Historical geology and palaeogeology Books

Book SynopsisThe archipelagos of Orkney and Shetland are the products of some of the most dramatic events which have occurred in the Earth’s history. The Shetlands are the eroded roots of a vast mountain range that once soared to Himalayan heights and extended from Scandinavia to the Appalachians. Around 65 million years ago, this mighty chain was split asunder by the shifting of the Earth’s tectonic plates, and the North Atlantic Ocean was formed. In earlier times, the area was occupied by a huge freshwater lake – Lake Orcadie – which existed for almost 10 million years and was home to a wide range of primitive species of fish. Later, during the last Ice Age, the area was completely submerged beneath ice sheets which left an indelible mark on the landscapes of both island groups. This book tells the incredible geological story of the most northerly outposts of the British Isles.Trade Review'Alan McKirdy’s insights are valuable because he is the author of a string of accessible and informative short illustrated books on the geological history of Scotland' * West Highland Free Press *'Not only are they a wealth of information on Scotland's past, they offer valuable insight as Scotland’s future becomes increasingly uncertain due to climate change' * Dundee Courier *

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Book SynopsisLonglisted for the Highland Book Prize 2019 The rocks of northern Scotland tell of turbulent events involving continental collisions that unleashed cataclysmic forces, creating a chain of mountains, the remnants of which we see today on both sides of the Atlantic. Geologists from Victorian times onwards have studied the area, and some of the most important geological phenomena have been established and described from the rocks that built these stunning landscapes. In this book, Alan McKirdy makes sense of the many and varied episodes that shaped the familiar landscape we see today. He highlights a number of fascinating geological features, including the Old Red Sandstones of Cromarty and the Black Isle, which carry the secrets of life during ‘the Age of Fishes’, and the thin sliver of fossil-bearing strata which hugs the coast from Golspie to beyond Helmsdale that dates back to Jurassic times and which records the time when dinosaurs roamed the Earth.Trade Review'Alan McKirdy’s insights are valuable because he is the author of a string of accessible and informative short illustrated books on the geological history of Scotland' * West Highland Free Press *'Not only are they a wealth of information on Scotland's past, they offer valuable insight as Scotland’s future becomes increasingly uncertain due to climate change' * Dundee Courier *

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Book SynopsisThe south of Scotland has a long and turbulent geological past. Perhaps most notably, it marks the place where, 432 million years ago, an ocean, once as wide as the north Atlantic, was compressed by a convergence of ancient lands and then ceased to be. Deserts covered the land with thick layers of brick-red coloured rocks, known as the Old Red Sandstone, piled up and dumped by rivers and streams that crisscrossed the area. Around 432 million years ago, violent explosive volcanic activity gave rise to the prominent landscape features recognised today as the Eildon Hills. In later geological times, the area was blanketed with massive sand dunes, later compressed to create the building stones from which Dumfries, Glasgow and other towns and cities, were constructed. It is also the place where the modern science of geology was born. James Hutton, star of the Scottish Enlightenment, found inspiration from his study of the local rocks. Sites he described almost 250 years ago are still hailed as amongst the most historic and important rock exposures to be found anywhere in the world.Trade Review'Alan McKirdy’s insights are valuable because he is the author of a string of accessible and informative short illustrated books on the geological history of Scotland' * West Highland Free Press *'Not only are they a wealth of information on Scotland's past, they offer valuable insight as Scotland’s future becomes increasingly uncertain due to climate change' * Dundee Courier *

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Book SynopsisThe written history and archaeological records of Central Scotland takes us back to Pictish times some 5,000 years ago. The geology of the area stretches back a further 400 million years. The oldest rocks are found near Lesmahagow and in the Pentland Hills. Known geologically as ‘inliers’– small areas of rocks from an older age, surrounded by younger strata – these strata have yielded some of the oldest fish on earth and are highly prized for what they tell us about early life on the planet. Rocks of the Old Red Sandstone and the succeeding Carboniferous era underlie the rest of Central Scotland in almost equal measure. Explosive volcanic rocks, thick layers of lava, desert sandstones, limestones and productive coal measures make up this bedrock patchwork. Then, sometime later, a covering of ice, some two kilometres thick, blanketed the landscape. It sandpapered and burnished the bedrock into the familiar scenes we see today – our matchless Scottish landscape. The coal and iron ore which lay beneath the ground between Edinburgh and Glasgow provided the raw materials that drove the Industrial Revolution in Scotland, and the early focus on understanding the rocks beneath our feet was unsurprisingly initially concentrated on the most useful minerals resources.Trade Review'Alan McKirdy’s insights are valuable because he is the author of a string of accessible and informative short illustrated books on the geological history of Scotland' * West Highland Free Press *'Not only are they a wealth of information on Scotland's past, they offer valuable insight as Scotland’s future becomes increasingly uncertain due to climate change' * Dundee Courier *

