History Books

Book SynopsisThe third volume of Steven Runciman''s classic, hugely influential trilogy on the history of the Crusades''The whole tale is one of faith and folly, courage and greed, hope and disillusion''Steven Runciman''s triumphant three-volume A History of the Crusades remains an unsurpassed account of the events that changed the world and continue to resonate today. This final volume of the trilogy begins with the glamorous Third Crusade and ends with the ruinous collapse of the crusader states and the degeneration of their ideals, which reached its nadir in the tragic destruction of Byzantium. ''When historical events are written about with this sort of command, they take on not only the universality of a fairy tale but also a certain moral weight. Runciman writes both seductively and instructively about the dignity and beauty of different religious beliefs and about the difficulties of their co-existence'' Independent

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Book SynopsisEdward's private world is revealed in this exciting new work by John Ashdown-Hill, author of The Mythology of Richard III

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Book SynopsisNow in a fully updated edition, this accessible text provides a balanced history of modern China in a global context. Through years of living and research in China, Taiwan, Japan, and Russia, the authors are deeply qualified to understand China’s internal dynamics as well as its foreign relations over centuries. Arguing that modern Chinese history cannot be understood without a deep appreciation of the outside factors that have influenced the country, the authors focus on China’s near neighbors, especially Japan and Russia. They also emphasize the tragic role of almost endless warfare throughout Chinese history. Providing a unique comparative approach, the authors bridge the cultural divide separating Chinese history from Western readers trying to understand it. Specifically geared to the teaching requirements of the semester system, the book is divided into four parts and a total of twenty-eight chapters, corresponding either to two chapters per week in a fourteen-week semester or one chapter per week in a two-semester course.Trade ReviewThis textbook, by two outstanding scholars of China, presents an authoritative overview of Chinese history from 1644, the beginning of China's last dynasty, until the present day. The authors' knowledge of China's neighboring countries enables them to provide a sensitive introduction to the region’s culture. They combine a broad survey with a careful examination of important primary sources. The authors are known not only for their general historical sweep but also for their special knowledge as careful military historians. -- Ezra F. Vogel, Harvard UniversityThis book is an excellent introduction to China’s modern history, from the beginning of the Qing dynasty in 1644 through today. Well written and admirably paced, it provides perspectives absent from other Chinese history textbooks as the authors focus on the centrality of warfare to China’s history, a topic not often treated with the attention it deserves. With a global perspective, it places the recent past and the twentieth century in a deeper context of dynastic power and imperial expansion. -- Tonio Andrade, Emory UniversityNo other textbook synthesizes Western perspectives of Chinese political and comparative history as skillfully and as simply as Elleman and Paine have done. Highly readable and engaging, their narrative is filled with a veritable wealth of maps, timelines, photographs, and cultural highlights that add immense interest and clarity to complex subjects. Modern China is above all a student-friendly guide to understanding China’s position in the global arena today in light of its long and eventful history. -- Carol H. Shiue, University of Colorado BoulderModern China is a feat and a treat: it is a feat of decades of careful thinking and intense scholarship about the course of Chinese history, and it is a treat because of its clarity of presentation. This survey, meant for students with no prior knowledge of Chinese history, is unapologetically but sensibly comparative. Unlike most other surveys, it does not fall to the temptation to shirk detail; events are carefully contextualized, thus making it a valuable reference work for students and even specialists who need a refresher. It is unique in paying due regard to the Russian dimension. At a time when the need to know China's historical trajectory has never been greater, this is the perfect introduction. -- Hans van de Ven, University of CambridgeIn this updated edition of Modern China, Bruce Elleman and S. C. M. Paine have produced a serious book written in a breezy, almost conversational style. Focusing on the concept of ‘culture,’ aimed toward a general audience, and informed by an attunement to the historical importance of military affairs, this book will serve as a valuable reference for anyone interested in the broad patterns of modern Chinese history as well as many of its particulars. -- Richard J. Smith, Rice UniversityTable of ContentsList of Maps List of Features List of Tables List of Figures List of Photographs Preface Acknowledgments Technical Note Introduction: A Cultural Framework for Understanding China Top-Down Characteristics: Confucianism, Militarism, Legalism, and Sinification Radial Characteristics: Sinocentrism, Barbarian Management, and the Provincial System Bottom-Up Characteristics: Daoism, Buddhism, and Poetry Cyclical Elements: Yin and Yang, the Dynastic Cycle, and Historical Continuity Retrospective Elements: Fate and the Sources of Knowledge Conclusions Notes Bibliography PART I: THE CREATION AND MATURATION OF AN EMPIRE, 1644–1842 1 The Creation of the Qing Dynasty The Ming Dynasty The Qing Conquest of Ming China: Nurgaci and His Successors Grafting the Manchus onto Han China under the Shunzhi Emperor Territorial Consolidation under the Kangxi Emperor Institutional Consolidation under the Yongzheng Emperor Conclusions Notes Bibliography 2 The Maximization of Empire under the Qianlong Emperor The Conquest of the Zunghar Mongols The Conquest of the Tarim Basin and Tibet Qing Imperial Administration: The Tributary System Domestic Administration: Central and Local Government The Economy of an Empire: Agriculture, Commerce, and Taxation Conclusions Notes Bibliography 3 Chinese Society at the Zenith of the Qing Dynasty Manchu and Han Society The Four Social Groups: Scholars, Peasants, Artisans, and Merchants The Legal System Confucianism as an Ideology Shamanism, Confucianism, and Buddhism as Instruments of Manchu Rule Conclusions Notes Bibliography 4 The Foundations of Knowledge Fidelity to the Past The Confucian Classics Thinking by Historical Analogy Understanding the Natural World The Examination System Conclusions Notes Bibliography 5 The Arrival