Historical and comparative linguistics Books

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Book SynopsisThe processes of gemination, lenition, and vowel lengthening are central to the study of phonology, as they reveal much about the treatment of quantity in a given language. Using data from older language stages, modern dialects and standard languages, this study examines the interdependence of vowel and consonant quantity in the history of the Germanic branch of Indo-European. Kurt Goblirsch focusses on the various geminations in Old Germanic languages (West Germanic gemination, glide strengthening, and expressive gemination), open syllable lengthening in German, Dutch, Frisian, English, and Scandinavian languages, and the major lenitions in High German, Low German, and Danish, as well as minor lenitions in Bavarian, Franconian, and Frisian dialects. All of these changes are related to the development of the Germanic languages from distinctive segmental length to complementary length to syllable cut. The discussion challenges traditional theoretical assumptions about quantity change in Germanic languages to argue for a new account whereby, gemination, lenition, and vowel lengthening are interrelated.Table of Contents1. Theoretical preliminaries; 2. The road to complementary length: gemination and quantity in Old Germanic; 3. Arriving at the goal: vowel lengthening in Middle Germanic; 4. The reaction of consonants: lenition in Middle Germanic; 5. Quantity types in Modern Germanic.

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Book SynopsisWhile no direct evidence for the origin and evolution of language exists, Barnard looks to the present to explain the past, focussing on how modern hunter-gatherers, as non-literate people, use and perceive language. This fascinating book will be welcomed by all those interested in the evolution of language.Trade Review'A refreshingly open-minded book on one of the most exciting debates of our time.' Chris Knight, University College London'At slightly more than one hundred pages, Language in Prehistory has surely a very ambitious objective, namely surveying the probable causes and dynamics of the rising and evolution of language … Alan Barnard has written an interesting piece of literature, by drawing from his own scholarly field and integrating it with insights from genetics and linguistics. … Barnard juxtaposes broad and diverse fields of scholarship by suggesting that synergy between these would hopefully lead to interesting and meaningful discoveries.' Matteo Tarsi, Linguist List (www.linguistlist.org)'Barnard's book is a useful reminder of fascinating facts that we are otherwise prone to overlook - especially facts about hunter-gatherers, such as their intellectual sophistication or pervasive multilingualism.' Sławomir Wacewicz, AnthroposTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Population diversity and language diversity; 3. What did prehistoric people do?; 4. How did prehistoric people think?; 5. Narratives of the every-day; 6. Mythological narratives; 7. Sexual selection and language evolution; 8. Conclusions and thoughts for the future.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the study of language and place, focusing on how 'place' has featured in language variation and change research. Specialist researchers explore new methods for regional analysis and examine how processes of language variation and change have been affected by time and space.Trade Review'The volume will have much appeal to established academics and students alike, as a current resource for research and teaching, particularly in the areas of language and identity, language contact, and sociolinguistics more broadly. The appeal and usefulness of the collection reflect the consistently high standard of the research but also the enjoyability of the volume as a collection of work.' Katherine McCooey-Heap, The Modern Language ReviewTable of ContentsPart I. Changing Places: 1. Changing places: tracking innovation and obsolescence across generations Sali A. Tagliamonte; 2. Changing sounds in a changing city: an acoustic phonetic investigation of real-time change over a century of Glaswegian Jane Stuart-Smith, Brian José, Tamara Rathcke, Rachel Macdonald and Eleanor Lawson; 3. Local vs. supralocal: preserving language and identity in Newfoundland Sandra Clarke; 4. Variation and change in the realisation of /r/ in an isolated Northumbrian dialect Warren Maguire; Part II. Describing Places: 5. Corpora for regional and social analysis Karen P. Corrigan; 6. Using archives to conduct collaborative research on language and region Fiona Douglas; 7. Maps and mapping in (perceptual) dialect geography Chris Montgomery; 8. Which way to look?: perspectives on 'urban' and 'rural' in dialectology David Britain; Part III. Identifying Places: 9. Identifying places: the role of borders Dominic Watt and Carmen Llamas; 10. 'I stole it from a letter, off your tongue it rolled': the performance of dialect in Glasgow's indie music scene Miriam Krause and Jennifer Smith; 11. Where the black country meets 'black Barnsley': dialect variation and identity in an ex-mining community of Barnsley Kate Burland; 12. 'The land steward wouldn't have a woman farmer': the interaction between language, life trajectory and gender in an island community Emma Moore and Paul Carter; Part IV. Enregistering Places: 13. Characterological figures and expressive style in the enregisterment of linguistic variety Barbara Johnstone; 14. Enregisterment, and the social meaning of howay': dialect and identity in north-east England Julia Snell; 15. Indexing Acadian identities Ruth King; 16. 'Turtlely amazing': the enregisterment of 'Yorkshire' dialect and the possibility of GOAT fronting as a newly-enregistered feature Paul Cooper.