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Book SynopsisThe Small Isles comprise the Inner Hebridean islands of Rum, Eigg, Canna and Muck. The landscapes, rocks and fossils of these beautiful, remote islands tells of a drama involving erupting volcanoes, an ancient ecosystem that included dinosaurs and an ancient desert landscape. The geological history stretches back 3 billion years to the earliest events recorded on Earth. All four islands owe their origin to a group of three adjacent volcanoes that were active around 60 million years ago. Rum is the eroded remains of the magma chamber of one of these volcanoes. Eigg and Muck are part of the lava field that extends north from the Mull volcano and Canna lies towards the southern extent of the lavas that flowed from the Skye volcano. The final event that left a mark on these islands was the Ice Age that started around 2.4 million years ago. Its effect on the landscape was profound. The thick cover of erosive ice shaped the contours of the land into the hills and glens that we are familiar with today.Trade Review'Alan McKirdy’s insights are valuable because he is the author of a string of accessible and informative short illustrated books on the geological history of Scotland' * West Highland Free Press *‘Not only are they a wealth of information on Scotland's past, they offer valuable insight as Scotland’s future becomes increasingly uncertain due to climate change' * Dundee Courier *

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Book SynopsisDiscover one of the Scottish Enlightenment's brightest stars. Among the giants of the Scottish Enlightenment, the name of James Hutton is overlooked. Yet his Theory of the Earth revolutionised the way we think about how our planet was formed and laid the foundation for the science of geology. He was in his time a doctor, a farmer, a businessman, a chemist yet he described himself as a philosopher – a seeker after truth. A friend of James Watt and of Adam Smith, he was a polymath, publishing papers on subjects as diverse as why it rains and a theory of language. He shunned status and official position, refused to give up his strong Scots accent and vulgar speech, loved jokes and could start a party in an empty room. Yet much of his story remains a mystery. His papers, library and mineral collection all vanished after his death and only a handful of letters survive. He seemed to be a lifelong bachelor, yet had a secret son whom he supported throughout his life. This book uses new sources and original documents to bring Hutton the man to life and places him firmly among the geniuses of his time.Trade Review'In his attention to the social context of Hutton's life and work, Ray Perman provides a welcome addition to the still short First Geologist bookshelf. James Hutton: The Genius of Time helps us to appreciate Hutton and the scientific fuse he lit' -- Andrew H. Knoll * Times Literary Supplement *'It is hard to see how Ray Perman's excellent biography of James Hutton is ever likely to be supplanted as the definitive account of Hutton's life and ideas' -- Ken Lussey * Undiscovered Scotland *'This engaging biography offers a rich and sympathetic account of one of the most important intellectual stars of the Enlightenment' -- Allan Massie * The Scotsman *'Thought-provoking, easy-to-digest, and peppered with tales that could form the basis of a binge-worthy TV drama' * Scottish Field *'Perman deftly picks his way through Hutton's life explaining his complex theories and mind-stretching ideas' * History Scotland Magazine *

