History of science Books

Book SynopsisAddresses a shift in the hierarchy of scientific explanationsTrade Review“Growing Explanations registers the profound shift in many domains of science—from chaos theory to functional genomics—giving epistemological priority to complex and emergent phenomena. Anyone interested in the nature of contemporary science, especially the central role of the computer, will find this a fascinating read.”—Angela N. H. Creager, Princeton University“M. Norton Wise has orchestrated a volume of cutting-edge work exploring the sea change in contemporary models of explanation fueled by advances in computation, simulation, and the new sciences of complexity. The authors illustrate how, across a wide spectrum of disciplines, new strategies based on ‘growing explanations’ to understand the emergent behaviors of systems constructed from the bottom up are replacing the traditional ‘reductionist’ credo of explaining complex phenomena in terms of simple entities. An important and timely volume for anyone interested in science studies.”—Timothy Lenoir, author of Instituting Science: The Cultural Production of Scientific DisciplinesTable of ContentsIntroduction: dynamincs all the way up / M. Norton Wise 1 Part I Mathematics, physics, and engineering Elementary particles? ` 1. Mirror symmetry: persons, values, and objects / Peter Galison 23 Nonlinear dynamics and chaos 2. Chaos, disorder, and mixing: a new fin-de-siecle image of science? / Amy Dahan Dalmedico 67 3. Forms of explanation in the catastrophe theory of Rene Thjom: topology, morphogenesis, and structuralism / David Aubin 95 Coping with complexity in technology 4. From Boeing to Berkeley: civil engineers, the cold war, and the origins of finite element analysis / Ann Johnson 133 5. Fuzzyfying the world: social practices of showing the properties of fuzzy logic / Claude Rosental 159 Part II The organism, the self, and (artificial) life Self-Organization 6. Marrying the premodern to the postmodern: computers and organisms after World War II / Evelyn Fox Keller 181 Immunology 7. Immunology and the enigma of selfhood / Alfred I. Tauber 201 8. Immunology of AIDS: growning explanations and developing instruments / Ilana Lowy 222 Artificial Life 9. Artificial life support: some nodes in the Alife ribotype / Richard Doyle 251 10. The word for world is computer: simulating second natures in artificial life / Stefan Helmreich 275 11. Constructing and explaining emergence in artificial life: on paradigms, ontodefinitions, and general knowledge in biology / Claus Emmeche 301 Afterword 327 Contributors 333 Index 337

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Book SynopsisInvestigates the history and cultural significance of Free Software. By exploring in detail how various practices came together as the Free Software movement from the 1970s to the 1990s, the author shows how it is possible to understand the new movements that are emerging out of Free Software: projects such as Creative Commons.Trade Review“[R]ich with empirical insight and exceptionally well written, Two Bits is delightful to read. I recommend the book to readers interested in open source, technology, and social change. . . .” - Zack Kertcher, American Journal of Sociology“It would be a great pity indeed if anthropologists, assuming they have no interest in software development, were to ignore the subtitle of this book. Because ‘the cultural significance of free software’ takes to heart matters of concern to all anthropologists. . . . They would miss a book that has as much to contribute to the anthropology of law as to the anthropology of religion, both much enhanced by the unusual perspective that emerges from software development. They would also miss a good read.” - Daniel Miller, American Anthropologist“I think Kelty’s book deserves a wide readership — especially among nerds trying to make sense of the past decade, let alone to prepare for the next one.” - Scott McLemee, Inside Higher Ed“Considering the scope of the subject matter, the book is not especially steeped in technical jargon, and is therefore highly readable for a wide and varied audience. Contrary to first impression this book is not specifically directed towards geeks, software code authors, or other computer nerds, although these individuals will find the book informative and inspiring. It also should be read by all those who have positions of influence such as teachers, cultural studies academics, government decision/policy makers and of course members of the legal profession.” - Rob Harle, Leonardo“[A] closely argued, well-defended, painstakingly referenced treatise covering one of the most complex, and possibly least understood, cultural movements of recent decades. . . . [D]eeply engaging.” - John Gilbey, Times Higher Education“In this study of the Free Software/Open Source movement, Christopher Kelty provides a fascinating look into a world that may initially seem arcane to those outside the field, but which illuminates many connections between ‘geek’ culture and the wider world as well. . . . In a moment marked by Wikipedia and Facebook, new connections and forms are emerging every day. Two Bits reaches beyond the technicalities of the Free Software movement to help provide productive ways to think about these non-traditional communities as they are only beginning to imagine themselves.” - Erica A. Farmer, Anthropological Quarterly“Two Bits describes the way those who work and play with Free Software themselves change in the process—engendering what Kelty calls ‘recursive publics’—social configurations that realize the Internet’s non-hierarchical, ever-evolving, and thus historically attuned logic, creatively updating the types of public spheres previously theorized by Habermas and Michael Warner, among others. Two Bits does something similar, pulling readers into an experimental (ethnographic) mode that draws out how Open Source movements have garnered the momentum and significance they have today. The book—on paper and online—quite literally shows how it is done, itself embodying the standards that make Free Software work. Two Bits is critical reading, in all senses.”—Kim Fortun, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute“I know of no other book that mixes so beautifully a deep theoretical understanding of social theory with a rich historical and contemporary ethnography of the Free Software and free culture movements. Christopher M. Kelty’s book speaks to many audiences; his message should be understood by many more.”—Lawrence Lessig, Stanford Law School“[A] closely argued, well-defended, painstakingly referenced treatise covering one of the most complex, and possibly least understood, cultural movements of recent decades. . . . [D]eeply engaging.” -- John Gilbey * Times Higher Education *“[R]ich with empirical insight and exceptionally well written, Two Bits is delightful to read. I recommend the book to readers interested in open source, technology, and social change. . . .” -- Zack Kertcher * American Journal of Sociology *“Considering the scope of the subject matter, the book is not especially steeped in technical jargon, and is therefore highly readable for a wide and varied audience. Contrary to first impression this book is not specifically directed towards geeks, software code authors, or other computer nerds, although these individuals will find the book informative and inspiring. It also should be read by all those who have positions of influence such as teachers, cultural studies academics, government decision/policy makers and of course members of the legal profession.” -- Rob Harle * Leonardo Reviews *“I think Kelty’s book deserves a wide readership — especially among nerds trying to make sense of the past decade, let alone to prepare for the next one.” -- Scott McLemee * Inside Higher Ed *“In this study of the Free Software/Open Source movement, Christopher Kelty provides a fascinating look into a world that may initially seem arcane to those outside the field, but which illuminates many connections between ‘geek’ culture and the wider world as well. . . . In a moment marked by Wikipedia and Facebook, new connections and forms are emerging every day. Two Bits reaches beyond the technicalities of the Free Software movement to help provide productive ways to think about these non-traditional communities as they are only beginning to imagine themselves.” -- Erica A. Farmer * Anthropological Quarterly *“It would be a great pity indeed if anthropologists, assuming they have no interest in software development, were to ignore the subtitle of this book. Because ‘the cultural significance of free software’ takes to heart matters of concern to all anthropologists. . . . They would miss a book that has as much to contribute to the anthropology of law as to the anthropology of religion, both much enhanced by the unusual perspective that emerges from software development. They would also miss a good read.” -- Daniel Miller * American Anthropologist *Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 Part I. The Internet 1. Geeks and Recursive Publics 27 2. Protestant Reformers, Polymaths, Transhumanists 64 Part II. Free Software 3. The Movement 97 4. Sharing Source Code 118 5. Conceiving Open Systems 143 6. Writing Copyright Licenses 179 7. Coordinating Collaborations 210 Part III. Modulations 8. "If We Succeed, We Will Disappear" 243 9. Reuse, Modification, and the Nonexistence of Norms 269 Conclusion: The Cultural Consequences of Free Software 301 Notes 311 Bibliography 349 Index 367

