Heat transfer processes Books

Book SynopsisHeat and Mass Transfer–Fundamentals & Applications, 6e in SI Units, is a textbook for practical-oriented heat transfer course offered to engineering students. It has a perfect blend of fundamentals and applications. It covers the standard topics of heat transfer with emphasis on physics and physical arguments.The text is designed to develop a deeper understanding of the subject and encourage creative thinking. With numerous real-world examples, the book enhances intuitive skill among students and help them confidently apply their knowledge.McGraw Hill’s Connect is also available as an optional add on item. Connect is an integrated learning system that empowers students by continuously adapting to deliver exactly what they need, when they need it, and how they need it so that class time is more effective. Connect allows instructors to assign assignments and tests easily and automatically grades and records scores of the student’s work.HIGHLIGHTSTable of Contents1) Introduction and Basic Concepts2)Heat Conduction Equation3)Steady Heat Conduction4)Transient Heat Conduction5)Numerical Methods in Heat Conduction6)Fundamentals of Convection7)External Forced Convection8)Internal Forced Convection9)Natural Convection10)Boiling and Condensation11)Heat Exchangers12)Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation13)Radiation Heat Transfer14)Mass Transfer15)Cooling of Electronic Equipment (Online Chapter)16)Heating and Cooling of Buildings (Online Chapter)17)Refrigeration and Freezing of Foods (Online Chapter)Appendix- Property Tables and Charts

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Book SynopsisAnalysis of Transport Phenomena, Second Edition, provides a unified treatment of momentum, heat, and mass transfer, emphasizing the concepts and analytical techniques that apply to these transport processes. The second edition has been revised to reinforce the progression from simple to complex topics and to better introduce the applied mathematics that is needed both to understand classical results and to model novel systems. A common set of formulation, simplification, and solution methods is applied first to heat or mass transfer in stationary media and then to fluid mechanics, convective heat or mass transfer, and systems involving various kinds of coupled fluxes.FEATURES: * Explains classical methods and results, preparing students for engineering practice and more advanced study or research* Covers everything from heat and mass transfer in stationary media to fluid mechanics, free convection, and turbulence* Improved organization, including the establishment of a more integrativeTrade Review"Deen is the gold standard for teaching graduate-level transport phenomena to chemical engineers." -Yossef Elabd, Drexel UniversityTable of ContentsPreface ; List of Symbols ; CHAPTER 1. DIFFUSIVE FLUXES AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES ; 1.1 INTRODUCTION ; 1.2 BASIC CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS ; 1.3 DIFFUSIVITIES FOR ENERGY, SPECIES, AND MOMENTUM ; 1.4 MAGNITUDES OF TRANSPORT COEFFICIENTS ; 1.5 MOLECULAR INTERPRETATION OF TRANSPORT COEFFICIENTS ; 1.6 LIMITATIONS ON LENGTH AND TIME SCALES ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER ; 2.1 INTRODUCTION ; 2.2 GENERAL FORMS OF CONSERVATION EQUATIONS ; 2.3 CONSERVATION OF MASS ; 2.4 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: THERMAL EFFECTS ; 2.5 HEAT TRANSFER AT INTERFACES ; 2.6 CONSERVATION OF CHEMICAL SPECIES ; 2.7 MASS TRANSFER AT INTERFACES ; 2.8 MOLECULAR VIEW OF SPECIES CONSERVATION ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 3. FORMULATION AND APPROXIMATION ; 3.1 INTRODUCTION ; 3.2 ONE-DIMENSIONAL EXAMPLES ; 3.3 ORDER-OF-MAGNITUDE ESTIMATION AND SCALING ; 3.4 <"DIMENSIONALITY>" IN MODELING ; 3.5 TIME SCALES IN MODELING ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 4. SOLUTION METHODS BASED ON SCALING CONCEPTS ; 4.1 INTRODUCTION ; 4.2 SIMILARITY METHOD ; 4.3 REGULAR PERTURBATION ANALYSIS ; 4.4 SINGULAR PERTURBATION ANALYSIS ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 5. SOLUTION METHODS FOR LINEAR PROBLEMS ; 5.1 INTRODUCTION ; 5.2 PROPERTIES OF LINEAR BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS ; 5.3 FINITE FOURIER TRANSFORM METHOD ; 5.4 BASIS FUNCTIONS ; 5.5 FOURIER SERIES ; 5.6 FFT SOLUTIONS FOR RECTANGULAR GEOMETRIES ; 5.7 FFT SOLUTIONS FOR CYLINDRICAL GEOMETRIES ; 5.8 FFT SOLUTIONS FOR SPHERICAL GEOMETRIES ; 5.9 POINT-SOURCE SOLUTIONS ; 5.10 MORE ON SELF-ADJOINT EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS AND FFT ; SOLUTIONS ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 6. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS ; 6.1 INTRODUCTION ; 6.2 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM ; 6.3 TOTAL STRESS, PRESSURE, AND VISCOUS STRESS ; 6.4 FLUID KINEMATICS ; 6.5 CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR VISCOUS STRESS ; 6.6 FLUID MECHANICS AT INTERFACES ; 6.7 FORCE CALCULATIONS ; 6.8 STREAM FUNCTION ; 6.9 DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS AND FLOW REGIMES ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 7. UNIDIRECTIONAL AND NEARLY UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW ; 7.1 INTRODUCTION ; 7.2 STEADY FLOW WITH A PRESSURE GRADIENT ; 7.3 STEADY FLOW WITH A MOVING SURFACE ; 7.4 TIME-DEPENDENT FLOW ; 7.5 LIMITATIONS OF EXACT SOLUTIONS ; 7.6 NEARLY UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 8. CREEPING FLOW ; 8.1 INTRODUCTION ; 8.2 GENERAL FEATURES OF LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER FLOW ; 8.3 UNIDIRECTIONAL AND NEARLY UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLUTIONS ; 8.4 STREAM-FUNCTION SOLUTIONS ; 8.5 POINT-FORCE SOLUTIONS ; 8.6 PARTICLES AND SUSPENSIONS ; 8.7 CORRECTIONS TO STOKES' LAW ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 9. LAMINAR FLOW AT HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBER ; 9.1 INTRODUCTION ; 9.2 GENERAL FEATURES OF HIGH REYNOLDS NUMBER FLOW ; 9.3 IRROTATIONAL FLOW ; 9.4 BOUNDARY LAYERS AT SOLID SURFACES ; 9.5 INTERNAL BOUNDARY LAYERS ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 10. FORCED-CONVECTION HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONFINED LAMINAR FLOWS ; 10.1 INTRODUCTION ; 10.2 PECLET NUMBER ; 10.3 NUSSELT AND SHERWOOD NUMBERS ; 10.4 ENTRANCE REGION ; 10.5 FULLY DEVELOPED REGION ; 10.6 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: MECHANICAL EFFECTS ; 10.7 TAYLOR DISPERSION ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 11. FORCED-CONVECTION HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN UNCONFINED LAMINAR FLOWS ; 11.1 INTRODUCTION ; 11.2 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CREEPING FLOW ; 11.3 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYERS ; 11.4 SCALING LAWS FOR NUSSELT AND SHERWOOD NUMBERS ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 12. TRANSPORT IN BUOYANCY-DRIVEN FLOW ; 12.1 INTRODUCTION ; 12.2 BUOYANCY AND THE BOUSSINESQ APPROXIMATION ; 12.3 CONFINED FLOWS ; 12.4 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND BOUNDARY-LAYER EQUATIONS ; 12.5 UNCONFINED FLOWS ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 13. TRANSPORT IN TURBULENT FLOW ; 13.1 INTRODUCTION ; 13.2 BASIC FEATURES OF TURBULENCE ; 13.3 TIME-SMOOTHED EQUATIONS ; 13.4 EDDY DIFFUSIVITY MODELS ; 13.5 OTHER APPROACHES FOR TURBULENT-FLOW CALCULATIONS ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 14. SIMULTANEOUS ENERGY AND MASS TRANSFER AND MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS ; 14.1 INTRODUCTION ; 14.2 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS ; 14.3 SIMULTANEOUS HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER ; 14.4 INTRODUCTION TO COUPLED FLUXES ; 14.5 STEFAN-MAXWELL EQUATIONS ; 14.6 GENERALIZED DIFFUSION IN DILUTE MIXTURES ; 14.7 GENERALIZED STEFAN-MAXWELL EQUATIONS ; References ; Problems ; CHAPTER 15. TRANSPORT IN ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS ; 15.1 INTRODUCTION ; 15.2 FORMULATION OF MACROSCOPIC PROBLEMS ; 15.3 MACROSCOPIC EXAMPLES ; 15.4 EQUILIBRIUM DOUBLE LAYERS ; 15.5 ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA ; References ; Problems ; APPENDIX A. VECTORS AND TENSORS ; A.1 INTRODUCTION ; A.2 REPRESENTATION OF VECTORS AND TENSORS ; A.3 VECTOR AND TENSOR PRODUCTS ; A.4 VECTOR-DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS ; A.5 INTEGRAL TRANSFORMATIONS ; A.6 POSITION VECTORS ; A.7 ORTHOGONAL CURVILINEAR COORDINATES ; A.8 SURFACE GEOMETRY ; References ; APPENDIX B. ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND SPECIAL FUNCTIONS ; B.1 INTRODUCTION ; B.2 FIRST-ORDER EQUATIONS ; B.3 EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS ; B.4 BESSEL AND SPHERICAL BESSEL EQUATIONS ; B.5 OTHER EQUATIONS WITH VARIABLE COEFFICIENTS ; References ; Index

