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Book SynopsisEnvironmental Conflicts and Peacebuilding in Africa covers pressing issues of environmental politics, such as environmental activism and litigation, climate change, conservation, the challenges of coastal communities, flood prevention, and waste management. Oil subsidy removal, rule of law, and the roles of media and religion are also closely considered.This collection of essays also covers domestic security issues, such as policing, ethno-religious conflicts, local conflicts between farmers and herdsmen, and strategies of conflict resolution affecting the environment. Other issues under discussion include peacebuilding, urban machine politics, the place of children and youth in nation building, and the intersection of politics and psychology in self-determination struggles. Of vital importance to any student of modern Africa, these chapters offer a solid and detailed compendium of readings to contextualize key international relations subjects in the real world. The compendium is also a fitting tribute to the life’s work of one of the brightest scholarly minds Africa has produced.

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Book SynopsisFew previous publications have focused on Welsh family history, and none have provided a comprehensive guide to the genealogical information available and where to find it. That is why the publication of Beryl Evans's new Welsh family history handbook is such a significant event in the field. Her detailed, accessible, authoritative guide will be essential reading and reference for anyone who is eager to research ancestors from Wales. She describes the key archival sources and shows how the development of new technology, the internet in particular, has made them so much easier to explore. Drawing on her long experience of family history work, she gives clear practical advice on how to start a research project, and she sketches in the outlines of Welsh history, Welsh surnames and place-names and the Welsh language. But the main body of her book is devoted to identifying the variety of sources researchers can consult - the archive repositories, including The National Library of Wales, civil records of all kinds, the census, parish registers, wills, the records of churches, chapels, schools, businesses, tax offices and courts, and the wide range of printed records.Beryl Evans's handbook will be a basic text for researchers of Welsh descent and for anyone who is keen to learn about Welsh history.

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Book SynopsisThe tension between openness and transparency with the need to keep information secure and out of the hands of an enemy has been at the heart of some of the most riveting episodes in American history. This title provides primary documentation on the secrets, leaks, and scandals throughout all of America's history.

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Book SynopsisBetween 152 and 138 BC a series of wars from Africa to India produced a radically new geopolitical situation. In 150 Rome was confined to the western Mediterranean, and the largest state was the Seleukid empire. By 140 Rome had spread to the borders of Asia Minor and the Seleukid empire was confined to Syria. The new great power in the Middle East was Parthia, stretching from Babylonia to Baktria. These two divided the western world between them until the Arab conquests in the seventh century AD. These wars have generally been treated separately, but they were connected. The crisis began in Syria with the arrival of the pretender Alexander Balas; his example was copied by Andriskos in Macedon, formerly in Seleukid service; the reaction of Rome to defiance in Macedon, Greece and Africa produced conquest and destruction. The preoccupation of Seleukid kings with holding on to their thrones allowed Mithradates I of Parthia to conquer Iran and Babylonia, and in Judaea an insurrection was partly successful. Mithradates was able conquer in part because his other enemy, Baktria, was preoccupied with the nomad invasions which led to the destruction of Ai Khanum. One of the reasons for the nomad success in Baktria was the siphoning off of Greek strength into India, where a major expedition in these very years breifly conquered and sacked the old Indian imperial capital of Pataliputra. In the process the great cities of Carthage, Corinth, Ai Khanum, and Pataliputra were destroyed, while Antioch and Seleukeia-on-the-Tigris were extensively damaged. John Grainger's lucid narrative shows how these seismic events, stretching from India to the Western Meditteranean, interconnected to recast the ancient world.

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Book SynopsisThe nineteenth century was a time of unprecedented transformation, and nowhere was this more apparent than on the streets of London. In only a few decades, London grew from a Regency town to the biggest city the world had ever seen, with more than 6.5 million people and railways, street-lighting and new buildings at every turn.Charles Dickens obsessively walked London's streets, recording its pleasures, curiosities and cruelties. Now, Judith Flanders follows in his footsteps, leading us through the markets, transport systems, sewers, slums, cemeteries, gin palaces and entertainment emporia of Dickens' London. The Victorian City is a revelatory portrait of everyday life on the streets, bringing to life the Victorian capital in all its variety, vibrancy, and squalor. No one who reads it will view London in the same light again.Trade ReviewA quite extraordinary book, which I read with much enjoyment: an intoxicating blend of London, life and literature... I think it's Judith Flanders' best book yet, which is saying something. -- Andrew TaylorMeticulous and gripping... Flanders says that Dickens appealed to contemporaries because he gave them a voyage into the unknown: into parts of London they did not know and where they would not venture. She does something similar for us. The strangeness remains, but the voyage is unforgettable. * Independent *The teeming, bustling, hand-to-mouth and often smelly facts of mid-19th century urban life have seldom been more vividly presented than in this book. * Literary Review *Outstanding * Sunday Times *With infectious enthusiasm Judith Flanders dives into the sights, smells, sounds and grit of what was then the largest city the world had ever known: London * Sunday Telegraph *Flanders captures the variety and colour of 19th-century London, stirring admiration and indignation by turns. To lead us through the Victorian capital, through its hustle and sprawl, its dangers and entertainments, you couldn't hope for a better guide. * New Statesman *Recreates the textures of everyday life with an anthropologist's understanding of human behaviour alongside a storyteller's eye for character. * Daily Telegraph *

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Book SynopsisThe abuse of power, genocide, the destruction of total war, unimaginable cruelty and the suffering of millions were all central features of Hitler''s Nazi regime. Yet the Nazis were also highly successful in manipulating images and information: they mobilized and engaged vast numbers of people, caught the imagination of the young and appeared remarkably modern to many contemporary observers.Was the Third Reich a throwback to a mythical past or a brutally modern and technologically advanced state? Was Hitler a strong dictator who achieved his clear goals, or was his chaotic style of government symptomatic of a weak dictator, unable to control the complex and contradictory forces that he had unleashed? Was the Third Reich ruled by terror, or largely supported by a compliant German population? Was the genocide against the Jews a peculiarly German phenomenon, or a uniquely German expression of a terrible wider trend?Whittock explores these and other key questions, interr

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Book SynopsisIn early 1942 the Third Reich opened a maximum security Prisoner Of War camp in Lower Silesia for captured Allied airmen. Called Stalag Luft III, the camp soon came to contain some of the most inventive escapers ever known. The escapers were led by Squadron Leader Roger Bushell, code-named 'Big X'. In March 1944, Bushell masterminded an attempt to smuggle hundreds of POWs down a tunnel build right under the notes of their guards. In fact, only 79 Allied airmen clambered into the tunnel and only three made successful escapes. This remarkable escape would be immortalised in the famous Hollywood film THE GREAT ESCAPE, in which the bravery of the men was rightly celebrated. Behind the scenes photographs from the film are included in this definitive pictorial work on the most famous POW camp of World War II.

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Book SynopsisTom Wolfe's genre-defining magical mystery tour through the 1960s published in Vintage Classics for the first time to mark its fiftieth anniversary.WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY JARVIS COCKERIn the summer of 1964, author Ken Kesey and his Merry Band of Pranksters set out on an awesome social experiment like no other. Blazing across America in their day-glo schoolbus, doped up and deep ‘in the pudding’, the Pranksters’ arrival on the scene – anarchic, exuberant and LSD-infused – would turn on an entire counter-culture, and provide Tom Wolfe with the perfect free-wheeling subject for this, his pioneering masterpiece of New Journalism.'The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test is not simply the best book on the hippies, it is the essential book...the pushing, ballooning heart of the matter' New York TimesTrade ReviewThe Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test is not simply the best book on the hippies, it is the essential book...the pushing, ballooning heart of the matter * New York Times *A life-changer, a rabble-rouser, a mind-blower, a gathering of the tribes, a call to arms, a manifesto for a new society, a car repair manual, a fly-on-the-paisley-patterned-wall account of a cultural revolution – a masterpiece! -- Jarvis CockerElectrifying * San Francisco Chronicle *An amazing book... A book that definitely gives Wolfe the edge on the nonfiction novel * The Village Voice *Every word seems placed with a care and a skill of contrivance... A major journalistic contribution to the future analysis of our own and America's strange period of this century * Guardian *

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Book SynopsisThe name Borgia is synonymous with the corruption, nepotism, and greed that were rife in Renaissance Italy. The powerful, voracious Rodrigo Borgia, better known to history as Pope Alexander VI, was the central figure of the dynasty. Two of his seven papal offspring also rose to power and fame - Lucrezia Borgia, his daughter, whose husband was famously murdered by her brother, and that brother, Cesare, who served as the model for Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince. Notorious for seizing power, wealth, land, and titles through bribery, marriage, and murder, the dynasty's dramatic rise from its Spanish roots to its occupation of the highest position in Renaissance society forms a gripping tale.Erudite, witty, and always insightful, Hibbert removes the layers of myth around the Borgia family and creates a portrait alive with his superb sense of character and place.Trade ReviewRather more than the story of an extraordinary and vicious family, The House Of Borgia is an engrossing account of a country divided up into a collection of constantly warring states, ofalliances made and broken and of almost unimaginable power and wealth there for the taking by those ruthless enough to let nothing stand in the way of their vaulting ambitions. * Daily Express *... a coherent and colourful historical record of the Borgias. * Literary Review *Few could have told the story better ... pacy, uncluttered and an eye for resonant detail. Sparkling. * Tribune *A tale of greed, nepotism, assassination and relentless jostling for power. * Sunday Times *Hibbert tells a good story. * Times Literary Supplement *In the last book he wrote before he died Hibbert captures quite brilliantly the extravagence and immorality at the heart of the papal empire on the eve of the Reeformation. * Good Book Guide *