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Book SynopsisInvestigates the history and cultural significance of Free Software. By exploring in detail how various practices came together as the Free Software movement from the 1970s to the 1990s, the author shows how it is possible to understand the new movements that are emerging out of Free Software: projects such as Creative Commons.Trade Review“[R]ich with empirical insight and exceptionally well written, Two Bits is delightful to read. I recommend the book to readers interested in open source, technology, and social change. . . .” - Zack Kertcher, American Journal of Sociology“It would be a great pity indeed if anthropologists, assuming they have no interest in software development, were to ignore the subtitle of this book. Because ‘the cultural significance of free software’ takes to heart matters of concern to all anthropologists. . . . They would miss a book that has as much to contribute to the anthropology of law as to the anthropology of religion, both much enhanced by the unusual perspective that emerges from software development. They would also miss a good read.” - Daniel Miller, American Anthropologist“I think Kelty’s book deserves a wide readership — especially among nerds trying to make sense of the past decade, let alone to prepare for the next one.” - Scott McLemee, Inside Higher Ed“Considering the scope of the subject matter, the book is not especially steeped in technical jargon, and is therefore highly readable for a wide and varied audience. Contrary to first impression this book is not specifically directed towards geeks, software code authors, or other computer nerds, although these individuals will find the book informative and inspiring. It also should be read by all those who have positions of influence such as teachers, cultural studies academics, government decision/policy makers and of course members of the legal profession.” - Rob Harle, Leonardo“[A] closely argued, well-defended, painstakingly referenced treatise covering one of the most complex, and possibly least understood, cultural movements of recent decades. . . . [D]eeply engaging.” - John Gilbey, Times Higher Education“In this study of the Free Software/Open Source movement, Christopher Kelty provides a fascinating look into a world that may initially seem arcane to those outside the field, but which illuminates many connections between ‘geek’ culture and the wider world as well. . . . In a moment marked by Wikipedia and Facebook, new connections and forms are emerging every day. Two Bits reaches beyond the technicalities of the Free Software movement to help provide productive ways to think about these non-traditional communities as they are only beginning to imagine themselves.” - Erica A. Farmer, Anthropological Quarterly“Two Bits describes the way those who work and play with Free Software themselves change in the process—engendering what Kelty calls ‘recursive publics’—social configurations that realize the Internet’s non-hierarchical, ever-evolving, and thus historically attuned logic, creatively updating the types of public spheres previously theorized by Habermas and Michael Warner, among others. Two Bits does something similar, pulling readers into an experimental (ethnographic) mode that draws out how Open Source movements have garnered the momentum and significance they have today. The book—on paper and online—quite literally shows how it is done, itself embodying the standards that make Free Software work. Two Bits is critical reading, in all senses.”—Kim Fortun, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute“I know of no other book that mixes so beautifully a deep theoretical understanding of social theory with a rich historical and contemporary ethnography of the Free Software and free culture movements. Christopher M. Kelty’s book speaks to many audiences; his message should be understood by many more.”—Lawrence Lessig, Stanford Law School“[A] closely argued, well-defended, painstakingly referenced treatise covering one of the most complex, and possibly least understood, cultural movements of recent decades. . . . [D]eeply engaging.” -- John Gilbey * Times Higher Education *“[R]ich with empirical insight and exceptionally well written, Two Bits is delightful to read. I recommend the book to readers interested in open source, technology, and social change. . . .” -- Zack Kertcher * American Journal of Sociology *“Considering the scope of the subject matter, the book is not especially steeped in technical jargon, and is therefore highly readable for a wide and varied audience. Contrary to first impression this book is not specifically directed towards geeks, software code authors, or other computer nerds, although these individuals will find the book informative and inspiring. It also should be read by all those who have positions of influence such as teachers, cultural studies academics, government decision/policy makers and of course members of the legal profession.” -- Rob Harle * Leonardo Reviews *“I think Kelty’s book deserves a wide readership — especially among nerds trying to make sense of the past decade, let alone to prepare for the next one.” -- Scott McLemee * Inside Higher Ed *“In this study of the Free Software/Open Source movement, Christopher Kelty provides a fascinating look into a world that may initially seem arcane to those outside the field, but which illuminates many connections between ‘geek’ culture and the wider world as well. . . . In a moment marked by Wikipedia and Facebook, new connections and forms are emerging every day. Two Bits reaches beyond the technicalities of the Free Software movement to help provide productive ways to think about these non-traditional communities as they are only beginning to imagine themselves.” -- Erica A. Farmer * Anthropological Quarterly *“It would be a great pity indeed if anthropologists, assuming they have no interest in software development, were to ignore the subtitle of this book. Because ‘the cultural significance of free software’ takes to heart matters of concern to all anthropologists. . . . They would miss a book that has as much to contribute to the anthropology of law as to the anthropology of religion, both much enhanced by the unusual perspective that emerges from software development. They would also miss a good read.” -- Daniel Miller * American Anthropologist *Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 Part I. The Internet 1. Geeks and Recursive Publics 27 2. Protestant Reformers, Polymaths, Transhumanists 64 Part II. Free Software 3. The Movement 97 4. Sharing Source Code 118 5. Conceiving Open Systems 143 6. Writing Copyright Licenses 179 7. Coordinating Collaborations 210 Part III. Modulations 8. "If We Succeed, We Will Disappear" 243 9. Reuse, Modification, and the Nonexistence of Norms 269 Conclusion: The Cultural Consequences of Free Software 301 Notes 311 Bibliography 349 Index 367