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Book SynopsisThe Tudors are one of the best known royal families in English history. Over three generations, they constructed and maintained their status and authority during a period of social, political and religious unrest. This book examines the textual basis of Tudor royal power. Through analyses of correspondence alongside genres including proclamations and historical chronicles, the book explores the visual and verbal practices that came to symbolise monarchic authority in the Tudor era. Mel Evans combines concepts from sociolinguistics and pragmatics with corpus linguistic methods to explore the characteristics of authentic English language Tudor texts, alongside materials reporting and appropriating royal language. The book reveals a pervasive sixteenth-century royal voice - one which is central to the articulation and perpetuation of Tudor monarchic power.Trade Review'Evans (English and Linguistics, Univ. of Leicester, UK) studies the verbal and visual features of Tudor texts to track the ways in which monarchs' royal voices found expression and comprehension among their subjects.' L. C. Attreed, Choice'Evans' meticulous material and linguistic analysis of Tudor royal documents and their non-royal imitations and counterparts successfully demonstrates the importance of a royal register of language in royal documents and texts to the construction and representation of royal authority.' Jessica G. Purdy, Royal Studies JournalTable of ContentsIntroduction; Part I. Authentic Royal Voices: 1. Materiality and power in Tudor royal correspondence; 2. Royal epistolary language: trends and trajectories; 3. Pragmatic perspectives on royal letters; 4. Tudor royal proclamations: materiality, orality and performance; Part II. Appropriated Royal Voices: 5. Non-royal views of royal voices: afterlives and metalanguage; 6. Impostor, protector and queen: the textual power of royal pretenders; 7. Writing royal voices: royal discourse reports in sixteenth-century correspondence; 8. Royal voices, narrative and ideology in sixteenth-century chronicles; Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisHow can we unravel the evolution of language, given that there is no direct evidence about it? Rudolf Botha addresses this intriguing question in his fascinating new book. Inferences can be drawn about language evolution from a range of other phenomena, serving as windows into this prehistoric process. These include shell-beads, fossil skulls and ancestral brains, modern pidgin and creole languages, homesign systems and emergent sign languages, modern motherese, language use of modern hunter-gatherers, first language acquisition, similarities between language and music, and comparative animal behaviour. The first systematic analysis of the Windows Approach, it will be of interest to students and researchers in many disciplines, including anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, palaeontology and primatology, as well as anyone interested in how language evolved.Trade Review'In 2006, Rudie Botha launched an all out attack on the legitimacy of the claim that the South African archaeological site of Blombos had evidence of 'fully syntactic' language 75,000 years ago. No one has been able to counter the logic of his argument, and this book applies that same relentless, illuminating logic to other claims in the study of language origins. In doing so, Botha shows just how carefully any claims must be justified, and just how powerful his Windows Approach is. Students and researchers in archaeology, primatology, linguistics, and comparative ethology cannot ignore this book.' Iain Davidson, University of New England'This book will prove to be a milestone in the field … a meticulous, rigorous, and yet highly readable guide.' Paul T. Roberge, University of North Carolina, Chapel HillTable of ContentsPart I. Preliminaries: 1. The Windows Approach; 2. Conceptual foundations of the approach; Part II. Correlate Windows: 3. Sea shells, ancient beads, and Middle Stone Age symbols; 4. Fossil skulls and ancestral brains; Part III. Analogue Windows: 5. Incipient pidgins and creoles; 6. Homesign systems and emergent sign languages; 7. Modern motherese; 8. Hunter-gatherers' use of language; 9. Language acquisition; Part IV. Abduction Windows: 10. Modern music and language; 11. Comparative animal behaviour; Part V. Epilogue: 12. A tool fit for demystifying language evolution?

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Book SynopsisThis concise textbook provides students with an engaging and thorough overview of the history of Spanish and its development from Latin. Presupposing no prior knowledge of Latin or linguistics, students are provided with the background necessary to understand the history of Spanish. Short, easy-to-digest chapters feature numerous practice exercises and activities. Chapter ''Lead-in'' questions draw comparisons between English and Spanish, enabling students to use their intuition about their native language to gain a deeper understanding of Spanish. Each chapter features further reading suggestions, an outline, and a summary. Highlighted key terms are collated in a glossary. Boxes on linguistic debates teach students to evaluate arguments and think critically about linguistics. Supporting online resources include Word files of all the practices and activities in the book and an instructor''s manual featuring a sample syllabus, answer key to the practices and activities, sample exams andTrade Review'An accessible and illuminating introduction to the fascinating history of the Spanish language over the last two thousand years.' Roger Wright, University of Liverpool'Takes vast and complex material and presents it in a reader-friendly, manageable, and engaging way, to create a welcome addition to the resources that instructors and students of Spanish historical linguistics have at their disposal.' Natalya I. Stolova, Colgate University, New York'Exploits students' natural curiosity and explains what are often quite difficult concepts and complex data in a direct, user-friendly way. There is no other teaching resource for the history of the Spanish language quite like this.' Chris Pountain, Queen Mary University of London'With references throughout to contemporary language and the everyday learning experience (both in Spanish and English) of its target student audience, as well as just the right amount of content, this book seems likely to inspire students of (historical) linguistics for generations to come …' Felix Tacke, Romanische Forschungen'… students like it. This is perhaps the most significant endorsement of all. If those of us who work in historical linguistics want to convey the value of knowing the language's antecedents and draw in a future generation of scholars to our discipline, Ranson and Lubbers Quesada's book is a great way to start.' Cynthia Kauffeld, Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics'an excellent textbook for an introductory course on the history of the Spanish language. The breadth of topics covered, presented in an engaging, easy-to-read style, and the inclusion of a wide-range of thought-provoking activities make it an invaluable resource for students and instructors alike.' Sonia Kania, La corónica: A Journal of Medieval Hispanic Languages, Literatures, and CulturesTable of ContentsList of figures; List of maps; List of tables; Preface for students; Preface for instructors; Acknowledgments; 1. Why do Spanish speakers say el arte but las artes? The value of studying the history of Spanish; 2. Is it wrong to say cantastes instead of cantaste? A linguist's attitude and approach to language; 3. How and why do languages change and how do linguists know?; 4. Did /f/ change to /h/ in Spanish because of Basque? Four moments of language contact in the history of Spanish; 5. Why is Spanish also called Castilian? The standardization process and its effects; 6. How did FESTA become fiesta but FESTÎVUM became festivo? Regular vowel changes; 7. How did ACÛTUM become agudo? Regular consonant changes; 8. Why is 'milk' leche but 'Milky Way' is Via Láctea? Special tonic vowel changes; 9. Why fieldad but lealtad? Special consonant changes; 10. Why do Spanish speakers sometimes say andé instead of anduve? Morphological changes; 11. Why is mano feminine and día masculine? Changes in case, declension, number, and gender; 12. Why do Spanish speakers sometimes say más malo instead of peor? Origins of nominal elements; 13. Why are there so many verb tenses in Spanish? Origins of verbs; 14. Why is comeré the future of comer but sabré is the future of saber? How regular sound change and analogy lead to regular and irregular forms; 15. Do you say veo el gato or veo al gato? Syntactic changes; 16. How did MÛSCŬLUM 'little mouse' become Spanish muslo 'thigh'? Semantic changes; 17. Why perro 'dog' instead of can? Lexical changes; Appendix: Selections from old Spanish texts; El Auto de los Reyes Magos; Cantar de mio Cid; Razon feita d'amor; Milagros de Nuestra Señora; Calila e Dimna; Glossary of terms; Works cited; Word index; Subject index.