of the West Early Explorers The Maritime Advance: Portugal, Spain, Holland, and England The Continental Advance: Russia The Legal and Religious Sources of Cultural Conflict The Technological Revolution Conclusions Notes Bibliography 6 Systemic Crisis and Dynastic Decline Government Corruption and Manchu Decadence Population Growth, Ethnic Tensions, and the Miao Revolt The White Lotus Rebellion and the Eight Trigrams Revolt Imperial Overextension Qing Attempts to Restore Governmental Efficacy Conclusions Notes Bibliography 7 Expanding Commercial Relations with the West The Tea Trade and the Silver Inflow The Opium Trade and the Silver Outflow The British Rejection of Sinification Chinese Strategy and the First Opium War The Treaty of Nanjing: Treaty Ports, Tariffs, and North-South Tensions Conclusions Notes Bibliography PART II: DYNASTIC DECLINE AND COLLAPSE, 1842–1911 8 Civil War and Foreign Intervention North-South Tensions and the Origins of the Taiping Rebellion The Taiping Movement The Taiping Capital in Nanjing The Arrow War Manchu-Western Cooperation to Destroy the Taipings Conclusions Notes Bibliography 9 Quelling Domestic Rebellions The Rise of the Empress Dowager Cixi The Nian Rebellion (1851–68) The Panthay Rebellion (1855–73) The Donggan Rebellion (1862–73) The Muslim Rebellion in Xinjiang (1862–78) Conclusions Notes Bibliography 10 The Self-Strengthening Movement and Central Government Reforms Military Reform: Xiang and Huai Armies, Beiyang and Nanyang Navies Financial Reform: The Imperial Maritime Customs Service Foreign Policy Reform: The Zongli Yamen Educational Reform: China’s First Embassy and Western Learning Governmental Restoration: Confucian Rectification Conclusions Notes Bibliography 11 Attacks on Chinese Sovereignty The Burlingame Mission and the Alcock Convention The Tianjin Massacre (1870) and the Margary Affair (1875) Japan and Taiwan (1871–74) Russia and Xinjiang (1871–81) France and Vietnam (1883–85) Conclusions Notes Bibliography 12 The First Sino-Japanese War The Korean Crisis The Hostilities The Settlement The Triple Intervention The Scramble for Concessions Conclusions Notes Bibliography 13 The Attempt to Expel the Foreigners: The Boxer Uprising The Hundred Days’ Reform The Origins of the Boxer Movement The Boxer Uprising The Boxer Protocol and the Economic Impact of the Indemnities The Aftermath: The Russo-Japanese War (1904–5) Conclusions Notes Bibliography 14 The 1911 Revolution The Reform Program of the Empress Dowager Cixi Han Revolutionaries: Sun Yat-sen’s Anti-Manchu Movement The Rights Recovery Movement The New Army and the Wuchang Rebellion The Collapse of the Qing Dynasty Conclusions Notes Bibliography PART III: THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD, 1912–49 15 The Founding of the Republic of China The Republic under Yuan Shikai Relations with Russia, Japan, and Britain The Founding of the Nationalist Party North China Warlord Intrigues The Republic of China Enters the First World War Conclusions Notes Bibliography 16 Versailles and Its Aftermath Political Ferment and New Ideas The Paris Peace Conference Examines the Shandong Question The Shandong Controversy The Beijing Government’s Reaction to the Compromise The Long-Term Impact of the Treaty of Versailles Conclusions Notes Bibliography 17 New Intellectual Currents The New Culture Movement The May Fourth Movement The Karakhan Manifesto and the Comintern The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party The Civil Wars in North China Conclusions Notes Bibliography 18 The Nationalist-Communist United Front South China Diplomacy: The Origins of the First United Front The Reorganization of the Nationalist Party North China Diplomacy: Beijing and Manchurian Warlords The Rise of Chiang Kai-shek and the Northern Expedition The Beginning of the Nationalist-Communist Civil War Conclusions Notes Bibliography 19 The Nanjing Decade Elimination of the Unequal Treaties with the Western Powers The Russo-Japanese Rivalry over Manchuria The Military Side of Nation Building: Uprisings and Encirclement Campaigns The Civil Side of Nation Building: Nationalist and Communist Ideology The Xi’an Incident and the Second United Front Conclusions Notes Bibliography 20 The Second Sino-Japanese War Great Power Rivalries over China The Regional War and the Civil War The Global War Soviet Efforts to Expand Their Sphere of Influence Impact on the Chinese Population Conclusions Notes Bibliography 21 The Civil War: Nationalists versus Communists Renewal of the Civil War U.S. Diplomatic Intervention Soviet Intervention The Nationalist Economic Implosion The Communist Victory Conclusions Notes Bibliography PART IV: CHINA AND TAIWAN IN THE POSTWAR ERA 22 The Communist Victory The Formation of the People’s Republic of China Land Reform and Agrarian Policies The Nationalization of Industry and Commerce Diplomatic Isolation and the Sino-Soviet Alliance Land Reform on Taiwan Conclusions Note Bibliography 23 The Korean War The Outbreak of the Korean War The Chinese Decision to Intervene The Soviet War Protraction Strategy War Termination The Domestic Consequences of the War Conclusions Notes Bibliography 24 Mao’s Quest for World Leadership The Hundred Flowers Campaign The Great Leap Forward The Great Famine (1958–62) The Sino-Soviet Split The Sino-Indian War of 1962 Conclusions Notes Bibliography 25 The Cultural Revolution Mao’s Weakened Position The Phases of the Cultural Revolution The PLA and the Restoration of Order The 1969 Sino-Soviet Border Conflict Sino-American Rapprochement Conclusions Notes Bibliography 26 The Deng Xiaoping Restoration The Impending Succession, the Fall of Lin Biao, and the Death of Mao The Rise to Power of Deng Xiaoping The Taiwanese Economic Miracle Deng Xiaoping’s Agricultural Reforms Deng Xiaoping’s Industrial Reforms Conclusions Notes Bibliography 27 From Tiananmen to Xi Jinping The Dissolution of the Soviet Union Tiananmen Demonstrations and Massacre Governance without a Preeminent Leader Rising Nationalism Xi Jinping Leader for Life Conclusions Notes Bibliography 28 The Mandate of Heaven Population and Prosperity Environmental Challenges Energy and Industrial Growth Democracy in Taiwan The Two-China Problem Conclusions Notes Bibliography Conclusion: China in Transition Top-Down Characteristics: Civil-Military-Ideological Underpinnings of Power Radial Characteristics: Relations with the Outside Bottom-Up Characteristics: Education, Globalization, and Han Nationalism Cyclical Elements: The End of the Dynastic Cycle? Retrospective Elements: Fatalism or Choice? Final Words Notes Bibliography Appendix A: Geographical Names by Transliteration System Appendix B: Pinyin–Wade-Giles Conversion Table Teaching References General Historical Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Biographical Information Supplemental Readings Movies Websites Photo Credits Name Index Subject Index About the Authors