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Book SynopsisTraces immunity's migration from politics and law into the domains of medicine and science. Offering a genealogy of the concept, this book illuminates a complex of thinking about modern bodies which percolates through European political, legal, philosophical, economic, governmental, scientific, and medical discourses.Trade Review“Ed Cohen offers a provocative and demanding account of what he calls the ‘back story’ of the apotheosis of the modern body through the thought provoking trajectory of immunity as an unquestioned metaphor that unreflectively incorporates juridico-political assumptions. . . . A Body Worth Defending has much to offer the diligent reader, who is interested in tracing modernity’s genealogy and its shape-shifting over time in its understanding of the nature of the human and its present manifestation as a biological phenomena separated and distinct from the environment. ” - C. F. Black, Leonardo“[W]ith a decisive reading of Foucault, a well-researched insight into contemporary biopolitics and immunity, both philosophically and scientifically, and an historical genealogy of these topics that has no current rival, there is little doubt this work will have longstanding status.” - Elliot A. Jarbe, Foucault Studies“A Body Worth Defending presents an erudite analysis of immunity that elucidates complex theoretical ideas through the patient weaving of historical narrative. Cohen’s text, which in itself constitutes a fascinating historical study, presents a strong, well supported case for how politics insinuates itself into the fabric of our being. This persuasive and timely critique makes an important contribution to political and philosophical engagements with immunology, and to histories of medicine more generally.” - Michelle Jamieson, Social History of Medicine“Ed Cohen’s A Body Worth Defending provides an excellent example of the latter genre. . . . Cohen’s sociopolitical history brilliantly navigates through various nineteenth-century interfaces of the medical and the political domains. . . . A Body Worth Defending reinforces the importance of the idea of immunity to elucidate notions of personal identity in advanced Western societies.” - Alfred J. Tauber, Isis“For those inclined to Foucauldian approaches—and I include myself here—it is a most welcome and thorough study that pushes the Foucauldian corpus further, conceptually and substantively. . . . [T]his book is unsurpassed.” - Alison Bashford, Metascience“Inspired by Michel Foucault’s writings about biopolitics and biopower, Cohen traces immunity’s migration from politics and law into the domains of medicine and science. Offering a genealogy of the concept, he illuminates a complex of thinking about modern bodies which percolates through European political, legal, philosophical, economic, governmental, scientific, and medical discourses from the mid-seventeenth century through the twentieth. . . . In this lively cultural rumination, Cohen argues that by embracing the idea of immunity-as-defense so exclusively, biomedicine naturalizes the individual as the privileged focus for identifying and treating illness, thereby devaluing or obscuring approaches to healing situated within communities or collectives.” - Nelson Santos, VisualAIDS Blog“Ed Cohen provides a breathtakingly original exploration of the ways in which the immunity, a concept defined and complicated through the strange interlocking of biological and medical with legal and political discourses, has come to explain modern bodies, both individual and collective. A brilliant, timely contribution to understanding the biopolitics of illness, contagion and defense.”—Elizabeth Grosz, author of The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution and the Untimely“Ed Cohen’s original epistemological history sheds new light on the taken for granted modern imperative to care for our health by tending our immune systems. This important book reveals in startling and fresh ways the philosophical groundings that made this imperative seem natural.”—Emily Martin, author of Flexible Bodies: Tracking Immunity in American Culture from the Days of Polio to the Age of AIDS“A Body Worth Defending presents an erudite analysis of immunity that elucidates complex theoretical ideas through the patient weaving of historical narrative. Cohen’s text, which in itself constitutes a fascinating historical study, presents a strong, well supported case for how politics insinuates itself into the fabric of our being. This persuasive and timely critique makes an important contribution to political and philosophical engagements with immunology, and to histories of medicine more generally.” -- Michelle Jamieson * Social History of Medicine *“[W]ith a decisive reading of Foucault, a well-researched insight into contemporary biopolitics and immunity, both philosophically and scientifically, and an historical genealogy of these topics that has no current rival, there is little doubt this work will have longstanding status.” -- Elliot A. Jarbe * Foucault Studies *“Ed Cohen offers a provocative and demanding account of what he calls the ‘back story’ of the apotheosis of the modern body through the thought provoking trajectory of immunity as an unquestioned metaphor that unreflectively incorporates juridico-political assumptions. . . . A Body Worth Defending has much to offer the diligent reader, who is interested in tracing modernity’s genealogy and its shape-shifting over time in its understanding of the nature of the human and its present manifestation as a biological phenomena separated and distinct from the environment. ” -- C. F. Black * Leonardo Reviews *“Ed Cohen’s A Body Worth Defending provides an excellent example of the latter genre. . . . Cohen’s sociopolitical history brilliantly navigates through various nineteenth-century interfaces of the medical and the political domains. . . . A Body Worth Defending reinforces the importance of the idea of immunity to elucidate notions of personal identity in advanced Western societies.” -- Alfred J. Tauber * Isis *“For those inclined to Foucauldian approaches—and I include myself here—it is a most welcome and thorough study that pushes the Foucauldian corpus further, conceptually and substantively. . . . [T]his book is unsurpassed.” -- Alison Bashford * Metascience *“Inspired by Michel Foucault’s writings about biopolitics and biopower, Cohen traces immunity’s migration from politics and law into the domains of medicine and science. Offering a genealogy of the concept, he illuminates a complex of thinking about modern bodies which percolates through European political, legal, philosophical, economic, governmental, scientific, and medical discourses from the mid-seventeenth century through the twentieth. . . . In this lively cultural rumination, Cohen argues that by embracing the idea of immunity-as-defense so exclusively, biomedicine naturalizes the individual as the privileged focus for identifying and treating illness, thereby devaluing or obscuring approaches to healing situated within communities or collectives.” -- Nelson Santos * VisualAIDS Blog *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Opening Up a Few Concepts: Introductory Ruminations 1 1. Living Before and Beyond the Law, or A Reasonable Organism Defends Itself 32 2. A Body Worth Having, or A System of Natural Governance 68 3. A Policy called Milieu, or The Human Organism's Vital Space 130 4. Incorporating Immunity, or The Defensive Poetics of Modern Medicine 206 Conclusion: Immune Communities, Common Immunities 269 Notes 283 Bibliography 323 Index 359

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Book SynopsisThis volume models a new path where historicized and cultural accounts of scientific practice retain their specificity and complexity without falling into the traps of cultural essentialism, examining issues that range from the history of quadratic equations in China to the studying of employment discrimination in the social sciences.Trade Review"This wide-ranging and thought-provoking collection of essays from leading historians and philosophers of science focuses on how culture informs the study of the history of science.... Although intended for an audience of historians and philosophers of science, as well as social and cultural historians, the book will also be a valuable resource for science studies, anthropology, feminist studies, and a host of other academic specialties concerned with epistemology or historiography.... Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above; researchers and faculty." -- T. Timmons * Choice *"Cultures without Culturalism is an important work in the history, sociology, and philosophy of science. The book does a service to our field by advancing the discussions on scientific cultures, a long-standing topic, to a level that closely engages current historiography and scholarship." -- Chen-Pang Yeang * East Asian Science, Technology and Society *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xi Introduction / Karine Chemla and Evelyn Fox Keller 1 Part I. Stating the Problem: Cultures without Culturation 1. On Invokcing "Culture" in the Analysis of Behavior in Financial Markets / Donald MacKenzie 29 2. Cultural Difference and Sameness: Historiographic Reflections on Histories of Physics in Modern Japan / Kenji Ito 49 3. The Cultural Politics of an African AIDS Vaccine: The Vanhivax Controversy in Cameroon, 2001-2011 / Guillaume Lachenal 69 4. Worrying about Essentialism: From Feminist Theory to Epistemological Cultures / Evelyn Fox Keller 99 Part II. Distinguishing the Many Dimensions of Encultured Practice 5. Hybrid Devices: Embodiments of Culture in Biomedical Engineering / Nancy J. Nesessian 117 6. Glass Ceilings and Sticky Floors: Drawing New Ontologies / Mary S. Morgan 145 7. Modes of Exchange: The Culture and Politics of Public Demonstrations / Claude Rosental 170 8. Styles in Mathematical Practice / David Rabouin 196 Part III. The Making of Scientific Cultures 9. Historicizing Culture: A Revaluation of Early Modern Science and Culture / Koen Vermeir 227 10. From Quarry to Paper: Cuvier's Three Epistemological Cultures / Bruno Belhoste 250 11. Cultures of Experimentation / Hans-Jörg Rheinberger 278 12. The People's War against Earthquakes: Cultures of Mass Science in Mao's China / Fa-ti Fan 296 Part IV. What Is at Stake? 13. E Uno Plures? Unity and Diversity in Galois Theory, 1832-1900 / Caroline Ehrhardt 327 14. Changing Mathematical Cultures, Conceptual History, and the Circulation of Knowledge: A Case Study Based on Mathematical Sources from Ancient China / Karine Chemla 352 Contributors 399 Index 403