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Book SynopsisBringing together a team of renowned international scholars, this volume provides a wide-ranging collection of historical and state-of-the-art perspectives on language regard, particularly in the context of language variation and language change, and importantly, highlights the range of new methodologies being used by linguists to explore and evaluate it. The importance of language regard to the inquiry of language variation and change in the field of sociolinguistics is increasingly being recognized, yet misunderstandings about its nature and importance continue to exist. This volume provides scholars and students of sociolinguistics, with the tools and theory to pursue such inquiry. Contributions and research come from Europe, North America, and Asia, and language varieties such as Spanish, Dutch, Danish, and American Sign Language are discussed.Trade Review'This volume contains data-rich, methodologically and theoretically innovative contributions to the field of language regard. It is truly a tribute to the far-reaching impact of Dennis Preston's work, to the ways that current research is pushing and challenging the theoretical frameworks in which it is embedded, and to the potential for continuing directions and future work in the field.' Anna Babel, Ohio State UniversityTable of Contents1. Language regard: what, why, how, whither? Dennis R. Preston; Part I. Language Regard: Varied Methods: 2. A variationist approach to studies of language regard Patricia Cukor-Avila; 3. The emic and the etic in perceptual dialectology Jennifer Cramer; 4. Variation in language regard: sociolinguistic receptivity and acceptability of linguistic features Erica J. Benson and Megan L. Risdal; 5. Social meanings of the north-south divide in the Netherlands and their linkage to standard Dutch and dialect varieties Leonie Cornips; 6. Language subordination on a national scale: examining the linguistic discrimination of Hungarians by Hungarians Miklós Kontra; 7. Regional identity and listener perception Valerie Fridland and Tyler Kendall; Part II. Language Regard and Language Variation: 8. Language regard and migration: Cuban immigrants in the United States Gabriela Alfaraz; 9. Perceptions of Black American Sign Language Robert Bayley, Joseph C. Hill, Carolyn McCaskil and Ceil Lucas; 10. Ethnolinguistic assertions regarding people who allegedly 'talk White', or 'talk Black' John Baugh; 11. Language regard in liminal Hmong American speech communities James Stanford, Rika Ito and Faith Nibbs; 12. Language regard and sociolinguistic competence of non-native speakers Alexei Prikhodkine; Part III. Language Regard and Language Change: 13. Cracking the code: wedgies and lexical respectability Jack Chambers; 14. Language regard and cultural practice: variation, evaluation, and change in the German regional languages Christoph Purschke; 15. Tabula rasa new-dialect formation: on the occasional irrelevance of language regard Peter Trudgill; 16. Sharedness and variability in language regard among young Danes: focus on gender Tore Kristiansen.

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Book SynopsisHow was the complex history of Britain''s languages understood by twelfth-century authors? This book argues that the social, political and linguistic upheavals that occurred in the wake of the Norman Conquest intensified later interest in the historicity of languages. An atmosphere of enquiry fostered vernacular literature''s prestige and led to a newfound sense of how ancient languages could be used to convey historical claims. The vernacular hence became an important site for the construction and memorialisation of dynastic, institutional and ethnic identities. This study demonstrates the breadth of interest in the linguistic past across different social groups and the striking variety of genre used to depict it, including romance, legal translation, history, poetry and hagiography. Through a series of detailed case studies, Sara Harris shows how specific works represent key aspects of the period''s imaginative engagement with English, Brittonic, Latin and French language developmentTable of ContentsIntroduction; 1. Methods and motivations for studying the vernacular linguistic past; 2. Perceptions of English linguistic and literary continuity; 3. Explorations and appropriations of British linguistic history; 4. The vernaculars of ancestral law: Royal administration and linguistic authority; 5. Placing French in multilingual Britain; Conclusion; Notes; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisSurveying over 300 languages, this typological study presents new theoretical insights into the nature of agreement, as well as empirical findings about the distribution of agreement patterns in the world''s languages. Focussing primarily on agreement in gender, number and person, but with reference to agreement in other smaller categories, Ranko Matasovic aims to discover which patterns of agreement are widespread and common in languages, and which are rather limited in their distribution. He sheds new light on a range of important theoretical questions such as what agreement actually is, what areal, typological and genetic patterns exist across agreement systems, and what problems in the analysis of agreement remain unresolved.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. What is agreement?; 3. Domains of agreement and categories involved; 4. Problems with agreement; 5. Grammatical, ambiguous and anaphoric agreement; 6. Marginal agreement; 7. The sample of languages; 8. Areal and genetic patterns in agreement systems; 9. Typological correlations in agreement systems; 10. Diachronic patterns in the development of agreement; 11. Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisWere Stone-Age languages really more complex than their modern counterparts? Was Basque actually once spoken over all of Western Europe? Were Welsh-speaking slaves truly responsible for the loss of English morphology? This latest collection of Peter Trudgill''s most seminal articles explores these questions and more. Focused around the theme of sociolinguistics and language change across deep historical millennia (the Palaeolithic era to the Early Middle Ages), the essays explore topics in historical linguistics, dialectology, sociolinguistics, language change, linguistic typology, geolinguistics, and language contact phenomena. Each paper is fully updated for this volume, and includes linking commentaries and summaries, for easy cross-reference. This collection will be indispensable to academic specialists and graduate students with an interest in the sociolinguistic aspects of historical linguistics.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements; Prologue. The long view; 1. Prehistoric sociolinguistics and the uniformitarian hypothesis: what were stone-age languages like?; 2. From Ancient Greek to Comanche: on many millennia of complexification; 3. First-millennium England: a tale of two copulas; 4. The first three-thousand years: contact in prehistoric and early historic English; 5. Verners law, Germanic dialects, and the English dialect 'default singulars'; 6. Deep into the Pacific: the Austronesian migrations and the linguistic consequences of isolation; 7. The Hellenistic Koiné 320 BC to 550 AD and its medieval congeners; 8. Indo-European feminines: contact, diffusion and gender loss around the North Sea; Sources; References.