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Book SynopsisFrom the end of the 19th century through the first half of the 20th, most Western powers maintained a naval presence in China. These gunboats protected traders and missionaries, safeguarded national interests, and patrolled Chinese rivers in search of pirates. It was a wild, lawless time in China as ruthless warlords fought numerous small wars to increase their power and influence. This book covers the gunboats of all the major nations that stationed naval forces in China, including America, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Japan, and looks at such famous incidents as the Japanese bombing of the USS Patay and the dramatic escape of the HMS Amethyst from Communist forces in 1947, which marked the end of the gunboat era.Trade Review"This monograph presents the true story of the gunboats from the U.S. Navy and the navies of many European powers and Japan that patrolled the Yangtze River, protecting missionaries and trade and diplomatic outposts, as well as countering warlords and pirates. Each type of gunboat is described in detail, but even more valuable are the descriptions of life on the gunboats and the exotic political and cultural environment in which they operated." -Richard R. Burgess, "Seapower"(September 2011) "A worthy addition to the library and is thoroughly recommended for those with an interest in the era" -- Miniature WargamesTable of ContentsIntroduction Chronology Design & Development Construction & Operation Life on Board Gunboats in Action The Gunboats Bibliography

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Book SynopsisIn 1217 England was facing her darkest hour, with foreign troops pillaging the country and defeat close at hand. But, at the battle of Lincoln, the seventy-year-old William Marshal led his men to a victory that would secure the future of his nation. Earl of Pembroke, right-hand man to three kings and regent for a fourth, Marshal was one of the most celebrated men in Europe, yet is virtually unknown today, his impact and influence largely forgotten. In this vivid account, Richard Brooks blends colourful contemporary source material with new insights to uncover the tale of this unheralded icon. He traces the rise of Marshal from penniless younger son to renowned knight, national hero and defender of the Magna Carta. What emerges is a fascinating story of a man negotiating the brutal realities of medieval warfare and the conflicting demands of chivalric ideals, and who against the odds defeated the joint French and rebel forces in arguably the most important battle in medieval English history – overshadowing even Agincourt.Table of ContentsList of lllustrations/ Preface/ Introduction/ Chronology/ Maps/ I: Angevin Inheritance/ II: Finest Knight/ III: Before the Longbow/ IV: King John and the Dauphin/ V: William’s War/ VI: Lincoln Fair/ VII: The Battle of Sandwich and the Treaty of Kingston/ VIII: Nunc Dimittis/ Glossary/ Select Bibliography/ Index

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Book SynopsisWhy is the Horn such a distinctive part of Africa? This book, by one of the foremost scholars of the region, traces this question through its exceptional history and also probes the wildly divergent fates of the Horn's contemporary nation-states, despite the striking regional particularity inherited from the colonial past. Christopher Clapham explores how the Horn's peculiar topography gave rise to the Ethiopian empire, the sole African state not only to survive European colonialism, but also to participate in a colonial enterprise of its own. Its impact on its neighbours, present-day Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia and Somaliland, created a region very different from that of post-colonial Africa. This dynamic has become all the more distinct since 1991, when Eritrea and Somaliland emerged from the break-up of both Ethiopia and Somalia. Yet this evolution has produced highly varied outcomes in the region's constituent countries, from state collapse (and deeply flawed reconstruction) in Somalia, through militarised isolation in Eritrea, to a still fragile 'developmental state' in Ethiopia. The tensions implicit in the process of state formation now drive the relationships between the once historically close nations of the Horn.Trade Review'A sharp political history''[An] important and eminently readable new book . . . masterful. . . . the book constitutes an extremely valuable tool for practitioners. Its message is a powerful one.''Christopher Clapham's book is ... an excellent introduction to the specificities of the Horn.' -- PhébéChristopher Clapham is without doubt one of the most knowledgeable experts on the Horn of Africa in the world, and this is a must-read book for anyone working in or on the region. With his characteristic wit and palpable compassion for the people who live in the Horn, Clapham shares a lifetime of keen insights on the region’s extraordinarily complex and often tragic political trajectories. -- Ken Menkhaus, Professor of Political Science, Davidson CollegeAn old master on superb form: Christopher Clapham's latest book is a work of great clarity, trenchant analysis and original insight. -- Harry Verhoeven, Assistant Professor, School of Foreign Service in Qatar, Georgetown University, and co-author of 'Why Comrades Go to War: Liberation Politics and the Outbreak of Africa's Deadliest Conflict'Christopher Clapham should be commended for synthesising a career of scholarship on the Horn of Africa into a short volume written in fluid and engaging prose. Those seeking an introduction to a region which defies easy explanation would struggle to find a better foundational text in paperback. -- Nick Branson, Africa at LSEClapham has produced a book which is simultaneously both an accessible, concise synthesis and a monument to erudite scholarship. His text thus serves as both a unique introduction to the peoples and history of the Horn and an original resource for academic and policy specialists. Clapham's refreshingly clear prose and comparative analyses replace simplistic stereotypes and received wisdom by analysing how variegated landscapes, religions, languages and livelihoods forged power and authority in the Horn of Africa. -- David Styan, Birkbeck College, University of LondonCharacteristically erudite, trenchant and provocative, 'The Horn of Africa' offers that rare combination: an enjoyably 'good read', at once informative, accessible and beautifully written; an important and lucid synthesis informed by a lifetime of extraordinary scholarship in tackling head-on the exceptionalism of this part of Africa; and a stimulating challenge to the thinking of specialists, activists, students and citizens of this complex and contested region. -- Sarah Vaughan, Honorary Fellow, University of Edinburgh‘This is a wonderful book written with great erudition and affection for the peoples and countries of the Horn of Africa, by a longstanding expert who is now enjoying emeritus creativity at the University of Cambridge’s Centre for African Studies. It is also yet another valuable contribution to regional studies from London’s excellent publisher, Hurst.’‘The distinguished political scientist and veteran Ethiopianist Christopher Clapham has written a fascinating account . . . insightful, thoughtful, and full of wisdom.''Successfully depicts the Horn of Africa as much more than the disaster zone it is widely perceived to be.'‘An accessible history of one of the most unique corners of Africa … an important book of history that is frankly a pleasure to read.’ -- H-Africa

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Book SynopsisDespite the great English victories at Crécy, Poitiers and Agincourt, the French eventually triumphed in the Hundred Years War. This book examines the last campaign of the war, covering the great battles at Formigny in 1450 and Castillon in 1453, both of which hold an interesting place in military history. The battle of Fornigny saw French cavalry defeat English archers in a reverse of those earlier English victories, while Castillon became the first great success for gunpowder artillery in fixed positions. Finally, the book explains how the seemingly unmartial King Charles VII of France all but drove the English into the sea, succeeding where so many of his predecessors had failed.Table of ContentsOrigins of the campaign /Chronology /Opposing commanders /Opposing armies /Orders of battle /Opposing plans /The campaign /Aftermath /The battlefield today /Further reading /Index

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Book SynopsisThe Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 introduced new military technologies, transformed the organization of armies, and upset the continental balance of power, promulgating new regimented ideas of nationhood and conflict resolution more widely. However, the mass armies that became a new standard required mass mobilization and the arming of working people, who exercised a new power through both a German social democracy and popular insurgent French movements. As in the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Paris Commune of 1871 grew directly from the discontent among radicalized soldiers and civilians pressed into armed service on behalf of institutions they learned to mistrust. If this militarized class conflict, the brutality of the Commune's subsequent repression not only butchered the tens of thousands of Parisians but slaughtered an old utopian faith that appeals to reason and morality could resolve social tensions. War among nations became linked to revolution and revolution to armed struggle.Trade ReviewMark Lause's investigation of the link between mass conscription, war and revolution is timely. Many of the classic revolutions and vast movements of social reforms on which the 21st century Left can base its reflection involve soldiers and ex-soldiers: the Paris Commune of course, but also the Russian, German and Chinese revolutions, the rise of social states around 1945 in Britain, France and even the US (around the GI Bill). Mark Lause is well placed to conduct this investigation with his specialization on the US Civil War, the first emergence of Left movements and labor in the mid-nineteenth century, and the lively interactions between the US and European, notably French, Left at the time of Lincoln, Marx and Clemenceau. * John Barzman *This is military history at its broadest and best. Lause captures events and technologies of destruction to be sure but also the regimented labor of war, the soldier's experience of larger worlds and new comrades, the coming to know of politics as a life and death matter, and the invitation to interrogate national ideals. These transformations set the stage for the for both the Paris Commune and the brutality of its repression. -- David Roediger teaches history at the University of Kansas. He is the author most recently of The Sinking Middle ClassMark Lause's investigation of the link between mass conscription, war and revolution is timely. Many of the classic revolutions and vast movements of social reforms on which the 21st century Left can base its reflection involve soldiers and ex-soldiers: the Paris Commune of course, but also the Russian, German and Chinese revolutions, the rise of social states around 1945 in Britain, France and even the US (around the GI Bill). Mark Lause is well placed to conduct this investigation with his specialization on the US Civil War, the first emergence of Left movements and labor in the mid-nineteenth century, and the lively interactions between the US and European, notably French, Left at the time of Lincoln, Marx and Clemenceau. -- John Barzman, Université Le Havre NormandieIn July 1870 France declared war on the confederation of German states headed by Prussia, only to be forced to capitulate six months later, after a series of traumatic and humiliating military defeats; in the meantime, the French Empire had collapsed and was been replaced by a Republic. This first modern European conflict has long suffered from a relative lack of interest among historians. In this respect, Mark Lause's Soldiers of the Revolution is a welcome addition to this field or research. Mark Lause's book is not just another well-researched and well written narrative of the Franco-Prussian War and its most immediate consequence, the Paris Commune (and other provincial uprisings). It brings into sharp focus the consequences of modern war and the emergence of more centralized nation-states that came to supersede the romantic vision of a universal republic that had been so popular in 1848 and the 'Spring of Peoples'. Because it is a thought-provoking examination of the relationship between war and revolution, it also develops an interestingly new approach on the Paris Commune, by showing that revolution offers an alternative when state power effectively begins to dissolve. Conversely, it also demonstrates that nation-building does not necessarily go hand in hand with a republican form of government. Lause convincingly argues that a new world emerged from the events of 1870-71, and that the Paris Commune contributed to the internationalization of the anticapitalist movement. His book deserves to be read carefully by all those who take an interest in the dynamics that have shaped the society we are presently living in. -- Michel Cordillot, Professor emeritus Université Paris 8, editor of La Commune de Paris 1871, les acteurs, l’événement, les lieux (Paris, 2021)