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Book SynopsisThis volume models a new path where historicized and cultural accounts of scientific practice retain their specificity and complexity without falling into the traps of cultural essentialism, examining issues that range from the history of quadratic equations in China to the studying of employment discrimination in the social sciences.Trade Review"This wide-ranging and thought-provoking collection of essays from leading historians and philosophers of science focuses on how culture informs the study of the history of science.... Although intended for an audience of historians and philosophers of science, as well as social and cultural historians, the book will also be a valuable resource for science studies, anthropology, feminist studies, and a host of other academic specialties concerned with epistemology or historiography.... Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above; researchers and faculty." -- T. Timmons * Choice *"Cultures without Culturalism is an important work in the history, sociology, and philosophy of science. The book does a service to our field by advancing the discussions on scientific cultures, a long-standing topic, to a level that closely engages current historiography and scholarship." -- Chen-Pang Yeang * East Asian Science, Technology and Society *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xi Introduction / Karine Chemla and Evelyn Fox Keller 1 Part I. Stating the Problem: Cultures without Culturation 1. On Invokcing "Culture" in the Analysis of Behavior in Financial Markets / Donald MacKenzie 29 2. Cultural Difference and Sameness: Historiographic Reflections on Histories of Physics in Modern Japan / Kenji Ito 49 3. The Cultural Politics of an African AIDS Vaccine: The Vanhivax Controversy in Cameroon, 2001-2011 / Guillaume Lachenal 69 4. Worrying about Essentialism: From Feminist Theory to Epistemological Cultures / Evelyn Fox Keller 99 Part II. Distinguishing the Many Dimensions of Encultured Practice 5. Hybrid Devices: Embodiments of Culture in Biomedical Engineering / Nancy J. Nesessian 117 6. Glass Ceilings and Sticky Floors: Drawing New Ontologies / Mary S. Morgan 145 7. Modes of Exchange: The Culture and Politics of Public Demonstrations / Claude Rosental 170 8. Styles in Mathematical Practice / David Rabouin 196 Part III. The Making of Scientific Cultures 9. Historicizing Culture: A Revaluation of Early Modern Science and Culture / Koen Vermeir 227 10. From Quarry to Paper: Cuvier's Three Epistemological Cultures / Bruno Belhoste 250 11. Cultures of Experimentation / Hans-Jörg Rheinberger 278 12. The People's War against Earthquakes: Cultures of Mass Science in Mao's China / Fa-ti Fan 296 Part IV. What Is at Stake? 13. E Uno Plures? Unity and Diversity in Galois Theory, 1832-1900 / Caroline Ehrhardt 327 14. Changing Mathematical Cultures, Conceptual History, and the Circulation of Knowledge: A Case Study Based on Mathematical Sources from Ancient China / Karine Chemla 352 Contributors 399 Index 403

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Book SynopsisExplores how a group of American and British life scientists contributed to gerontology's development as a multidisciplinary field. It examines the foundational biosocial visions they shared. Hyung Wook Park shows how these visions shaped popular discourses on aging, directly influenced the institutionalization of gerontology, and reflected the biases of their founders.

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Book SynopsisUncovers the National and Transnational Negotiation of Expertise, including the Role of Latin American Experts in these ProcessesTrade ReviewItineraries of Expertise is a stimulating collection on the making of expertise and the dialectic of knowledge production and application. The breadth of topics combined with state-of-the-field framing essays give it an intellectual heft that traverses multiple historiographies, from the long Cold War and science and technology studies to political ecology and environment. By following itineraries, the authors blur stubborn distinctions between foreign and domestic, finding experts in unexpected places along the way. More than the sum of its parts, this is a volume that sets an intellectual agenda." —Raymond B. Craib, Cornell University"This collection of papers decenters the study of the relationship between technology, environment and power away from the US and Europe. It examines Latin American scientists, engineers, medical doctors, agronomists and other professional and lay experts who helped to define modernity in their countries, became active participants of larger transnational networks, and sometimes, challenged the imperialistic motivations of superpowers. A sound contribution that intertwines the fields of science and technology studies, Latin American history and environmental history." —Marcos Cueto, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro."As Chastain and Lorek’s outstanding volume shows, we must move beyond the spheres of diplomacy and culture in order to understand fully the Cold War in Latin America. Drawing on science, technology and environmental studies and foregrounding the role of experts and expertise, Itineraries of Expertise shifts the focus onto dams, radios, housing, agricultural experimentation, forest trails, transport infrastructure, NASA, and cows in order to offer new and compelling perspectives on Latin America’s Cold War." —Paulo Drinot, University College London

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Book SynopsisThe idea that a new technology could challenge human intelligence is as old as the warning from Socrates and Plato that written language eroded memory. With the emergence of generative artificial intelligence programs, we find ourselves once again debating how a new technology might influence human thought and behavior. Researchers, software developers, and visionary tech writers even imagine an AI that will equal or surpass human intelligence, adding to a sense of technological determinism where humanity is inexorably shaped by powerful new machines. But among the hundreds of essays, books, and movies that approach the question of AI, few have asked how exactly scientists and philosophers have codified human thought and behavior. Rather than focusing on technical contributions in machine building, The Descent of Artificial Intelligence explores a more diverse cast of thinkers who helped to imagine the very kind of human being that might be challenged by a machine. Kevin Padraic Donnel

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Book SynopsisYet beginning in 1964, about the time of the centenary of Mendel's paper, scholars began to publicly discuss whether Fisher had successfully proven that Mendel's data was falsified.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive philosophical analysis of the use of scientific models in historic and contemporary contexts.

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Book SynopsisExamines the essential role of understanding in the scientific process, through three key topics: understanding and explanation, understanding and models, and understanding in scientific practice.

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Book SynopsisBruno Latour is one of the major figures of contemporary thought. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the Latourian oeuvre, spanning from his early work in the sociology and anthropology of science to his recent philosophy of multiple “modes of existence.”Trade Review"Schmidgen's level-headed and comprehensive survey of Bruno Latour's career offers contemporary readers a desperately needed aid to navigate the multi-pronged and disparate engagements of this important contemporary scholar and public intellectual. Schmidgen excavates the role of exegesis dating from Latour's training in philosophy, showing how it shapes his ethnological studies of the practices of science and his contributions to the sociology of science and science studies, as well as his theorization of the Actor-Network constellation and his recent makeover as a philosopher of "modes of existence." Schmidgen's Latour is a thinker of many faces, and like the Whiteheadian actuality Latour so admires, his thinking comes from prehending the thought of a host other thinkers: thinkers with whom he resonates, like Deleuze and Guattari and Michel Serres, his friend Isabelle Stengers, but also the Catholic philosopher Charles Peguy , the Lutheran theologian Rudolf Bultmann, and the philosoher Etienne Souriau, as well as thinkers from whom he seeks distance, philosophers of historical epistemology like Canguilhem, Pierre Macherey and Dominique Lecourt, the ethnographer Marc Auge, Foucault and Lyotard. What emerges from Schmidgen's portrait is a nuanced and complex understanding of the vicissitudes of Latour's career that will do much to help English-speaking readers get to the heart of what makes Latour tick." -- -Mark Hansen Duke University, author of New Philosophy of New Media "In this accessible study of Bruno Latour's wide-ranging thought, Henning Schmidgen covers the waterfront, from Latour's early writings on exegesis to his recent studies of ecology, technologies, and modes of being. Henning Schmidgen has given us a diagram, as it were, of Latour's ever-evolving work, which Schmidgen always returns to the back and forth between Latour's empirical studies and his reflections on the idea of a network connected particulars without a fundamental root. Along the way, we pass through the landscape of modern french philosophy-Gilles Deleuze and Michel Serres to be sure, but alongside them a panoply of figures from across the disciplinary map-epistemologists, semioticians, sociologists, theologians. A remarkable introduction to the thought of a remarkable thinker." -- -Peter L. Galison Harvard UniversityTable of ContentsContents List of Abbreviations for Frequently Cited Works Introduction 1. Exegesis and Ethnology Studies in Dijon Peguy's Inscriptions The Problem of Repetition Exegeses, Re-readings, Revisions Ideology The Production of Lack 2. The Philosopher in the Laboratory At the Salk Institute Laboratory Reports Guillemin's History High-tech, the Beach, and the Post-structuralists Science as an Agonistic Field The Rhetoric of Science 3. Machines of Tradition Laboratory Life Desks versus Machines History and Construction Take from Science the Idea of Science? 4. Pandora and the History of Modernity Pandora Years The Pasteur Project "Give me a laboratory" Sociology and Bacteriology 5. Of Actants, Forces, and Things Actors and Actants The Politics of Knowledge Irreductionism Interlude with Comte A History of Things 6. Science and Action An Anthropology of Science In the Hinterland of the Texts Great Divides, Large Networks From "Immutable Mobiles" to "Centres of Calculation" Media Studies 7. Questions Concerning Technology The Exegesis of Modernity The Turn to Technology Have We Never Been Post-Modern? Technology - A Mode of Existence The Agonistic Field Strikes Back The Crisis of the Networks 8. The Coming Parliament Assembling Rejoicing Judging Walking Liquefying Summarizing Conclusion Notes Appendix Acknowledgements Bibliography Timeline