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Book SynopsisThe Grand Tour was the classical continental trip to France and Italy, undertaken by young aristocratic men in early modern Europe, ostensibly for educational purposes. Using amusing stories and vivid quotations collected from travellers'' writings, Arturo Tosi charts the rise of modern vernaculars and the standardisation of European languages. The travellers'' writings provide a valuable source of information about language contact, and illuminate how socialisation with the locals led, on the one hand, to conscious borrowings from prestigious foreign peers and, on the other, to linguistic disorientation when confronted with lower-class speech and rural vernaculars. The first of its kind to approach the Grand Tour from a linguistic perspective, this book is a timely addition to this burgeoning area of study, presenting a unique case study of population movement, language change and education in early modern Europe.Table of ContentsPreface; Introduction; Part I. Attitudes and Aptitudes: 1. Images and stereotypes; 2. Attractions, affections, aberrations; 3. Linguistic training at home; Part II. Encounters and Exchanges: 4. Language acquisition and learning abroad; 5. Aids, strategies and facilitators; 6. Latin and other lingua francas; Part III. Contrasts and Collisions: 7. Perceptions of linguistic diversity; 8. Instances of language contact; 9. Women travellers and gender issues; 10. Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisEnglish has a considerable history in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, and present-day English has a significant influence on the vocabulary of modern German. Examining the ongoing influence of English on German in these countries, Raymond Hickey leads a team of authors to explore a wide range of topics, such as the history of English teaching in Germany, the type of English spoken in German-speaking countries today, and the role of English in German society. Borrowings from English in present-day German, as well as the use of English in public places, is also discussed, as is the use of English by non-Germans living in Germany, and the situation of Germany as a country with English as a foreign language. Comparisons with other European countries are also analysed, and a consideration of the German-English interface in places as far apart as the United States and Namibia, is also presented.Trade Review'English in the German-Speaking World gives a clear, understandable, and multifaceted account of different aspects of the topic, shedding light on many different angles and perspectives and can therefore be seen as a valuable contribution to studying the role of English in the German-speaking world.' Sabrina Link, LinguistTable of Contents1. English in the German-speaking world: the nature and scale of language influence Raymond Hickey; Part I. The Status of English: 2. English in the German-speaking world: an inevitable presence Christian Mair; 3. English in Germany and the European context Sandra Mollin; 4. English in the former German Democratic Republic Göran Wolf; Part II. The Transmission of English: 5. The history of English instruction in the German-speaking world Friederike Klippel; 6. English language (teacher) education in Germany after 1945 Sabine Doff; 7. Supporting English medium instruction at German institutions of higher education Susanne Göpferich, Ina Alexandra Machura and Janine T. Murphy; Part III. Domains and Features of English: 8. Anglophone practices in Berlin: from historical evidence to transnational communities Theresa Heyd and Britta Schneider; 9. English in the German-speaking world: immigration and integration Janet M. Fuller; 10. Processes of language contact in English influence on German Alexander Onysko; 11. Persistent features in the English of German speakers Raymond Hickey; 12. Compiling a speech corpus of German English: rhoticity and the BATH vowel Sandra Jansen and Christian Langstrof; 13. A question of direction: German influence on English Julia Landmann; Part IV. Beyond Germany: 14. Varieties of English in the Netherlands and Germany Alison Edwards and Robert Fuchs; 15. English in Austria: policies and practices Ute Smit and Marlene Schwarz; 16. English in Switzerland Simone Pfenninger and Richard Watts; 17. English and German in Namibia Sarah Buschfeld and Anne Schröder; 18. English in German-speaking Wisconsin and the aftermath Joseph Salmons and Miranda E. Wilkerson; 19. The English 'infusion' in Pennsylvania German Mark Louden.

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Book SynopsisFocusing on Slavic languages, Danko Šipka provides a systematic approach to lexical indicators of cultural identity. In contrast to existing research, which focuses heavily on syntactic and phonological approaches,Šipka''s approach is novel, more systematic and encompassing, and postulates three lexical layers of cultural identity: deep, exchange, and surface. The deep layer pertains to culture-specific words, divisions, and features that are generally not subject to change and intervention. The exchange layer includes lexical markers of cultural influences resulting from lexical borrowing, which situates the speakers into various cultural circles. This layer is subject to gradual changes and some limited level of intervention from linguistic elites is possible. Finally, the surface layer encompasses the processes and consequences of lexical planning. It is subject to abrupt changes and it is shaped in constant negotiation between linguistic elites and general body of speakers.Table of Contents1. A conceptual map; 2. Relevant research traditions; 3. Research methodology; 4. Lexeme-level culture-bound words, divisions, and features; 5. Lexicon-based culture-bound field density; 6. Stability and change; 7. Cultural influences; 8. Geographical contact; 9. Inbound and outbound exchange; 10. Lexical planning; 11. Lexicographic traditions; 12. Attitudes; Conclusion; 13. Interaction between the layers; 14. Main findings; 15. An outlook.

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Book SynopsisThis lively account of the making of Canadian English traces the variety''s conceptual, social and linguistic developments from the twentieth century to the present. This book is not just another history of Canadian English; it is a history of the variety''s discovery, codification, and eventual acceptance, as well as the contribution of the linguists behind it. Written by an active research linguist focusing on Canadian English, this book is an archive-based biography on multiple levels. Through a combination of new data and re-interpretations of existing studies, a new voice is given to earlier generations of Canadian linguists who, generally forgotten today, shaped the variety and how we think about it. Exploring topics such as linguistic description and codification, dictionary making, linguistic imperialism, linguistic attitudes, language and Canadian identity, or the threat of Americanisation, Dollinger presents a coherent, integrated and balanced account of developments spanningTrade Review'Stefan Dollinger has undertaken heroic archival sleuthing to resuscitate the coalition of amateur logophiles and English professors that succeeded in bringing Canadian English into print and, more important, into our consciousness. Through him, this small, almost forgotten band of scholars come to life with their foibles, their labours and above all their dedication.' Jack Chambers, University of Toronto'For this brilliantly researched book, Stefan Dollinger bravely ventured to parts of the archives other scholars had never reached. He emerged with the fascinating story of how the 'Lennon & McCartney of Canadian English', Walter S. Avis and Charles J. Lovell, persuaded Canada - and then the world - to recognize Canadian English as the distinctive language variety that it truly is.' Peter Trudgill, Université de Fribourg, Switzerland'It is consistently seasoned with lively examples, gems of Canadianisms, explained in context and documented by references to the DCHP and other works. For anybody interested in such a perspective Dollinger's book is a captivating read.' Edgar W. Schneider, English World-Wide'… Creating Canadian English provides us with a highly competent and readable story, diligently researched in archives and by interviews, written by a scholar working in Canada, in nuanced Canadian English, that all audiences should find is a helpful introduction to its subject and a clear call for further community-involved efforts. I rate it highly.' David Douglas Robertson, LINGUIST ListTable of Contents1. What is Canadian English?; 2. The heritage of Canadian English; 3. Avis pulls it off; 4. The 'technology': slips, slips, and more slips; 5. 1967 – excitement and hype; 6. Riding the wave of success; 7. A global village and a national dictionary war; 8. Decolonizing DCHP-1 and DCHP-2; 9. Is there really a Canadian English?; Further reading.