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Book SynopsisIn late May 1918 in Valdosta, Georgia, ten black men and one black woman, Mary Turner, eight months pregnant at the time, were lynched and tortured by mobs of white citizens. Through hauntingly detailed full-color artwork and collage, Elegy for Mary Turner names those who were killed, identifies the killers, and evokes a landscape in which the NAACP investigated the crimes when the state would not, when white citizens baked pies and flocked to see black corpses, and when black people fought to make their lives-and their mourning-matter. With introductions from C. Tyrone Forehand, great grand-nephew of Mary and Hayes Turner, whose family has long campaigned for the deaths to be remembered; abolitionist activist and educator Mariame Kaba, reflecting on the violence visited on black women's bodies; and historian Julie Buckner Armstrong, who opens a window onto the broader scale of lynching's terror in American history.Trade ReviewIn this particular historical moment when young Black people are engaged in a renewed struggle against state violence, Mary Turner's story resonates. She insists that we #SayHerName too. -- Mariame Kaba, founder and director of Project NIA, from the prefaceHarrowing. ... This succinct work confronts readers with atrocity, in a necessary tribute. * Publishers Weekly (Starred Review) *[Elegy for Mary Turner] retells the story [of Mary Turner's murder] in a manner at once unflinching, and, at turns, delicate. The delicacy is owed to Williams' rendering. -- Rosalind Bentley * Atlanta Journal-Constitution *Essential ... Williams doesn't just deplore unspeakable evil or try to argue with it. She confronts it in its own realm - the realm of art. -- Etelka Lehoczky * NPR Books *Elegy for Mary Turner brings America's brutal history of 20th century lynching alive through Mary Turner. -- Bill Berkowitz * BuzzFlash *

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Book SynopsisJ.M.W. Turner's The Fighting Temeraire Tugged to her Last Berth to be Broken Up (1838) was his masterpiece. Sam Willis tells the real-life story behind this remarkable painting. The 98-gun Temeraire warship broke through the French and Spanish line directly astern of Nelson's flagship Victory during the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), saving Nelson at a crucial moment in the battle, and, in the words of John Ruskin, fought until her sides ran 'wet with the long runlets of English blood...those pale masts that stayed themselves up against the war-ruin, shaking out their ensigns through the thunder, till sail and ensign dropped.' It is a story that unites the art of war as practised by Nelson with the art of war as depicted by Turner and, as such, it ranges across an extensive period of Britain's cultural and military history in ways that other stories do not. The result is a detailed picture of British maritime power at two of its most significant peaks in the age of sail: the climaxes of both the Seven Years' War (1756-63) and the Napoleonic Wars (1798-1815). It covers every aspect of life in the sailing navy, with particular emphasis on amphibious warfare, disease, victualling, blockade, mutiny and, of course, fleet battle, for it was at Trafalgar that the Temeraire really won her fame. An evocative and magnificent narrative history by a master historian.Trade Review'Cleverly uses the microcosm of the life story of one ship to reflect the wider narrative of the decades-long struggle between Britain and France for mastery of the seas' Sunday Times. * Sunday Times *'*****Brilliant ... Sam Willis has written a magnificent tribute to these superb ships and all who sailed in them' Mail on Sunday. * Mail on Sunday *'Willis offers an engaging biography of the Temeraire and gives a detailed picture of life in the sailing navy ... (His) book is infused with his experience and knowledge of seafaring' Times Literary Supplement. * Times Literary Supplement *'an elegant lament for the vanished warships of the world and an eloquent plea for the preservation of those still afloat' Bernard Cornwell in Wall Street Journal. * Wall Street Journal *Table of ContentsList of illustrations. Maps. Preface. The Escaping Temeraire. The Captured Temeraire. The Amphibious Temeraire. The New Temeraire. The Blockading Temeraire. The Mutinous Temeraire. The Trafalgar Temeraire. The Baltic and Iberian Temeraire. The Retired Temeraire. The Fighting Temeraire. Postscript. Epilogue: On Iconic Warships. Appendix 1: Ship Diagrams. Appendix 2: The crew of HMS Temeraire at the Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805. Appendix 3: Poems and Songs. Glossary. Notes. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe latest volume of the British Historic Towns Atlas series covers the internationally-renowned city of Oxford. Famed for its university and its many outstanding historic buildings, the volume presents in mapped form the history of its topographical development. From its prehistoric setting, through its contentious Anglo-Saxon foundation, the medieval establishment of its university, and its sporadic growth after that, the Atlas charts how it became a nineteenth-century city dominated by colleges, churches, university buildings, and its associated publishing industry.The Atlas is presented as a large-format portfolio containing a series of maps showing the city at key points in its history, many illustrations of its buildings and streets, maps to show its setting, and reproduction early maps of the city. A readable text introduces and explains the maps, giving the reader a thorough grounding in how and why Oxford developed, and an explanation of its changing fortunes. A supplementary chapter brings the situation up to date.Whilst many histories of the university have been written, the Atlas concentrates on the topographic development of Oxford as a settlement, and explains it in mapped form. A comprehensive gazetteer lists every building and street shown on the maps, with a short history and references for further reading.Trade ReviewIt is a serious work of top-quality scholarship … I for one will find the Atlas to be of immense value for my own research, and congratulate all concerned on the production of this magnificent work. * Current Archaeology *Presented as a large-format portfolio, the atlas contains fold-out maps showing the city at key points in its history, many illustrations of its buildings and streeets, maps to show its setting, and reproduction early maps of the city. * Oxford Civic Society *Table of ContentsPreface A note on cartography abbreviations General introduction Prehistoric and Roman Oxford Anglo-Saxon Oxford Medieval Oxford Early Modern Oxford Modern Oxford: 1771-1900 Afterword Gazetteer Bibliography sources of maps, plates and figures

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Book SynopsisFrom the Early Neolithic farm at Knap of Howar to the flamboyant chapel built by Italian prisoners of war in the 1940s, the Orkney Islands are amazingly rich in historic and prehistoric sites. At their centre is a cluster of spectacular Neolithic monuments - domestic, ceremonial and burial - now inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Orkney later became a flourishing Norse centre, with St Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall as its striking centrepiece. The palaces of the notorious Stewart earls also survive as a relic of Renaissance grandeur; while later periods have left evidence of industry, war and worship. In this extensively illustrated guide, Orkney-based archaeologist Caroline Wickham-Jones introduces more than 60 monuments in concise and accessible terms, set in context by a brief history of the islands. A site location directory is also included.

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Book SynopsisEgyptian coffins stand out in museums’ collections for their lively and radiant appearance. As an involucre of the mummy, coffins played a key-role by protecting the body and at the same time, integrating the deceased in the afterlife. The paramount importance of these objects and their purpose is detected in the ways they changed through time. For more than three thousand years, coffins and tombs had been designed to assure in the most efficient way possible a successful outcome for the difficult transition to the afterlife.This book examines twelve non-royal tombs found relatively intact, from the plains of Saqqara to the sacred hills of Thebes. These almost undisturbed burial sites managed to escape ancient looters and became adventurous events of the Egyptian archaeology. These discoveries are described from the Mariette’s exploration of the Mastaba of Ti in Saqqara to Schiaparelli’s discovery of the Tomb of Kha and Merit in Deir el-Medina.Each one of these sites unveil before our eyes a time capsule, where coffins and tombs were designed together as part of a social, political, and religious order. From the Pre-dynastic times to the decline of the New Kingdom, this book explores each site revealing the interconnection between mummification practices, coffin decoration, burial equipment, tomb decoration and ritual landscapes. Through this analysis, the author aims to point out how the design of coffins changed through time in order to empower the deceased with different visions of immortality. By doing so, the study of coffins reveal a silent revolution which managed to open to the common men and women horizons of divinity previously reserved to the royal sphere. Coffins thus show us how identity was forged to create an immortal and divine self.Trade ReviewThe author has a gift for vivid writing and he writes apssionately about a subject close to his heart. […] I would not hesitate to call it a good book and I wish it a wide readership. * Chronique d'Egypte *This well-illustrateed publication is a stimulating read and contains a wealth of information relating to funerary practices and their development through the Pharaonic age […] a very useful addition to any Egyptology bookshelf. * Ancient Egypt Magazine *Table of ContentsList of figures Preface 1. A dwelling by the Nile: The Predynastic grave of “Gebelein Man A” 2. On the path to Sokar: Solar splendours in the Mastaba of Ti 3. Facing the sun: The shaft tomb of Senebtisi 4. Flying back home: The grave of the “Gurnah Queen” 5. A house on the edge of the world: The Tomb of Kha and Merit (TT 8) 6. The Garden of Heaven: The family tomb of Sennedjem (TT 1) 7. The healing light: The burial assemblage of the priestess Tabasety 8. The divine brotherhood: The Tomb of the Priests of Amun 9. Conclusion Bibliography