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Book SynopsisA SUNDAY TIMES, THE TIMES, DAILY TELEGRAPH, SPECTATOR, FINANCIAL TIMES, GUARDIAN, BBC HISTORY BOOK OF THE YEAR''This is the biography we have been awaiting for 400 years'' Hilary Mantel''A masterpiece'' Dan Jones, Sunday TimesThomas Cromwell is one of the most famous - or notorious - figures in English history. Born in obscurity in Putney, he became a fixer for Cardinal Wolsey in the 1520s. After Wolsey''s fall, Henry VIII promoted him to a series of ever greater offices, and by the end of the 1530s he was effectively running the country for the King. That decade was one of the most momentous in English history: it saw a religious break with the Pope, unprecedented use of parliament, the dissolution of all monasteries. Cromwell was central to all this, but establishing his role with precision, at a distance of nearly five centuries and after the destruction of many of his papers at his own fall, has been notoriously difficult.Diarmaid MacCulloch''s biography is much the most complete and persuasive life ever written of this elusive figure, a masterclass in historical detective work, making connections not previously seen. It overturns many received interpretations, for example that Cromwell was a cynical, ''secular'' politician without deep-felt religious commitment, or that he and Anne Boleyn were allies because of their common religious sympathies - in fact he destroyed her. It introduces the many different personalities of these foundational years, all conscious of the ''terrifyingly unpredictable'' Henry VIII. MacCulloch allows readers to feel that they are immersed in all this, that it is going on around them.For a time, the self-made ''ruffian'' (as he described himself) - ruthless, adept in the exercise of power, quietly determined in religious revolution - was master of events. MacCulloch''s biography for the first time reveals his true place in the making of modern England and Ireland, for good and ill.Trade ReviewSir Diarmaid MacCulloch is one of finest historians in the English-speaking world and preeminent in the area of the English Reformation. He has combined his expertise in 16th-century history with a compelling literary style in his latest book ... the definitive work on Henry VIII's great minister and an extraordinary insight into the politics and religion of the age, and of any age for that matter. Thomas Cromwell's somewhat dark reputation was given a new and bright shine by Hilary Mantel in the Wolf Hall trilogy and this life takes us from the fictional into the authentic; its triumph is that it is just as thrilling and equally stimulating and challenging. A profoundly important book. -- Rev. Michael Coren * Spectator *Meticulous and magisterial ... If this is not the definitive biography, I don't know what that would look like -- Peter Marshall * Literary Review *Triumphant and definitive ... a masterpiece of documentary detective-work, which buzzes with the excitement of a great historian immersed in archives -- Dan Jones * Sunday Times *A model of classical historical biography at its finest -- Rowan Williams * New Statesman *The definitive biography ... exhaustively researched and superbly written -- Dominic Sandbrook * Sunday Times (Books of the Year) *The Tudor minister brought to fictional life in Wolf Hall is given a definitive scholarly treatment in this long-awaited, masterful, wry biography -- Simon Heffer * Daily Telegraph (Books of the Year) *

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Book SynopsisFollowing the raid on Pearl Harbor and the entry of the United States into World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt identified the European theatre as his country''s priority. Their first joint operation with the British was an amphibious invasion of French North Africa, designed to relieve pressure on their new Soviet allies, eliminate the threat of the French navy joining the Germans, and to shore up the vulnerability of British imperial possessions and trade routes through the Mediterranean.Operation Torch was the largest and most complex amphibious invasion of its time. In November 1942, three landings took place simultaneously across the French North African coast in an ambitious attempt to trap and annihilate the Axis'' North African armies between the invading forces under General Eisenhower and British Field-Marshall Montgomery''s Eighth Army in Egypt. Using full-color artwork, maps, and contemporary photographs, this is the thrilling story of this compl

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Book SynopsisBuilt around AD122, Hadrian''s Wall was guarded by the Roman army for over three centuries and has left an indelible mark on the landscape of northern Britain. It was a wonder of the ancient world and is a World Heritage Site. Written by a leading archaeologist who has excavated widely on the Wall, this is an authoritative yet accessible treatment of the archaeological evidence. The book explains why the expansion of the Roman empire ground to a halt in remote northern Britain, how the Wall came to be built and the purpose it was intended to serve. It is not a guidebook to the remains, but an introduction to the Wall and the soldiers and civilians, men, women and children, who once peopled the abandoned ruins visited by tourists today.

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Book SynopsisWinner of the Jewish Book of the Year AwardThe first comprehensive yet accessible history of the state of Israel from its inception to present day, from Daniel Gordis, one of the most respected Israel analysts (The Forward) living and writing in Jerusalem.Israel is a tiny state, and yet it has captured the world’s attention, aroused its imagination, and lately, been the object of its opprobrium. Why does such a small country speak to so many global concerns? More pressingly: Why does Israel make the decisions it does? And what lies in its future?We cannot answer these questions until we understand Israel’s people and the questions and conflicts, the hopes and desires, that have animated their conversations and actions. Though Israel’s history is rife with conflict, these conflicts do not fully communicate the spirit of Israel and its people: they give short shrift to the dream that gave birth to the state, and to the vision for the Jewish people that was at its core. Guiding us through the milestones of Israeli history, Gordis relays the drama of the Jewish people’s story and the creation of the state. Clear-eyed and erudite, he illustrates how Israel became a cultural, economic and military powerhouse—but also explains where Israel made grave mistakes and traces the long history of Israel’s deepening isolation. With Israel, public intellectual Daniel Gordis offers us a brief but thorough account of the cultural, economic, and political history of this complex nation, from its beginnings to the present. Accessible, levelheaded, and rigorous, Israel sheds light on the Israel’s past so we can understand its future. The result is a vivid portrait of a people, and a nation, reborn.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive history of deafness, signed languages, and the unresolved struggles of the Deaf to be taught in their unspoken tongueTrade ReviewRunner- up in the 2018 New England Book Festival, nonfiction category“A gracefully written, tightly reasoned indictment of those who would deprive the Deaf of their language.”—Harlan Lane, author of When the Mind Hears: A History of the Deaf“Shea’s scholarship is excellent, and his sourcing of the book and the new material he found in his research is outstanding. It has much to offer, both in its exploration of known history and in its development of new material. It reads well and easily, not a small achievement.”—Tom Humphries, author of Deaf in America and Inside Deaf Culture“An invaluable social, intellectual and scientific history of the Deaf, and the emerging recognition of the linguistic nature of signed languages. Essential reading for anyone interested in understanding the troubled past of these issues and the history of the family of signed languages that includes ASL.”—Stephen R. Anderson, Yale University

