasts 46 3.3. Genomic insights into algal evolution 49 3.4. Limitations of cultured algal sequencing projects 50 3.5. History of omics-based approaches applied to environmental plankton samples 54 3.6. Biogeographical insights of algae from Tara Oceans metabarcoding 55 3.7. Functional studies of algae from Tara Oceans metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data 59 3.8. Applying genome-resolved metagenomics to phototrophic eukaryotes 61 3.9. Perspectives 63 3.10. Acknowledgments 66 3.11. References 67 Chapter 4. Inorganic Carbon Acquisition by Aquatic Primary Producers 81Sebastian D. ROKITTA, Sven A. KRANZ and Björn ROST 4.1. Overview 81 4.2. Rubisco and the problem of its own success 82 4.3. Dissolved inorganic carbon and its behavior in water 84 4.4. Disequilibrium situations and implications of transport processes 88 4.5. CCM operation in cyanobacteria 93 4.6. CCM operation in green algae 96 4.7. CCM operation in diatoms 98 4.8. CCM operation in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi 101 4.9. CCM operation in macroalgae, seagrasses and freshwater plants 105 4.10. CCM operation and its coupling with co-occurring processes 110 4.11. Future research foci 112 4.12. Acknowledgments 114 4.13. References 114 Chapter 5. Biochemical Carbon Dioxide Concentrating Mechanisms 133Brigitte GONTERO and Stephen C. MABERLY 5.1. Introduction 133 5.2. Carbon-fixation by Rubisco in the C3 pathway 134 5.3. The C4 CO2 concentrating mechanism 138 5.3.1. C4 in terrestrial plants 138 5.3.2. C4 in aquatic plants and algae 141 5.4. The CAM CO2 concentrating mechanism 150 5.4.1. Terrestrial CAM 150 5.4.2. Aquatic CAM 150 5.5. Conclusions and perspectives 153 5.6. Acknowledgments 154 5.7. References 155 Chapter 6. Carbonic Anhydrase 167Yusuke MATSUDA, Hermanus NAWALY, Kohei YONEDA 6.1. Overview 167 6.2. Introduction 168 6.3. Types of CA 169 6.3.1. Alpha CA 169 6.3.2. Beta CA 170 6.3.3. Gamma CA 172 6.3.4. Delta CA 173 6.3.5. Epsilon CA 174 6.3.6. Eta CA 174 6.3.7. Zeta CA 175 6.3.8. Theta CA 176 6.3.9. Iota CA 177 6.3.10. Subclasses and primary sequences 178 6.4. The functions of CAs in aquatic photoautotrophs 178 6.5. Regulation of CO2 efflux by CA at the chloroplast envelope 181 6.6. Summary: CAs in red and green photosynthesis 183 6.7. References 187 Chapter 7. Rubisco Microcompartments: The Function of Carboxysomes and Pyrenoids in Aquatic CO2-Concentrating Mechanisms 197Moritz T. MEYER 7.1. Introduction 197 7.2. The cyanobacterial CCM 199 7.2.1. Cyanobacteria accumulate bicarbonate through high- and low-affinity uptake systems 199 7.2.2. Carboxysomes belong to two distinct evolutionary lineages 201 7.2.3. Carboxysomes isolate Rubisco from the rest of the CBB cycle 203 7.2.4. Carboxysome shells are composed of thousands of self-assembling capsid proteins 204 7.2.5. Alpha and beta carboxysomes package the enzymatic cargo with different protein linkers 205 7.3. The algal CCM 207 7.3.1. The model alga Chlamydomonas has multiple acclimation states 207 7.3.2. Chlamydomonas has a cooperative CO2–HCO3 - uptake system 208 7.3.3. Chlamydomonas has a stromal vCA to capture CO2 209 7.3.4. Stromal HCO3 - is catalytically dehydrated to CO2 inside thylakoid lumen 210 7.3.5. The Chlamydomonas pyrenoid has a complex architecture 210 7.3.6. Rubisco and EPYC1 condense into a bimolecular complex 211 7.3.7. Rubisco is anchored to tubules and starch plates by proteins sharing a binding motif 211 7.4. Introducing an aquatic CCM into crops could increase biomass production 213 7.4.1. Proto-carboxysomes and proto-pyrenoids assemble in chloroplasts 213 7.4.2. Cyanobacterial and algal inorganic carbon transporters can be targeted to the chloroplast envelope 215 7.5. Conclusion 215 7.6. References 216 Chapter 8. Environmental Variability and Its Control of Productivity 225Alessandra NORICI, Caterina GEROTTO, John BEARDALL and John A. RAVEN 8.1. Introduction 225 8.2. Macro- and micronutrients in aquatic environments during Earth’s history and their biological functions 226 8.2.1. Nitrogen 227 8.2.2. Phosphorus 231 8.2.3. Sulfur 233 8.2.4. Silicon 235 8.2.5. Iron, copper, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, nickel 237 8.3. The ultimate element limiting productivity and cell stoichiometry 240 8.4. Light variability and effect on photosynthesis 243 8.4.1. Light-harvesting and photosynthetic electron transport 243 8.4.2. Photosynthesis versus irradiance (P vs. E) curves 246 8.4.3. Aquatic ecosystems: temporal and depth variations of light 247 8.4.4. Physiological processes associated with exposure to variable light intensities (acclimation and regulation of photosynthesis) 248 8.5. Photosynthesis and primary production in the water column 253 8.6. Glossary 256 8.7. Acknowledgments 257 8.8. References 257 Chapter 9. Future Responses of Marine Primary Producers to Environmental Changes 273Kunshan GAO, Wenyan ZHAO and John BEARDALL 9.1. Introduction 273 9.2. Contemporary and future environmental changes 274 9.2.1. Ocean acidification 274 9.2.2. Ocean warming 275 9.2.3. Ultraviolet radiation 276 9.2.4. Ocean deoxygenation 276 9.3. Effects of CO2 rise and ocean acidification 277 9.3.1. Effects of ocean warming and its combination with OA 280 9.3.2. Effects of UV radiation and its combination with OA and warming 282 9.4. Other interactions 287 9.5. Summary 288 9.6. Perspectives 289 9.7. Acknowledgments 290 9.8. References 290 List of Authors 305 Index 309