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Book SynopsisDid the Exodus occur? This question has been asked in biblical scholarship since its origin as a modern science. The desire to resolve the question scientifically was a key component in the funding of archaeological excavations in the nineteenth century. Egyptian archaeologists routinely equated sites with their presumed biblical counterpart. Initially, it was taken for granted that the Exodus had occurred. It was simply a matter of finding the archaeological data to prove it. So far, those results have been for naught.The Exodus: An Egyptian Story takes a very real-world approach to understanding the Exodus. It is not a story of cosmic spectaculars that miraculously or coincidentally occurred when a people prepared to leave Egypt. There are no special effects in the telling of this story. Instead, the story is told with real people in the real world doing what real people do.Peter Feinman does not rely on the biblical text and is not trying to prove that the Bible is true. He places the Exodus within Egyptian history based on the Egyptian archaeological record. It is a story of the rejection of the Egyptian cultural construct and defiance of Ramses II. Egyptologists, not biblical scholars, are the guides to telling the Exodus story. What would you expect Ramses II to say after he had been humiliated? If there is an Egyptian smoking gun for the Exodus, how would you recognize it? To answer these questions requires us to take the Exodus seriously as a major event at the royal level in Egyptian history.Trade ReviewThe book is a reminder that myths and legends survive far longer than historical facts and can even shape the destinies of people living three millennia later. ⭐⭐⭐⭐ * Fortean Times *Table of Contents1. The Egyptological Search for the Exodus 2. Egypt, Egyptology, and the Exodus: The Egyptian Cultural Construct 3. The Hyksos: The People of the 400 Year Sojourn 4. The Hyksos: The Triumph and Defeat of Apophis 5. Ramses, the Pharaoh of the Exodus 6. The Exodus 7. Post-Exodus Stress Disorder

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Book SynopsisThe tiny island of Iona has been a vibrant centre of Christian worship since Columba arrived in AD 563. His monastery thrived for centuries, despite repeated Viking raids beginning in 795. Around 1200, the abbey and nunnery were founded, introducing new forms of worship and new buildings, while still welcoming pilgrims to St Columba’s shrine. Even after the Protestant Reformation of 1560 brought an end to Scotland’s monasteries, Iona served briefly as a Cathedral of the Isles. Restoration of the buildings began in 1899, and in 1938 the Iona Community was formed, revitalising the abbey’s spiritual role. This unique site bears witness to a long history of religious practice that still flourishes today.

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Book SynopsisExploring Celtic Origins is the fruit of collaborative work by researchers in archaeology, historical linguistics, and archaeogenetics over the past ten years. This team works towards the goal of a better understanding of the background in the Bronze Age and Beaker Period of the people who emerge as Celts and speakers of Celtic languages documented in the Iron Age and later times. Led by Sir Barry Cunliffe and John Koch, the contributors present multidisciplinary chapters in a lively user-friendly style, aimed at accessibility for workers in the other fields, as well as general readers. The collection stands as a pause to reflect on ways forward at the moment of intellectual history when the genome-wide sequencing of ancient DNA (a.k.a. ‘the archaeogenetic revolution’) has suddenly changed everything in the study of later European prehistory. How do we deal with what appears to be an irreversible breach in the barrier between science and the humanities? Exploring Celtic Origins includes colour maps and illustrations and annotated Further Reading for all chapters.Trade ReviewThis is a complex, important book […] the volume is laudable in setting out some clear hypotheses that can be explored in further research. * Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society *All ancient linguists and prehistorians need to read this volume. * Archaeological Journal *

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Book SynopsisTumshie is the Halloween story of a dad and son making old fashioned Halloween lanterns and a costume together. The story is set today in Scotland, and it's inspired by how a Scottish Halloween used to be celebrated. Back when Halloween meant 'guising' (today that is trick or treating) and 'dooking for apples' (bobbing for apples) and carving out a tumshie (Scots for turnip) was a rite of passage for Scottish children who needed the strength of an ox and the stubbornness of a donkey.

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Book SynopsisThe Great Houses of the prehistoric and early medieval periods were enormous structures whose forms were modelled on those of domestic dwellings. Most were built of wood rather than stone; they were used over comparatively short periods; they were frequently replaced in the same positions; and some were associated with exceptional groups of artefacts. Their construction made considerable demands on human labour and approached the limits of what was possible at the time. They seem to have played specialised roles in ancient society, but they have been difficult to interpret. Were they public buildings or the dwellings of important people? Were they temples or military bases, and why were they erected during times of crisis or change? How were their sites selected, and how were they related to the remains of a more ancient past? Although their currency extended from the time of the first farmers to the Viking Age, the similarities between the Great Houses are as striking as the differences.This study focuses on the monumental buildings of northern and northwestern Europe, but draws on structures over a wide area, extending from Anatolia as far as Brittany and Norway. It employs ethnography as a source of ideas and discusses the concept of the House Society and its usefulness in archaeology. The main examples are taken from the Neolithic and Iron Age periods, but this account also draws on the archaeology of the first millennium AD. The book emphasises the importance of comparing archaeological sequences with one another rather than identifying ideal social types. In doing so, it features a range of famous and less famous sites, from Stonehenge to the Hill of Tara, and from Old Uppsala to Yeavering.Trade ReviewA stimulating review. * British Archaeology *[T]his is wide-ranging and thought-provoking book which should be read by anyone interested in the architecture of European prehistory but equally by early-medieval archaeologists engaged in buildings and their meanings. * Medieval Archaeology *Table of ContentsPART ONE: A PROBLEM SHARED Chapter One ‘Nobody on earth knew of another building like it.’ Chapter Two From Anatolia to Zealand: an A to Z of Great Houses PART TWO: DREAM HOUSES Chapter Three From the foundations Chapter Four Castles in the air PART THREE: SETTING THE HOUSE IN ORDER Chapter Five On a larger scale Chapter Six Social distances Chapter Seven Halls of residence and Halls of Fame Chapter Eight Building societies: a summary and some conclusions

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Book SynopsisSacred Nature: Animism and Materiality in Ancient Religions is the second volume of the series Material Religion in Antiquity (MaReA). The book collects the proceedings of the international online workshop carrying the same title organized by CAMNES, SoRS on 20–21 May 2021. Sacred Nature brings together the perspectives of scholars from different disciplines (archaeology, anthropology, iconography, philology, history of religions) about the notions of nature, sacredness, animism and materiality in ancient religions of the Old and the New World. The contributions highlight various ways of understandings the relationships that occurred between human beings, animals, plants, rivers, deities and the land in the religious life of ancient societies. In particular, each chapter explores entangled aspects of the perception of nature and its other-than-human inhabitants, and contributes to readdress some notions about nature, personhood/agency, divinity/sacrality, and materiality/spirituality in ancient religions and cosmologies. In this line, the book seeks to promote a starkly inter-disciplinary and religious-anthropological approach to the definition of ‘sacred nature’, especially engaging with the analytical category of animism as a fruitful conceptual tool for the investigation of human-environmental relations in the ancient religious conceptions, representations and practices. Dialoguing with animism and drawing upon the question on how an ancient religion happened materially, the volume presents key case studies that explore how nature and its non-human inhabitants were understood, represented, engaged with and interwoven in the sacred and sensuous landscapes of ancients.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Sacred Nature: Animism and Materiality in ancient Religions Anna Perdibon and Nicola Laneri 1. Before Nature: perspectives from new animist world-making Graham Harvey 2. Watercraft as Assemblage in the Western Arctic Erica Hill 3. Between Realms of Being: Signs of Liminality in Ancient Altai Stone Monuments Esther Jacobson-Tepfer 4. In Mantic and Hostile Lands: Surveillance and Mimesis by Divination in the Late Old Babylonian Period Seth Richardson 5. Nymphs or trees? Some remarks on the “animistic” interpretation of Homeric hymn to Aphrodite, vv. 256-272. Doralice Fabiano 6. The dawn of the Potnia. Reception and reinterpretation of an archetypal model in protohistoric peninsular Italy Valentino Nizzo 7. Responsibilities, Obedience, and Righteousness: Other-Than-Human Creatures in the Hebrew Bible Mari Joerstad