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Book SynopsisSystems of Life offers a wide-ranging revaluation of the emergence of biopolitics in Europe from the mid eighteenth to the midnineteenth century. In staging an encounter among literature, political economy, and the still emergent sciences of life in that historical moment, the essays collected here reopen the question of how concepts of animal, vegetable, and human life, among other biological registers, had an impact on the Enlightenment project of thinking politics and economics as a joint enterprise. The volume's contributors consider politics, economics, and the biological as distinct, semi-autonomous spheres whose various combinations required inventive, sometimes incomplete, acts of conceptual mediation, philosophical negotiation, disciplinary intervention, or aesthetic representation.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Systems of Life, or Bioeconomic Politics Richard A. Barney and Warren Montag 1 1. Looking for (Economic) Growth in the Eighteenth Century Christian Marouby 35 2. An African Diasporic Critique of Violence James Edward Ford III 56 3. Rousseau: Vital Instinct and Pity Pierre Macherey 82 4. System and Subject in Adam Smith’s Political Economy: Nature, Vitalism, and Bioeconomic Life Catherine Packham 93 5. Vitalism’s Revolution: John Thelwall, Life, and the Economy of Radical Politics Richard A. Barney 114 6. Writing Generation: Revolutionary Bodies and the Poetics of Political Economy Annika Mann 135 7. William Blake and the Time of Ontogeny Amanda Jo Goldstein 162 8. Concerning Hunger: Empire Aesthetics in the Present Moment Mrinalini Chakravorty 201 9. The Hero Takes a Fall: Gravity, Comedy, and Darwin’s Entangled Bank Timothy C. Campbell 236 List of Contributors 257 Index 261

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction: Systems of Life, or Bioeconomic Politics Richard A. Barney and Warren Montag 1 1. Looking for (Economic) Growth in the Eighteenth Century Christian Marouby 35 2. An African Diasporic Critique of Violence James Edward Ford III 56 3. Rousseau: Vital Instinct and Pity Pierre Macherey 82 4. System and Subject in Adam Smith’s Political Economy: Nature, Vitalism, and Bioeconomic Life Catherine Packham 93 5. Vitalism’s Revolution: John Thelwall, Life, and the Economy of Radical Politics Richard A. Barney 114 6. Writing Generation: Revolutionary Bodies and the Poetics of Political Economy Annika Mann 135 7. William Blake and the Time of Ontogeny Amanda Jo Goldstein 162 8. Concerning Hunger: Empire Aesthetics in the Present Moment Mrinalini Chakravorty 201 9. The Hero Takes a Fall: Gravity, Comedy, and Darwin’s Entangled Bank Timothy C. Campbell 236 List of Contributors 257 Index 261

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface | vii Introduction | 1 Part I: Romanticism, Biopolitics, and Literary Concepts 1. Biopolitics, Populations, and the Growth of Genius | 23 2. Imagining Population in the Romantic Era: Frankenstein, Books, and Readers | 50 3. Freed Indirect Discourse: Biopolitics, Population, and the Nineteenth-Century Novel | 77 Part II: Romanticism and the Operations of Biopolitics 4. Building Beaches: Global Flows, Romantic-Era Terraforming, and the Anthropocene | 113 5. Liberalism and the Concept of the Collective Experiment | 148 6. Life, Self-Regulation, and the Liberal Imagination | 186 Acknowledgments | 231 Notes | 233 Works Cited | 291 Index | 313

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface | vii Introduction | 1 Part I: Romanticism, Biopolitics, and Literary Concepts 1. Biopolitics, Populations, and the Growth of Genius | 23 2. Imagining Population in the Romantic Era: Frankenstein, Books, and Readers | 50 3. Freed Indirect Discourse: Biopolitics, Population, and the Nineteenth-Century Novel | 77 Part II: Romanticism and the Operations of Biopolitics 4. Building Beaches: Global Flows, Romantic-Era Terraforming, and the Anthropocene | 113 5. Liberalism and the Concept of the Collective Experiment | 148 6. Life, Self-Regulation, and the Liberal Imagination | 186 Acknowledgments | 231 Notes | 233 Works Cited | 291 Index | 313

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Book SynopsisSpecialists focus on Hungary's outstanding achievments in various fields, notably technology, literature and the arts, and sport. The volume includes a biographical dictionary, map, and illustrations.