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Book SynopsisThe texts in this reader include prose, metrical prose, and poetry, and represent a variety of genres (saints' lives and metrical charms as well as heroic verse). Frequently taught canonical texts are balanced with interesting, lesser-known works. The glossary is at the back of the book, and the companion website includes texts with clickable glossing, as well as additional texts for study.Trade Review“This rich selection of print texts, together with the author’s online reader and grammar, will appeal to twenty-first-century students as their introduction to Old English. Fresh, smart, and current in his interpretation of language and texts, McGillivray manages the difficult balance between knowledge of and sometimes doubts about our understanding of these writings of a thousand years ago and more. By foregrounding areas of uncertainty or disagreement in his introductions to the texts, McGillivray expertly guides beginning students of Old English to informed and sensitive readings of its prose and poetry.” — Antonette diPaolo Healey, University of Toronto“McGillivray’s Reader, designed for beginning students, is the perfect up-to-date companion for his understated grammar, A Gentle Introduction to Old English. Its twenty-six texts range from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Beowulf to Maldon, Judith, and The Wanderer, and include other, less familiar works such as the metrical charms, and the prose Apollonius of Tyre and Wonders of the East. An online site reinforces the glossary by providing, at the click of a mouse, full grammatical and lexicographical information for each Old English word, as well as textual notes and manuscript descriptions.” — Prof, Institution/Publication“It’s been a long time since beginning students of Old English have been offered this many texts to practice on. McGillivray gives us 26, including some unexpected ones. Here is God’s plenty, handsomely edited with excellent notes and glosses. Combined with McGillivray’s Gentle Introduction to Old English, which contains four more readings, and the auxiliary website, it’s hard to imagine a better resource for beginners in the field.” — James Earl, University of Oregon“This compact and non-intimidating Old English Reader is to be welcomed. The uncluttered page appearance, with only a few footnotes, should help fluent reading along and prod the curious into using the glossary. The book sits well alongside McGillivray’s online materials, where far more detailed information may be interrogated easily.” — Jane Roberts, King’s College London“Murray McGillivray’s Old English Reader provides access to an impressive range of works in prose and verse, including those that regularly appear in anthologies … and those that do not: excerpts from the Wonders of the East and, especially welcome, several of the Metrical Charms … The Reader also contains an extensive glossary, which at more than 160 pages comprises just over half of the total volume and serves as a key aid to help students translate the included works” — Glen Davis, Studies in Medieval and Renaissance TeachingTable of Contents Introduction PROSE Alfred’s Preface to Gregory Apollonius of Tyre Bede’s Account of the Conversion of Edwin of Northumbria Bede’s Account of the Poet Caedmon Cynewulf and Cyneheard The Great Army Sermo Lupi ad Anglos The Voyage of Wulfstan to Estland The Wonders of the East AELFRICIAN VERSE Ælfric’s Life of Saint Eugenia Ælfric’s Life of St. Oswald POETRY The Battle of Maldon Beowulf Deor The Dream of the Rood Exeter Book Riddles The Fortunes of Men Judith The Husband’s Message Metrical Charms The Seafarer The Story of Isaac The Wanderer The Whale The Wife’s Lament Wulf and Eadwacer Glossary

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Book Synopsis'A Toilet Paper' is a humorous examination, from a historical linguistic viewpoint, of four commonly used words relating to our posterior orifice and that which comes out of it.

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Book SynopsisTocharian and Indo-European Studies is the central publication for the study of two closely related languages, Tocharian A and Tocharian B. Found in many Buddhist manuscripts from central Asia, Tocharian dates back to the second half of the first millennium of the Common Era, though it was not discovered until the twentieth century. Focusing on both philological and linguistic aspects of this language, Tocharian and Indo-European Studies also looks at it in relationship to other Indo-European languages.

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Book SynopsisClassica et Mediaevalia is an international periodical, published annually, with articles written by Danish and International scholars. The articles are mainly written in English, but also in French and German. The periodical deals from a philological point of view with Classical Antiquity in general and topics such as history of law and philosophy and the medieval ecclesiastic history. It covers the period from the Greco-Roman Antiquity until the Late Middle Ages.

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Book SynopsisSince its foundation in May 1988, the Department of General and Applied Linguistics has issued -- at irregular intervals -- a number of volumes in the series Copenhagen Working Papers in Linguistics, in which staff members, graduate students and guest researchers have reported on their research activities. So far two volumes of papers on current research and three monographs have appeared in the series. The present volume contains contributions within the fields of general linguistics and historical linguistics and abstracts of papers and lectures by IAAS staff members and others affiliated to the department.

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Book SynopsisHolger Friis Johansen () and Giuseppe Torresin: Ole L. Smith in memoriam Holger Friis Johansen (): A poem by Theognis, part III 4. The collection and the corpus Victoria Wohl: ευσεβειας ενεκα και φιλοτιμιας. Hegemony and democracy at the Panathenaia Tasos Aidonis: Tissaphernes'' dealings with the Greeks Asger Ousager: Plotinus on motion and personal identity in time and space David Bain: Some textual and lexical notes on Cyranides ''books five and six'' Stavros A. Frangoulidis: (Meta)theatre as therapy in Terence''s Phormio Francis Xavier Ryan: Four Republican senators Raymond J. Clarck: The Avernian Sibyl''s cave: from military tunnel to mediaeval spa Jesper Carlsen: Saltuarius: a Latin job title W.S. Watt: Notes on the Latin anthology Zoja Pavlovskis-Petit: Storm and stress. The natural and the unnatural in De Sodoma and De Iona Note a la section suivante Jürgen Leonhardt: Classical metrics in medieval and Renaissance poetry. Some practical considerations Joachim Leeker: La présence des auters classiques dans l''histoirographie des pays romans (XIII au XV siècles) James Hankins: Antiplatonism in the Renaissance and the middle ages N.G. Wilson: The manuscripts of Greek classics in the middle ages and Renaissance Ole L. Smith: Medieval and Renaissance commentaires in Greek on classical Greek texts

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Book SynopsisActes du Colloque international de la Societá di Linguistica Italiana, qui s'est tenu á Copenhague du 5 au 7 février 1998 sur la linguistique textuelle comparative. 22 articles rédigés en français, espagnol et italien.