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Book SynopsisThis book charts and explains how human activities have shaped and altered the development of soils in many parts of the world, taking advantage of five decades of soil analytical work in many archaeological landscapes from around the globe. The core of this volume describes and illustrates major transformations of soils and the processes involved in these that have occurred during the Holocene and how these relate to human activities as much as natural causes and trajectories of development, right up to the present day. This is done in two ways: first by examining a number of major processes and impacts on the landscape such as Holocene warming and the development of woodland, clearance and agricultural activities, and second by examining the trajectories of these changes in soil systems in different palaeo-environmental situations in several diverse parts of the world. The transformations identified are relevant to prevalent themes of today such as over-development and soil, land and environmental degradation and resilience. The studies articulated relate to Britain, southeastern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, East Africa, northern India and Peru in South America.Table of ContentsPreface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction: Geoarchaeological approaches in archaeology 1.1 Endeavour 1.2 Development of the discipline of geoarchaeology as part of archaeological investigations 1.3 Importance to archaeology 2. Methodological approaches 2.1 Approaches in the field 2.1.1 Landscape to soil-scape 2.1.2 Soils and palaeosols 2.1.3 Formulating research designs 2.2 Basic characterisation techniques 2.2.1 Field prospection and soil/sediment profile description 2.2.2 pH and water quality 2.2.3 Loss-on ignition 2.2.4 Magnetic susceptibility 2.3 More involved techniques 2.3.1 Phosphorus (or phosphate) content 2.3.2 Multi-element analysis 2.3.3 Soil nutrient and fertility status 2.3.4 Micromorphology 2.3.5FTIR, XRF, EDAX, XRD and SEM 2.4 Establishing chronologies: Radiocarbon, OSL and Bayesian statistics 2.5 Scales of resolution 2.6 Soil nomenclature and classification 3. Soil transformation trajectories in temperate European landscapes 3.1 The beginnings to woodland soil development 3.2 Disturbance and degradation of woodland soils 3.3 Agricultural soil development 3.4 Woodland to pasture soils 3.5 Acidification and podzolisation 3.6 Erosion and colluviation 3.7 Alluviation, floodplains and waterlogging 3.8 Wetland soils 3.9 Cumulative soils 4. Soil transformation trajectories in southern Mediterranean landscape systems 4.1 Brown to red Mediterranean soils 4.2 Xeric calcitic soils and soil erosion 4.3 Erosion, alluviation and wadi development 5. Soil transformation trajectories in arid/semi-arid soil systems 5.1 Aridisols 5.2 Colluvial/alluvial systems 5.2.1 The Burj-Masadpur area of the Indus valley, northern India 5.2.2 The central Rio Puerco, New Mexico 5.2.3 The lower Ica valley, southern Peru 5.2.4 The Kerio-Embobut valleys in Marakwet, north-central Kenya 5.3 Terracing and irrigation 5.3.1 Aksum, northern Ethiopia 5.3.2 Konso, southern Ethiopia, 5.3.3 Engaruka, northern Tanzania 5.3.4 Sangayaico in the upper Ica valley, southern Peru 6. Timescales and longevity of soil processes 6.1 Timescales and longevity of soil properties 6.2 Soil horizonation and structural development 6.3 Within-soil illuviation and textural changes: stability, disturbance and erosion 7. Understanding long-term resilience in transformed soils Bibliography Appendices 1. Site gazeteer

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Book SynopsisA showcase of London’s street nameplates – from the curious to the ornate. All around London, you can find a remarkable public archive of lettering in the city’s street nameplates. A unique collection of styles and forms that stretches back to the 17th century, these little labels hide in plain sight – we use their information daily, but too often fail to really notice them. And they aren’t just visual anchors, telling us where we are; but temporal anchors too, telling us where we’ve come from. This expertly curated collection documents the most significant, beautiful and curious street signs, from enamel plates to incised lettering, the simplest cast iron signs to gloriously ornamental architectural plaques. It’s a visual and typographical journey through the history of a great metropolis. Along the way, the fascinating stories behind these unassuming treasures are uncovered, revealing where they came from before being affixed to brick or stone for decades to come. We’re introduced to the iconic nameplates of the City of Westminster, the stunning tiled signs of Hampstead and the revival nameplates of Lambeth, as well as the ghost signs of the no-longer existent NE postal district. London Street Signs is a striking visual record of our collective history that will appeal to design and history enthusiasts alike.Trade Review'Recommended for enthusiasts of London history and graphic design.' * London Historians *'[Hall’s] images, detailed captions and entertaining text made me look at street signs with a renewed aesthetic appreciation and curiosity.' -- Catherine Croft * C20 Magazine *'Riddled with fascinating stories, themes, and learnings that can be taken from them. … There is no doubt that London Street Signs is, and will remain, the definitive work on this very niche topic.' * Better Letters *'Mr Hall writes in an informative way about an unexpectedly fascinating topic' * Times Literary Supplement * 'An absolute must for type fans – one of THE design books of the year' * Daniel Benneworth *

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Book SynopsisThis is a study of the commemoration of Classical Greek battles, approaching monuments and other mnemonic practices as vital elements in the creation and curation of memories. It analyses the diachronic development of battlefield, sanctuary, and city spaces, as evidenced by archaeological remains and ancient literary sources. In addition, it explores the experience of the commemorative spaces through the application of theories of space, phenomenology, and social memory. Following a biographical approach, the commemoration of each battle is organised into stages of initial commemoration, official monumentalisation, memory curation, memory lapse, and reception.The research has led to several conclusions. While the commemoration of each battle can be divided into stages, these stages are not always discrete. There is variation in the types of commemorations within the stages, dependent on time, surrounding space, and the parties involved. Single commemorations can resonate differently with multiple audiences. The processes within the stage of memory curation lead to the subsequent lapse. The final stage of commemoration for each battle begins with the rediscovery of ancient monuments and continues to this day.The battles of Marathon, Leuktra, and Chaironeia are case studies for three reasons. First, they effectively span the period of Classical Greece (Marathon in 490 BCE to Chaironeia in 338 BCE). Secondly, these battles had different participants, thus allowing a variety of perspectives of both the victorious and the defeated. Lastly, these were battles that left lasting impacts in the material and literary record, making their commemoration relevant not only in antiquity, but also in the modern world.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. The Battlefield of Marathon 3. The Battlefield of Leuktra 4. The Battlefield of Chaironeia 5. The Commemoration of Classical Battles in Extramural Sanctuaries 6. The Commemoration of Classical Battles in City Spaces 7. Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThis volume explores the part played by different metals in use from the fourth millennium BC to the Early Iron Age, not only in the Aegean but also in the wider Old World. It addresses the divergent uses and roles of different metals, the interrelationships of these roles and the changing values that may have been accorded to them at different times and in different places by producers and consumers. Individually, the papers in the volume contemplate the particular properties of different metals and the various issues concerning their frequent under-representation in the archaeological (but not necessarily textual) record, and also point out comparative and diachronic perspectives that may have the ability to offer insights into their important roles in wider cultural and historical changes over a period of several millennia. After the Introduction and Chapter 1, which reflects on some of the parameters involved in the term ‘precious’ as applied to metals, the remaining six chapters cover the Aegean and the networks that link the Aegean with Italy, Cyprus and the Near East more generally, and south-east Anatolia and the Caucasus. Between them they discuss the beginnings of regular iron metallurgy, the uses of and attitudes to gold, silver and bronze and other copper-based alloys at various times between the fourth millennium BC and the Early Iron Age.Table of ContentsList of Contributors Precious Circuits: Introduction Toby Wilkinson and Susan Sherratt 1. Precious Metal Values: Reflecting on Colours, Agency, and Domination Toby C. Wilkinson 2. Interaction, Gold, and Power: Contrasting Stories from Tombs across the East Mediterranean ca. 2000–1800 BC Borja Legarro Herrera 3. Greek Silver before Coinage: Medium of Exchange, Means of Wealth Accumulation, or Commodity? Susan Sherratt 4. The Sword and the Axe. Symbols of Value in the Bronze Age Social and Economic Exchange Networks Linking the Aegean to Italy within a Diachronic Perspective Elisabetta Borgna 5. The Development of Ironworking in the 12th and 11th Centuries in Cyprus Joanna Palermo 6. Provinces of Innovation. On the Introduction of Iron in the Near East Christopher Pare 7. Graves of Power. Circulation of Elite Strategies between Caucasus and South-eastern Anatolia in the Dawn of the Bronze Age Martina Massimino

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Book SynopsisThis is a fascinating combination of biographical material about the great Scottish engineer Thomas Telford (1757-1834), and a modern travelogue that revisits the places in the Highlands and Islands where he worked over a period of 20 years. Scotland was provided with desperately-needed civil infrastructure - nearly 1000 miles of roads, 1200 bridges, many harbours, and the monumental Caledonian Canal. Telford's programme of work was one of the greatest sustained efforts by any individual in the years of Britain's industrial revolution. And yet it is little celebrated in Scotland, let alone the rest of Britain and the wider world. After working in England and Wales for nearly 20 years, Telford was called back to his native land to address huge problems in the Highlands and Islands. These included unemployment, depopulation, Highlanders dispirited by poverty and suppression following the two Jacobite uprisings, compounded by living in mountainous regions almost totally isolated from the rest of Scotland. Thomas Telford has been widely painted as a brilliant engineer totally devoted to his work, a somewhat one-dimensional character. However, the author shows him differently, as a man of the Scottish Enlightenment, a rounded character with a love of poetry and the natural world, a good companion and a generous friend. A Scotsman Returns reveals him as a person who, in spite of the humblest start in life, displayed great social skills in his dealings with Scots both haughty and humble during his 20-year commitment to the Highlands and Islands. The author retraces an extensive Highland Tour made by Telford and the Poet Laureate, Robert Southey, in 1819. The two men were drawn together by Telford's love of poetry and Southey's admiration of the engineer's remarkable work in the Highlands. Southey kept a journal of the tour, which remained unpublished for a century and is still not widely known. Comments on the places they visited, the sights they saw, their social interactions, and Southey's intelligent interest in Telford's roadmaking, bridgebuilding and, above all, the Caledonian Canal are featured. Telford's work in other areas of the Highlands and Islands is also covered, principally in Caithness, Sutherland, and the Hebridean Islands. There are further discussions of the social and political environment in which Telford operated, including the Highland Clearances. This travelogue, beautifully illustrated in full colour with over 100 photographs of Telford's surviving infrastructure, is complemented with modern views of the places where he worked. A Scotsman Returns is a wonderful collection of Telford's remarkable achievements and will encourage readers worldwide to explore the routes followed by Telford as he developed Highland infrastructure.