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the design, analysis, and optimization of the cleanest, most efficient fossil fuel-fired electric power generation technology at present and in the foreseeable future.The book contains a wealth of first principles-based calculation methods comprising key formulae, charts, rules of thumb, and other tools developed by the author over the course of 25+ years spent in the power generation industry. It is focused exclusively on actual power plant systems and actual field and/or rating data providing a comprehensive picture of the gas turbine combined cycle technology from performance and cost perspectives.Material presented in this book is applicable for research and development studies in academia and government/industry laboratories, as well as practical, day-to-day problems encountered in the industry (including OEMs, consulting engineers and plant operators).Table of ContentsIntroduction. Prerequisites. Bare Necessities. Gas Turbine. Steam Turbine. Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG). Heat Sink Options. Combining the Pieces. Major Equipment. Balance of Plant. Construction and Commissioning. Environmental Considerations. Economics. Cogeneration. Operability. Maintenance. Repowering. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle. Carbon Capture. What Next? Appendix A: Property Calculations. Appendix B: Standard Conditions for Temperature and Pressure. Appendix C: Exergetic Efficiency. Appendix D: Thermal Response Basics. Appendix E: Steam Turbine Stress Basics. Appendix F: Carbon Capture.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook presents the basic methods, numerical schemes, and algorithms of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Readers will learn to compose MATLAB programs to solve realistic fluid flow problems.Newer research results on the stability and boundedness of various numerical schemes are incorporated. The book emphasizes large eddy simulation (LES) in the chapter on turbulent flow simulation besides the two-equation models. Volume of fraction (VOF) and level-set methods are the focus of the chapter on two-phase flows.The textbook was written for a first course in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) taken by undergraduate students in a Mechanical Engineering major.Access the Support Materials: https://www.routledge.com/9780367687298.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Essence of Fluid Dynamics Chapter 2 Finite Difference and Finite Volume Methods Chapter 3 Numerical Schemes Chapter 4 Numerical Algorithms Chapter 5 Navier–Stokes Solution Methods Chapter 6 Unstructured Mesh Chapter 7 Multiphase Flow Chapter 8 Turbulent Flow

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Book SynopsisA complete overview and considerations in process equipment design Handling and storage of large quantities of materials is crucial to the chemical engineering of a wide variety of products. Process Equipment Design explores in great detail the design and construction of the containers or vessels required to perform any given task within this field. The book provides an introduction to the factors that influence the design of vessels and the various types of vessels, which are typically classified according to their geometry. The text then delves into design and other considerations for the construction of each type of vessel, providing in the process a complete overview of process equipment design.Table of ContentsFactors Influencing the Design of Vessels. Criteria in Vessel Design. Design of Shells for Flat-Bottomed Cylindrical Vessels. Design of Bottoms and Roofs for Flat-Bottomed CylindricalVessels. Proportioning and Head Selection for Cylindrical Vessels withFormed Closures. Stress Considerations in the Selection of Flat-Plate and ConicalClosures for Cylindrical Vessels. Stress Considerations in the Selection of Elliptical,Torispherical, and Hemispherical Dished Closures for CylindricalVessels. Design of Cylindrical Vessels with Formed Closures Operating underExternal Pressure. Design of Tall Vertical Vessels. Design of Supports for Vertical Vessels. Design of Horizontal Vessels with Saddle Supports. Design of Flanges. Design of Pressure Vessels to Code Specifications. High-Pressure Monobloc Vessels. Multilayer Vessels. References. Appendices. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisNot only enables readers to include radiation as part of their design and analysis but also appreciate the radiative transfer processes in both nature and engineering systems.Table of ContentsThe Nature of Thermal Radiation. Radiative Properties and Simple Transfer. Diffuse Surface Transfer. Electromagnetic Theory Results. Classical Dispersion Theory. Monte Carlo Surface Transfer. Radiative Transfer Equation. Thermal Radiation Properties of Gases. Radiative Properties of Particles. Radiative Transfer in Nonscattering, Homogeneous Media. Nonisothermal Transfer: Radiative Equilibrium and Diffusion withIsotropic Scattering. Radiative Transfer with Anisotropic, Multiple Scattering. Radiative Transfer Coupled with Conduction and Convection. Monte Carlo in Participating Media. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisMomentum, heat and mass transport phenomena can be found everywhere in nature. A solid understanding of the principles of these processes is essential for chemical and process engineers. The second edition of Transport Phenomena builds on the foundation of the first edition which presented fundamental knowledge and practical application of momentum, heat and mass transfer processes in a form useful to engineers. This revised edition includes revisions of the original text in addition to new applications providing a thoroughly updated edition. This updated text includes An introduction to physical transport analysis including units, dimensional analysis and conservation laws. A systematic treatment of fluid flow and heat and mass transport, their similarities and dissimilarities. Theoretical and semi-empirical equations and a condensed overview of practical data. Illustrative problems showing practical applications. A problem section aTable of ContentsIntroduction to Physical Transport Phenomena. Flow Phenomena. Heat Transport. Mass Transport. Notation. Index.

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Book SynopsisTransport Phenomena Second Edition W.J. Beek K.M.K. Muttzall J.W. van Heuven Momentum, heat and mass transport phenomena can be found everywhere in nature. A solid understanding of the principles of these processes is essential for chemical and process engineers.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Physical Transport Phenomena. Flow Phenomena. Heat Transport. Mass Transport. Notation. Index.

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Book SynopsisGeothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles focuses on topics from high temperature geothermal energy extraction, to lower temperature situations at ground surface and shallow depths. Providing broad international coverage, the chapters encompass field observations on sites in several countries as well as computational and laboratory studies. Ground conditions vary from hard rock to chalk, loess to London Clay. Key features of this book include (1) international case histories on geothermal energy extraction; (2) coverage of geothermal resource exploration, characterisation and evaluation; and (3) design and assessment of energy piles. This book, which has been edited by two leading experts in the field, is an ideal resource for engineers and researchers seeking an overview of the latest research in this exciting area.

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Book SynopsisSolar Thermal Conversion Technologies for Industrial Process Heating presents a comprehensive look at the use of solar thermal energy in industrial applications, such as textiles, chemical processing, and food. The successful projects implemented in a variety of industries are shown in case studies, alongside performance assessment methodologies. The book includes various solar thermal energy conversion technologies and new techniques and applications of solar collectors in industrial sectors.Features: Covers the key designs and novel technologies employed in the processing industries Discusses challenges in the incorporation of the solar thermal system in industrial applications Explores the techno-economic, environmental impact and life cycle analysis with government policies for promoting the system Includes real-world case studies Presents chapters written by global experts in the field The book will beTable of ContentsPART I - Solar Thermal Conversion Technologies: Overview. Chapter 1: Global Energy Scenario. Chapter 2: Low and Medium Temperature Solar Thermal Collectors. PART II - Solar Energy for Industrial Process Heating. Chapter 3: Potentials and Challenges. Chapter 4: Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Industry. Chapter 5: Automobile Manufacturing Industries. Chapter 6: Food Processing Industries. Chapter 7: Desalination for Large Scale. Chapter 8: Oil and Gas Industries. PART III - Sustainability Assessment for Solar Industrial Process Heating. Chapter 9: Effective Integration and Technical Feasibility Analysis of Solar Thermal Networks for Industrial Process Heating Applications. Chapter 10: Solar Thermal Energy Systems Lifecycle Assessment. PART IV - Modern Control Systems and Government Polices for Solar Industrial Heat. Chapter 11: Role of Modern Tools in Solar Thermal System Design. Chapter 12: Global Energy Model and International Solar Energy Policies.

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The text provides in-depth knowledge about recent advances in solar collector systems, photovoltaic systems, the role of thermal energy systems in buildings, phase change materials, geothermal energy, biofuels, and thermal management systems for EVs in social and industrial applications. It further aims toward the inclusion of innovation and implementation of strategies for CO2 emission reduction through the reduction of energy consumption using conventional sources.This book: Presents the latest advances in the field of thermal energy storage, solar energy development, geothermal energy, and hybrid energy applications for green development Highlights the importance of innovation and implementation of strategies for CO2 emission reduction through the reduction of energy consumption using sustainable technologies and methods Discusses design development, life cycle assessment, modelling and simulation of thermal energy systems i