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Book SynopsisClassica et Mediaevalia - Volume 49

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Book SynopsisClassica et Mediaevalia is an international periodical, published annually, with articles written by Danish and International scholars. The articles are mainly written in English, but also in French and German. The periodical deals from a philological point of view with Classical Antiquity in general and topics such as history of law and philosophy and the medieval ecclesiastic history. It covers the period from the Greco-Roman Antiquity until the Late Middle Ages.

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Book SynopsisThis book contains the proceedings from the conference ''Changing Philologies'' together with other contributions on the same topic. The conference was organised by the Danish Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and was held on 8-9 February 2002 in Copenhagen. The contributors to this book question whether the traditional paradigm of national philology, which dominated foreign language studies for more than a century, is appropriate for meeting the challenge posed by the economic and political globalisation of today. They argue that the relation between languages and cultures will become an important field of investigation in the future, and that foreign language studies must provide linguistically skilled candidates trained in cultural translation and intercultural communication. In order to do so, the departments of foreign language studies must strengthen their interdisciplinary activities and engage in theoretical reflections upon the relation between such entities as language, culture, identity, and history, and the self-knowledge and imaginary world pictures represented in art and literature.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThe first part of this study presents a broad outline of the establishment of the parts of speech, with special emphasis on prepositions, in Ancient Greece, and of the further development in the Roman age, including the long shadow cast by Donatus and Priscian. It then examines the works of two of the most prominent members of the group of Speculative Grammarians in the High Middle Ages, and those of some of the leading grammar writers of the Renaissance. The central part of the book focuses on a detailed analysis of prepositions in fifty English grammatical treatises from Bullokar (1586) to Dalton (1801). Here the author not only scrutinises the individual grammatical texts, but by dealing with them in chronological order he also provides a historical perspective and hence a valuable overview of the treatment of prepositions as well as of word classes more generally during the first two centuries or so of English grammar writing. Taken together, these various aspects make this an important contribution to the history of linguistics.

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Book SynopsisThe Michif language -- spoken by descendants of French Canadian fur traders and Cree Indians in western Canada -- is considered an impossible language since it uses French for nouns and Cree for verbs, and comprises two different sets of grammatical rules. Bakker uses historical research and fieldwork data to present the first detailed analysis of this language and how it came into being.Trade ReviewA language of our own is an extremely valuable book, not only for linguistics, but also for many other disciplines outside linguistics. Throughout the book Bakker is careful and complete. He remains calm and analytical. He does not let popular ideas distract him; he takes nothing for granted. His writing style is very pleasant. At times it can be read as an exciting novel, and his choice of vocabulary makes it so the book can be read by a relatively broad audience. * The Carrier Pidgin, Vol 28 No 1-3, *Peter Bakker's book is an excellent account of the birth of Michif ... Bakker's monograph is the first detailed account of the birth of a mixed language, and hopefully it will be the start of a rich tradition ... This is a pioneering work of high quality that deserves to be followed up by more studies in this field. * The Carrier Pidgin, Vol 28, No 1-3 *"Bakker's work is of great originality and erudition--and even greater ambition: there has been no comparable attempt to deal with an issue that is so intractable and at the same time of such surpassing interest for the theory of language contact and linguistic theory itself."--H.C. Wolfart, University of Manitoba"A major contribution, this book presents a sensible, intensively researched solution to a problem that has long challenged scholars....Linguists, historians, and all students of Métis culture and history will be much in debt to Peter Bakker for his analytical breakthroughs in this field."--Jennifer S.H. Brown, University of Winnipeg