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewA Choice Outstanding Academic Title, 2017 "Impressively researched, including access to recently declassified material . . . Rider's extensive research is presented in a series of compelling and interconnected examples, all of which support and sustain his thesis."--H-Net "Throughout his well-written examination of these matters, Rider exhibits considerable skill as an historian. . . . With Cold War Games, Rider has contributed an essential work to the scholarship regarding the cultural dimensions of international politics."--Journal of Sport History"Rider provides an in-depth expose of the considerable value granted to athletic success... Highly recommended."--Choice "This book is well researched and will appeal to popular culture fans who are interested in sports diplomacy and the Olympic Games. The scholarship is immensely impressive, with an excellent section of notes that the reader will find as informative as the text."--Journal of American Culture"A particularly fascinating piece of diplomatic history."--Diplomat and International Canada"The scholarship is immensely impressive. There is nothing in the literature of the early Cold War that competes with this book. Rider convincingly makes the case for the secret role of the U.S. government in international sports."--Robert Edelman, author of Serious Fun: A History of Spectator Sports in the USSR"Rider has explored this subject in depth and detail not previously seen in our field. 'No stone unturned' is one thought generated after having read the book. Very impressive."--Stephen Wenn, co-author of Selling the Five Rings: The IOC and the Rise of Olympic Commercialism

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Book SynopsisExploding the assumption that black women's only important musical contributions have been in folk, jazz, and popTrade Review"A reliable, well-written, and scholarly reference text." --Wisconsin Public Radio"This excellent and beautifully produced publication will immediately interest those working in music history and women's studies. It is an exemplary study of significant composers born between 1904 and 1956. . . . Essential." --Choice

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Book SynopsisRobert Weinberg's account of the Beilis Affair explores the reasons why the tsarist government framed Beilis, shedding light on the excesses of antisemitism in late Imperial Russia.Trade Review[A] riveting history. . . Weinberg has culled documents from the trial transcripts, newspaper articles, and Beilis's memoirs, many appearing for the first time in English, to bring us face to face with this notorious trial.Fall 2014 * Jewish Book World *Weinberg has assembled and translated a collection of documents from the case, such as contemporary newspaper accounts and excerpts from the verbatim trial scripts [] The documents convincingly illustrate not only the virulent anti-Semitism of the right wing press, which pushed forward the ritual murder idea at the time when most investigators found the concept ludicrous, but also the contradictory testimonials and unreliable witness statements that the prosecution used to builds its case against Beilis.September 19, 2014 * Times Literary Supplement *A first-rate summary of how leading historians of the period now view the trial's backdrop can be found in Robert Weinberg's excellent new volume . . . which tells the story through well-chosen and translated primary documents together with an insightful analysis.Winter 2015 * Jewish Review of Books *The combination of text and sources make this very useful for studies of religious prejudice and the over-coming of religious prejudice. The book is also a fascinating read. It is a basic study for collections dealing with the Jewish experience in Eastern Europe as well as Eastern Christianity. * Religious Studies Review *Weinberg's research is based on a wealth of published and unpublished sources, including trial transcripts, newspaper articles, political cartoons and Beilis's memoirs. . . This is an excellent historical reconstruction told in a gripping and deeply engaging style.Feb/March 2015 * Assn Jewish Libraries *This is an excellent historical reconstruction told in a gripping and deeply engaging style. Highly recommended for all library collections. * AJL Reviews *Overall this book succeeds in providing both a concise yet thorough account of the trial and an exploration of the significance of the Beilis Affair for late imperial Russian society. It also provides a historical perspective on an important case from the history of antisemitism, and in so doing contributes to our understanding of the social history of late imperial Russia. * Slavonic & East European Review *This concisely written book forcefully tells the story of the outrageous ritual murder trial of Mendel Beilis in Kiev. Through careful review of published and unpublished sources . . . the author lays out the process resulting in a trial during which the state prosecution attempted to convict the entire Jewish religion of the crime of ritual murder. . . What concerns the author is that readers should come to recognize the power of prejudice, hatred, fear, and suspicion, combined with state interest, to suppress challenges to traditional authority.11/14/14 * Jewish Book Council *Weinberg's short work provides a sober and informed analysis of the affair, coupled with a collection of relevant primary source documents. * Slavic Review *In 1913, in the most sensational trial of its kind until then, Menachem Mendel Beilis, a 39-year-old Jewish factory manager in Kiev, went on trial for ritual murder, a crime dredged from the twisted fantasies of Russian reactionaries. An international cause celebre, the trial confirmed once and for all that Czar Nicholas II's autocratic regime was a bastion of deep-seated antisemitism. Robert Weinberg . . . skillfully reconstructs the events that led to this appalling miscarriage of justice.5/20/14 * SheldonKirshner.com *In an accessible volume, Robert Weinberg has offered readers historical analysis and a selection of primary documents from the trial. * Canadian Slavonic Papers *Boasting depth as well as breadth, this book is an invaluable resource for scholars, undergraduates, and graduate students in the fields of Russian and European history, Jewish studies, and religious studies. * Journal of Modern History *Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsDramatis PersonaeIntroduction: A Murder Without a Mystery1. The Initial Investigation2. The Case Against Beilis3. The Trial4. Summation and VerdictEpilogueDocumentsBibliographyNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"This is history written on a grand scale, a masterful treatment of one of the most complex periods of American history." — New Republic “The [book’s] rewards stem from Foner’s deep understanding of the literature of the period and his ability to draw freely from it, so that his arguments sprout in deep soil; and from his disciplined imagination, which neither approves nor condemns, but characterizes, and at its best dramatizes situations, preserving and savoring their possibilities, so that the betrayal of Reconstruction with a terrible poignancy.” — Theodore Rosengarten, The Nation "With this book, Mr. Foner becomes the preeminent historian of Reconstruction." — New York Times Book Review "[Reconstruction] may very well turn out to be this generation's defining interpretation of this most misunderstood passage in the nation's history." — Wall Street Journal "A remarkable clarity is one of the many beauties of this book that dwells on so many conflicts and ambiguities . . . Foner's Reconstruction is a smart book of enormous strengths." — Boston Globe “Eric Foner has put together this terrible story with greater cogency and power, I believe, than has been brought to the subject heretofore.” — New York Review of Books “Foner’s book traces in rich detail the bitter course of the history of the South’s failure to adjust to the revolution that brought the Civil War. Only by tracing that history and understanding can the region fully disenthrall itself even today. No book could be more timely. ” — Atlanta Constitution “Foner’s book brings to distinguished fruition one great cycle of Reconstruction historiography.” — New York Review of Books