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Book SynopsisA timely and comprehensive introduction to CO2 heat pump theory and usage A comprehensive introduction of CO2 application in heat pump, authored by leading scientists in the field CO2 is a hot topic due to concerns over global warming and the ''greenhouse effect''. Its disposal and application has attracted considerable research and governmental interest Explores the basic theories, devices, systems and cycles and real application designs for varying applications, ensuring comprehensive coverage of a current topic CO2 heat transfer has everyday applications including water heaters, air-conditioning systems, residential and commercial heating systems, and cooling systems Table of ContentsList of Contributors Preface Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Fundamentals 1.3 Applications 1.4 A guide to this book Chapter 2 Current development of CO2 heat pump 2.1 Introduction 2.2 CO2 properties 2.3 Working principle of transcritical CO2 heat pump 2.4 A brief history of CO2 heat pump 2.5 CO2 cascade heat pump system 2.6 Advanced CO2 heat pump system with an ejector Chapter 3 Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cooling 3.1 Supercritical properties 3.2 Supercritical heat transfer fluid mechanics 3.3 Supercritical gas cooling experiments 3.4 Supercritical CO2 heat transfer correlations 3.5 Supercritical CO2 pressure drop 3.6 Supercritical CO2 heat transfer and pressure drop with lubricants 3.7 Summary and need for additional research Chapter 4 Boiling flow and heat transfer of CO2 in an evaporator 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Boiling heat transfer of liquid CO2 in an evaporator 4.3 Sublimation heat ransfer of dry ice-gas CO2 in an evaporator/sublimator Chapter 5 Theoretical analysis of CO2 expansion process 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Thermodynamic analysis of the expansion process in transcritical CO2 cycles 5.3 Theory of ejector-expansion devices 5.4 Expansion work recovery devices for transcritical CO2 systems Chapter 6 Trans-critical carbon dioxide compressors 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sliding vane CO2 compressor 6.3 Screw CO2 compressor 6.4 CO2 rolling rotor compressor 6.5 SCO2 scroll compressor 6.6 SCO2 turbo-compressor 6.7 SCO2 piston compressor 6.8 Future trends 6.9 Some key technical problems of CO2 compressor 6.10 Conclusion and perspectives Chapter 7 CO2 subcooling 7.1 Introduction 7.2 CO2 thermodynamic properties and approach 7.3 Internal heat exchanger 7.4 Dedicated mechanical subcooling 7.5 Integrated mechanical subcooling 7.6 Summary Chapter 8 High temperature CO2 heat pump system and optimization 8.1 Background 8.2 Basic system design 8.3 High temperature operation and key equipment 8.4 System Optimization 8.5 Applications and challenges 8.6 Commercialized Products by High Temperature CO2 Heat Pump 8.7 Summary Chapter 9 Performance Analysis and Optimization of a CO2 Heat Pump Water Heating System 9.1 Introduction 9.2 System configuration 9.3 System modeling 9.4 Numerical solution 9.5 Conditions for performance analysis and optimization 9.6 Performance analysis under periodically steady state 9.7 Performance enhancement by extracting tepid water 9.8 Performance analysis under unsteady state 9.9 Performance estimation under unsteady state 9.10 Performance optimization under unsteady state 9.11 Other issues on performance analysis and optimization Chapter 10 Transcritical CO2 heat pump space heating 10.1 Attempts towards the space heating used a transcritical CO2 heat pump 10.2 Thermodynamic analysis of the subcooler based CO2 heat pump 10.3 Comparison between the subcooler based CO2 system and the cascade cycle 10.4 Optimal discharge pressure 10.5 Optimal medium temperature 10.6 Conclusion and prospect References