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Book SynopsisFor over two centuries, Western scholars have discussed African philosophy and culture, often in disparaging, condescending terms, and always from an alien European perspective. Many Africans now share this perspective, having been trained in the western, empirical tradition.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisA Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome brings a fresh perspective to the study of these disciplines in the ancient world, with 60 chapters examining these topics from a variety of critical and technical perspectives.Table of ContentsVolume I Contributor Biographies xi Abbreviations xix List of Figures and Maps xxiii Introduction 1 Part I Physics and Cosmogony 11 1 The Creation and Destruction of the World 13Andrew D. Gregory 2 Matter 29Daniel W. Graham 3 Motion and Energy 43Jean De Groot 4 Nature and the Divine 60Svetla Slaveva-Griffin Part II The Mathematical Sciences 77 5 Mathematics 79Reviel Netz 6 Astronomy 96Andrew D. Gregory 7 Astrology 114Kocku von Stuckrad 8 Ancient Optics: Theories and Problems of Vision 130Philip Thibodeau 9 Hydrostatics and Pneumatics in Antiquity 145Matteo Valleriani 10 The Science of Harmonics and Music Theory in Ancient Greece 16Sophie Gibson Part III E arth Sciences 179 11 Hydrology: Ocean, Rivers, and Other Waterways 181Georgia L. Irby 12 Classical Geology and the Mines of the Greeks and Romans 197Paul T. Craddock 13 Greco-Egyptian and Byzantine Alchemy 217Matteo Martelli 14 Meteorology 232Liba Taub 15 Geography 247Duane W. Roller Part IV L ife Sciences 263 16 Greek and Roman Botany 26M. Eleanor Irwin 17 Zoology 281Tiberiu Popa 18 "Ecology" in the ancient Mediterranean 296Georgia L. Irby, Robin McCall, and Anita Radini 19 The Failure of Evolutionary Thinking in Antiquity 313Devin Henry 20 Embryology 329James Wilberding Part V Healing and the Human Body 343 21 Anatomy and Physiology 345Julius Rocca 22 Gynecology 360Lauren Caldwell 23 Surgery 371Frédéric Le BlayTranslated by Todd Black 24 Physicians and "Schools" 386Molly Jones-Lewis 25 Pharmacy 402Molly Jones-Lewis 26 Magic, Curses, and Healing 418Andrew D. Gregory 27 Healing Shrines 434Georgia Petridou 28 Regimen and Athletic Training 450Jason König 29 Epidemiology and Pathology 465Efthymia Nikita, Anna Lagia, and Sevi Triantaphyllou 30 Psychology and Physiognomics 483Arnaud Zucker 31 Anthropology: Knowledge of Man 500Gordon Campbell VOLUME II Abbreviations xi List of Figures and Maps xv Part VI Food Sciences 517 32 Greek and Roman Agriculture 519Philip Thibodeau 33 Animal Husbandry 533Kenneth F. Kitchell Jr. 34 Oil and Wine Production 550Rafael Frankel 35 Cooking and Baking Technology 570John Paulas 36 Food Storage Technology 587Robert I. Curtis 37 Culinary and Medicinal Uses of Wine and Olive Oil 605John F. Donahue 38 Nutrition 618John F. Donahue Part VII T echnology of Human Life 633 39 Greek Public and Religious Architecture 635John R. Senseney 40 Greek Domestic Architecture 656Bradley A. Ault 41 Greek Interior Decoration: Materials and Technology in the Art of Cosmesis and Display 672Hariclia Brecoulaki 42 Roman Monumental and Public Architecture 693Duane W. Roller 43 Roman Domestic Architecture 711Nathalie de Haan 44 Roman Interior Design 730Sarah Lepinski 45 Textile Technology 747Ellen Harlizius-Klück 46 Urban Infrastructure in the Roman World 768Klaus GreweTranslated by Johanna K. Sandrock 47 Siegeworks and Fortifications 784Raffaele D'Amato 48 Arms and Weapons 801Raffaele D'Amato Part VIII Travel 817 49 Greek and Roman Cartography 819Georgia L. Irby 50 Land Transport and Vehicles 836Georges Raepsaet 51 Navigation and the Art of Sailing 854Georgia L. Irby 52 Ships and Boats 870Julian Whitewright Part IX Telling Time 889 53 Greek Calendars 891Laura Gawlinski 54 Roman Calendars 906Robert Hannah 55 Time-Telling Devices 923Robert Hannah Part X Synthesis and Response 941 56 The Crossroads of Hellenistic and Sanskrit Science 943Tejas S. Aralere 57 Roman Responses to Greek Science and Scholarship as a Cultural and Political Phenomenon 958Thorsten Fögen 58 Scientific Encyclopedias 973Katerina Oikonomopoulou 59 Translation and Transmission of Ancient Scientific Texts 988Sonja Brentjes 60 The Reception of Greco-Roman Science in the Renaissance: Assimilation(s), Transformation(s), Rejection, Hybridization 1009Roberto Lo Presti Appendix: Major Writers And Thinkers 1023 General Index 1029 Index of Authors, Thinkers, and Primary Sources 1049 Index of Toponyms 1061

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Book SynopsisA Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome brings a fresh perspective to the study of these disciplines in the ancient world, with 60 chapters examining these topics from a variety of critical and technical perspectives. Brings a fresh perspective to the study of science, technology, and medicine in the ancient world, with 60 chapters examining these topics from a variety of critical and technical perspectives Begins coverage in 600 BCE and includes sections on the later Roman Empire and beyond, featuring discussion of the transmission and reception of these ideas into the Renaissance Investigates key disciplines, concepts, and movements in ancient science, technology, and medicine within the historical, cultural, and philosophical contexts of Greek and Roman society Organizes its content in two halves: the first focuses on mathematical and natural sciences; the second focuses on cultural applications anTable of ContentsContributor Biographies xi Abbreviations xix List of Figures and Maps xxiii Introduction 1 Part I Physics and Cosmogony 11 1 The Creation and Destruction of the World 13Andrew D. Gregory 2 Matter 29Daniel W. Graham 3 Motion and Energy 43Jean De Groot 4 Nature and the Divine 60Svetla Slaveva-Griffin Part II The Mathematical Sciences 77 5 Mathematics 79Reviel Netz 6 Astronomy 96Andrew D. Gregory 7 Astrology 114Kocku von Stuckrad 8 Ancient Optics: Theories and Problems of Vision 130Philip Thibodeau 9 Hydrostatics and Pneumatics in Antiquity 145Matteo Valleriani 10 The Science of Harmonics and Music Theory in Ancient Greece 161Sophie Gibson Part III Earth Sciences 179 11 Hydrology: Ocean, Rivers, and Other Waterways 181Georgia L. Irby 12 Classical Geology and the Mines of the Greeks and Romans 197Paul T. Craddock 13 Greco-Egyptian and Byzantine Alchemy 217Matteo Martelli 14 Meteorology 232Liba Taub 15 Geography 247Duane W. Roller Part IV Life Sciences 263 16 Greek and Roman Botany 265M. Eleanor Irwin 17 Zoology 281Tiberiu Popa 18 “Ecology” in the ancient Mediterranean 296Georgia L. Irby, Robin McCall, and Anita Radini 19 The Failure of Evolutionary Thinking in Antiquity 313Devin Henry 20 Embryology 329James Wilberding Part V Healing and the Human Body 343 21 Anatomy and Physiology 345Julius Rocca 22 Gynecology 360Lauren Caldwell 23 Surgery 371Frédéric Le Blay Translated by Todd Black 24 Physicians and “Schools” 386Molly Jones‐Lewis 25 Pharmacy 402Molly Jones‐Lewis 26 Magic, Curses, and Healing 418Andrew D. Gregory 27 Healing Shrines 434Georgia Petridou 28 Regimen and Athletic Training 450Jason König 29 Epidemiology and Pathology 465Efthymia Nikita, Anna Lagia, and Sevi Triantaphyllou 30 Psychology and Physiognomics 483Arnaud Zucker 31 Anthropology: Knowledge of Man 500Gordon Campbell Part VI Food Sciences 517 32 Greek and Roman Agriculture 519Philip Thibodeau 33 Animal Husbandry 533Kenneth F. Kitchell Jr. 34 Oil and Wine Production 550Rafael Frankel 35 Cooking and Baking Technology 570John Paulas 36 Food Storage Technology 587Robert I. Curtis 37 Culinary and Medicinal Uses of Wine and Olive Oil 605John F. Donahue 38 Nutrition 618John F. Donahue Part VII Technology of Human Life 633 39 Greek Public and Religious Architecture 635John R. Senseney 40 Greek Domestic Architecture 656Bradley A. Ault 41 Greek Interior Decoration: Materials and Technology in the Art of Cosmesis and Display 672Hariclia Brecoulaki 42 Roman Monumental and Public Architecture 693Duane W. Roller 43 Roman Domestic Architecture 711Nathalie de Haan 44 Roman Interior Design 730Sarah Lepinski 45 Textile Technology 747Ellen Harlizius‐Klück 46 Urban Infrastructure in the Roman World 768Klaus Grewe, Translated by Johanna K. Sandrock 47 Siegeworks and Fortifications 784Raffaele D’Amato 48 Arms and Weapons 801Raffaele D’Amato Part VIII Travel 817 49 Greek and Roman Cartography 819Georgia L. Irby 50 Land Transport and Vehicles 836Georges Raepsaet 51 Navigation and the Art of Sailing 854Georgia L. Irby 52 Ships and Boats 870Julian Whitewright Part IX Telling Time 889 53 Greek Calendars 891Laura Gawlinski 54 Roman Calendars 906Robert Hannah 55 Time-Telling Devices 923Robert Hannah Part X Synthesis and Response 941 56 The Crossroads of Hellenistic and Sanskrit Science 943Tejas S. Aralere 57 Roman Responses to Greek Science and Scholarship as a Cultural and Political Phenomenon 958Thorsten Fögen 58 Scientific Encyclopedias 973Katerina Oikonomopoulou 59 Translation and Transmission of Ancient Scientific Texts 988Sonja Brentjes 60 The Reception of Greco‐Roman Science in the Renaissance: Assimilation(s), Transformation(s), Rejection, Hybridization 1009Roberto Lo Presti Appendix: Major Writers And Thinkers 1023 General Index 1029 Index of Authors, Thinkers, and Primary Sources 1049 Index of Toponyms 1061