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Book SynopsisIn How to Kill a Dragon Calvert Watkins follows the continuum of poetic formulae in Indo-European languages, from Old Hittite to medieval Irish. He uses the comparative method to reconstruct traditional poetic formulae of considerable complexity that stretch as far back as the original common language. Thus, Watkins reveals the antiquity and tenacity of the Indo- European poetic tradition. Watkins begins this study with an introduction to the field of comparative Indo-European poetics; he explores the Saussurian notions of synchrony and diachrony, and locates the various Indo-European traditions and ideologies of the spoken word. Further, his overview presents case studies on the forms of verbal art, with selected texts drawn from Indic, Iranian, Greek, Latin, Hittite, Armenian, Celtic, and Germanic languages. In the remainder of the book, Watkins examines in detail the structure of the dragon/serpent- slaying myths, which recur in various guises throughout the Indo-European poetic tradition. He finds the signature formula for the myth--the divine hero who slays the serpent or overcomes adversaries--occurs in the same linguistic form in a wide range of sources and over millennia, including Old and Middle Iranian holy books, Greek epic, Celtic and Germanic sagas, down to Armenian oral folk epic of the last century. Watkins argues that this formula is the vehicle for the central theme of a proto-text, and a central part of the symbolic culture of speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language: the relation of humans to their universe, the values and expectations of their society. Therefore, he further argues, poetry was a social necessity for Indo- European society, where the poet could confer on patrons what they and their culture valued above all else: imperishable fame.Trade Reviewsince Watkins writes in English, and very readably (exotic material is regularly translated), he will surely dominate Anglophone perceptions of the field ... This is a magnificent work. * N.J.Allen *"...it attests to an extraordinary erudition and unique command of the major ancient IE languages; it contains innumerable original insights and fascinating notes on religion and mythology; it is well written and develops its argument step by step with growing conviction and clarity; altogether, a challenging and stimulating work!"--The Journal of Indo-European Studies"The book...is at once an impressive summation of what has gone before and a bold step forward into new waters...In its methodology, in its breadth, Watkins' book can only be termed a tour de force."--Journal of the American Oriental Society"This book is an inspiring introduction to the problems and techniques of comparative Indo-European poetics and at the same time a major contribution to that field...It is both delightfully entertaining and a very important work..."--The Classical Journal"...[this] rewarding book crowns many decades of thorough and ofter brillant linguistic research."--Religious Studies Review"Watkins builds a compelling case for his interpretations....This work is richly illustrated with examples from relevant literature, with all passages presented both in the original and in translation."--Diachronica"...the sheer mass of the learning in this landmark book by Watkins is overwhelming....the whole book is full of stimulating ideas....We owe a debt of gratitude to Watkins for this massive - and masterly - synthesis of traditional poetics in the Indo-European tradition."--Journal of American FolkloreTable of ContentsABSTRACTS OF INDO-EUROPEAN POLITICS I. The Field of Comparative Poetics: Introduction and Background 1: The comparative method in linguistic and poetics 2: Sketch for a history of Indo-European politics 3: Poetics as grammar: Typology of poetic devices, and some rules of poetic grammar 4: Poetics as repertory: The poetic traditions of the Indo-European world -- sources and texts 5: The Indo-European poet: His social function and his art 6: The poet's truth: The power, particularly, and preservation of the word II. Case Studies 7: Greece and the art of the world 8: Vedic India and the art of the world 9: Ireland and the art of the syllable 10: Saxa loquuntur: The first age of poetry in Italy -- Faliscan and South Picene 11: Most ancient Indo-Europeans 12: The comparison of formulaic sequences 13: An Indo-European stylistic figure 14: A late Indo-European traditional epithet 15: An Indo-European theme and formula: Imperishable fame 16: The hidden track of the cow: Obscure styles in Indo-European III. The Strophic Style: An Indo-European Poetic Form 17: Some Indo-European prayers: Cato's lustration of the fields 18: Umbria: The Tales of Iguvium 19: Italy and India: The elliptic offering 20: Strophic structures as "rhythmic prose"? Italic 21: Strophic structures in Iranian 22: 'Truth of Truth', 'most kavi of kavis', 'throng-lord of throngs': An Indo-Iranian stylistic figure 23: More strophic structures 24: Early Irish rosc 25: The Asvamedha or Horse Sacrifice: An Indo-European Liturgical form 26: Orphic gold leaves and the great way of the soul: Strophic style, funerary ritual formula, and eschatology HOW TO KILL A DRAGON IN INDO-EUROPEAN: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE THEORY OF THE FORUMLA IV. The Basic Forumla and Its Variants in the Narration of the Myth 27: Preliminaries 28: The root *guhen-: Vedic han- 29: The root *guhen-: Avestan jan- 30: The root *guhen-: Hittite kuen- and the Indo-European theme and formula 31: The slayer slain: A reciprocal forumla 32: First variant: The root *uedh- 33: 'Like a reed': The Indo-European background of a Luvian ritual 34: Second variant: the root *terh2- 35: Latin tarentum, the ludi saeculares, and Indo-European eschatology 36: The myth of Greece: Variations on the formula and theme 37: Expansion of the forumla: A recursive formulaic figure 38: Herakles, the formulaic hero 39: Hermes, Enualios, and Lukoworgos: The Serpent-slayer and the Man-slayer 40: Nektar and the adversary Death 41: The saga of Iphitos and the hero as monster 42: The name of Meleager 43: The Germanic world 44: Thor's hammer and the mace of Contract V. Some Indo-European Dragons and Dragon-Slayers 45: Fergus mae Leti and the muirdris 46: Typhoeus and the Illuyankas 47: Python and Ahi Budhnya, the Serpent of the Deep 48: Azi dahaka, Visvarupa, and Greyon VI. From Myth to Epic 49: From God to hero: The formulaic network in Greek 50: The best of the Achaeans 51: To be the death of: Transformation of the formula 52: The forumla without the word: A note on Euripides and Lysias 53: The basic forumla and the announcement of death 54: Further Indo-European comparisons and themes 55: The song of victory in Greek VII. From Myth to Charm 56: From dragon to worm 57: The charms of Indo-European 58: Indo-European medical doctrine 59: The poet as healer

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Book SynopsisAll languages change, just as other aspects of human society are constantly changing. This book is an introduction to the concepts and techniques of diachronic linguistics, the study of language change over time. It covers all themajor areas of historical linguistics, presenting concepts in a clear and concise way. Examples are given from a wide range of languages, with special emphasis on the languages of Australia and the Pacific. While the needs of undergraduate students of linguistics have been kept firmly in mind, the book will also be of interest to the general reader seeking to understand langauge and language change. For this fourth edition, a number of new sections have been written, including many new problems and several datasets. Existing materials have been supplemented with new sections on grammaticalization, tonogenesis, morphological change, and using statistical methods in language classification.Trade ReviewBecause of the diversity of the data presented and the completeness displayed in these chapters, this book constitutes an essential tool for linguistics students, and for all readers with a smattering in phonetics ... this updated edition shows that the classic work of T. Crowley remains an essential tool both for its completeness and its simplicity, especially thanks to C. Bowern's addition to this new edition. * Oscar Garcia-Marchena, Lexis *Table of ContentsTables, Figures, Maps, Preface, Phonetic Symbols, Language Maps ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Types of Sound Change ; 3. Expressing Sound Changes ; 4. Phonetic and Phonemic Changes ; 5. The Comparative Method (1): Procedures ; 6. Determining Relatedness ; 7. Internal Reconstruction ; 8. Computational and Statistical Methods ; 9. The Comparative Method (2.) History and Challenges ; 10. Morphological Change ; 11. Semantic and Lexical Change ; 12. Syntactic Change ; 13. Observing Language Change ; 14. Language Contact ; 15. Cultural Reconstruction ; Data Sets ; Language Index ; References ; Endnotes ; Index