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive source of generalized design data for most widely used fin surfaces in CHEs Compact Heat Exchanger Analysis, Design and Optimization: FEM and CFD Approach brings new concepts of design data generation numerically (which is more cost effective than generic design data) and can be used by design and practicing engineers more effectively. The numerical methods/techniques are introduced for estimation of performance deteriorations like flow non-uniformity, temperature non-uniformity, and longitudinal heat conduction effects using FEM in CHE unit level and Colburn j factors and Fanning friction f factors data generation method for various types of CHE fins using CFD. In addition, worked examples for single and two-phase flow CHEs are provided and the complete qualification tests are given for CHEs use in aerospace applications. Chapters cover: Basic Heat Transfer; Compact Heat Exchangers; Fundamentals of Finite Element and Finite Volume Methods; Finite Element Analysis ofTable of ContentsPreface xiii Series Preface xv 1 Basic Heat Transfer 1 1.1 Importance of Heat Transfer 1 1.2 Heat Transfer Modes 2 1.3 Laws of Heat Transfer 3 1.4 Steady-State Heat Conduction 4 1.4.1 One-Dimensional Heat Conduction 5 1.4.2 Three-Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation 7 1.4.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions 10 1.5 Transient Heat Conduction Analysis 11 1.5.1 Lumped Heat Capacity System 11 1.6 Heat Convection 13 1.6.1 Flat Plate in Parallel Flow 14 1.6.1.1 Laminar Flow Over an Isothermal Plate 14 1.6.1.2 Turbulent Flow over an Isothermal Plate 16 1.6.1.3 Boundary Layer Development Over Heated Plate 17 1.6.2 Internal Flow 18 1.6.2.1 Hydrodynamic Considerations 19 1.6.2.2 Flow Conditions 19 1.6.2.3 Mean Velocity 20 1.6.2.4 Velocity Profile in the Fully Developed Region 21 1.6.3 Forced Convection Relationships 23 1.7 Radiation 28 1.7.1 Radiation – Fundamental Concepts 30 1.8 Boiling Heat Transfer 35 1.8.1 Flow Boiling 36 1.9 Condensation 38 1.9.1 Film Condensation 39 1.9.2 Drop-wise Condensation 39 Nomenclature 40 Greek Symbols 42 Subscripts 42 References 43 2 Compact Heat Exchangers 45 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 Motivation for Heat Transfer Enhancement 46 2.3 Comparison of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger 48 2.4 Classification of Heat Exchangers 49 2.5 Heat Transfer Surfaces 51 2.5.1 Rectangular Plain Fin 52 2.5.2 Louvred-Fin 52 2.5.3 Strip-Fin or Lance and Offset Fin 53 2.5.4 Wavy-Fin 53 2.5.5 Pin-Fin 53 2.5.6 Rectangular Perforated Fin 54 2.5.7 Triangular Plain Fin 54 2.5.8 Triangular Perforated Fin 54 2.5.9 Vortex Generator 55 2.6 Heat Exchanger Analysis 56 2.6.1 Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference 58 2.6.1.1 Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger 59 2.6.1.2 Counter-Flow Heat Exchanger 62 2.6.2 Effectiveness-NTU Method 65 2.6.3 Effectiveness-NTU Relations 69 2.6.4 Evaluation of Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Data 73 2.6.4.1 Flow Properties and Dimensionless Numbers 73 2.6.4.2 Data Curves for j andf 75 2.7 Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger 77 2.7.1 Description 77 2.7.2 Geometric Characteristics 78 2.7.3 Correlations for Offset Strip Fin (OSF) Geometry 81 2.8 Finned-Tube Heat Exchanger 81 2.8.1 Geometrical Characteristics 82 2.8.2 Correlations for Circular-Finned-Tube Geometry 84 2.8.3 Pressure Drop 85 2.8.4 Correlations for Louvred Plate-Fin Flat-Tube Geometry 86 2.8.5 Louvre-Fin-Type Flat-Tube Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers 90 2.8.5.1 Geometric Characteristics 91 2.8.5.2 Correlations for Louvre Fin Geometry 93 2.9 Plate-Fin Exchangers Operating Limits 93 2.10 Plate-Fin Exchangers – Monitoring and Maintenance 94 2.10.1 Advantage 95 2.10.2 Disadvantages 95 Nomenclature 95 Greek Symbols 97 Subscripts 98 References 98 3 Fundamentals of Finite Element and Finite Volume Methods 101 3.1 Introduction 101 3.2 Finite Element Method 101 3.2.1 Finite Element Form of the Conduction Equation 103 3.2.2 Elements and Shape Functions 104 3.2.3 Two-Dimensional Linear Triangular Elements 109 3.2.3.1 Area Coordinates 112 3.2.4 Formulation for the Heat Conduction Equation 114 3.2.4.1 Variational Approach 115 3.2.4.2 Galerkin Method 118 3.2.5 Requirements for Interpolation Functions 119 3.2.6 Plane Wall with a Heat Source – Solution by Quadratic Element 128 3.2.7 Two-Dimensional Plane Problems 130 3.2.7.1 Triangular Elements 131 3.2.8 Finite Element Method-Transient Heat Conduction 141 3.2.8.1 Galerkin Method for Transient Heat Conduction 142 3.2.9 Time Discretization using the Finite Element Method 145 3.2.10 Finite Element Method for Heat Exchangers 146 3.2.10.1 Governing Equations 146 3.2.10.2 Finite Element Formulation 148 3.3 Finite Volume Method 164 3.3.1 Navier–Stokes Equations 165 3.3.1.1 Conservation of Momentum 168 3.3.1.2 Energy Equation 171 3.3.1.3 Non-Dimensional Form of the Governing Equations 173 3.3.1.4 Forced Convection 174 3.3.1.5 Natural Convection (Buoyancy-Driven Convection) 175 3.3.1.6 Mixed Convection 177 3.3.1.7 Transient Convection – Diffusion Problem 177 3.3.2 Boundary Conditions 178 Nomenclature 178 Greek Symbols 179 Subscripts 179 References 179 4 Finite Element Analysis of Compact Heat Exchangers 183 4.1 Introduction 183 4.2 Finite Element Discretization 184 4.3 Governing Equations 184 4.4 Finite Element Formulation 189 4.4.1 Cross Flow Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger 189 4.4.2 Counter Flow/Parallel Flow Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers 193 4.4.3 Cross Flow Tube-Fin Heat Exchanger 194 4.5 Longitudinal Wall Heat Conduction Effects 195 4.5.1 General 195 4.5.2 Validation 198 4.5.3 Cross Flow Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger 199 4.5.4 Cross Flow Tube-Fin Heat Exchanger 200 4.5.5 Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger 206 4.5.6 Counter Flow Heat Exchanger 206 4.5.7 Relative Comparison of Results 207 4.6 Inlet Flow Non-Uniformity Effects 207 4.6.1 General 207 4.6.2 Validation 214 4.6.3 Cross Flow Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger 215 4.6.4 Cross Flow Tube-Fin Heat Exchanger 221 4.6.5 Pressure Drop Variations – Flow Non-Uniformity 224 4.7 Inlet Temperature Non-Uniformity Effects 228 4.7.1 General 228 4.7.2 Validation 229 4.7.3 Cross Flow Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger 229 4.7.4 Cross Flow Tube-Fin Heat Exchanger 233 4.8 Combined Effects of Longitudinal Heat Conduction, Inlet Flow Non-Uniformity and Temperature Non-Uniformity 235 4.8.1 General 235 4.8.2 Validation 237 4.8.3 Combined Effects of Longitudinal Wall Heat Conduction and Inlet Flow Non-Uniformity 238 4.8.3.1 Cross Flow Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger – Combined Effects (LHC, FN) 238 4.8.3.2 Cross Flow Tube-Fin Heat Exchanger – Combined Effects (LHC, FN) 243 4.8.4 Combined Effects of Longitudinal Wall Heat Conduction, Inlet Flow Non-Uniformity and Temperature Non-Uniformity 247 4.8.4.1 Cross Flow Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger – Combined Effects (LHC, FN, TN) 251 4.8.4.2 Cross Flow Tube-Fin Heat Exchanger – Combined Effects (LHC, FN, TN) 257 4.8.5 Combined Effects of Inlet Flow Non-Uniformity and Temperature Non-Uniformity 260 4.8.5.1 Cross Flow Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger 263 4.8.5.2 Cross Flow Tube-Fin Heat Exchanger 267 4.9 FEM Analysis of Micro Compact Heat Exchangers 273 4.9.1 Governing Equations and Finite Element Formulation 277 4.10 Influence of Heat Conduction from Horizontal Tube in Pool Boiling 282 4.10.1 General 282 4.10.2 Governing Equations 284 4.10.3 Finite Element Analysis 285 4.10.3.1 One-Dimensional Case 286 4.10.3.2 Two-Dimensional Case (Axial and Radial) 286 4.10.3.3 Two-Dimensional Case (Azimuthal and Radial) 287 4.10.3.4 Three-Dimensional Case 287 4.10.4 Results 288 4.10.4.1 One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Case 290 4.10.4.2 Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction Case 292 4.10.4.3 Three-Dimensional Heat Conduction Case 293 4.11 Closure 298 Nomenclature 299 Greek Symbols 301 Subscripts 302 References 303 5 Generation of Design Data – Finite Volume Analysis 307 5.1 Introduction 307 5.2 Plate Fin Heat Exchanger 307 5.3 Heat Transfer Surfaces 308 5.3.1 Lance and Offset Fins 308 5.3.2 Wavy Fins 308 5.3.3 Rectangular Plain Fins 309 5.3.4 Rectangular Perforated Fins 310 5.3.5 Triangular Plain Fins 311 5.3.6 Triangular Perforated Fins 311 5.4 Performance Characteristic Curves 311 5.4.1 Working Fluids 312 5.5 CFD Analysis 312 5.5.1 Pre-Processor 313 5.5.2 Main Solver 313 5.5.3 Post-Processor 313 5.5.4 Errors and Uncertainty in CFD Modelling 313 5.6 CFD Approach 314 5.6.1 Mathematical Model 315 5.6.2 Governing Equations 315 5.6.3 Assumptions 316 5.6.4 Boundary Conditions 316 5.6.4.1 Inlet Boundary Conditions 317 5.6.4.2 Outlet Boundary Conditions 317 5.6.4.3 Wall Boundary Conditions 318 5.6.4.4 Constant Pressure Boundary Condition 318 5.6.4.5 Symmetric Boundary Condition 318 5.6.4.6 Periodic Boundary Condition 318 5.6.5 Turbulence Models 318 5.7 Numerical Simulation 319 5.7.1 Transient Analysis 320 5.7.1.1 Data Reduction and Validation 321 5.7.2 Steady State Analysis 328 5.7.2.1 Wavy Fin 328 5.7.2.2 Offset Fins 334 5.7.2.3 Rectangular Plain Fin 337 5.7.2.4 Rectangular Perforated Fin 344 5.7.2.5 Triangular Plain Fin Surface 350 5.7.2.6 Triangular Perforated Fin Surface 356 5.7.3 Flow Non-Uniformity Analysis 362 5.7.4 Characterization of CHE Fins for Two-Phase Flow 366 5.7.4.1 Experimental Set-Up 367 5.7.4.2 Brazed Test Core 368 5.7.4.3 Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient 370 5.7.4.4 Two-Phase Condensation 374 5.7.5 Estimation of Endurance Life of Compact Heat Exchanger 377 5.7.5.1 Computational Analysis 378 5.7.5.2 CFD Analysis of CHE 378 5.7.5.3 Endurance Life Estimation 382 5.7.5.4 Fatigue Life Estimation 382 5.7.5.5 Effect of Creep 383 5.7.5.6 Results of Endurance Life 384 5.8 Closure 385 Nomenclature 388 Greek Symbols 391 Subscripts 391 References 392 6 Thermal and Mechanical Design of Compact Heat Exchanger 399 6.1 Introduction 399 6.2 Basic Concepts and Initial Size Assessment 400 6.2.1 Effectiveness Method 400 6.2.2 Inverse Relationships 403 6.2.3 LMTD Method 403 6.3 Overall Conductance 407 6.3.1 Fin Efficiency and Surface Effectiveness 409 6.4 Pressure Drop Analysis 410 6.4.1 Single Phase Pressure Drop 410 6.4.2 Two-Phase Pressure Loss 413 6.4.2.1 Two-Phase Frictional Losses 414 6.4.2.2 Two-Phase Momentum Losses – Change of Quality 416 6.4.2.3 Two-Phase Gravitational Losses – Upward Flow (Boiling) 416 6.4.2.4 Downward Flow (Condensation) 417 6.5 Two-Phase Heat Transfer 417 6.5.1 Condensation 418 6.5.1.1 All Liquid Heat Transfer Coefficient 418 6.5.1.2 Correction for the Vapour Volume 418 6.5.1.3 Correction for the Multicomponent Streams 419 6.5.2 Evaporation 419 6.5.2.1 Reynolds Number Calculation 420 6.5.2.2 Determine j and f Factors 420 6.5.2.3 Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation for Quality between 0 and 0.95 420 6.5.2.4 Heat Transfer Coefficient for High and Low Values of Quality 421 6.6 Useful Relations for Surface and Core Geometry 421 6.7 Core Design (Mechanical Design) 424 6.7.1 Fins 424 6.7.2 Separating/Parting Sheets 424 6.7.3 Cap Sheets 424 6.7.4 Headers 424 6.7.5 Supports 425 6.7.6 Fin Minimum Thickness 425 6.7.7 Parting/Separating and Cap Sheets Minimum Thickness 426 6.7.8 Side-Bar Minimum Thickness 426 6.7.9 Headers Minimum Thickness 427 6.8 Procedure for Sizing a Heat Exchanger 427 6.9 Design Procedure of a Typical Compact Heat Exchanger 430 6.10 Worked Examples 434 6.10.1 Example 1: Direct Transfer Heat Exchanger 434 6.10.2 Example 2: Two-Pass Cross Flow Heat Exchanger 442 6.10.3 Example 3: Compact Evaporator Design 450 6.10.4 Example 4: Compact Condenser Design 451 Nomenclature 454 Greek Symbols 456 Subscripts 457 References 457 7 Manufacturing and Qualification Testing of Compact Heat Exchangers 461 7.1 Construction of Brazed Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger 461 7.2 Construction of Diffusion-Bonded Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger 461 7.3 Brazing 464 7.3.1 Operations in Brazing 465 7.3.2 Brazing Filler Metals 469 7.3.3 Brazing Processes 469 7.3.4 Vacuum Brazing 470 7.3.4.1 Brazing of Aluminium and its Alloys 470 7.3.4.2 Brazing of Stainless Steels 474 7.3.4.3 Brazing of Super Alloys 475 7.3.5 Vacuum Furnace Brazing Cycles 476 7.3.5.1 Vacuum Level during Brazing 477 7.3.5.2 Cooling Gases 477 7.3.5.3 Post Brazing Inspection 478 7.4 Influence of Brazing on Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop 478 7.5 Testing and Qualification of Compact Heat Exchangers 479 7.5.1 Acceptance Tests 480 7.5.1.1 Thermal Performance and Pressure Drop Test 480 7.5.1.2 Pressure Drop Test 484 7.5.1.3 Leakage Test 484 7.5.1.4 Proof Pressure Test 484 7.5.2 Qualification Tests 485 7.5.2.1 Vibration Test 485 7.5.2.2 Combined Pressure, Temperature and Flow Cycling 487 7.5.2.3 Experimental Evaluation of Endurance Life of Compact Heat Exchanger 488 7.5.2.4 Pressure Cycling Test 490 7.5.2.5 Thermal Shock Test 491 7.5.2.6 Acceleration Test 491 7.5.2.7 Shock Test 491 7.5.2.8 Humidity Test 492 7.5.2.9 Fungus Test 493 7.5.2.10 Salt Fog Test 493 7.5.2.11 Freeze and Thaw 493 7.5.2.12 Rain Resistance 493 7.5.2.13 Sand and Dust 494 7.5.2.14 Shock Test (Arrestor Landing) 494 7.5.2.15 Gunfire Vibration Test 494 7.5.2.16 Burst Pressure Test 495 References 496 Appendices 497 A.1 Derivation of Fourier Series Mathematical Equation 497 A.2 Molar, Gas and Critical Properties 501 A.3 Thermo-Physical Properties of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure 502 A.4 Properties of Solid Materials 509 A.5 Thermo-Physical Properties of Saturated Fluids 515 A.6 Thermo-Physical Properties of Saturated Water 518 A.7 Solar Radiative Properties of Selected Materials 521 A.8 Thermo-Physical Properties of Fluids 522 References 524 Index 525