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Book SynopsisTo help commemorate the 200th anniversary of the New York Academy of Sciences, founded in 1817, this revised edition of Simon Baatz's book Knowledge, Culture, and Science in the Metropolis: The New York Academy of Sciences, 18172017, presents new material on the Academy's activities from 1970-2016. The revised edition weaves the story of the Academy's development with the development of science in New York City and America, from the early 19th century when scientific studies were largely focused on cataloging the natural history of the nascent United States. Chapters retained from the first edition include discussions of how Academy members were prominent in the campaigns to establish New York University in 1831 and the American Museum of Natural History in 1869; the Academy's comprehensive survey of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in 1907 and the resulting published magisterial 19-volumes over the next three decades; and scientific breaTable of ContentsList of Illustrations 2 Preface to the Second Edition 3 Preface to the First Edition 5 Prologue 9 Chapter 1 Science in the Early Republic, 1817-1844 17 Chapter 2 The Struggle for Survival, 1844-1866 63 Chapter 3 A Rivalry for Resources, 1866-1887 99 Chapter 4 Consolidation and Cooperation, 1887-1907 141 Chapter 5 The Puerto Rico Survey, 1907-1934 179 Chapter 6 The Dissemination of Knowledge, 1934-1970 219 Chapter 7 The Modern Era, 1970-2016 249 Selected Bibliography 275 Manuscript Sources 281 Index 283

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Book SynopsisProvides a solid foundation for understanding American agricultural history and offers new directions for research A Companion to American Agricultural History addresses the key aspects of America's complex agricultural past from 8,000 BCE to the first decades of the twenty-first century. Bringing together more than thirty original essays by both established and emerging scholars, this innovative volume presents a succinct and accessible overview of American agricultural history while delivering a state-of-the-art assessment of modern scholarship on a diversity of subjects, themes, and issues. The essays provide readers with starting points for their exploration of American agricultural historywhether in general or in regards to a specific topicand highlights the many ways the agricultural history of America is of integral importance to the wider American experience. Individual essays trace the origin and development of agricultural politics and policies, examine changes in science,Table of ContentsNotes on Contributors ix Introduction 1R. Douglas Hurt Part I Regional 3 1 Native American Agriculture before European Contact 5Gayle Fritz 2 North American Colonial Agriculture 23Taylor Spence 3 Early National America, 1789-1830: Laying the Foundation for Nineteenth-Century Agricultural Growth 37James L. Huston 4 Agricultural Power and Production in Antebellum America 47Kelly Houston Jones 5 Making the Rural Midwest: Commodities and Communities 60J.L. Anderson 6 The Great Plains 75Thomas D. Isern 7 Post-Civil War Southern Agriculture 89Jeannie Whayne 8 Three Eras of California Agriculture: Wheat, Specialty Crops, Cotton 102David Vaught 9 American Indian Agriculture 115David H. DeJong 10 Cities and Agriculture in America 129Andrew C. Baker Part II Science, Technology, and Environment 145 11 The Historians' Corner: American Agricultural Science 147Alan I Marcus 12 Agricultural Technology 161Paul Nienkamp 13 Plant Sciences: A Brief History 175Karen-Beth G. Scholthof 14 A Counterculture Agriculture: Organic Farming in a Commercial Food Age 188David D. Vail 15 Agricultural History's Agroecological Turn 200Mark D. Hersey and Albert G. Way Part III Ethnicity and Gender 213 16 African Americans in Twentieth-Century Agriculture 215Cherisse Jones-Branch 17 Gender and Agriculture 229Sara Egge 18 Migrant Labor 244Nancy Gabin Part IV Politics and Policy 255 19 Evolving Boundaries: "The People's Department" across Three Centuries 257Anne Effland 20 Agrarian Reform: The Grange, the Farmers' Alliance, and Populism 272Connie L. Lester 21 Agricultural Organization in the Twentieth Century: Progressives, Radicals, and Social Activists 286Nancy K. Berlage 22 The Development of American Agricultural Policy 300Jonathan Coppess 23 Irrigation, Reclamation, and Water Rights 314Brian Q. Cannon 24 Consumers, Producers, and the Shifting Logic of Food Safety 327Kendra Smith-Howard 25 Meatpacking 341Wilson J. Warren 26 Agribusiness 354Peter A. Coclanis Part V Culture 371 27 Rural Life 373Megan Birk 28 Agriculture and Art 389Travis Nygard 29 Agriculture in US Literature 409Kathryn C. Dolan 30 The Blues, Country Music, and American Agriculture 421Joseph M. Thompson 31 Agriculture and Film 436Debra A. Reid Bibliography 453Sara E. Morris Index 551