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Book SynopsisThe island of Robert Graves, Joan Miro and Archduke Ludwig Salvador has become the most popular holiday destination in the Mediterranean with nearly 10 million visitors a year. Few, however, are aware of the 5000 year history of Mallorca and its resulting landscape featuring late Bronze Age navetes and talayots, Roman cities, and a major medieval trading port with one of Europe's largest cathedrals. Mallorca's landscape has been formed with a pattern of important country houses and enclosed fields, and the relics of major nineteenth century industries including textiles and shoe-making workshops. One hundred and twenty years of tourism, latterly on a massive scale, endangers much of what has gone before. Professor Buswell's pioneering work, based on more than ten years of local research, describes and analyses all these elements that together form the contemporary landscape. Written in an accessible style and well-illustrated with maps and photographs, this book will appeal to student and concerned reader alike and should be read by all who are inquisitive about what they see around them when they visit the island.Trade Review'Buswell's latest book has no peer in English....he draws on various epistemological perspectives to portray the landscape as a cultural artifact that is unique due to changing human settlement and exploitation, but also is a palimpsest bearing telltale signs of sequent occupancy never completely erased.' The AAG Review of Books'The chapters on the historical landscape changes are both enjoyable and informative. The reader is taken on a tour which begins with ‘Prehistoric Mallorca’ (ch. 4), runs through the Roman and Muslim occupations (ch. 5 and 6) through to Medieval and early modern Mallorca (ch. 7 and 8). Three final chapters in this block (ch. 9-11) cover the last two centuries, focusing on the development of manufacturing (principally textiles), demographic changes, the decline of the large estates that had dominated for centuries, and of course, tourism. There is a careful consideration throughout on rural-urban landscape interactions and the development of Palma, reflecting its size and importance. These historical chapters that form the ‘core’ of the book are highly readable and will have wide appeal to a non-academic audience. This is in part down to the inclusion of many fascinating factual ‘gems’ that make the narrative come alive. These range from descriptions of land tenants’ rents during the sixteenth century (paid in a mixture of cream cheeses, goats and cash), to changes in dietary preferences between the Muslim and Christian occupations. I particularly enjoyed the author’s many asides (harking back to themes covered elsewhere) and style of probing behind the facts, although not all his questions are answered in much depth, which might frustrate some readers. There is much to commend the structuring and presentation of the book. The chronological layout of the chapters makes them easy to dip in and out of, whilst helpful summaries reinforce key points. The illustrations are generous and useful, taking the form of coloured maps, photographs and tables. I found the historical maps and old photographs particularly welcome - I wish there had been more of these but space doesn’t seem to have permitted this. The reference list is impressive and an excellent resource in itself.' Island Studies‘The book is well illustrated and offers a panoply of archival photographs, contemporary images and sketch maps, but draws almost exclusively upon secondary research material. It is of direct interest to the teaching of Iberian geography at undergraduate level. This fascinating and informative book offers valuable insight into an island community that is little known beyond its Catalan and Castilian research roots.’ GeographyTable of ContentsList of Illustrations; Acknowledgements; Preface. 1. Introduction: Mallorca and landscape history; 2. Mallorca and the Mediterranean; 3. The physical basis of the landscape; Prehistoric Mallorca - early human imprint; 5. Roman and other empires in Mallorca: limited landscapes; 6. The landscape of the Muslims, 902-1229; 7. Medieval Mallorca, 1229-1519; 8. Early modern Mallorca, 1520-1820; 9. The long nineteenth century, 1820-1920: the beginnings of modernisation; 10. A beggar's mantle fringed with gold - Mallorca 1920-1955; 11. Mass tourism and the landscape - Mallorca 1955-2011; 12. Reflections on a theme of landscape change. Notes. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAll landscapes are built on rock: from hard stone for building with, to the softest clay or sand. Each piece of rock is a storehouse of prehistorical information; even a simple pebble from the garden has its own complex tale to tell. Geology is the great detective science that can unlock these secrets. In this entertaining and eye-opening book, the authors take a deep dive – quite literally – into their home county of Essex. We are all living in an ice age, an ongoing event that has hugely affected Essex over the last 3 million years. Yet this county was born more than 500 million years ago. Our story begins when the land we know as Essex was part of a large continent close to the South Pole, tracing the geological processes that continue to shape the countryside around us. The form of the land, boulders on village greens, road cuttings, cliffs, stones in church walls – they can all bring geology to light in unexpected and fascinating ways. Aimed at a general readership with no scientific background but equally appealing to the seasoned geologist, chapters progress from fundamentals to intricate details of geological investigations and cutting-edge research. Richly illustrated with photographs and colour diagrams, here the geology of a county is visualised and brought to life as never before, along with pertinent environmental insights in the light of climate change that is happening now.Trade ReviewI have one word left for this book 'brilliant'. -- Chris Darmon * Down to Earth *I was stunned by the quality of the photographs and diagrams which support the clear and lucid text...Ian and Ros Mercer take the reader on a fascinating journey encompassing Essex's geological history. -- Nicholas Pierpoint, Magazine of the Geologists' AssociationThe authors have done a great service to the naturalist community in producing enjoyable, readable text without sacrificing erudition...Essential for anyone with an interest in Essex and soft-rock landscapes, this book is also for the person who just thinks they might be interested. After a few minutes you surely will be. -- Dr Chris Gibson, British Naturalists AssociationI thoroughly recommend this book. It is one of the best I have reviewed in recent years. -- Jon Trevelyan, Deposits MagThis book is an exemplary treatment of the subject and is highly recommended. -- Mick Massie * The London Naturalist *Table of Contents1. Reconstructing Essex 2. The rocks of Essex 3. The deep history of Essex 4. The geological structure of Essex 5. The drowning of the island 6. Seashores and swamps 7. Palm trees and crocodiles 8. Giant sharks and shell banks 9. Ice age Essex 10. Looking into the Essex landscape 11. Uncovering Essex geology 12. Rock and people 13. The future of Essex rock Sites and views of Essex Geological collections and displays Index Maps and charts About the authors