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Book SynopsisToday the Upper Thames Valley is a region of green pastures and well-managed farmland, interspersed with pretty villages and intersected by a meandering river. The discovery in 1989 of a mammoth tusk in river gravels at Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire, revealed the very different ancient past of this landscape. Here, some 200,000 years ago, mammoths, straight-tusked elephants, lions, and other animals roamed across grasslands with scattered trees, occasionally disturbed by small bands of Neanderthals. The pit where the tusk was discovered, destined to become a waste disposal site, provided a rare opportunity to conduct intensive excavations that extended over a period of 10 years. This work resulted in the recording and recovery of more than 1500 vertebrate fossils and an abundance of other biological material, including insects, molluscs, and plant remains, together with 36 stone artefacts attributable to Neanderthals. The well-preserved plant remains include leaves, nuts, twigs and large oak logs. Vertebrate remains notably include the most comprehensive known assemblage of a distinctive small form of the steppe mammoth, Mammuthus trogontherii, that is characteristic of an interglacial period equated with marine isotope stage 7 (MIS 7). Richly illustrated throughout, Mammoths and Neanderthals in the Thames Valley offers a detailed account of all these finds and will be of interest to Quaternary specialists and students alike.Table of ContentsList of Figures ; List of Tables ; Preface ; Introduction ; The excavations ; Geological context of the Stanton Harcourt Channel ; Evidence for the Contemporaneity of Bones, Wood, Molluscs and Artefacts ; Stratigraphy and sedimentology ; Bones assemblages at their death sites ; The context of wood, fresh-water molluscs and other environmental material at the excavation site ; The presence of hominins ; Dating The Stanton Harcourt Channel Deposits ; Absolute dating ; Biostratigraphy ; The Mammoths ; The compostion of the mammoth assemblage ; The sex of the Stanton Harcourt mammoths ; Interpreting the mammoth remains: death, carcass dispersal and the effect of the river ; Population structure of the Stanton Harcourt mammoth assemblage ; Large Vertebrates other than Mammoths at Stanton Harcourt ; The carnivores ; The herbivores ; Small vertebrates ; The Climatic and Environmental Evidence ; Wood and other vegetation as climatic indicators ; Climatic interpretation of the molluscs ; Large vertebrates as climatic indicators ; The local environment - wood and other vegetation ; Insects and the environment ; Molluscs and the local environment ; Vertebrates and the environment ; The Artefacts ; Descriptions of the artefacts ; Artefacts from the wider context near Stanton Harcourt ; The Stanton Harcourt artefacts and other British assemblages ; Neanderthals in the Thames Valley ; References

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Book SynopsisPaisajes, espacios y materialidades: arqueología rural altomedieval en la península ibérica reúne una selección de los trabajos presentados tras la primera edición del EMCAM - Early Medieval Countryside Archaeological Meetings (Castelo de Vide, mayo 2019), organizado por el Instituto de Estudios Medievales (IEM – NOVA FCSH) y la Cámara Municipal de Castelo de Vide (Portugal). Las últimas décadas de trabajo de campo e investigación arqueológicas han demostrado la relevancia de los paisajes rurales para el análisis de los procesos de cambio tras la desarticulación de la estructura imperial romana. En este volumen, se reúnen las contribuciones de investigadores clave en la arqueología campesina altomedieval, especialmente en los territorios del cuadrante noroccidental de la Península, ofreciendo una imagen multiescalar de las principales líneas de investigación en curso. Los diferentes capítulos recogen reflexiones teóricas, enfoques metodológicos, estudios de colecciones cerámicas y aproximaciones a la bioantropología, antracología y carpología de diferentes yacimientos, ofreciendo contextos inéditos, revisiones críticas y síntesis regionales. Avanzar en la reconstrucción de los procesos históricos de las comunidades campesinas altomedievales requiere, simultáneamente, generar conocimiento detallado sobre yacimientos y territorios concretos y promover espacios de debate y reflexión que permitan dar continuidad a esas lecturas. Este libro tiene como objetivo hacer precisamente eso.Table of ContentsIntroducción (Sara PRATA, Fabián CUESTA-GÓMEZ y Catarina TENTE) ; PARTE I: REFLEXIONES TEÓRICAS Y METODOLÓGICAS ; 01: La diversidad de las formas de asentamiento rural en la Hispania post-romana y altomedieval: reflexiones y retos (Alfonso VIGIL-ESCALERA) ; 02: Nuevas líneas de investigación abiertas para el estudio de las comunidades rurales de la Alta Edad Media en la cornisa cantábrica (Pablo LÓPEZ GÓMEZ, Santiago RODRÍGUEZ PÉREZ, Margarita FERNÁNDEZ MIER) ; 03: Arqueología de los despoblados medievales y los lugares habitados en el País Vasco. Historias compartidas y puntos de inflexión (Juan Antonio QUIRÓS CASTILLO) ; PARTE II: TERRITORIOS EN TRANSICIÓN Y CREACIÓN DE NUEVOS PAISAJES ; 04: El mundo rural en el corazón de la Lusitania altomedieval. Variables e invariables en el caso de Egitania (ss. IV–VIII) (Tomás CORDERO RUIZ) ; 05: Las aldeas, protagonistas de la transformación del paisaje rural durante el period altomedieval en la Cuenca Alta del Manzanares (Madrid, España) (Fernando COLMENAREJO GARCÍA, Rosario GÓMEZ OSUNA, Elvira GARCÍA ARAGÓN, Alfonso POZUELO RUANO) ; 06: Farming and local economy in the early medieval countryside (Castelo de Vide, Portugal) (Sara PRATA, Fabián CUESTA-GÓMEZ) ; 07: Estructuras agrarias altomedievales: prensas, molinos de aceite y lagares (Yolanda PEÑA CERVANTES) ; 08: Agriculture, gathering, and food processing in the 10th century in central-north Portugal (Catarina TENTE, Luís SEABRA, João Pedro TERESO) ; 09: Paleobiology of early medieval populations from the northeast of Trás-os-Montes (Portugal) (Sofia TERESO) ; PARTE III: ALGUNOS CASOS DE ESTUDIO: ESPACIOS TRANSFORMADOS, NUEVOS ESPACIOS ; 10: El paisaje rural tardoantiguo y altomedieval en torno a la antigua villa romana de Balazote (Albacete, España): detección y primeras reflexiones (Julia SARABIA-BAUTISTA) ; 11: The fate of villae: the example of Horta da Torre (Fronteira) (André CARNEIRO) ; 12: Una nueva lectura del yacimiento tardo-antiguo de Vale da Bexiga: revisitando la investigación arqueológica en Castelo de Vide (1971–1997) (Fabián CUESTA-GÓMEZ, Sara PRATA, João MAGUSTO, Miguel NUNES, José REBELO) ; 13: Un asentamiento campesino en los confinesde la Meseta del Duero: El Pueblito (siglos VII–VIII) (Rubén RUBIO DÍEZ, Iñaki MARTÍN VISO, Inés Mª. CENTENO CEA) ; 14: El yacimiento arqueológico de Agicampe I (Loja, Granada). Un asentamiento de primera época andalusí (Alberto GARCÍA PORRAS, Moisés ALONSO VALLADARES) ; PARTE IV: APROXIMACIONES AL ESTUDIO DE LA CULTURA MATERIAL ; 15: Patrones de consumo en los asentamientos campesinos del norte de la Carpetania romana (Jesús BERMEJO TIRADO) ; 16: Los materiales cerámicos de la Dehesa de La Genestosa. Algunas cuestiones metodológicas derivadas del estudio de producciones altomedievales de pastas graníticas (Inés María CENTENO CEA, Iñaki MARTÍN VISO, Rubén RUBIO DÍEZ) ; 17: Estructuras agrícolas y contextos cerámicos de época emiral del arrabal Toledano de la Vega Baja. Los datos de la Parcela R-3 (Yolanda PEÑA CERVANTES, Eva ZARCO MARTÍNEZ, Gonzalo ROMERO GUSTOS) ; 18: The islamic pottery from Senhora do Barrocal (Sátão, Central-Northern Portugal) (Gabriel DE SOUZA, João Luís VELOSO, Catarina TENTE) ; 19: Vilares: de la Antigüedad tardía a la Alta Edad Media (Guilherme CARDOSO, Luísa BATALHA, Rui GIL, Rafael SANTIAGO)