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Book SynopsisA journey through time and around the world to uncover water's true nature, and how it can help us adapt to climate change. Trouble with water – increasingly frequent, extreme floods and droughts – is one of the first obvious signs of climate change. Meanwhile, urban sprawl, industrial agriculture and engineered water infrastructure are making things worse. As our control attempts fail, we are forced to recognize an eternal truth: sooner or later, water always wins. Award-winning science journalist Erica Gies follows water 'detectives' as they search for clues to water's past and present. Their tools: cutting-edge science and research into historical ecology, animal life, and earlier human practices. Their discoveries: a deeper understanding of what water wants and how accommodating nature can protect us and other species. Modern civilizations tend to speed water away. We have forgotten that it must flex with the rhythms of the earth, and that only collaboration with nature will allow us to forge a more resilient future.Trade ReviewA gripping investigation into water and the champion sleuths who research it and engage in daunting yet necessary efforts to restore health to a damaged planet * Booklist *[One of] the best science books coming your way in 2022 * New Scientist *In this sparkling, flowing, world-spanning narrative, Gies compellingly shows why water will always win in the end, particularly in an urbanizing world facing disruptive climate change. She also reveals, through guides ranging from China's 'sponge city' designers to beavers, how liberating water can liberate us, in turn -- Andrew Revkin, co-author of The Human Planet and former New York Times climate reporterReveals the mysteries of water's journey from source to sea, and shows how working with nature can help save us from the ravages of climate change. Through fascinating stories and detailed research, Gies challenges modern societies to relinquish some control, and let water go where it wants to go. This eye-opening book is filled with brilliant insights, creativity, inspiration, and honest hope -- Sandra Postel, author of Replenish and winner of the 2021 Stockholm Water PrizeWe've tried, in every way we know, to control and contain water on this planet. But there are limits to our power, which become clearer as escalating cycles of flooding and drought increasingly make a mockery of our efforts. As Gies ably demonstrates, the time has come to learn some lessons from liquid, and to start trying to live gracefully in our wonderfully aqueous world -- Bill McKibben, author of The End of NatureFrom California's agricultural lands to the marshes of Iraq, from beavers to microinvertebrates, from early water cultures in India and Peru to today's water crises and the challenges of climate change, Gies uses her formidable reporting skills and personal experiences to weave together beautiful stories about water, its impact on our lives, and how it's long past time to repair our relationship with this most precious resource -- Peter Gleick, founder of Pacific InstituteIn a world awash with water stress, Gies and the many people featured in her pages are leading the way to a future where people might live in a sustainable relationship with the element that sustains us all. It is entertaining, engaging, and applicable nearly everywhere in the world – every reader will find connections to their home communities here -- Peter K. Brewitt, Wofford CollegeAn inspiring, insightful book about the myriad ways that 'water detectives' are helping water to heal the planet * Foreword *Gies proposes a new path... "Slow Water" is an approach that works with local landscapes, climates and cultures, rather than trying to dominate or change them * Geographical *

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Book SynopsisThere is currently no water cooperation between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Of the nine rivers that flow across the border, none possess a formal agreement or mechanism to manage shared water resources. Further, there is very little information available about the status of environment, hydrology and water resources management for these river basins that could be used as a starting point for dialogues on transboundary water coordination. This State of the Basins book co-develops an overview of the three most important river basins, in collaboration with international experts and water professionals from Afghanistan and Pakistan. It covers water resources, land resources, ecological health, environment, climate change, and the social and economic conditions for sustainable management of these precious resources. It will inform decision making within the two countries, and begin to establish benefits that can accrue from more active collaboration on these shared waters. This book: Focuses on portions of the Indus shared by Afghanistan and Pakistan. Features extensive engagement and co-development with Afghan and Pakistani professionals. Is the first book on the shared waters in the Indus, developed in the context of regional realities associated with post-August 2021 Taliban takeover.The book is aimed at students and researchers in water rights and resources, and government decision makers, private sector investors, donors, intermediary organizations that work directly with farmers, researchers and students. It is a reference book for graduate students and researchers working on these basins, and on transboundary river basin management in Asia and beyond.