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Book SynopsisRifted margins mark the transition between continents and oceans, which are the two first-order types of land masses on Earth. Rifted margins contribute to our understanding of lithospheric extensional processes and are studied by various disciplines of Earth Science (geology, geophysics, geochemistry).Thanks to better and wider public access to high-quality data, our understanding in these areas has improved significantly over these last two decades. This book summarizes this knowledge evolution and details where we stand today, with a series of case examples included. It is structured in a practical way, with concise text descriptions and comprehensive diagrams. Continental Rifted Margins 2 is a useful resource for students and newcomers to the rifted margin community – a "cookbook” of sorts to facilitate the reading of scientific publications and provide basic definitions and explanations.Table of ContentsIntroduction ixGwenn PERON-PINVIDIC Chapter 1. The West Iberian Margin: Past and Current Research Concepts and Future Challenges 1Gaël LYMER and Tim J. RESTON 1.1. Introduction: the West Iberian Margin, the "classic" magma-poor margin? 2 1.2. Structures of the West Iberian Margin 6 1.3. Synrift tectono-stratigraphy and age and evolution of extension across the West Iberian Margin 13 1.4. Current models of development of the West Iberian Margin 18 1.5. Remaining questions at the West Iberian Margin and other magma-poor margins 21 1.6. Conclusions and outlook 25 1.7. References 26 Chapter 2. Tectonic Evolution of the Mid-Norwegian Rifted Margin 35Per Terje OSMUNDSEN and Gwenn PERON-PINVIDIC 2.1. Introduction 36 2.2. Large-scale structure 39 2.3. Syn-rift basin configuration and evolution 51 2.4. Breakup 57 2.5. Post-rift evolution 58 2.6. Future challenges 59 2.7. Acknowledgments 60 2.8. References 60 Chapter 3. South and Equatorial Atlantic Margins 69Daniel ASLANIAN and Maryline MOULIN 3.1. Introduction 69 3.2. Geodynamics and understanding passive margins genesis 76 3.3. Crustal structures in the South Atlantic and equatorial margins 79 3.4. Conclusion 84 3.5. References 87 Chapter 4. The Continental Margins of the Gulf of Aden 93Sylvie LEROY and Chloé NONN 4.1. Introduction 93 4.2. Geological and geodynamic context and heritage 94 4.3. Continental rifting timing, initiation and depositional environments 96 4.4. Structure of the conjugate margins 98 4.5. Ocean-continent transition (OCT) and the birth of an oceanic ridge 102 4.6. Opening of the Gulf of Aden 103 4.7. References 104 Chapter 5. The South China Sea -- Rifting and the Evolution of a Marginal Basin 107Manuel PUBELLIER, Sung-Ping CHANG and Matthias DELESCLUSE 5.1. Introduction 108 5.2. Geodynamic setting and particularities 109 5.3. Propagators and implications on the rifting and the timing of breakup 113 5.4. A wide rift with boudinage crust resulting from contrasted crustal rheologies 116 5.5. Impact of the subduction and collision of the neighboring basin 118 5.6. Post rifting evolution; uplift of margins and delayed subsidence of the basin 121 5.7. Conclusion 122 5.8. Acknowledgments 123 5.9. References 124 Chapter 6. Arctic Continental Margins 133Carmen GAINA 6.1. Introduction 133 6.2. Passive continental margins in the Arctic 134 6.3. Discussion and concluding remarks 141 6.4. References 145 Chapter 7. Alpine Tethys Margins 149Gianreto MANATSCHAL and Pauline CHENIN 7.1. Background and historical overview 149 7.2. From dispersed outcrops to the 2D architecture of the Alpine Tethys rift system 157 7.3. Evolution of the Alpine Tethys rift system 165 7.4. Continuous deformation vs. succession of distinct deformation phases 168 7.5. Three-dimensional aspect of the Alpine Tethys rift system 169 7.6. The Alpine Tethys remnants in the Alps: a laboratory to investigate and calibrate rift systems 171 7.7. References 173 Chapter 8. A Fossil Magma-rich Rifted Margin in the Scandinavian Caledonides 185Johannes JAKOB, Hans Jørgen KJØLL and Torgeir Bjørge ANDERSEN 8.1. Introduction 186 8.2. Opening of the Iapetus Ocean and formation of the Central Iapetus Magmatic Province 187 8.3. Discussion 193 8.4. Conclusion 194 8.5. Acknowledgments 195 8.6. References 195 Chapter 9. Cretaceous Rifting at the Pyrenean Iberia--Eurasia Border: Crustal Thinning under a Pre-rift Cover -- Application to Passive Margins 203Yves LAGABRIELLE 9.1. The North Pyrenean area within the Pyrenees 203 9.2. Mechanisms of crustal thinning deduced from the study of the NPZ 206 9.3. Crustal thinning at the Iberian--Eurasian plate boundary: smooth-slope basins and the legacy of Triassic paleogeography 209 9.4. Conclusion: from the Pyrenean basins to the formation mechanisms of passive continental margins 219 9.5. Acknowledgments 222 9.6. References 222 List of Authors 235 Index 237 Summary of Volume 1 239

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Book SynopsisWINNER OF THE RESEARCH CATEGORY IN SCOTLAND'S NATIONAL BOOK AWARDS 2023 This edition of The Old Red Sandstone is the first truly new one for a century. It comes in two volumes: Volume 2 reprints the original, and now rare, first edition in facsimile with notes and glossary. Volume 1 explores how Miller wrote his book and why it was so important. Ross-shire born polymath Hugh Miller (1802-56), self-taught stonemason, geologist and writer, was famous in his lifetime across the English-speaking world. On one level, The Old Red Sandstone is a description of the geology of Cromarty, Ross-shire, with diversions into its scenery, history and folklore, but it is also an autobiographical memoir and work of literature. It was enormously popular on its first publication in 1841. The editors have combined their expertise – in history, English literature, Celtic languages and culture (Ralph O’ Connor) and palaeontology, museums, history of geology (Michael A Taylor) – to annotate the text of this most idiosyncratic book for a new generation of readers, and to provide a critical study. In a pre-Darwinian era, Hugh Miller reconciled his geological knowledge with his religious beliefs and his reader-friendly writings encouraged in others an interest in fossils. His writings are, as novelist James Robertson says in the Foreword, still very readable and relevant today. Trade Review'A critical study of Hugh Miller’s nineteenth-century geological writings, this two-volume set delivers a great deal of collective wisdom couched in impressively elegant prose.' Judges of the Research category in Scotland's National Book Awards 2023 in announcing The Old Red Sandstone as the winner. Table of ContentsVolume 1 (main headings of contents) Foreword by James Robertson Conception and Gestation: Why Miller wrote The Old Red Sandstone Anatomy: The book's structure and content Poetics: How The Old Red Sandstone works as literature Birth: How the books was published and marketed Reception: How and why it was read Appendix 1: How Miller turned his Witness articles into a book Appendix 2: The events surrounding the British Association meeting of 1840 Appendix 3: Miller's subdivision of the old red sandstone Appendix 4: Geology amd palaeontology then and now Appendix 5: The fossil specimens figured in the first edition of The Old Red Sandstone Appendix 6: Following in the footsteps of Miller Appendix 7: Recommended reading Volume 2 Forematter and frontispiece Explanation of the sections and plates Facsimile edition in 14 chapters End matter Additional notes Glossary