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Book SynopsisBeyond Trawlertown takes a journey through the British distant-water fishery and its port-city connections in an era of disruption. In 1976, defeat in the Anglo-Icelandic Cod Wars saw the British trawling fleet excluded from their traditional hunting grounds. Combining with wider global factors, the move brought an end to long-established trawling practices, with profound social, economic and cultural repercussions. Through a case study of the port of Hull, oral history and archival research explore the challenges, responses and legacy of rapid change. Although the emphasis is on Hull, this is far from a local history. Hull’s position among the world leading distant-water pioneers gives the story international significance. Focusing on memory, lived experience and place, the book goes beyond established narratives. Personal acts of remembering offer cultural perspectives on how global events and marine policy impact upon the seafaring communities that live with the consequences. The Cod Wars signaled an end, yet amid the disruption there were also new beginnings. And in the wake of an active fishery, the rhythms of the past continue to resonate in the negotiation of fishing heritage within the contemporary city. Through the convergence of time, place and memory, this holistic narrative of interweaving stories reveals the intricacies of our human interaction with the marine environment and the aftermath when its threads are broken.Trade Review'This is a fine piece of work, based on extensive archival and oral history research, which makes an important and original contribution.' Dr Graeme Milne, University of Liverpool‘The book’s interdisciplinary approach, drawing on historical analysis, cultural geography and critical heritage studies, is highly welcome. Most refreshing of all, though, is Byrne’s adoption of an oral history methodology to enrich the analysis. Indeed, the real heart of this book lies in the recovery of the voices of the men and women who lived through this troubled period of the city’s long history. Through incorporating their rich oral testimonies, Byrne vividly and evocatively brings to life their lived experiences, and the recollections of the likes of fishers Michael and Thomas and factory worker Margaret add real poignancy to the narrative as their life stories are captured within the book’s pages… Beyond Trawlertown is a vividly-rendered, evocative history that captures the human cost of the decline in Hull’s distant-water fishing industry.’ Robert James, Northern History'Beyond Trawlertown broadly focuses on an unforgiving, dangerous occupation, a seacoast town, technological advances in an industry, and the effect on men from several nations who competed for a rapidly dwindling resource… Jo Byrne's work is a multifaceted textbook of the history and politics of the UK fishing industry, a philosophical essay, and a warning to other prominent fishing ports around the world.' Louis Arthur NortionTable of ContentsList of MapsList of FiguresAbbreviationsGlossary of Fishing and Nautical TermsGlossary of Local TermsPreface: Starting the JourneyChapter One: IntroductionChapter Two: Trawling Lives and Culture – A Portrait up to 1976Chapter Three: A New Fishing World OrderChapter Four: Living Through the AftermathChapter Five: New HorizonsChapter Six: The Life and Death of TrawlertownChapter Seven: RemembranceChapter Eight: Beyond TrawlertownAppendicesAcknowledgementsBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisTwo hundred and thirty four Pembrokeshire villages and hamlets are covered, each with a brief description. As well as information on churches, chapels and sites of interest there are stories of saints, pirates, sea monsters, knights and flying saucers reflecting the county''s varied heritage.

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Book SynopsisThe Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia is a landmark study in the origins of metallurgy. The project aimed to trace the invention and innovation of metallurgy in the Balkans. It combined targeted excavations and surveys with extensive scientific analyses at two Neolithic-Chalcolithic copper production and consumption sites, Belovode and Pločnik, in Serbia. At Belovode, the project revealed chronologically and contextually secure evidence for copper smelting in the 49th century BC. This confirms the earlier interpretation of c. 7000-year-old metallurgy at the site, making it the earliest record of fully developed metallurgical activity in the world. However, far from being a rare and elite practice, metallurgy at both Belovode and Pločnik is demonstrated to have been a common and communal craft activity. This monograph reviews the pre-existing scholarship on early metallurgy in the Balkans. It subsequently presents detailed results from the excavations, surveys and scientific analyses conducted at Belovode and Pločnik. These are followed by new and up-to-date regional syntheses by leading specialists on the Neolithic-Chalcolithic material culture, technologies, settlement and subsistence practices in the Central Balkans. Finally, the monograph places the project results in the context of major debates surrounding early metallurgy in Eurasia before proposing a new agenda for global early metallurgy studies.Table of ContentsForeword ; Stephen J. Shennan ; Evgeniy N. Chernykh ; Acknowledgements ; Authors List ; Part 1. Introduction ; 1. The birth of archaeometallurgy in Serbia: a reflection - Julka Kuzmanović-Cvetković ; 2. The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia: Evolution, organisation and consumption of early metal in the Balkans: an introduction to the project - Thilo Rehren, Miljana Radivojević and Benjamin W. Roberts ; 3. Balkan metallurgy and society, 6200–3700 BC - Miljana Radivojević and Benjamin W. Roberts ; 4. The Vinča culture: an overview - Benjamin W. Roberts, Miljana Radivojević and Miroslav Marić ; 5. Introducing Belovode and results of archaeometallurgical research 1993–2012 - Miljana Radivojević ; 6. Introducing Pločnik and the results of archaeometallurgical research 1996–2011 - Miljana Radivojević ; 7. Excavation methodology for the sites of Belovode and Pločnik - Miroslav Marić, Benjamin W. Roberts and Jugoslav Pendić ; Part 2. Belovode ; 8. Belovode landscape and settlement perspectives - Miroslav Marić ; 9. Belovode geomagnetic data as a proxy for the reconstruction of house numbers, population size and the internal spatial structure - Knut Rassmann, Roman Scholz, Patrick Mertl, Kai Radloff, Jugoslav Pendić and Aleksandar Jablanović ; 10. Belovode excavation results - Miroslav Marić, Benjamin W. Roberts and Miljana Radivojević ; 11. Belovode: technology of metal production - Miljana Radivojević and Thilo Rehren ; 12. Pottery from Trench 18 at Belovode - Neda Mirković-Marić, Marija Savić and Milica Rajičić ; 13. Chronological attribution of pottery from Trench 18 at Belovode based on correspondence analysis - Miroslav Marić and Neda Mirković-Marić ; 14. Belovode: technology of pottery production - Silvia Amicone ; 15. Figurines from Belovode - Julka Kuzmanović-Cvetković ; 16. Ground and abrasive stone tools from Belovode - Vidan Dimić and Dragana Antonović ; 17. Bone industry from Belovode - Selena Vitezović ; 18. Chipped stone industry at Belovode - Elmira Ibragimova ; 19. Chemical and technological analyses of obsidian from Belovode - Marina Milić ; 20. Plant use at Belovode - Dragana Filipović ; 21. Animal remains from the site of Belovode - Ivana Dimitrijević and David Orton ; 22. Belovode: past, present and future - Benjamin W. Roberts and Miljana Radivojević ; Part 3. Pločnik ; 23. Pločnik landscape and settlement perspectives - Miroslav Marić ; 24. Pločnik: geomagnetic prospection data as a proxy for the reconstruction of house numbers, population size and the internal spatial structure - Knut Rassmann, Roman Scholz, Patrick Mertl, Jugoslav Pendić and Aleksandar Jablanović ; 25. Pločnik: excavation results - Miroslav Marić, Jugoslav Pendić, Benjamin W. Roberts and Miljana Radivojević ; 26. Pločnik: technology of metal production - Miljana Radivojević and Thilo Rehren ; 27. Pottery from Trench 24 at Pločnik - Neda Mirković-Marić, Marija Savić and Milica Rajičić ; 28. Chronological attribution of pottery from Trench 24 at Pločnik based on correspondence analysis - Neda Mirković-Marić and Miroslav Marić ; 29. Pločnik: technology of pottery production - Silvia Amicone ; 30. Figurines from Pločnik - Julka Kuzmanović-Cvetković ; 31. Ground and abrasive stone tools from Pločnik - Vidan Dimić and Dragana Antonović ; 32. Bone industry from Pločnik - Selena Vitezović ; 33. Chipped stone industry at Pločnik - Elmira Ibragimova ; 34. Plant use at Pločnik - Dragana Filipović ; 35. Animal remains from the site of Pločnik - Jelena Bulatović and David Orton ; 36. Pločnik: past, present and future - Benjamin W. Roberts and Miljana Radivojević ; Part 4. The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia: A View from the Balkans ; 37. Relative and absolute chronologies of Belovode and Pločnik - Miroslav Marić, Miljana Radivojević, Benjamin W. Roberts and David C. Orton ; 38. The social organisation of the Vinča culture settlements. New evidence from magnetic and archaeological excavation data - Knut Rassmann, Martin Furholt, Nils Müller-Scheeßel and Johannes Müller ; 39. Belovode and Pločnik: site visibility and remotely sensed data - Jugoslav Pendić ; 40. Population size and dynamics at Belovode and Pločnik - Marko Porčić and Mladen Nikolić ; 41. Metallurgical knowledge and networks of supply in the 5th millennium BC Balkans: Belovode and Pločnik in their regional context - Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren and Ernst Pernicka ; 42. The pottery typology and relative chronology of Belovode and Pločnik: concluding remarks - Neda Mirković-Marić and Miroslav Marić ; 43. Pottery technology at the dawn of metallurgy in the Vinča culture - Silvia Amicone, Miljana Radivojević, Patrick Quinn and Thilo Rehren ; 44. Belovode and Pločnik figurines in their wider context - Julka Kuzmanović-Cvetković ; 45. Ground and abrasive stone tools from Belovode and Pločnik: concluding remarks - Vidan Dimić and Dragana Antonović ; 46. Bone tool technology at Belovode and Pločnik - Selena Vitezović ; 47. Chipped Stone industries in the Vinča culture - Elmira Ibragimova ; 48. Geochemical characterisation of chipped stones from Belovode and Pločnik - Enrica Bonato, Martin Rittner and Silvia Amicone ; 49. Belovode obsidian in a regional context - Marina Milić ; 50. Plant consumption at Belovode and Pločnik - Dragana Filipović ; 51. Evidence for animal use in the central Balkan Neolithic across the early metallurgical horizon: the animal remains from Belovode and Pločnik in context - David Orton, Jelena Bulatović and Ivana Dimitrijević ; Part 5. The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia and Beyond ; 52. Balkan metallurgy in a Eurasian context - Miljana Radivojević and Benjamin W. Roberts ; 53. Where do we take global early metallurgy studies next? - Benjamin W. Roberts, Miljana Radivojević and Thilo Rehren