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Book SynopsisHEAT TRANSFER BASICS Concise introduction to heat transfer, with a focus on worked example problems to aid in reader comprehension and student learning Heat Transfer Basics covers the essential topics of heat transfer in a focused manner, starting with an introduction to heat transfer that explains its relationship to thermodynamics and fluid mechanics and continuing on to key topics such as free convection, boiling and condensation, radiation, heat exchangers, and more, for an accessible and reader-friendly yet comprehensive treatment of the subject. Each chapter features multiple worked out example problems, including derivations of key governing equations and comparisons of worked solutions with computer modeled results, which helps students become familiar with the types of problems they will encounter in the field. Throughout the book, figures and diagrams liberally illustrate the concepts discussed, and practice problems allow students to test their understanding of the content. The text is accompanied by an online instructor's manual. Heat Transfer Basics includes information on: One-dimensional, steady-state conduction, covering the plane wall, the composite wall, solid and hollow cylinders and sphere, conduction with and without internal energy generation, and conduction with constant and temperature-dependent thermal conductivity Heat transfer from extended surfaces, fins of uniform and variable cross-sectional area, fin performance, and overall fin efficiencyTransient conduction, covering general lumped capacitance solution method, one- and multi-dimensional transient conduction, and the finite-difference method for solving transient problemsFree and forced convection, covering hydrodynamic and thermal considerations, the energy balance, and thermal analysis and convection correlations More advanced than introductory textbooks yet not as overwhelming as textbooks targeted at specialists, Heat Transfer Basics is ideal for students in introductory and advanced heat transfer courses who do not intend to specialize in heat transfer, and is a helpful reference for advanced students and practicing engineers.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv List of Symbols xvii About the Companion Website xxi 1 Basic Concepts of Heat and Mass Transfer 1 1.1 Heat Transfer and Its Relationship With Thermodynamics 1 1.2 Heat Conduction 3 1.3 Heat Convection 6 1.4 Thermal Radiation 8 1.5 Mass Transfer 11 2 One-Dimensional Steady-State Heat Conduction 19 2.1 General Heat Conduction Equation 19 2.1.1 Cartesian Coordinate System 19 2.1.2 Cylindrical Coordinate System 22 2.1.3 Spherical Coordinate System 23 2.2 Special Conditions of the General Conduction Equation 25 2.2.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity k With Energy Storage and Generation 25 2.2.2 Variable Thermal Conductivity and No Internal Energy Storage and Generation 26 2.2.3 Variable Thermal Conductivity With Internal Energy Generation and No Energy Storage 26 2.3 One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction 26 2.3.1 Plane Wall (or Plate) Without Heat Generation and Storage 26 2.3.1.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 26 2.3.1.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 28 2.3.1.3 Composite Plane Wall 31 2.3.2 Boundary Conditions 33 2.3.3 Hollow Cylinder (Tube) Without Heat Generation and Storage 36 2.3.3.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 36 2.3.3.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 38 2.3.3.3 Composite Cylinder 41 2.3.3.4 Critical Thickness of Cylinder Insulation 43 2.3.3.5 Effect of Order of Insulation Material 47 2.3.4 Hollow Spherical Shell Without Heat Generation and Storage 48 2.3.4.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 48 2.3.4.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 49 2.3.4.3 Composite Spherical Shell 51 2.3.5 Plate With Internal Heat Generation, No Heat Storage, and Uniform Heat Dissipation By Convection 54 2.3.5.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 54 2.3.5.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 56 2.3.6 Plate With Internal Heat Generation and Non-Uniform Heat Dissipation By Convection 57 2.3.6.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 58 2.3.6.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 59 2.3.7 Solid Cylinder With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection 60 2.3.7.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 60 2.3.7.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 62 2.3.8 Hollow Cylinder With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection From the Outer Surface 62 2.3.8.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 62 2.3.8.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 65 2.3.9 Hollow Cylinder With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection From the Inner Surface 65 2.3.9.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 65 2.3.9.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 67 2.3.10 Hollow Cylinder With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection From Both Inner and Outer Surfaces 68 2.3.10.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 68 2.3.10.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 71 2.3.11 Solid Sphere With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection and No Heat Storage 72 2.3.11.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 73 2.3.11.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 75 2.3.12 Hollow Sphere With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection From the Outer Surface and No Heat Storage 76 2.3.12.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 76 2.3.12.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 78 2.3.13 Hollow Sphere With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection From the Inner Surface and No Heat Storage 79 2.3.13.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 79 2.3.13.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity 81 2.3.14 Hollow Sphere With Internal Heat Generation and Heat Dissipation By Convection From Both the Inner and Outer Surfaces and No Heat Storage 82 2.3.14.1 Constant Thermal Conductivity 83 2.3.14.2 Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity With Specified Inner and Outer Surface Temperature 87 2.4 Interface Contact Resistance 89 3 Heat Transfer From Extended Surfaces 97 3.1 Pin Fin of Rectangular Profile and Circular Cross-Section 98 3.1.1 Pin Fin of Finite Length and Un-Insulated Tip 98 3.1.2 Pin Fin of Finite Length and Insulated Tip 102 3.1.3 Pin Fin of Infinite Length 103 3.1.4 Fin Efficiency 105 3.2 Straight Fin of Rectangular Profile and Uniform Thickness 106 3.3 Pin Fin of Triangular Profile and Circular Cross-Section (Conical Pin Fin) 109 3.4 Straight Fins of Variable Cross-Sectional Area 110 3.4.1 Fin of Trapezoidal Profile 111 3.4.2 Direct Solution of the Straight Fin of Trapezoidal Profile 115 3.4.3 Straight Fin of Triangular Profile 117 3.4.4 Correction Factor Solution Method for Straight Fins of Variable Cross-Sectional Area 119 3.4.5 Straight Fin of Convex Parabolic Profile 121 3.4.6 Straight Fin of Concave Parabolic Profile 125 3.5 Annular Fins 126 3.5.1 Straight Annular Fin of Uniform Thickness 126 3.5.2 Direct Solution of the Straight Annular Fin of Uniform Thickness 129 3.5.3 Correction Factor Solution Method for Annular Fins of Uniform Thickness 132 3.5.4 Circular (Annular) Fin of Triangular Profile 134 3.5.5 Annular Fin of Hyperbolic Profile 136 3.6 Other Fin Shapes 137 3.7 Heat Transfer Through Finned Walls 138 4 Two-Dimensional Steady-State Heat Conduction 151 4.1 Analytical Method 151 4.1.1 Two-Dimensional Plate With Finite Length and Width and Constant Boundary Conditions 154 4.1.1.1 Temperature Distribution 154 4.1.1.2 Rate of Heat Transfer 157 4.1.2 Two-Dimensional Plate With Finite Length and Nonconstant Boundary Conditions 159 4.1.2.1 Temperature Distribution 159 4.1.2.2 Rate of Heat Transfer 161 4.1.3 Two-Dimensional Plate With Semi-Infinite Length 161 4.1.4 Other Boundary Conditions 163 4.1.5 Two-Dimensional Semi-Circular Plate (Or Cylinder) With Prescribed Boundary Conditions 165 4.2 Conduction Shape Factor Method 166 4.3 Numerical Solution of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction Problems 172 4.3.1 Interior Node 173 4.3.2 Plane-Surface Node 175 4.3.3 Interior Node Near Curved Surface 176 4.3.4 Finite Difference Formulation in Cylindrical Coordinates 181 4.4 Solution Methods for Finite-Difference Models 182 4.4.1 Matrix Inversion Method 182 4.4.2 Iterative Methods (Gauss–Seidel Method) 188 5 Transient Conduction 195 5.1 Analytical Solutions of One-Dimensional Distributed Systems 196 5.1.1 Heating or Cooling of an Infinite Plate 196 5.1.2 Analysis of the Plate Solution 199 5.1.2.1 Other Boundary Conditions 201 5.1.3 Heating or Cooling of an Infinite Solid Cylinder 202 5.1.4 Heating or Cooling of a Sphere 206 5.1.5 Heisler Charts 209 5.2 Time-Dependent and Spatially Uniform Temperature Distribution 210 5.2.1 Lumped Capacitance Method 211 5.3 Multi-Dimensional Transient Conduction Systems 214 5.3.1 Long Rectangular Bar 214 5.3.2 Short Cylinder 216 5.3.3 Rectangular Parallelepiped 218 5.4 Finite-Difference Method for Solving Transient Conduction Problems 221 5.4.1 Explicit Finite-Difference Method 221 5.4.1.1 One-Dimensional Transient Conduction 222 5.4.1.2 Two-Dimensional Transient Conduction 224 5.4.2 Implicit Finite-Difference Method 226 5.4.2.1 One-Dimensional Transient Conduction 226 5.4.2.2 Two-Dimensional Transient Conduction 227 5.4.3 Finite Difference Formulation in Cylindrical Coordinates 227 6 Fundamentals of Convection Heat Transfer 243 6.1 Convection Governing Equation 243 6.2 Viscosity 244 6.3 Types of Flow 244 6.4 The Hydrodynamic (Velocity) Boundary Layer 245 6.4.1 Flow Over a Flat Plate 245 6.4.2 Flow Inside a Cylindrical Tube 246 6.4.3 Flow Over Tube or Sphere 247 6.5 The Thermal Boundary Layer 249 6.6 Dimensional Analysis 250 6.6.1 The Rayleigh Method 252 6.6.2 Buckingham Pi (Π or π) Theorem 255 6.7 Geometric Similarity and Other Considerations 258 7 Forced Convection – External Flows 263 7.1 Flow Over a Flat Plate 263 7.1.1 Laminar Flow Over a Flat Plate 263 7.1.2 Turbulent Flow Over a Flat Plate 268 7.2 Flow Over a Cylindrical Tube 271 7.3 Tube Banks in Crossflow 274 7.3.1 Banks of Smooth Tubes 275 7.3.2 Banks of Rough Staggered Tubes 277 7.4 Flow Over Non-Circular Tubes 279 7.5 Flow Over Spheres 279 8 Forced Convection – Internal Flows 285 8.1 Forced Convection Inside Tubes 285 8.2 Laminar Forced Convection (Region I) 286 8.2.1 Fully Developed Flow 287 8.2.2 Non-Circular Tubes 290 8.2.3 Laminar Forced Convection Correlations 291 8.3 Turbulent Forced Convection (Region III) 294 8.3.1 Forced Convection for Flow in the Transition Region (Region II) 299 9 Natural (Free) Convection 305 9.1 Boundary Layer in Free Convection 305 9.2 Governing Equation for Laminar Boundary Layer 306 9.3 Application of Dimensional Analysis to Natural Convection 308 9.4 Empirical Correlations for Natural Convection 310 9.4.1 Vertical Plates 311 9.4.2 Horizontal Plates 312 9.4.3 Inclined Plates 314 9.4.4 Long Horizontal Cylinder 314 9.4.5 Spheres 315 9.4.6 Flow in Channels 315 9.4.7 Flow in Closed Spaces 316 9.4.7.1 Vertical Rectangular Cavity 316 9.4.7.2 Horizontal Fluid Layer 317 9.4.7.3 Concentric Cylinders 319 9.4.7.4 Concentric Spheres 320 9.5 Mixed Free and Forced Convection 323 10 Thermal Radiation 327 10.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 328 10.2 Definitions and Radiation Properties 328 10.3 Shape Factors 333 10.3.1 Reciprocity Rule 334 10.3.2 Summation Rule 335 10.3.3 Superposition Rule 336 10.3.4 Symmetry Rule 337 10.3.5 String Rule 338 10.4 Determination of Shape Factors for Finite Surfaces 340 10.5 Shape Factor Equations 344 11 Thermal Radiation 361 11.1 Radiation Exchange Between Two Grey Surfaces 361 11.2 Thermal Radiation Networks 363 11.2.1 Grey Object in Grey Enclosure 363 11.2.2 Radiation Exchange Between Two Grey Surfaces 364 11.2.3 Three Infinitely Long Parallel Planes 364 11.2.4 Radiation Exchange Between Several Grey Surfaces 366 11.2.5 Enclosure With Four Long Grey Surfaces That See Each Other 368 11.2.6 Enclosure With Three Long Grey Surfaces That See Each Other 369 11.2.7 Three Surfaces With One of Them Insulated 370 11.2.8 Two Parallel Flat Plates of Equal Finite Size in Very Large Room 371 11.2.9 Two Surfaces With One of Them Insulated in Large Room 371 11.3 Radiation Exchange With Participating Medium 374 11.3.1 Absorption of Radiation 375 11.3.2 Gaseous Emission 375 11.3.3 Gas-Mass to Surface Radiation Heat Transfer 378 11.4 Combined Radiation and Convection 384 12 Heat Exchangers 391 12.1 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 391 12.2 The LMTD Method of Heat Exchanger Analysis 394 12.2.1 Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers 394 12.2.2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 398 12.2.3 Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers 402 12.2.4 LMTD Thermal Design Procedure 405 12.3 The Effectiveness-NTU Method of Heat-Exchanger Analysis 408 12.3.1 Effectiveness-NTU Relation for Parallel-Flow Exchanger 409 12.3.2 Effectiveness-NTU Relation for Counter-Flow Exchanger 411 12.3.3 Other Types of Heat Exchangers 413 12.3.4 Effectiveness-NTU Thermal Design Procedure 413 13 Heat Transfer With Phase Change 425 13.1 Heat Transfer in Condensing Vapours 425 13.1.1 Filmwise Condensation 425 13.1.2 Flow Regimes of the Condensate Film 430 13.1.2.1 Laminar Flow Regime 431 13.1.2.2 Laminar Wavy Regime 431 13.1.2.3 Turbulent Flow Regime 433 13.1.3 Film Condensation Outside Horizontal Tubes 435 13.1.4 Film Condensation Inside Horizontal Tubes 438 13.1.4.1 Laminar Flow 438 13.1.4.2 Turbulent Flow 439 13.1.5 Dropwise Condensation 441 13.2 Boiling Heat Transfer 442 13.2.1 Pool Boiling 442 13.2.2 Film Boiling 446 13.2.3 Forced-Convection Boiling 447 14 Mass Transfer 453 14.1 Species Concentrations 453 14.2 Diffusion Mass Transfer 456 14.3 Steady Mass Diffusion Through a Plane Wall 460 14.4 Diffusion of Vapour Through a Stationary Gas 461 14.5 Steady-State Equimolar Counter Diffusion 463 14.6 Mass Convection 465 14.6.1 Forced Mass Convection Correlations 466 14.6.2 Natural (Free) Mass Convection Correlations 468 14.7 Simultaneous Mass and Heat Transfer 470 Appendices Appendix B 477 Appendix C 491 Appendix D 495 Appendix N 501 References 509 Index 513