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Book SynopsisThis account shows the full range of Hugh Miller's interests - the lyrical description of the scenery and accounts of beautiful fossils show a deep affection for the Scottish landscape, while his role as a serious religious journalist and social crusader is highlighted in his discussions on the Disruption and the Highland Clearances.Trade Review'I warmly recommend this marvellously rambling book which is full of sensitivity and poetry, to anyone who loves Scotland or is a humanist, a sociologist, an ethnologist, a geologist, a palaeontologist or just a fossil fan.' Nature, November 2003Table of ContentsAcknowledgements / Forword / Notes of Maps / Map of Scotland / Map of the Inner Hebrides / Introduction / Following in the footsteps of Hugh Miller Today / References and Further Reading / Map of Inner Moray first / Map of Orkney and Caithness; The Cruise of the Betsey -; A Summer Ramble among the Hebrides; Rambles of a Geologist

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Book SynopsisThoroughly revised and expanded from the 2012 edition (twice the number of pages, almost double the number of illustrations) this book pays tribute to the man and his diverse works and achievements. James Hutton (1726-1797) was one of the first environmentalists, a man ahead of his time. He developed a grand theory of the Earth in which he tried to make sense of a lifetime of observation and deduction about the way in which our planet functions. For example, he connected temperature with latitude. His measurements, with rudimentary thermometers, of temperature changes between the base and summit of Arthur’s Seat, were remarkably accurate and he studied climate data from other parts of the world. A leading figure in the eighteenth-century Scottish Enlightenment, he was also an innovative farmer, successful entrepreneur and a man with endless intellectual curiosity. The year 2026 will be the tercentenary of his birth. There will be many special events leading up to and in that year organised by The James Hutton Institute, Scotland’s premier environmental and agricultural research organisation.Trade Review' … For anyone interested in the history and personalities of the Scottish Enlightenment, McKirdy's book must be essential reading, and will gently initiate those readers into the glories of Scottish geology. The book is equally valuable as a contribution to the history of science more generally. Even for those who think they know all about Hutton and his works, I guarantee a few surprises … ' Scottish Journal of Geology 'James Hutton was one of the first environmentalists ... ' Arran Banner Table of ContentsDedication Forewords Introduction 1. Hutton's early life and studies 2. Hutton the traveller 3. Hutton the farmer 4. Permanent return to Edinburgh 5. Hutton and the Scottish Enlightenment 6. Theory of the Earth 7. Trial of Hutton's Theory of the Earth by fieldwork 8. Hutton's final years 9. Hutton's legacy 10. Places to visit Further reading and watching Acknowledgements and image credits Index

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Book SynopsisAlthough the history of orchards and fruit varieties is of great popular interest, there have been few academic treatments of the subject. This book presents results from a three-year project, 'Orchards East', investigating the history and ecology of orchards in the east of England. Together, the eastern counties of Hertfordshire, Essex, Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, Bedfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk have a tradition of fruit cultivation comparable in scale to that of the better-known west of England. Drawing on far-reaching archival research, an extensive survey of surviving orchards and biodiversity surveys, the authors tell the fascinating story of orchards in the east since the late Middle Ages. Orchards were ubiquitous features of the medieval and early modern landscape. Planted for the most part for practical reasons, they were also appreciated for their aesthetic qualities. By the seventeenth century some districts had begun to specialise in fruit production - most notably west Hertfordshire and the Fens around Wisbech. But it was only in the 'orchard century', beginning in the 1850s, that commercial production really took off, fuelled by the growth of large urban markets and new transport systems that could take the fruit to them with relative ease. By the 1960s orchards were extensive in many districts but, since then, they have largely disappeared, with significant impacts on landscape character and biodiversity. For well over a century now, orchards have been romanticised as nostalgic elements of a timeless yet disappearing rural world. Even before that, they were embedded in myths of lost Edens, or golden ages of effortless plenty. A key aim of this book is to challenge some of these myths by grounding orchards within a wider range of historical and environmental contexts. Orchards are not timeless, and in some ways our relationship with orchards is a classic example of the 'invention of tradition'. What do our attitudes to this aspect of our heritage tell us about our wider engagement with the past, with nature, and with place?Table of Contents1. Orchards, Landscapes and History 2. Farmhouse and Commercial Orchards before c.1850 3. The ‘Orchard Century’, c.1850-1960 4. Garden and Institutional Orchards 5. Processing: Cider, Jam and Canning 6. The Recent History of Orchards 7. Fruit Varieties and the Nursery Industry 8. The Significance of Orchards 9. Conclusion

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Book SynopsisLaurence Mitchell uncovers the stories that flint has to tell us in this celebratory journey through the natural and cultural history of the stone. The East of England is characterised by the flint that makes up its world-famous architecture, beaches and landscape. The stone is so ubiquitous, in fact, that it can be easy to overlook how remarkable it is. Here, long time Norfolk resident Laurence Mitchell uncovers its extraordinary history and significance for East Anglia and beyond. Flint Country takes us on a tour around the flint regions of England, documenting how flint was formed, what we can learn from fossil records, and how flint has been used through millennia: from our prehistoric ancestors, to the Romans building roads and forts, and through to the present day. Whether it is thanks to the seismic geological events that have shaped our landscape, the stone we rely on for our homes, or simply the joy of picking up pebbles on the beach, this book shows how flint continues to be a touchstone in our lives.