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Book SynopsisOffering an up-to-date historical perspective which should enable readers to fathom how the brutal massacres of 800,000 Rwandese came to pass in 1994, this volume includes a new chapter that brings the analysis up to the end of 1996. Gerard Prunier probes into how the genocidal events in Rwanda were part of a deadly logic - a plan that served central political and economic interests - rather than a result of primordial tribal hatreds, a notion often invoked by the media to dramatize genocide.Trade Review'Prunier's elucidation of [Rwanda's history] seems to me to be beyond praise. He has reconstructed the entire process by which a thorough modern genocide was planned.He has read all the documents. He has interviewed both perpetrators and survivors. He has anatomized the cold process of mass murder in both theory and practice.' - * Christopher Hitchens, Washington Post *'The most thorough treatment of the background to the massacres ... He presents his balanced and painstaking research with clarity and skill, and he shows how the ideological, political, and economic components of Rwanda's human time bomb slowly assembled... A former consultant to the Mitterrand government, Prunier is particularly well informed on the shameful role of the French in helping create the conditions that led to the 1994 explosion.' * Foreign Affairs *'Gerard Prunier's new history of the Rwandan genocide casts this sad moment into the black and white relief of print and commits to memory the struggle of those Rwandans who fell victim to the atrocities of last year's tragedy. His book is a fitting tribute to those who lost their lives, and an important contribution to the work of understanding the complexities of modern conflict.' * The Boston Book Review *

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Book SynopsisThe island of Crete was an important place for cultural and economic exchanges between Greeks and Near Easterners in the Aegean during the 1st millennium BC. Kommos and its temple provided materials that attest the connections between different populations, such as Greeks and Phoenicians. An examination of these objects and those from other Cretan sites such as Knossos, the Idaean Cave and Eleutherna is presented in this book. Moreover, the case of Kommos is compared to other Aegean cult structures with similar characteristics, such as the Sanctuary of Apollo in Eretria, the Heraion of Samos, the temple of Kition in Cyprus and the Temple of Vroulia in Southern Rhodes. These appear to be not just religious spaces but also economic and social meeting points, integrated into networks of commercial districts connected by land and sea routes. The book aims to understand the Phoenician presence and trade in Aegean temples, as well as how Crete shaped its role within the context of Mediterranean trade routes from the East to the West.Table of ContentsAbstract ; Preface and acknowledgments ; Introduction ; Contextual analyses ; Aim and methodology ; The site of Kommos ; The Commercial temple of Kommos ; Temple B ; The commercial district of Kommos ; Observations ; Kommos and its connections within Crete ; Knossos ; Eleutherna ; The Idaean Cave ; Other sites ; Land routes ; General observations on Cretan sites ; Other possible commercial sanctuaries ; Cyprus ; Rhodes ; Samos and the Temple of Hera ; Euboea ; Observations ; Further Eastern and Phoenician presence ; Sea routes ; General observations on commercial temples ; Conclusions ; Bibliography

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Book SynopsisWar and its legacy are traumatic to individuals, communities, and landscapes. The impacts last long beyond the events themselves and shape lives and generations. Archaeology has a part to play in the recording of, and recovery from, such trauma. The Falklands War Mapping Project delivers the first intensive archaeological survey of the battlefields of the Falklands War. The project is pioneering in its inclusion of military veterans as part of the core team and unique in being the first to take veterans back to the battlefields on which they fought. Forty years after the events of 1982, the project provides a detailed assessment of the character, location, and condition of structural features and artefacts. The project also develops understandings of the role played by conflict heritage – and of landscapes, finds, and past events – in the recall of personal and collective memories. This sumptuously illustrated book brings together the perspectives of team members, institutional partners and others. It showcases the varied and important contributions archaeology can make beyond understandings of distant events linked to therapeutic progress, coming to terms with traumatic experiences, living with the past in the present, and forging new memories, relations, and futures.Trade Review‘Forty years after the collective trauma of war, the fighting for personal peace continues. The results of the Falklands War Mapping Project are striking – as this inspirational book shows’ – Lieutenant-General (Ret’d) Sir John Kiszely KCB MC DL ‘This is a remarkable book – at once touching and gripping – that demonstrates not only the value veterans can bring to archaeology but also the value of archaeology to veterans’ – David Shaw CBE, Founder and CEO, The Veterans’ Foundation ‘This book shows not only how archaeology contributes to the well-being of those injured in war, but also provides a series of insights into the problems of interpretation and recording’ – Tim Schadla-Hall, University College London, UKTable of ContentsForeword – Phil Harding ; Acknowledgements ; Introduction – Tony Pollard and Timothy Clack ; Section 1. History and Context ; 1. The Falklands War: Background Context – Timothy Clack and Tony Pollard ; 2. Pebble Island Raid: An Interview with Mark ‘Splash’ Aston – Interviewed by Timothy Clack and Tony Pollard ; 3. Battle of Mount Tumbledown – Tony Pollard and Timothy Clack ; 4. After the Fight: The Return Home – William Spencer ; 5. Life Under Occupation: A Selection of Local Memories – Brian Summers, Rachel Simons, Alan Jones, and Eric Goss ; 6. Memories of Local Resistance – Beth Timmins ; Section 2. Results from the Field ; 7. Conflict Archaeology and the Archaeology of the Falklands War – Tony Pollard and Timothy Clack ; 8. Survey Results from Mount Tumbledown – Tony Pollard, Timothy Clack, and Stuart Eve ; 9. Digital Tumbledown: Drones, Scans, 3D Models – Stuart Eve, Timothy Clack, and Tony Pollard ; 10. Material and Memory: Survey Results from Pebble Island – Timothy Clack, Tony Pollard, and Stuart Eve ; Section 3. Veterans, Community, Art and Wellbeing ; 11. A Scots Guardsman Returns to Tumbledown – Jim ‘Pasty’ Peters ; 12. Psychological Impacts of War: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – Rod Eldridge ; 13. Falkland Islands Museum & National Trust: Curating and Preserving History in the South Atlantic – Emma Goss and Andrea Barlow ; 14. Waterloo Uncovered – Lieutenant Colonel Charles Foinette ; 15. Argentine Archaeology, War Veterans, and Mental Health – Carlos Landa, Juan Leoni, and Sebastián Ávila ; 16. Notes from the Project Artist – Doug Farthing ; 17. War, Weaving, Well-Being – Katie Russell ; Section 4. Project Artworks ; Douglas Farthing ; Katie Russell ; Beth Timmins ; Jake Summers ; Dave Pope ; Sue Luxton ; Falkland Islands Schools

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Book SynopsisEver needed tips on how to sleep next to a snoring spouse? How to convalesce in style? Or the etiquette of staying in a haunted house? This humorous book was originally published in the 1930s as an amusing guide for married couples. Poking fun at wives and husbands in an even-handed manner, it is both witty and quaint, giving a glimpse of middle-class life of a bygone era, but also offering up some universal advice which still rings true today. For example, ‘Choose bedside books for their soporific qualities’, or, ‘one whisky-and-soda on retiring... makes the average man forget the dullest dinner and sends him to bed in a glow of good will.’ With sections on hot-water bottles, robes de nuit, breakfast in bed, the best kind of pillow, sneaking home late and night-time readers, this is the perfect, self-improving gift for your favourite bedfellow.Table of ContentsBediquette 1 In Bed with a Teacher of Manners 3 How to Go to Bed 7 Going to Bed Under Difficulties 17 The Seven Great Problems of Marriage 23 The Seven Pillars of Desertion and Divorce 38 How to Get Up 39 In Bed with a Nice Person 44 How to Invite Somebody to Bed 55 Bed Manners in a Haunted House 58 Suzygophobia 64 The Freedom of the Seas 66 How to Be a Charming Convalescent at Home 71 A Woman’s Best Friend is Her Hot-Water Bottle 88 Bed Manners in a Country House 91 So You Don’t Sleep Well! 106 Advice to Those About to Marry 115

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Book SynopsisWessex is famous for its coasts, heaths, woodlands, chalk downland, limestone hills and gorges, settlements and farmed vales. This book provides an account of the physical form, development and operation of its landscape as it was shaped by our ancestors. Constituting no modern political entity, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom and archaeological province of Wessex' may be defined by its natural resources and connectivity by both land and sea, for its borders include the English Channel and Severn Estuary.Following the tundra environments that dominated south of the ice sheets during the past two million years, the Wessex area experienced dramatic changes in climate, something reflected in its soils and vegetation cover. Humans hunted in the wildwood' established after the Ice Age, then cleared the land for agriculture and settlement in a 6,000 year old process. In more recent times, areas of cultural importance and nature conservation have been established as well as a thr

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