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Book SynopsisThe CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering, Second Edition, is a fully updated version of this respected reference work, with chapters written by leading experts. Its first part covers basic concepts, equations and principles of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid dynamics. Following that is detailed coverage of major application areas, such as bioengineering, energy-efficient building systems, traditional and renewable energy sources, food processing, and aerospace heat transfer topics. The latest numerical and computational tools, microscale and nanoscale engineering, and new complex-structured materials are also presented. Designed for easy reference, this new edition is a must-have volume for engineers and researchers around the globe.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Engineering Thermodynamics1.1 Fundamentals Michael J. Moran1.2 Control Volume Applications Michael J. Moran1.3 Property Relations and Data Michael J. Moran1.4 Combustion Michael J. Moran1.5 Exergy Analysis Michael J. Moran1.6 Vapor and Gas Power Cycles Michael J. Moran1.7 Guidelines for Improving Thermodynamic Effectiveness Michael J. Moran1.8 Exergoeconomics George Tsatsaronis1.9 Design Optimization George Tsatsaronis1.10 Economic Analysis of Thermal Systems George Tsatsaronis1.11 Exergoenvironmental Analysis George Tsatsaronis1.12 Advanced Exergy-Based Methods George TsatsaronisChapter 2: Fluid Mechanics 2.1 Fluid Statics Stanley A. Berger2.2 Equations of Motion and Potential Flow Stanley A. Berger2.3 Similitude: Dimensional Analysis and Data Correlation Stuart W. Churchill2.4 Hydraulics of Pipe Systems J. Paul Tullis and Blake Paul Tullis2.5 Open Channel Flow Frank M. White2.6 External Incompressible Flows John C. Leylegian2.7 Compressible Flow John C. Leylegian2.8 Multiphase Flow John C. Chen2.9 Non-Newtonian Flows Anoop K. Gupta, Raj P. Chhabra, Thomas F. Irvine, Jr., and Massimo CapobianchiChapter 3: Heat and Mass Transfer 3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer Robert F. Boehm3.2 Convection Heat Transfer 3.2.1 Natural Convection Swati A. Patel, Raj P. Chhabra, George D. Raithby, and K.G. Terry Hollands3.2.2 Forced Convection: External Flows Anoop K. Gupta, Raj P. Chhabra, and N.V. Suryanarayana3.2.3 Forced Convection: Internal Flows Anoop K. Gupta, Raj P. Chhabra, and N.V. Suryanarayana3.2.4 Convection Heat Transfer in Non-Newtonian Fluids Swati A. Patel, Raj P. Chhabra, Thomas F. Irvine, Jr., and Massimo Capobianchi3.3 Radiative Heat Transfer Michael F. Modest3.4 Phase-Change 3.4.1 Boiling and Condensation Van P. Carey3.4.2 Particle Gas Convection John C. Chen3.4.3 Melting and Freezing Vasilios Alexiades and Jan Kośny3.5 Mass Transfer Anthony F. MillsChapter 4: Applications 4.1 Heat Exchangers for the Process and Energy Industries Joshua D. Ramsey, Ken Bell, and Ramesh K. Shah4.2 Application of Nanofluids in Heat Exchangers: Performance and Challenges Bengt Sunden and Zan Wu4.3 Convection Heat Transfer in Conduits with Nanofluids Clement Kleinstreuer and Zelin Xu4.4 Fouling in Crude Oil and Food Related Heat-Transfer Equipment D. Ian Wilson and Graham T. Polley4.5 Bioheat Transfer John A. Pearce, Kenneth R. Diller, and Jonathan W. Valvano4.6 Thermal Insulation David W. Yarbrough4.7 Energy Audit for Buildings Moncef Krarti4.8 Advanced Energy-Efficient Building Envelope Systems Moncef Krarti and John Zhai4.9 Use of Phase Change Materials in Buildings Jan Kośny and David W. Yarbrough4.10 Thermal Bridges in Building Structures Jan Kośny and David W. Yarbrough4.11 Compressors Christian K. Bach, Ian H. Bell, Craig R. Bradshaw, Eckhard A. Groll, Abhinav Krishna, Orkan Kurtulus, Margaret M. Mathison, Bryce Shaffer, Bin Yang, Xinye Zhang, and Davide Ziviani4.12 Pumps and Fans Robert F. Boehm4.13 Cooling Towers Anthony F. Mills4.14 Pinch Technology Santanu Bandyopadhyay and Shankar Narasimhan4.15 Air-Conditioning Systems Donald L. Fenton4.16 Heat Transfer Enhancement Raj M. Manglik4.17 Heat Pipes Sameer Khandekar4.18 Liquid Atomization and Spraying Mario F. Trujillo and Rolf D. Reitz4.19 Heat Transfer in Plasma Sprays Milind A. Jog4.20 Thermal Processing and Preservation of Foods Prabhat Kumar and K.P. Sandeep4.21 Thermal Conduction in Electronic Microstructures and Nanostructures Sanjiv Sinha, Krishna Valavala and Jun Ma4.22 Role of Cooling in Electronics Reliability Pradeep Lall4.23 Direct Contact Heat Transfer Harold R. Jacobs4.24 Heat Transfer in Presence of Synthetic Jets Mangesh Chaudhari and Amit Agrawal4.25 Temperature and Heat Transfer Measurements Robert J. Moffat and Tadhg O’Donovan4.26 Flow Measurement Jungho Kim, S.A. Sherif, and Alan T. McDonald4.27 Applications of Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Methods in Thermal Engineering Arturo Pacheco-Vega, Gerardo Diaz, Mihir Sen, and K.T. Yang4.28 Thermal Aspects of Paper Making Martine Rueff and Evelyne Mauret4.29 Drying of Materials Pawel Wawrzyniak, Ireneusz Zbicinski, and Mariia Sobulska4.30 Heat Transfer in Rotary Kilns P.S. Ghoshdastidar4.31 Heat Transfer in Glass Manufacturing Processes Naveen Tiwari and Rajappa Tadepalli4.32 Solar Hydrogen as a "Renewable Reductant": Points and Counterpoints Raj Ganesh S. Pala4.33 Passive and Active Solar Distillation Desh Bandhu Singh and G.N. TiwariChapter 5: Numerical Methods and Computational Tools 5.1 Computer Aided Engineering Atul Sharma5.2 Finite Difference Methods Atul Sharma5.3 Finite Volume Method Atul Sharma5.4 Finite Element Method Salil S. Kulkarni5.5 Lattice Boltzmann Method K. Hrisheekesh and Amit Agrawal5.6 Immersed Boundary Method for Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulations Rajneesh Bhardwaj and Atul Sharma5.7 Numerical Methods for Multiphase Flows Shyamprasad Karagadde and Atul Sharma5.8 Large Eddy Simulation for Wall-Bounded Flows Amitabh Bhattacharya5.9 Software and Computer Codes Atul SharmaAppendix A: Properties of Gases and Vapors Paul NortonAppendix B: Properties of Liquids Appendix C: Properties of Solids Appendix D: SI Units and Conversion Factors Index