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Book SynopsisBeginning in January 1692, Salem Village in colonial Massachusetts witnessed the largest and most lethal outbreak of witchcraft in early America. Villagers--mainly young women--suffered from unseen torments that caused them to writhe, shriek, and contort their bodies, complaining of pins stuck into their flesh and of being haunted by specters. Believing that they suffered from assaults by an invisible spirit, the community began a hunt to track down those responsible for the demonic work. The resulting Salem Witch Trials, culminating in the execution of 19 villagers, persists as one of the most mysterious and fascinating events in American history. Historians have speculated on a web of possible causes for the witchcraft that stated in Salem and spread across the region-religious crisis, ergot poisoning, an encephalitis outbreak, frontier war hysteria--but most agree that there was no single factor. Rather, as Emerson Baker illustrates in this seminal new work, Salem was a perfect storm: a unique convergence of conditions and events that produced something extraordinary throughout New England in 1692 and the following years, and which has haunted us ever since.Baker shows how a range of factors in the Bay colony in the 1690s, including a new charter and government, a lethal frontier war, and religious and political conflicts, set the stage for the dramatic events in Salem. Engaging a range of perspectives, he looks at the key players in the outbreak--the accused witches and the people they allegedly bewitched, as well as the judges and government officials who prosecuted them--and wrestles with questions about why the Salem tragedy unfolded as it did, and why it has become an enduring legacy.Salem in 1692 was a critical moment for the fading Puritan government of Massachusetts Bay, whose attempts to suppress the story of the trials and erase them from memory only fueled the popular imagination. Baker argues that the trials marked a turning point in colonial history from Puritan communalism to Yankee independence, from faith in collective conscience to skepticism toward moral governance. A brilliantly told tale, A Storm of Witchcraft also puts Salem''s storm into its broader context as a part of the ongoing narrative of American history and the history of the Atlantic World.Trade ReviewHis rock solid historical work and lively, engaging prose made this book both an indispensable contribution to scholarship and a delight to read. I suspect that this is the book on Salem witchcraft for this generation." * Scott D. Seay, Christian Theological Seminary *...[A] cogent, readable, and comprehensive analysis of the literature on the Salem witch trials.... His emphasis on the choices made by individuals - to take action or remain passive - makes this work a welcome addition to our attempts to understand the significance of the Salem events of 1692. * Journal of American History *Of many books about the Salem witch-trials, only a few really matter. This is one of them. Combining deep learning and clear-sighted good sense, A Storm of Witchcraft retells a story that has long managed to be familiar yet puzzling and misunderstood. Emerson Baker's masterly dissection of events is both genuinely original and utterly persuasive, not least because the importance of political circumstance, legal expediency and personal relationships seems obvious once it is pointed out. Baker reminds us that witchcraft was above all a religious crime, which took on terrifying significance at a time of extreme danger in New England's history. But his analysis of Salem's causal roots and painfully enduring ramifications does more than just demystify the trials: it illustrates universal truths about human emotions and their place in modern society. * Malcolm Gaskill, author of Witchfinders: a Seventeenth Century English Tragedy *Baker, professor of history at Salem State College, places the trials in the larger context of American and English history, examining not only their prominent place in our collective memory, but also what made them so different from other witch trials of the era. Baker convincingly demonstrates that the trials were a pivotal point in American history and presents the mass hysteria surrounding them in very poignant terms. * Publisher's Weekly *This extraordinarily researched, expertly written, and convincing study is suitable for and will appeal to a wide audience. * Library Journal *By almost any measure, Emerson W. Baker's new history, A Storm of Witchcraft, is a masterpiece. Few volumes pass the exacting standards needed to be described as such. Baker's does.... Anyone interested in the Salem witch trials and the shaping of the nation should treat themselves to this book. * Maine Sunday Telegram *an excellent survey of the state of knowledge and opinion concerning the Salem witch trials and their implications. * Clive Holmes, English Historical Review *Table of ContentsIntroduction: An Old Valuables Chest Chapter One: Satan's Storm Chapter Two: The City upon a Hill Chapter Three: Drawing Battle Lines in Salem Village Chapter Four: The Afflicted Chapter Five: The Accused Chapter Six: The Judges Chapter Seven: An Inextinguishable Flame Chapter Eight: Salem End Chapter Nine: Witch City?