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Book SynopsisA clear and engaging introduction to the philosophy of science, exploring the role of science within the broader framework of human knowledge and engagement with the world What are the central features and advantages of a scientific worldview? Why do even reasonable scientists sometimes disagree with each other? How are scientific methods different than those of other disciplines? Can science provide an objective account of reality? This is Philosophy of Science introduces the most important philosophical issues that arise within the empirical sciences. Requiring no previous background in philosophy, this reader-friendly volume covers topics ranging from traditional questions about the nature of explanation and the confirmation of theories to practical issues concerning the design of physical experiments and modeling. Incisive and accessible chapters with relevant case-studies and informative illustrations examine the function of thought experiments, discTable of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi About the Companion Website xii 1 Pillars of Science: Reasons, Knowledge, and Truth 1 1.1 Epistemic Reasons 2 1.2 Reasoning from Evidence 7 1.3 Knowledge and Truth 11 1.4 Facts, Hypotheses, and Theories 12 1.5 Conclusion 17 2 Evidence, Observation, and Measurement 19 2.1 The Promises of Evidence 19 2.2 Basic Evidence and Derived Evidence 21 2.3 Measurement 26 2.4 Conclusion 31 3 Uses of Evidence 33 3.1 From Observation to Hypothesis 33 3.2 Theory Appraisal 36 3.3 The Demarcation Problem 42 3.4 Conclusion 49 4 Evidence, Rationality, and Disagreement 51 4.1 From Weak to Strong Evidence 51 4.2 Evidence and Rationality 60 4.3 Explaining Scientific Disagreement 63 4.4 Conclusion 69 5 The Nature of Probability 71 5.1 Basics of Probability 71 5.2 Interpretations of Probability 73 5.3 Probabilities as Credences 74 5.4 Epistemic Probabilities 79 5.5 Probabilities as Objective Chances 81 5.6 Probabilities and Defeasible Reasoning 84 5.7 Fallacies 86 5.8 Conclusion 87 6 Do Not Be Misled: Confounds and Controls 88 6.1 Trials and Errors 88 6.2 Treatment and Control 89 6.3 Randomization 94 6.4 Conclusion 99 7 Physical Experiments and Their Design 101 7.1 Historical Remarks 101 7.2 Setting Experimental Parameters 102 7.3 Dependent and Independent Variables 103 7.4 Learning from Experiment 106 7.5 Types of Errors: Pick Your Poison 112 7.6 Relationships between Experiment and Theory 113 7.7 Conclusion 117 8 Experimental Methods That They Don’t Teach 119 8.1 Found and Natural Experiments 119 8.2 Thought Experiments 122 8.3 The Structure and Evidential Value of Thought Experiments 133 8.4 Learning from TEs 136 8.5 The Ubiquity of Thought Experiments 139 8.6 Are Computer Simulations Thought Experiments? 141 8.7 Conclusion 142 9 Models: Useful Lies and Informative Fictions 144 9.1 The Nature of Models 146 9.2 Modelling Techniques 153 9.3 Analogies 156 9.4 Learning from Models 159 9.5 Conclusion 165 10 Causation and Causal Inference 167 10.1 What’s the Problem with Causation? 167 10.2 Hume’s Challenge 168 10.3 Causation as Mere Regularities 170 10.4 Conserved Quantities to the Rescue? 171 10.5 Causation and Manipulation 173 10.6 Conclusion 177 11 Strange Causation – Time Travel and Remote Action 179 11.1 On Influencing the Past 180 11.2 Quantum Mechanics and Locality 191 11.3 Conclusion 196 12 But Is Any of It Real? 198 12.1 Theories and Truth 198 12.2 A Map of the Views 199 12.3 Are Groups Real? 201 12.4 Laws of Nature 205 12.5 Is Everything Real Observable? 208 12.6 Realism vs. Antirealism 213 12.7 Structural Realism 218 12.8 Realism and Explanation 219 12.9 Conclusion 221 13 Explanation and Understanding 223 13.1 The Deductive-Nomological Model 224 13.2 The Causal Model 229 13.3 The Unificationist Model 231 13.4 The Pragmatic Model 234 13.5 What about Realism? 237 13.6 Conclusion 238 14 Fundamental Theories and the Organization of Science 240 14.1 The Layer Cake Model 242 14.2 Classical Reductionism 243 14.3 Functional Concepts 248 14.4 The Functional Model 250 14.5 Emergence 253 14.6 Interdisciplinary Research 257 14.7 Conclusion 259 15 Scientific Progress 262 15.1 Science and Technology 263 15.2 Goals of Science 264 15.3 Reduction in the Limit 265 15.4 How Theories Are Born 266 15.5 What Kind of Progress? 269 15.6 From Theories to Research Programmes 275 15.7 Methodological Anarchism 277 15.8 Incommensurability 279 15.9 Structural Realism and Progress 284 15.10 Conclusion 286 Index 288

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Book SynopsisThe Renaissance Extended Mind explores the parallels and contrasts between current philosophical notions of the mind as extended across brain, body and world, and analogous notions in literary, philosophical, and scientific texts circulating between the fifteenth century and early-seventeenth century.Trade ReviewTable of Contents1. The Extended Mind 2. Extending Literary Theory and the Psychoanalytic Tradition 3. Renaissance Subjects: Ensouled and Embodied4. Renaissance Language and Memory Forms 5. Renaissance Intrasubjectivity and Intersubjectivity6. Shakespeare: Natural-Born Mirrors 7. Shakespeare: Perspectives and Words of Glass Epilogue

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Book SynopsisA concise survey of the field of physics, Grissom's book offers students and professionals alike a unique perspective on what physicists do, how physics is done, and how physicists view the world.Trade ReviewAn excellent book for any student who is interested in learning about what physics really is without needing any math more advanced than high school algebra... A clear and succinct account of what physics fundamentally explains about the universe. ChoiceTable of ContentsA Note to the Reader1. The Ancient Quarrel2. Motion3. To Be or Not to Be4. Atoms and the Void5. Motion Constrained6. How versus Why7. Enter Newton8. The Laws of Motion9. Action at a Distance10. Matter and Light11. Heat and the Arrow of Time12. Who's Really Moving and What's the Correct Time?13. Curved Space and the New Gravity14. What You See Is What You Get15. A Footnote on Quantum Gravity16. Equations That Go Berserk17. The Physicist's WorldSuggested ReadingsIndex

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Book SynopsisEasy to use and filled with addictive-and highly useful-information about the people whose names will be carried into the future on the backs of the world's reptiles, The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles is a handy and fun book for professional and amateur herpetologists alike.Trade ReviewEasy to use and filled with addictive-and highly useful-information... The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles is a handy and fun book for professional and amateur herpetologists alike. -- Ian Paulsen Birdbooker Report Investigates the person behind the names attached to many reptiles... A fun and interesting book for herpetologists and students wanting to know the backgrounds of the pioneers in their field. Wildlife Activist The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles does precisely what it says on the box. It's a dictionary of names appended in various species of reptiles, contemporary and recently extinct alike, with a brief overview of the discoverer and the namesake (since one isn't necessarily the other), plus a list of all that person's eponymous species... A remarkably fun book for dipping into or to skate through looking for notable names. -- Andrew P Street Time Out Sydney This dictionary provides concise information on the 2,330 persons who have had reptiles named after them... An interesting, informative, and easy-to-read book. -- Edmund D. Keiser, Jr. American Reference Books Annual Beolens and co-authors have produced a great book that is fun to read. Notably, they have already published similar books on birds and mammals... and reportedly have a companion volume on amphibians in press. If they live long enough to work through the 30,000 species of fish, a future eponym dictionary of vertebrates may keep saving biologists from buying People magazine for years to come. Herpetological Review It will be useful in all biological collections as the most convenient reference on the subject. Choice Should you buy it? If you're fascinated with the human dimensions of biodiversity, probably; if you're also a logophile, absolutely. -- Tom Herman Canadian Herpetologist [An] interesting, humorous, and stimulating book. -- Alan R. Kabat Archives of Natural History I think that the authors are to be congratulated for the effort that they have put into these books, and for the apparent scrupulousness with which they have pursued their goals. An immense amount of research has gone into the work, tracking down obscure references and re-checking data from the original sources. -- David A. Morrison Systematic BiologyTable of ContentsPrefaceIntroductionThe Eponym Dictionary of ReptilesABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZBibliography

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Book SynopsisSeemanKing Philip's War: Colonial Expansion, Native Resistance, and the End of Indian Sovereignty by Daniel R. MandellThe Caning of Charles Sumner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War by Williamjames Hull HofferBloodshed at Little Bighorn: Sitting Bull, Custer, and the Destinies of Nations by Tim LehmanTrade ReviewWhile the background information on the lives of these two great men is impeccably researched and written, this book is more than a biography of Franklin and Whitefield, but it is a study of their times and the relevance on their writings and teachings on their own culture as well as in today's culture... Very readable and interesting. Book Bargains and Previews This book more than succeeds in achieving its goal of helping students understand and appreciate the cultural and intellectual environment of the Anglophone world. -- Sheila Skemp New England QuarterlyTable of ContentsPrologue: A Momentous Meeting1. A Partnership of Mutual Convenience2. Franklin Becomes a Printer and Whitefield Becomes a Preacher3. Whitefield's Messages of Hope4. Franklin's Essays on Improvement5. A Great Awakening, the Enlightenment, and the Crisis of ProvincialismEpilogue: The Birth of the Modern WorldAcknowledgmentsNotesEssay on SourcesIndex

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