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Book SynopsisConvective Flow and Heat Transfer from Wavy Surfaces: Viscous Fluids, Porous Media, and Nanofluids addresses the wavy irregular surfaces in heat transfer devices. Fluid flow and heat transfer studies from wavy surfaces have received attention, since they add complexity and require special mathematical techniques. This book considers the flow and heat transfer characteristics from wavy surfaces, providing an understanding of convective behavioral changes.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Governing Equations. Natural and Mixed Convection Flow in Viscous Fluids. Natural and Mixed Convection Flow in Fluid-Saturated Porous Media. Natural and Mixed Convection Flow in Nanofluids. Wavy Vertical Channels. Natural and Mixed Convection Flow in Viscous Fluids. Natural and Mixed Convection Flow in Fluid-Saturated Porous Media. Natural and Mixed Convection Flow in Nanofluids. Wavy Cavities. Natural and Mixed Convection Flow in Viscous Fluids. Natural and Mixed Convection.. Natural and Mixed Convection Flow in Fluid-Saturated Porous Media. Natural and Mixed Convection Flow in Nanofluids. Concluding Remarks. Nomenclature. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisHeat conduction plays an important role in energy transfer at the macro, micro and nano scales. This book collates research results developed by scientists from different countries but with common research interest in the modelling of heat conduction problems. The results reported encompass heat conduction problems related to the Stefan problem, phase change materials related to energy consumption in buildings, the porous media problem with Bingham plastic fluids, thermosolutal convection, rewetting problems and fractional models with singular and non-singular kernels. The variety of analytical and numerical techniques used includes the classical heat-balance integral method in its refined version, double-integration technique and variational formulation applied to the integer-order and fractional models with memories.This book cannot present the entire rich area of problems related to heat conduction, but allows readers to see some new trends and approaches in the modelling technologies. In this context, the fractional models with singular and non-singular kernels and the development of the integration techniques related to the integral-balance approach form fresh fluxes of ideas to this classical engineering area of research.The book is oriented to researchers, masters and PhD students involved in heat conduction problems with a variety of applications and could serve as a rich reference source and a collection of texts provoking new ideas.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThermal management is an issue with all electrical machines, including electric vehicle drives and wind turbine generators. Excessively high temperatures lead to loss of performance, degradation and deformation of components, and ultimately loss of the system. Cooling of Rotating Electrical Machines: Fundamentals, modelling, testing and design provides a foundation of heat transfer and ventilation for the design of machines. It offers a range of practical approaches to the thermal design, as well as design data and case studies. Chapters cover fundamentals of heat transfer, fluid flow, thermal modelling of electrical machines, computational methods for modelling ventilation and heat transfer such as finite element methods and computational fluid dynamics, thermal test methods, and application of design methods. Intended for engineers and researchers working in either academia or machine design companies, this book provides sound insights into the phenomena of heat transfer and fluid flow, giving readers an understanding of how to approach the thermal design of any machine.Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Fundamentals of heat transfer Chapter 3: Fundamentals of fluid flow Chapter 4: Thermal modelling of electrical machines Chapter 5: Advanced computational methods for modelling ventilation and heat transfer Chapter 6: Thermal test methods Chapter 7: Application of design methods (case studies)

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Book SynopsisWhile the topic of heat and mass transfer is an old subject, the way the book introduces the concepts, linking them strongly to the real world and to the present concerns, is particular. The scope of the different developments keeps in mind a practical energy engineering view.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1. Fundamental Equations of Conduction 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. General equations of conduction 2 1.2.1. Expressing the term (I – O) 2 1.2.2. The term “generation” 4 1.2.3. The term “accumulation” 4 1.2.4. Energy balance equation 5 1.3. Equations of conduction in different coordinate systems 7 1.3.1. When l is not constant 8 1.3.2. When l is constant 9 1.3.3. Simplified cylindrical and spherical coordinates 9 1.3.4. One-dimensional conduction 10 1.4. Reading: metal tempering 10 Chapter 2. Conduction in Steady State and Applications 13 2.1. Introduction 13 2.2. Equations of conduction in steady state 13 2.2.1. Expressions in the different coordinate systems 14 2.2.2. Simplifications in the case of one-dimensional conduction 14 2.3. Applying to single-layer walls 15 2.4. Concept of thermal resistance 16 2.5. Applying to composite or multi-layer walls 17 2.6. Applying to cylindrical walls 20 2.7. Applying to composite cylindrical walls 23 2.8. Applying to spherical walls 24 2.9. Case of composite spherical walls 26 2.10. Convective-type boundary conditions: case of a single-layer wall 28 2.10.1. Internal convection resistance 29 2.10.2. External convection resistance 29 2.10.3. Conduction resistance 29 2.10.4. Expressing the flux as a function of Ti and Te 29 2.11. Composite walls with convective boundary conditions 32 2.11.1. Illustration: calculating heat losses through the walls of an industrial furnace 33 2.12. Parallel resistances with convective boundary conditions 38 2.12.1. Illustration: composite wall with parallel thermal resistances 39 2.13. Composite cylindrical pipes with convective boundary conditions 47 2.13.1. Illustration: transfer through a composite cylindrical wall 48 2.14. Composite spherical installations with convective boundary conditions 51 Chapter 3. Conduction Applications in Thermal Insulation 55 3.1. Introduction 55 3.2. The main insulation materials 56 3.2.1. Cork 56 3.2.2. Sawdust and wood wool 57 3.2.3. Hemp 57 3.2.4. Cellulose 58 3.2.5. Glass and rock wools 59 3.2.6. Polyurethane foam 61 3.2.7. Expanded polystyrene 62 3.3. Choosing a suitable thermal insulator 64 3.3.1. Optimum heat-lagging thickness for plane walls 66 3.3.2. Heat-lagging cylindrical jackets 75 3.3.3. Heat-lagging spherical containers 87 Chapter 4. Conduction Applications in the Reduction of Heat Losses in Construction 99 4.1. Introduction 99 4.2. Thermal building regulations 100 4.3. Calculating losses through building partitions 105 4.3.1. Expressing the flux of energy losses 105 4.3.2. Notations specific to building energy efficiency calculations 106 4.3.3. Calculating losses through composite partitions: walls, floors and roofs 107 4.4. Calculating losses through glass walls 109 4.4.1. Illustration: minimum thermal resistances for the walls of a hotel to be constructed 112 4.5. Optimizing energy choices for building heat insulation 116 4.5.1. Illustration: energy losses through the windows of a building 118 4.6. Reading: financing energy renovations, innovative schemes 123 Chapter 5. Conduction with Energy Generation 125 5.1. Introduction 125 5.2. Plane conductor with generation 125 5.2.1. Illustration: generation in a plane conductor 127 5.3. Cylindrical conductor with generation 133 5.3.1. Illustration: thermal technology in the core of a nuclear reactor 135 5.4. Conduction in rectangular fins 142 5.4.1. Illustration: gain in efficiency through use of a fin 147 Chapter 6. Conduction in Transient State 149 6.1. Introduction 149 6.2. Methods for resolving the conduction equation 150 6.3. Discretizing the heat equation 151 6.4. Implementing the discrete heat equation 154 6.4.1. Resolution algorithm 154 6.4.2. Choosing the Δx and Δt increments 155 6.4.3. Simplifications in the case of stationary state 155 6.4.4. Simplifications in the two-dimensional case 156 6.4.5. Simplifications in the one-dimensional case 160 6.5. Developing precise analytical solutions in the one-dimensional case 160 6.6. Approximate analytical solutions 165 6.6.1. For Bi = 0 166 6.6.2. For 0 < Bi < 0.1 166 6.6.3. For Bi = 0.1 170 6.6.4. For Bi > 0.1 171 6.7. Graphical method for solving the heat equation 174 6.7.1. Temperature profile at center of solid 176 6.7.2. Using charts to determine temperature profile at center of solid 179 6.7.3. Temperature distribution inside the solid 179 6.7.4. Using Figures 6.8 to 6.10 to determine the temperature distribution inside the solid 182 6.7.5. Calculating the fluxes exchanged 182 6.8. Case study: comparison of graphical and numerical methods 196 6.8.1. Resolution using the graphical method 197 6.8.2. Resolution using the numerical method 202 6.8.3. Comparison of the numerical and graphical results 205 6.8.4. Comparison with the analytical solution 206 6.9. Reading: Jean-Baptiste Biot 212 Chapter 7. Exercises and Solutions 215 Appendix. Database 381 Bibliography 421 Index 433