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Book SynopsisThe updated textbook is intended to serve as an advanced and detailed treatment of the evolution of the subject of stratigraphy from its disparate beginnings as separate studies of sedimentology, lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, etc., into a modern integrated discipline in which all components are necessary. There is a historical introduction, which now includes information about the timeline of the evolution of the components of modern stratigraphy. The elements of the various components (facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy, mapping methods, chronostratigraphic methods, etc.) are outlined, and a chapter discussing the modern synthesis is included near the end of the book, which closes with a discussion of future research trends in the study of time as preserved in the stratigraphic record.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThe updated textbook is intended to serve as an advanced and detailed treatment of the evolution of the subject of stratigraphy from its disparate beginnings as separate studies of sedimentology, lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, etc., into a modern integrated discipline in which all components are necessary. There is a historical introduction, which now includes information about the timeline of the evolution of the components of modern stratigraphy. The elements of the various components (facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy, mapping methods, chronostratigraphic methods, etc.) are outlined, and a chapter discussing the modern synthesis is included near the end of the book, which closes with a discussion of future research trends in the study of time as preserved in the stratigraphic record.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a significant amount of structural, paleomagnetic and magnetic fabric data in the Central High Atlas (Morocco). The authors thoroughly described and analyzed the present-day structure of this intraplate chain through 22 of cross-sections, potential field data analysis and 3D reconstruction. In addition, the authors propose a palinspastic reconstruction of the structure of the basin at 100 Ma (i.e., post-extension and pre-compression) to finally evaluate its Mesozoic and Cenozoic geodynamic evolution. This books presents (1) a unique three-dimensional model at the chain scale, (2) an analysis of the ca. 100 Ma remagnetization, to perform palinspastic restorations of most representative structures, (3) as well as the interpretation of the magnetic fabrics in order to unravel the tectonic or deformation setting that the rocks underwent in different parts of the basin. This book is of interest to structural geologists in Northern Africa, the Mediterranean and Iberia, as well as to those interested in inverted intraplate basins and paleomagnetists from around the planet. Also, this book is intended to help students to understand better the geological evolution of the Atlas and therefore Morocco and surrounding areas.Table of ContentsChapter 1. The geological setting of the Moroccan High Atlas and its plate tectonics context.Moussaid, B., El-Ouardi, H., Casas-Sainz A.M., Pocoví, A., Román-Berdiel, T., Oliva-Urcia, B., Ruiz-Martínez, V.C.1.1. INTRODUCTION1.2. GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SETTING1.3. THE HIGH ATLAS IN ITS GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT: SURROUNDING GEOLOGICALUNITS1.3.1. The Sahara domain1.3.2. The Anti-Atlas1.3.3. The Meseta domain1.3.4. The Rif Chain1.4. GEOLOGICAL FRAME OF THE MOROCCAN HIGH ATLAS1.4.1. The Atlantic High Atlas1.4.2. The Marrakech High Atlas1.4.3. The Central High Atlas (CHA)1.4.4. The Eastern High Atlas1.5. GEODYNAMIC FRAME OF THE HIGH ATLAS AND EVOLUTION OF THE APWP1.6. IMPLICATIONS OF THE MAIN GEODYNAMIC EVENTS IN NORTH AFRICA IN ATLASICGEOLOGY1.6.1. Permian-Triassic stage1.6.2. First rifting event: Late Triassic to Early Jurassic1.6.3. Second rifting event: Late Liassic to Early Dogger (180Ma)1.6.4. Bajocian-Late Jurassic stage1.6.5. Early Cretaceous1.6.6. Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic inversion1.7. MAGMATIC EVENTS / HYDROTHERMALISM AND MINERALIZATION1.7.1. Triassic: the CAMP event1.7.2. Jurassic – Cretaceous event1.7.3. Cenozoic event1.7.4. Hydrothermalism and mineralization1.8. STRATIGRAPHIC FRAME OF THE CENTRAL HIGH ATLAS1.8.1. Triassic1.8.2. Jurassic1.8.3. Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous1.8.4. Lower Cretaceous1.8.5. Post-Turonian Cretaceous deposits1.8.6. Cenozoic deposits1.9. STRUCTURING OF THE MOROCCAN HIGH ATLAS1.9.1. Extensional structures1.9.2. Post-basinal, pre-inversion tectonic structures1.9.3. Alpine compressional structures1.9.4. Crustal roots for Atlasic structures: the geophysical background1.9.5. Recent evolution of the Atlas belt: topographic featuresREFERENCESFIGURE CAPTIONSChapter 2. Structure of the Central High Atlas (Morocco). Constraints from potential field dataand 3D models.Casas-Sainz, A.M., Santolaria, P., Mochales, T., Pocoví, A., Izquierdo, E., El-Ouardi, H., Moussaid, B.,Manar, A., Ruiz-Martínez, V.C., Marcén, M., Torres-López, S., Gil-Imaz, A., Román-Berdiel, T., Oliva-Urcia, B., Calvín, P.2.1. MAIN STRUCTURAL FEATURES2.1.1. Southern Atlas fold-and-thrust belt (Zone 1)1. Toundoute nappe (Amejgag syncline-Tisguine syncline)2. Skoura culmination: basement thrusts associated with the Toundoute nappe (Asaka Kantoulathrust and others3. Boumalne-Dadès structures4. Central thrust system (Aït Ourena-Tamayoust-Jbel Aderbat-Jbel Badoust)5. Tadighoust anticline6. Amellago recumbent fold system7. Jbel Hamdoun thrust and related structures2.1.2. Northern Atlas thrust system (Zone 2)8. West of the Middle Atlas intersection9. East of the Middle Atlas intersection2.1.3. Western sector: the large interference synclines and basement-involved folds (Demnate area,Zone 3)10. Aït-Attab syncline11. Guettioua syncline12. Iouaridène, Tizgui and Tifni synclines (and intervening anticlines)13. Jbel Til syncline14. Jbel Rat syncline15. Amezri syncline2.1.4. Central sector (1): thrusts and diapiric anticlines (La Cathédrale area, Zone 4)16. Ouaouizaght syncline17. Taguelft syncline18. M’Goun anticline (Tameksout-Timoutiguine-Aït Baha-Toumliline)19. Wagoulzat anticline20. Tabant syncline21. Jbel Azourki anticline and Zawyat Ahansal zone22. Jbel Tilicha anticline23. Jbel Tabaghast thrust24. La Cathédrale thrust25. Aït-Mazigh anticline and western prolongation of La Cathédrale thrust26. Talmest-Tazoult anticline27. Tiffouine-Tagertetouch monocline28. Talmest interference structure29. Addendoum anticline30. Tilouguit monocline2.1.5. Central sector (2): thrusts, anticlines and diapirs (Imilchil area, Zone 5)31. Tizi’n’Isly syncline and thrust32. Chekret anticline and Ikassene syncline33. Tasraft anticline34. Anergui diapir35. Tassent anticline36. Lacs syncline37. Ikkou anticline38. Tissila anticline and Ikkou syncline39. Tadaghmamt anticline40. Timedouine diapir41. Moussa diapir42. Isselfène diapir and Taltfraout anticline/diapir43. Msmrir diapir and syncline44. Toumliline anticline and diapir45. Platform (cleavage-domain) area between Timedouine and Toumliline2.1.6. Eastern sector (1): cleavage-related linear structures (Tounfite area, Zone 6)46. Jbel Amalou anticline47. Tounfite syncline48. Jbel Masker anticline49. Tirrhist gabbro and associated structures50. Almou syncline51. Jbel Adderdoum thrust52. Taribante syncline53. Jbel Tazreft thrust54. Ameksou anticline55. Assoul syncline56. Jbel Baddou thrust2.1.7. Eastern sector (2): vergence-switching ridges (Midelt-Rich area, Ziz river, Zone 7)57. Jbel Aouja (and Aït Arouz) anticline58. Sidi Hamza anticline59. Foum Tilich thrust60. Kerrando syncline61. Bou Hamid anticline/thrust62. Gourrama syncline63. Foum Zabel anticline/thrust64. Aghbarou syncline2.2. SERIATED CROSS SECTIONS2.3. INPUT FROM MODELING OF POTENTIAL FIELD DATA2.3.1. Petrophysical properties2.3.1.1 Magnetic susceptibility and density2.3.1.2 Magnetic remanence and Koenigsberger ratio2.3.2 Magnetic maps processing2.3.2.1. Reduction to Pole and Reduction to Equator2.3.2.2. Filtering: Derivatives constraints2.3.2.3. 2.5D modelling of magnetic and gravimetric anomalies2.3.3. Results2.3.3.1. Interpretation of the corrected magnetic field map of IGRF (ICMT), Reduced to Pole(ICMTRTP) and Reduced to Equator (ICMTRTE)2.3.3.2. Interpretation of the Vertical and horizontal Derivatives2.3.3.3. Bouguer anomaly2.3.4. The geophysical anomalies in their relation to geological features and evolution2.3.5. 2.5D modelling. Configuration and interpretation of magnetic and gravimetric models2.3.5.1. Profile 2, Tagoudite2.3.5.2. Profile 8, Anergui E2.3.5.3. Profile 12, Ouaouitzaght2.4. CONTRIBUTIONS OF 3-D RECONSTRUCTIONS TO THE GEOMETRY OF THE CENTRALHIGH ATLAS2.4.1. Methods and workflow2.4.1.1 Defining the model area and resolution2.4.1.2. Modelled stratigraphic pile2.4.1.3. Input data and data compilation in a 3D environment2.4.1.4. Verifying cross-sections in a 3D environment2.4.1.5. Computing the model1. Major bounding thrust2. Faults3. Diapirs4. Diapir-fault systems5. Compiling structural surfaces6. Stratigraphic horizons2.4.2. 