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Book SynopsisAn exploration of black superheroes as a fascinating racial phenomenon and a powerful source of racial meaning, narrative, and imagination in American society.Trade ReviewThis well-conceptualized, well-written book is enriched by Nama's witty turns of expression, occasional corrections of earlier errors and omissions, and fascinating background material. * Choice *Throughout, Nama takes a refreshingly nuanced approach to his subject. Nama complicates the black superhero by also seeing the ways that they put issues of post-colonialism, race, poverty, and identity struggles front and center. * Rain Taxi *Table of Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1. Color Them Black Chapter 2. Birth of the Cool Chapter 3. Friends and Lovers Chapter 4. Attack of the Clones Chapter 5. For Reel?: Black Superheroes Come to Life Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisMore than 600 rarely seen items from the David O. Selznick archive offer fans and film historians alike a must-have behind-the-camera view of the production of this classic movie on its seventy-fifth anniversary.Table of Contents Foreword by Robert Osborne Introduction Spring 1936 Selznick International Pictures Summer 1936 The Book Deal Fall 1936 Who Should Play Scarlett? Tallulah Bankhead "With New People or with Stars" Other Film Projects Sidney Howard "Stop Planting Stories about Hepburn" Winter 1936 The Invasion of the South The "Creole Girl" The First Protest Through Scarlett's Eyes First Draft Selznick's Theory of Adaptation Spring 1937 Cukor's Trip South Norma Shearer Paulette Goddard Summer 1937 The Bigelow Twins Casting African Americans Hitchcock Color Fall 1937 Choosing Rhett Censorship Winter 1937–1938 Jezebel William Cameron Menzies and Lyle Wheeler The Story Department Don't Give Up the Scarlett Hunt Bebe Anderson Margaret Tallichet Mercedes McCambridge Susan Hayward Butterfly McQueen Marcella Martin Summer 1938 "I Am Scarlett" The Gable Deal The Confidential Player Walter White and the NAACP "Try to Make This Gable's Next Picture" Fall 1938 Lana Turner and Other Studio Stock Players Winter 1938–1939 Other Film Projects Wilbur Kurtz and Susan Myrick "Dixie's Sacred Drawl" The Burning of Atlanta The Finalists Casting Supporting Roles Vivien Leigh "Plunkett Has Come to Life" Interiors Script Doctors "One More Will Only Confuse Us" January 1939 Filming Begins February 1939 The Atlanta Bazaar (Cukor's Version) "The Negro Problem" The Childbirth Scene Victor Fleming is Hired—Hiatus March 1939 The Wedding Scarlett's Walk with Gerald Twelve Oaks The Atlanta Bazaar (Fleming's Version) The Examiner April 1939 The Evacuation The Jail Scene The Hospital The "Klan Sequence" Melanie's Death Fleming Collapses; Sam Wood Steps In Belle on the Steps of the Hospital May 1939 The Search for Dr. Meade Return to Tara The Yankee Deserter Rhett and Belle "No More Babies"" The "Pull Back Shot"" Scarlett's Oath and Tara Cotton Field Feeding Soldiers Melanie and Mammy on the Stairs Outside Jail; Atlanta Streets June 1939 The Shooting Schedule Becomes More Chaotic The "Hate Word" "Frankly, My Dear . . ." Bonnie Learns to Ride Shanty Town The Lumber Mill "Bonnie's Death Ride" Rhett and Scarlett's Honeymoon The Paddock and Scarlett under the Bridge Summer 1939 Bits and Retakes Fall 1939 Music Postproduction The Fox Riverside Preview Winter 1939 The Atlanta Premiere Spring 1940 Wide Release Appendix (Document Transcriptions) Illustration Credits Acknowledgments Index

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Book SynopsisAcknowledged as one of the greatest achievements of modern scholarship, Arnold Toynbee's A Study of History is a ten-volume analysis of the rise and fall of human civilizations. Contained in two volumes, D.C. Somervell's abridgement of this magnificent enterprise preserves the method, atmosphere, texture, and, in many instances, the very words of the original.Trade Review'McNeill's book will be read, and enjoyed, for its own sake. I hope it will revive interest in Toynbee.' The Advertiser, AustraliaTable of ContentsPreface VI. Universal States VII: Universal Churches VIII. Heroic Ages IX. Contacts Between Civilizations in Space X. Contacts Between Civilizations n Time XI. Law and Freedom in History XII. The Prospects of the Western Civilization XIII. Conclusion Index

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Book SynopsisThe Indian Ocean remains the least studied of the world''s geographic regions. Yet there have been major cultural exchanges across its waters and around its shores from the third millennium B.C.E. to the present day. Historian Edward A. Alpers explores the complex issues involved in cultural exchange in the Indian Ocean Rim region over the course of this long period of time by combining a historical approach with the insights of anthropology, art history, ethnomusicology, and geography.The Indian Ocean witnessed several significant diasporas during the past two millennia, including migrations of traders, indentured laborers, civil servants, sailors, and slaves throughout the entire basin. Persians and Arabs from the Gulf came to eastern Africa and Madagascar as traders and settlers, while Hadramis dispersed from south Yemen as traders and Muslim teachers to the Comoro Islands, Zanzibar, South India, and Indonesia. Southeast Asians migrated to Madagascar, and Chinese dispersed from Southeast Asia to the Mascarene Islands to South Africa.Alpers also explores the cultural exchanges that diasporas cause, telling stories of identity and cultural transformation through language, popular religion, music, dance, art and architecture, and social organization. For example, architectural and decorative styles in eastern Africa, the Red Sea, the Hadramaut, the Persian Gulf, and western India reflect cultural interchanges in multiple directions. Similarly, the popular musical form of taarab in Zanzibar and coastal East Africa incorporates elements of Arab, Indian, and African musical traditions, while the characteristic frame drum (ravanne) of séga, the widespread Afro-Creole dance of the Mascarene and Seychelles Islands, probably owes its ultimate origins to Arabia by way of Mozambique.The Indian Ocean in World History also discusses issues of trade and production that show the long history of exchange throughout the Indian Ocean world; politics and empire-building by both regional and European powers; and the role of religion and religious conversion, focusing mainly on Islam, but also mentioning Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity. Using a broad geographic perspective, the book includes references to connections between the Indian Ocean world and the Americas. Moving into the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, Alpers looks at issues including the new configuration of colonial territorial boundaries after World War I, and the search for oil reserves.Trade ReviewThis is a valuable initiation for students to Indian Ocean studies. And yet, for as much as the case is made, the books reads densely. * I. Iumi, Choice, *Table of ContentsSeries Editors' Preface ; 1. Imagining the Indian Ocean ; 2. The Ancient Indian Ocean ; 3. Becoming an Islamic Sea ; 4. Intrusions and Transitions in the Early Modern Period ; 5. The Long Nineteenth Century ; 6. The Last Century ; Chronology ; Notes ; Further Reading ; Websites ; Index