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Trade ReviewIn this scholarly yet very readable study, Harrison writes powerfully of the value and beauty of these vanishing knowledge systems. * PD Smith, The Guardian *K. David Harrison makes an excellent case for studying our disappearing languages. Intrepid and dedicated, he is committed to salvaging what he can before it is too late. * Gregory Norminton, TLS *Table of Contents1.: A World of Many (Fewer) Voices 2.: An Extinction of (ideas about) Species 3.: Many Moons Ago: Traditional Calendars and Time-Reckoning Case Study: Urban Nomads of Mongolia 4.: An Atlas in the Mind Case Study: Wheel of Fortune, and a Blessing 5.: Silent Storytellers, Lost Legends Case Study: New Rice vs. Old Knowledge 6.: Counting to Twenty on your Toes Case Study: The Leaf-Cup People, India's Modern Primitives 7.: Worlds within Words Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisLike Carl Darling Buck''s Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin (1933), this book is an explanation of the similarities and differences between Greek and Latin morphology and lexicon through an account of their prehistory. It also aims to discuss the principal features of Indo-European linguistics. Greek and Latin are studied as a pair for cultural reasons only; as languages, they have little in common apart from their Indo-European heritage. Thus the only way to treat the historical bases for their development is to begin with Proto-Indo-European. The only way to make a reconstructed language like Proto-Indo-European intelligible and intellectually defensible is to present at least some of the basis for reconstructing its features and, in the process, to discuss reasoning and methodology of reconstruction (including a weighing of alternative reconstructions). The result is a compendious handbook of Indo-European phonology and morphology, and a vade mecum of Indo-European linguistics Table of ContentsPART I: INTRODUCTION; PART II: PHONOLOGY; PART III: DECLENSION; PART IV: PRONOUNS; PART V: NUMERALS; PART VI: CONJUGATION

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Book SynopsisWhat are the possible and preferred means of extending the vocabulary in Latin at the beginning and end of the Roman Empire? This book addresses this question with reference to the language of medicine and so offers the first systematic account of a part of this large, rich, and largely unworked field.Trade ReviewLangslow's work is an important contribution to our understanding of the field. * Hermathena: A Trinity College Dublin Review *This is one of the most thoroughgoing attempts to place Latin lexicological studies on a quantitive basis. * Hermathena: A Trinity College Dublin Review *... an unusual air of intellectual dialogue within the work, and a sense that this area of Latin linguistics has made real progress since the mid-1980s. This book both summarizes this progress and builds on it; it offers a range of new approaches to technical languages, potentially applicable to other branches of Latin and indeed to other languages as well. In doing so, [Langslow] gives a fine example of how classical philology can go on contributing to debate within modern general linguistics. * Hermathena: A Trinity College Dublin Review *Very welcome linguistical study of terminology in Latin medical texts. * Medical History *The author must be praised for combining the tasks of a linguist with those of a classicist. * Medical History *The book and the three indexes included in the appendix will be used as an essential reference tool for future research. * Medical History *

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Book SynopsisThis is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations.Most of the world''s languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as ''someone'', ''anything'', and ''nowhere''. Martin Haspelmath presents the first comprehensive and encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formal properties. He shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals.The author treats his subject matter broadly within the Humboldt-Greenberg tradition of language typology, but also considers the contribution of other theoretical approaches to an understanding of the functional and formal properties of indefinite pronouns. The book is organized into four logically ordered steps: selection of a part of grammar-indefinite pronouns-that can be identified across languages by formal and functional criteria; investigation of the properties of indefinite pronouns in a world-wide sample of forty languages; formulation of generalizations that emerge from the data, summarized in the form of an implicational map; and theoretically-informed explanations of the generalizations, which go beyond system-internal statements, appealing to cognitive semantics, functional pressures, and universals of language change (especially grammaticalization).Trade Reviewof interest to all linguists with an interest in cross-linguistic variation and typology ... the book is clearly written and well edited ... the facts provided offer a great deal of food for thought to anyone with an interest in cross-linguistic work. * Molly Diesing, American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 10.2 1998 *This volume is well presented and edited and contains an extensive bibliography on the topic of indefinite pronouns in what Haspelmath regards the mainstream of linguistics. It will appeal to specialists rather than to people with an only generalist interest in linguistics. * Peter Muhlhausler *A welcome addition to the typological literature, this book is the most comprehensive work to date devoted exclusively to the description of indefinite pronous ... in the world's languages. Haspelmath's presentation offers generally interesting reading, giving us many facts, testable universal claims, and tantalizing attempts at explanation. With its many examples, the book can serve not only as a springboard for further scholarship but also as a useful reference work for teaching. ... well-organized book... The writing style is accessible; thus the book has a potentially wide readership among both linguists and nonlinguists interested in language universals and their explanation. Haspelmath is to be applauded for attempting explanations of so many of his findings. The explanatory ideas he appeals to are seductive ones that crop up repeatedly in linguistics. * Jessica Wirth, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Anthropological Linguistics, Vol 41, no.1 *The first book in a new series which aims to provide a functional-typological perspective to linguistic problems that are of both typological and formal importance. One couldn't wish for a better first book to inaugurate the series... highly recommended, not only to field workers... but also to any linguist who wants to see a textbook example of a linguistic analysis... adds significantly to our understanding of negative indefinites. Anyone working on two or more closely related languages should be required to read this book. * Ferdinand de Haan, Notes on Linguistics 2.2 *Table of Contents1. Overview ; 2. A Typological Perspective on Indefinite Pronouns ; 3. Formal and Functional Types of Indefinite Pronoun ; 4. An Implicational Map for Indefinite Pronoun Functions ; 5. Theoretical Approaches to the Functions of Indefinite Pronouns ; 6. The Grammaticalization of Indefinite Pronouns ; 7. Further Sources of Indefinite Pronouns ; 8. Negative Indefinite Pronouns ; 9. Conclusions ; Appendix A The Data of the 40-Language Sample ; Appendix B The Data of the 100-Language Sample

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Book SynopsisA Historical Greek Reader provides an introduction to the history of the ancient Greek language by means of a series of texts with linguistic commentary, cross-referenced to each other and to a reference grammar at the front. It offers a selection of epigraphic and literary texts from the Mycenaean period (roughly the fourteenth century BC) to the koiné (the latest text dates to the second century AD), and includes a wide range of Greek dialect texts. The epigraphic section balances a number of well-known inscriptions with recent discoveries that may not be easily available elsewhere; a selection of literary texts traces major developments in the language of Greek poetry and literary prose. The book finishes with an account of the linguistic and sociolinguistic background of koiné Greek. The commentary assumes no prior knowledge of Greek historical linguistics, but provides a basic amount of up-to-date bibliography so that advanced students and others can pursue linguistic issues at grTable of ContentsI. INTRODUCTION; II. TEXTS WITH TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY

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