3D structural model of the Central High Atlas2.4.2.1. Southern Atlas fold-and-thrust belt (Zone 1)2.4.2.2. Northern Atlas thrust system (Zone 2)2.4.2.3. Western sector: the large interference synclines and basement-involved folds (Demnatearea, Zone 3)2.4.2.4. Central sector (1): thrusts and diapiric anticlines (La Cathédrale area, Zone 4)2.4.2.5. Central sector (2): thrusts, anticlines and diapirs (Imilchil area, Zone 5)2.4.2.6. Eastern sector (1): cleavage-related linear structures (Tounfite area, Zone 6)2.4.2.7. Eastern sector (2): vergence-switching ridges (Midelt-Rich area, Ziz river, Zone 7)2.4.3. Potential and limitations of the 3D modelREFERENCESFIGURE CAPTIONSChapter 3. Magnetic properties of the remagnetized carbonates of the Central High Atlas(Morocco).Calvín, P., Bógalo, M.F., Villalaín, J.J., Román-Berdiel, T., Falcón, I., Torres-López, S., Mochales, T.,Herrejón, A.3.1 METHODOLOGY3.2 GENERAL MAGNETIC FRACTION IN THE ATLASIC ROCKS3.2.1. Carbonates3.2.2. Red beds3.3 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MAGNETITE-BEARING REMAGNETIZED CARBONATES3.3.1. SP versus SSD grain size3.3.2. ARM vs IRM experiment3.3.3. Coercivity spectra3.3.4 Discussion and summary3.4 CARRIERS OF THE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY3.4.1. Magnetic susceptibility of carbonates3.4.2. Magnetic susceptibility of red-bedsREFERENCESFIGURE CAPTIONSChapter 4. Paleomagnetism of the Central High Atlas. The widespread CretaceousRemagnetization and structural implications.Villalaín, J.J., Calvín, P., Falcón, I., Torres-López, S., Bógalo, M.F., Moussaid, B., Ruiz-Martínez, V.C.,Sánchez, E.4.1. MATERIALS, SAMPLING STRATEGY AND METHODS4.2. NATURAL REMANENT MAGNETIZATION OF MESOZOIC HIGH ATLAS ROCKS4.3. DIRECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTERISTIC REMANENT MAGNETIZATION4.4. AGE OF THE HIGH ATLAS REMAGNETIZATION4.5. SPREADING OF THE HIGH ATLAS REMAGNETIZATION4.6. RESTORATION OF THE PALEOMAGNETIC DIRECTIONS. PALEO-DIPS AT THEREMAGNETIZATION TIME (100 Ma)4.7. CONCLUSIONSREFERENCESFIGURE CAPTIONSChapter 5. Geodynamic evolution during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic in the Central High Atlas ofMorocco from Anisotropy of Magnetic SusceptibilityRomán-Berdiel, T., Oliva-Urcia, B., Casas-Sainz, A., Calvín, P., Moussaid, B., Soto, R., Marcén, M., ElOuardi, H., Pocoví, A., Gil-Imaz, A.5.1. SAMPLING AND METHODOLOGY5.2. MAGNETIC FABRIC (RT-AMS) RESULTS5.2.1. Global RT-AMS results5.2.2. RT-AMS by zones and types5.3. MAGNETIC SUBFABRICS (LT-AMS AND AARM) AND PETROFABRICS5.3.1. Scalar parameters5.3.2. Orientation distribution of grains, the information of the magnetic subfabrics (LT-, RT-AMSand AARM)5.3.3. Comparison with petrofabrics5.4. STRUCTURAL INTERPRETATION OF THE MAGNETIC FABRICS / TECTONICIMPLICATIONS OF THE MAGNETIC FABRIC ORIENTATION5.4.1. Strain characterization from magnetic fabrics in the Central High Atlas5.4.2. Timing of acquisition of AMS: Information derived from magnetic subfabrics separation5.5. CONCLUSIONSREFERENCESFIGURE CAPTIONSChapter 6. Kinematics of structures and basin evolution in the Central High Atlas. Constraintsfrom AMS and paleomagnetic dataCasas-Sainz, A., Villalaín, J.J., Román-Berdiel, T., Calvín, P., Marcén, M., Izquierdo, E., Santolaria, P.,Pocoví, A., Mochales, T., Oliva-Urcia, B., El-Ouardi, H., Moussaid, B.6.1. PALEODIPS AND FOLD TEST. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS6.2. ORIGIN OF INDIVIDUAL STRUCTURES ACCORDING TO PALEOMAGNETISM ANDMAGNETIC FABRIC DATA.6.3. RESTORED CROSS SECTION6.4. SIGNIFICANCE AND MEANING OF MAJOR STRUCTURES IN THE CENTRAL HIGHATLAS FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF MAGNETIC TECHNICS6.4.1. Deformation of the Paleozoic basement6.4.2. The asymmetry of the chain: compressional features of the southern Atlas fold-and-thrust-belt6.4.3. Compressional features of the northern belt6.4.4. Diapirism, magmatism and thrusting in the Central High Atlas6.4.5. Geophysical constraints to large-scale structural features6.4.6. Internal deformation: the cleavage domain6.4.7. Geometry of the overall extension and inversion of the Atlasic basin6.5. CONCLUSIONS. THE CONTRIBUTION OF MAGNETIC TECHNIQUES TO THEEVOLUTION OF THE CENTRAL HIGH ATLAS6.5.1. Paleomagnetism and AMS applied to the study of the CHA6.5.2. The intermediate stage in basin evolution6.5.3. Basin geometry: transtension vs. salt tectonics?6.5.4. Final considerations: comparison with other basins of the Thetys domain6.5.5. Concluding remarksREFERENCESFIGURE CAPTIONS

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