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Book SynopsisBritain's precipitous and ill-planned disengagement from India in 1947--condemned as a shameful flight by Winston Churchill--had a truly catastrophic effect on South Asia, leaving hundreds of thousands of people dead in its wake and creating a legacy of chaos, hatred, and war that has lasted over half a century. Ranging from the fall of Singapore in 1942 to the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi in 1948, Shameful Flight provides a vivid behind-the-scenes look at Britain's decision to divest itself from the crown jewel of its empire. Stanley Wolpert, a leading authority on Indian history, paints memorable portraits of all the key participants, including Gandhi, Churchill, Attlee, Nehru, and Jinnah, with special focus on British viceroy, Lord Louis Mountbatten. Wolpert places the blame for the catastrophe largely on Mountbatten, the flamboyant cousin of the king, who rushed the process of nationhood along at an absurd pace. The viceroy's worst blunder was the impetuous drawing of new borTrade Review"The independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 was a historical watershed that marked the end of the colonial era and the beginning of the liberation of the rest of Asia and of Africa. In his admirable account of this seminal event, Wolpert makes the compelling case that whereas independence and partition were inevitable, the horrible cost in the destruction of lives was not. He attributes the latter to a failure of political leadership, especially the British through its representative Viceroy Mountbatten, whose compulsive and egotistical conduct constituted a major contribution to the massive human disaster. This is a clinically powerful study of triumph and tragedy by a distinguished historian who is also a great humanitarian."--Jamsheed Marker, Former Ambassador of Pakistan and former Special Adviser to the Secretary General, United Nations "In this engrossing, but very controversial, book, Wolpert considers the responsibility of the leaders, both British and Indian, for the immediate consequences of the partition in 1947 of British India into India and Pakistan when hundreds of thousands were killed in riots and millions became homeless refugees. Shameful Flight is sobering reading for anyone interested in the rise and fall of Western imperialism."--Ainslee Embree, Columbia University "Wolpert's book is a delightful read and will shine for its stellar quality of scholarship among the growing body of partition literature that has surfaced in the last two decades. It will be of great interest to anyone curious about whatever happened to the great British Empire and those who often wonder why Indians and Pakistanis endlessly fight with each other."--Dilip Basu, University of California, Santa Cruz "An entertaining and highly controversial account of the British transfer of power in India."--The International History Review "A lively...account of the end of the British Raj...The text is well crafted."--H-Net

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Trade ReviewFor ambition, narrative drive and breadth of research across the disciplines from culture through politics and demography to agronomy and water management, no recent project of American historical writing comes close to Kevin Starr's mammoth, multi-volume 'Americans and the California Dream'.... It is a magnificent accomplishment.... Starr's project all along has been at least as concerned with the California of the imagination as with the California of fact and has assumed that realities do begin in dreams... Starr is at least as good a narrator of nightmares as he is of the beauties, successes or accomplishments of the California experience. * David Rieff, Los Angeles Times Book Review *The scope of Starr's scholarship is breathtaking; this is a social, economic, political, and cultural history that covers such disparate subjects as popular San Francisco restaurants, shipbuilding, changes in domestic architecture, Raymond Chandler's fiction, the roots of anti-Japanese sentiment, baseball's Pacific Coast League, and the rise of Richard Nixon. * Ben Schwarz, Atlantic Monthly *This is ebullient, nuanced, interdisciplinary history of the grandest kind, drawing parallels and distinctions where perhaps no one ever thought to see them before. Starr's a born storyteller as well, mining a rich seam of anecdotal coal to animate the complex, enigmatic figures California history bustles with.... Starr is an undervalued and irreplaceable public treasure. * David Kipen, San Francisco Chronicle *Exploring that enigmatic blend of dreams and hardscrabble reality has been Kevin Starr's lifework in his brilliant and epic social and cultural history of the state. * Eric Schine, Business Week *An exciting picture of how California changed during World War II, yet remained irrepressibly the same. Kevin Starr has captured the whole cockeyed chiaroscuro, with a novelist's eye for the telling detail, and a historian's grasp of the sweep of grand events. From the Hollywood Canteen to the Black Dahlia mystery, from the plight of the Okies and the Japanese to the gargantuan military buildup and the Golden State's bone-deep frivolity, he's got it all down. I was there, and I know. I read the book with absorbed admiration. * Herman Wouk, Pulitzer Prize winning author of The Caine Mutiny and The Winds of War *Kevin Starr is an absolutely wonderful writer, passionate, learned, born, as they said of Samuel Johnson, to wrestle with whole libraries. In Embattled Dreams, he has surpassed himself. This is his best book yet." * Max Byrd, author and Professor of English, UC Davis *No one knows the shadows and light of the California Dream better than Kevin Starr. World war and political repression brought darkness to the dream, but Starr reminds us of what makes California compelling, as the home of American heartbreak and American promise. * Virginia Scharff, Director, Center for the Southwest, University of New Mexico *California, in all its mythical splendor and promise, is in fact America stripped naked of myth. That is why Kevin Starr, who knows and recites California's epic better than anyone, must be judged one of America's finest living historians. Read all six of his volumes and lose your dreams...in dreams. * Walter A. McDougall, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age *The 1940s, that decade of wars both hot and cold, changed California more than any other era in history. Kevin Starr leaves nothing out. Here are the shifting politics and populations, the burgeoning shipyards and aircraft factories, the movies, the novels * the whole culture of this exciting society in profound transition. How does he focus so much detail into such a lively, driving narrative?Stephen Fender, Research Professor of American Studies, University of Sussex *

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Book SynopsisOne of the most original and successful filmmakers, Oscar Micheaux was born into a rural, working-class, African-American family in mid-America in 1884. Micheaux's work was founded upon the concern for class mobility, or uplift, for African Americans. This book is a critical assessment of Micheaux's accomplishment in the art of cinema.Trade ReviewUntil recently the name Oscar Micheaux might have provoked the question Oscar who? But scholars have now begun to look at this pioneering African American moviemaker. This volume joins Betti Carol VanEpps-Taylor's biography Oscar Micheaux: Dakota Homesteader, Author, Pioneer Filmmaker (1998) and Pearl Bowser and Louise Spence's Writing Himself into History: Oscar Micheaux, His Silent Films, and His Audiences (CH, Mar'01), attesting to the intellectual rigor of this trend. Though Green's study is most in the mold of a literary critique, the paucity of Micheaux sources obligates all three authors to write as historians, cultural critics, anthropologists, and decoders. In the absence of script drafts, interoffice memos, gossip columns, memoirs, reviews, and handy prints of films—the stuff of mainstream cinema history—Green (Ohio State Univ.) sets up a critical landscape that allows the reader to sense the density of the culture out of which Micheaux's work arose while also citing sources of his own theoretical modeling. That said, any Micheaux film demands a great deal of creative dissection, which Green provides. He makes uncommonly good use of frame enlargements and stills and provides a thoughtful index and a thorough bibliography. For serious undergraduate students and scholars. -- T. Cripps * formerly, Morgan State University , 2001mar CHOICE. *Table of ContentsContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Micheaux v. Griffith2. Micheaux's Class Position3. Twoness and Micheaux's Style4. Negative Images5. The Middle Path6. Middle?Class Cinema7. White Financing8. Stereotype and Caricature9. Revising Caricature10. Interrogating Caricature as Entertainment11. Interrogating False Uplift12. Passing and Film Style13. Racial Loyalty14. Micheaux and Cinema TodayAppendix One: On Class and the ClassicalAppendix Two: FilmographyAppendix Three: Selections from the Black PressAppendix Four: BibliographyNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisA century after it began, we still struggle with the terrible reality of the First World War, often through republished photographs of its horrors: the muddy trenches, the devastated battlefields, the maimed survivors. Due to the crude film cameras used at the time, the look of the Great War has traditionally been grainy, blurred, and monochrome-until now. The First World War presents a startlingly different perspective, one based on rare glass plate photographs, that reveals the war with previously unseen, even uncanny, clarity. Scanned from the original plates, with scratches and other flaws expertly removed, these oversized reproductions offer a wealth of unusual moments, including scenes of men in training, pictures of African colonial troops on the Western front, landscapes of astonishing destruction, and postmortem portraits of Belgian soldiers killed in action. Readers previously familiar with only black-and-white or sepia-toned prints of the hostilities will be riveted by the book's many authentic color photographs, products of the early autochrome method. From children playing war games to a wrenching deathbed visit, these images are extraordinary not only for their subject matter, but also for the wide range of emotions they evoke. Accompanied by a preface from celebrated writer Geoff Dyer and an essay by historian David Van Reybrouck, the photographs here serve both as remarkable witnesses to the everyday life of warfare and as dramatic works of art in their own right. These images, taken by some of the conflict's most gifted photographers, will radically change how we visualize the First World War.