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Book SynopsisEcohydrology is an emerging new sub-discipline which links elements of ecology with hydrology at all points in the water cycle, ranging in scale from water-plant physiological relationships to whole catchment water-ecosystem processes. This book pays most attention to the larger scales of ecohydrology, emphasising the use of this tool in striving towards the goal of sustainable water management. Authors from Eastern as well as Western Europe; from America, Australia and South Africa, give a broad global context.Table of ContentsI: Preface 1: Linking Biological and Physical Processes at the River Basin Scale: the Origins, Scientific Background and Scope of Ecohydrology 2: Patterns and Processes in the Catchment 3: Nutrient Processes and Consequences 4: Lotic Vegetation Processes 5: Processes Influencing Aquatic Fauna 6: Ecohydrological Modelling for Managing Scarce Water Resources in a Groundwater-dominated Temperate System 7: The Benefits and Risks of Ecohydrological Models to Water Resource Management Decisions 8: Nutrient Budget Modelling for Lake and River Basin Restoration 9: Ecohydrology Driving a Tropical Savannah Ecosystem 10: The Mid-European Agricultural Landscape: Catchment-scale Links between Hydrology and Ecology in Mosaic Lakeland Regions 11: The Ecohydrological Approach as a Tool for Managing Water Quality in Large South American Rivers 12: Ecohydrological Analysis of Tropical River Basin Development Schemes in Africa 13: Ecohydrological Management of Impounded Large Rivers in the Former Soviet Union 14: Palaeohydrology: the Past as a Basis for Understanding the Present and Predicting the Future 15: Ecohydrology: Understanding the Present as a Perspective on the Future – Global Change

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Book SynopsisThe presence of water on Earth is discussed in this book using various theories about its origin as a basis. These theories include a massive degassing of the primitive parent bodies that built our planet as well as a late addition from comets that collided with the Earth’s surface. The extraordinary physico-chemical properties of the water molecules, combined with its abundance and distribution over the Earth’s surface, have contributed to regulating the global climate and favoring species’ evolution for more than 4 billion years. The early emergence of life in the deep ocean and its further diversification were closely linked to the global water cycle whose dynamics result from the energy balance between solar radiation and the internal heat flux of the Earth. Chapter 1 of this book deals with the extraordinary physico-chemical properties of the water molecule while Chapter 2 provides insight on theories regarding the origin of water on Earth. In the third chapter, the author focuses on the chemical composition of the main water reservoirs of our planet. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss water’s relationship with plate tectonics and life, respectively. The sixth and final chapter uses stable isotope tracking to look into the water cycle and past climates. Contents 1. Water: A Molecule Endowed with Extraordinary Physicochemical Properties.2. Theories about the Origin of Water on Earth.3. The Main Water Reservoirs on Earth and their Chemical Composition.4. Water and Plate Tectonics.5. Water and Life.6. Stable Isotope Tracking: Water Cycles and Climates of the Past. The presence of water on Earth is discussed on the basis of the various theories about its origin such as a massive degassing of the primitive parent bodies that built our planet as well as a late addition from comets that collided with its surface. The extraordinary physico-chemical properties of the water molecule combined with its abundance and distribution over the Earth’s surface have contributed to regulating the global climate and favoring the evolution of species for more than 4 billion years. The early emergence of life in the deep ocean and its further diversification were closely linked to the global water cycle whose dynamics result from the energy balance between solar radiation and the internal heat flux of the Earth.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi Chapter 1. Water: A Molecule Endowed with Extraordinary Physicochemical Properties 1 1.1. Molecular geometry and electrical properties 1 1.2. Phase diagram 3 1.3. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen 11 1.4. Thermodynamic properties 12 1.4.1. Conduction of heat 20 1.5. Optical properties 20 1.5.1. Turbidity, ternary mixtures and the “Ouzo” effect 23 1.6. Underwater propagation of sound 28 1.7. Synthesis and electrolysis 30 1.8. Bibliography 32 Chapter 2. Theories about the Origin of Water on Earth 35 2.1. The blue planet of the solar system 35 2.2. Comets 38 2.3. Carbonaceous chondrites and icy asteroids 42 2.4. Small magnitude evolution of the D/H ratio of the oceans 47 2.5. Chemical composition of the primordial Earth’s oceans 49 2.5.1. The early huge “greenhouse effect” 49 2.5.2. pH and redox state of the primordial Earth’s oceans 50 2.5.3. Archean ultramafic rocks: a trap for carbon dioxide 52 2.5.4. The salinity of the primordial Earth’s oceans 53 2.6. Bibliography 55 Chapter 3. The Main Water Reservoirs on Earth and their Chemical Composition 57 3.1. Masses of water reservoirs 57 3.1.1. Ice caps 60 3.1.2. Groundwaters 61 3.1.3. Rivers 63 3.1.4. Lakes 65 3.1.5. Brackish waters 67 3.1.6. Oceans 68 3.1.7. Salinity 70 3.1.8. The definition of water masses 73 3.1.9. The wind-driven surface ocean circulation 76 3.1.10. Thermohaline circulation: the global ocean conveyor 80 3.2. The superficial hydrological cycle, water fluxes and residence times 83 3.3. Chemical composition of rivers 85 3.4. Ocean chemical composition 90 3.4.1. Dissolved salts 90 3.4.2. Dissolved gases 91 3.4.3. Variations of dissolved O2 and CO2 with oceanic depth 94 3.4.4. Brief concept of alkalinity 94 3.4.5. The oceanic carbon pump and the pH of seawater 94 3.5. Chemical composition of rainfall 96 3.6. Why are oceans salty? 100 3.7. Hypersaline waters 102 3.7.1. The Dead Sea 103 3.7.2. Mono Lake, USA 105 3.8. Geothermal waters and the “petrifying springs” 107 3.9. Bibliography 109 Chapter 4. Water and Plate Tectonics 113 4.1. A brief introduction to the theory of “plate tectonics” 113 4.2. Catastrophic events related to global tectonics: tsunamis 115 4.3. Oceanic hydrothermal activity 123 4.4. Water in the Earth’s mantle 137 4.4.1. Water in nominally anhydrous minerals 137 4.4.2. IR spectroscopy or how to see water traces in mantle minerals 139 4.5. Subduction and volcanic activity 141 4.6. Continental growth and recycling 146 4.7. Bibliography 151 Chapter 5. Water and Life 155 5.1. Cell functioning and metabolic activity 155 5.1.1. Human body water, blood and pH 156 5.1.2. Cell functioning 157 5.1.3. Body water balance 158 5.1.4. Body heat balance 159 5.2. Adaptation and readaptation of tetrapods to the aquatic environment 159 5.3. Biodiversity in the aquatic environment 169 5.3.1. Freshwater biodiversity 170 5.3.2. Marine biodiversity 172 5.4. Bibliography 176 Chapter 6. Stable Isotope Tracking: Water Cycles and Climates of the Past 181 6.1. Principles of stable isotope fractionation between substances 181 6.1.1. Quantum mechanics and isotopic fractionation 181 6.1.2. Physicochemical processes responsible for isotopic fractionation 183 6.1.3. Techniques of stable isotope measurements of aqueous solutions 189 6.1.4. The “salt effect” and the isotopic measurement of brines 190 6.2. The surface water cycle 192 6.2.1. Isotopic fractionations during water evaporation and condensation 197 6.2.2. Precipitation 199 6.2.3. The concept of “amount effect” 205 6.2.4. Geographic distribution of rainfall δD and δ18O values 206 6.2.5. δD and δ18O variations of rainfall with altitude 208 6.2.6. Rainfall δD and δ18O values as a function of air temperature 210 6.2.7. The δ18O of the sea surface waters 214 6.2.8. S and δ18O relationships in the ocean 216 6.2.9. S and δ18O relationships in the coastal waters 217 6.3. The stable isotope memory of fossil biominerals 220 6.3.1. Isotopic fractionation equation between biominerals and water 220 6.3.2. Robustness of the isotopic record through time 224 6.3.3. Tracking the ecology of extinct vertebrate species 228 6.3.4. The aquatic environments of the Jurassic turtles of Western Europe 230 6.3.5. Isotopic records of long-term climate changes 233 6.3.6. Variations in the δD and δ18O of polar ice caps 234 6.3.7. Isotopic records of climatic seasonal variations 239 6.4. Aqueous inclusions trapped in minerals 245 6.5. Bibliography 250 Index 255

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