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Book SynopsisAdrian Gilbert is the author and independent publishing consultant. In 1991 he set up Solos Press, a small publishers specialising in Christian Mysticism, Gnosticism and the Hermetic tradition of Egypt. He has been researching Ancient Egypt for over twenty years and regards th discoveries contained in The Orion Mystery as crucial to our understanding of the pyramid age.Robert Bauval was born in Egypt in 1948. A construction engineer, his interest in Egyptology is long standing, having lived in Egypt and elsewhere in the Middle East for much of his life. In the 1980s he developed a line of study linking the pyramids and the so-called Pyramid Texts with astronomy. He has published several papers on this subject and his findings have been presented at the British Museum. His is the co-author of three international bestsellers: The Orion Mystery and Keeper of Genesis and more recently The Secret Chamber.Trade ReviewAbsorbing and fascinating... how they reach their conclusions is clearly and rivetingly told... highly an compulsively readable * Sunday Times *A discovery about the pyramids that could change our whole view of human history * Evening Standard *Persuasive and scholarly * Observer *

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Book SynopsisIn the vineyards, wine caves, and cellars of France as war and occupation came to the country winemakers acted heroically not only to save the best wines but to defend their way of life. These are the true stories of vignerons who sheltered Jewish refugees in their cellars and of winemakers who risked their lives to aid the resistance. They made chemicals in secret laboratories to fuel the resistance and fled from the Gestapo when arrests became imminent. There were treacheries too, as some of the nation''s winemakers supported the Vichy regime or the Germans themselves and collaborated. Donald Kladstrup is a retired American network correspondent. He and his wife Petie have accumulated these fascinating stories, told with the pace and action that will fascinate fiction and non-fiction readers alike.Trade ReviewA sprightly and amusing book, full of spicy anecdotes * Evening Standard *Entertaining and informative * Sunday Telegraph *A vibrant panorama of the different wine-producing regions and how they responded to the challenge * Sunday Express *

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Book SynopsisThe true story of the greatest battle of World War II and the basis of the film of the same name, directed by Richard Attenborough. The true story of the greatest battle of World War II and the basis of the 1977 film of the same name, directed by Richard Attenborough.Trade Review'The most brilliant reporter now alive' * Malcolm Muggeridge, 1973 *'I know of no other work of literature of World War II as moving, as awesome and as accurate in its portrayal of human courage.' * General James A Gavin *

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Book SynopsisA fascinating and evocative account of the Peasants' Revolt from the acclaimed author of Agincourt.Trade ReviewJuliet Barker's thorough, clear-eyed and intelligent new volume adds much to the field: packed with vivid pen portraits of the rebels and the men they hunted . . . a vivid and exciting portrait of a country in angry upheaval. It is as timely subject matter as ever -- Dan Jones * Sunday Times *A richly detailed account of the England of 1381 based on painstaking detective work * The Times *Fine and thoughtful . . . Barker brilliantly picks through the toxic brew of grievances that would, in 1381, boil over . . . a serious and valuable book -- Helen Castor * Literary Review *Timely and comprehensive . . . We could argue all day over our favourite turning points in England's history. Barker shows that, without doubt, the turmoil of 1381 cannot be left off anyone's list -- Paul Kingsnorth, Booker-nominated author of The Wake * New Statesman *Barker brings order to the patchwork of uprisings England, Arise purposely slows down the vertiginous speed of the revolt's progression to a more deliberate pace, in order to explore not that main events of the rebellion but their hinterland. In this, it is a considerable achievement, a meticulous anatomy of this most resonant of uprisings -- Thomas Penn * Guardian *A riveting new study of the rising * Mail on Sunday *Barker gives a richly detailed account of the England of 1381 based on painstaking detective work and resurrects from obscurity the ordinary men and women who enflamed the country * The Times *A thoroughly researched, engagingly written account of a moment when the world was - almost - turned upside down * BBC History *

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Book SynopsisIn An Army at Dawn - winner of the Pulitzer Prize - Rick Atkinson provided a dramatic and authoritative history of the Allied triumph in North Africa. Now, in The Day of the Battle, he follows the strengthening American and British armies as they invade Sicily in July 1943 and then, mile by bloody mile, fight their way north.The Italian campaign''s outcome was never certain; in fact, Roosevelt, Churchill and their military advisors engaged in heated debate about whether an invasion of the so-called soft underbelly of Europe was even a good idea. But once underway, the commitment to liberate Italy from the Nazis never wavered, despite the agonizingly high price. The battles at Salerno, Anzio, and Monte Cassino were particularly difficult and lethal, yet as the months passed, the Allied forces continued to push the Germans up the Italian peninsula. And with the liberation of Rome in June 1944, ultimate victory at last began to seem inevitable.Drawing on a

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