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces the finite element method applied to the resolution of industrial heat transfer problems. Starting from steady conduction, the method is gradually extended to transient regimes, to traditional non-linearities, and to convective phenomena. Coupled problems involving heat transfer are then presented. Three types of couplings are discussed: coupling through boundary conditions (such as radiative heat transfer in cavities), addition of state variables (such as metallurgical phase change), and coupling through partial differential equations (such as electrical phenomena). A review of the various thermal phenomena is drawn up, which an engineer can simulate. The methods presented will enable the reader to achieve optimal use from finite element software and also to develop new applications.Table of ContentsIntroduction 11 PART 1. Steady State Conduction 17 Chapter 1. Problem Formulation 21 1.1. Physical modeling 21 1.2. Mathematical analysis 24 1.3. Working example 30 Chapter 2. The Finite Element Method 43 2.1. Finite element approximation 43 2.2. Discrete problem formulation 48 2.3. Solution 53 2.4. Working example 68 Chapter 3. Isoparametric Finite Elements 79 3.1. Definitions 79 3.2. Calculation of element quantities 90 3.3. Some finite elements 99 PART 2. Transient State, Non-linearities, Transport Phenomena 101 Chapter 4. Transient Heat Conduction 105 4.1. Problem formulation . 105 4.2. Time integration 111 4.3. Working example 135 Chapter 5. Non-linearities 143 5.1. Formulation and solution techniques 143 5.2. Traditional non-linearities 153 5.3. A temperature-enthalpy formulation 162 Chapter 6. Transport Phenomena 169 6.1. Highlighting instabilities 169 6.2. Resolution techniques 174 PART 3. Coupled Phenomena 183 Chapter 7. Radiation Exchanges in a Chamber 189 7.1. Modeling radiative heat exchanges in a cavity 189 7.2. Examples 200 Chapter 8. Fluid-Structure Coupling in a Pipe 207 8.1 Modeling the fluid 207 8.2. Example 212 Chapter 9. Thermometallurgical Coupling 215 9.1. Modeling phase changes 215 9.2. Examples 222 Chapter 10. Thermochemical Coupling 231 10.1. Finite element simulation of simultaneous diffusion and precipitation 231 10.2. Calculation of precipitation 236 10.3. Examples 239 Chapter 11. Electrothermal Coupling 243 11.1. Electrokinetic modeling 243 11.2. Resistance welding 248 Chapter 12. Magnetothermal Coupling 253 12.1. Introduction 253 12.2. Magnetic vector potential formulation for magnetodynamics 254 12.3. Coupled finite element-boundary element method 257 12.4. A harmonic balance method for the magnetodynamic problem 261 12.5. Coupling magnetodynamics with heat transfer .263 12.6. Application: induction hardening of a steel cylinder 266 Bibliography 269 Index 277

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses general information, good practices and examples about thermo-physical properties, thermo-kinetic and thermo-mechanical couplings, instrumentation in thermal science, thermal optimization and infrared radiation.Table of ContentsPreface xv Chapter 1 Introduction to Heat Transfer During the Forming of Organic Matrix Composites 1Didier Delaunay Chapter 2 Experimental Determination and Modeling of Thermorphysical Properties 29Nicolas Boyard and Didier Delaunay Chapter 3 Experimental Determination and Modeling of Transformation Kinetics 77Nicolas Boyard, Jean-Luc Bailleul and M'hamed Boutaous Chapter 4 Phase Change Kinetics within Process Conditions and Coupling with Heat Transfer 121M'hamed Boutaous, Mattieu Zinet, Nicolas Boyard and Jean-Luc Bailleul Chapter 5 From the Characterization and Modeling of Cure-Dependent Properties of Composite Materials to the Simulation of Residual Stresses 157Yasir Nawab and Frederic Jacquemin Chapter 6 Heat Transfer in Composite Materials and Porous Media: Multiple-Scale Aspects and Effective Properties 175Michel Quintard Chapter 7 Thermal Optimization of Forming Processes 203Vincent Sobotka Chapter 8 Modeling of Thermoplastic Welding 235Gilles Regnier and Steven Le Corre Chapter 9 Multiphysics for Simulation of Forming Processes 269Luisa Silva, Patrice Laure, Thierry Coupez and Hugues Digonnet Chapter 10 Thermal Instrumentation for the Control of Manufacturing Processes of Organic Matrix Composite Materials 301Jean-Christophe Batsale and Christophe Pradere Chapter 11 Sensors for Heat Flux Measurement 333Fabien Cara and Vincent Sobotka Chapter 12 Thermal Radiative Properties of Polymers and Associated Composites 359Benoit Rousseau Chapter 13 Infrared Radiation Applied to Polymer Processes 385Yannick Le Maoult and Fabrice Schmidt List of Authors 425 Index 427

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Book SynopsisHuman adaptation under cold or hot temperatures has always required specific fabrics for clothing. Sports or protective garment companies propose to improve performance or safety. Behind thermal comfort lays many physical/physiological topics: human thermoregulation loop, natural or forced convection, heat and vapor transfer through porous textile layers, solar and infrared radiation effects. This book leads through progressive and pedagogic stages to discern the weight of all the concerned physical parameters.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Building a Model for a Coupled Problem 1 1.1. Basic equations of the models (Appendix 1) 2 1.2. Boundary layers 3 1.2.1. Forced convection 4 1.2.2. Natural convection 6 1.3. Heat balance for a “system” and boundary conditions 8 1.4. On the problem of cooling of a cup of tea 11 1.4.1. Balance equations 12 1.4.2. Research of transfer correlations13 1.4.3. Surface temperature as a function of average temperature of the liquid 15 1.4.4. Liquid temperature as a function of time 16 1.5. Bather on a beach 19 Chapter 2. Approximate Determination of Transfer Coefficients 25 2.1. Natural convection around an isolated sphere 25 2.1.1. Equations of boundary layers depending on velocity and temperature 26 2.1.2. Integration over the boundary layer thickness 28 2.1.3. Dimensionless formulation 32 2.1.4. Numerical solution 33 2.2. Coupled exchanges around the head of a baby lying down 37 2.2.1. System of equations 38 2.2.2. Boundary layers for the horizontal disk 40 2.2.3. Boundary layers on curved surfaces 41 2.3. Forced convection around a cylinder 43 2.3.1. System of equations 44 2.3.2. Integration of the equations of the dynamic boundary layer 46 2.3.3. Dimensionless integral equation 48 2.3.4. Resolution of the upwind dynamic boundary layer 50 2.3.5. Resolution of the downwind dynamic boundary layer 55 2.3.6. Resolution of the thermal boundary layer 56 Chapter 3. Human Thermal Models 61 3.1. The Fanger model: from climatic chamber to standard 61 3.1.1. Environment and human body physical parameters 62 3.1.2. Equilibrium balance equation in the Fanger model 69 3.1.3. Examples of ambient environment qualifications 72 3.2. Gagge model 76 3.2.1. A simple, unsteady and regulated geometrical model 76 3.2.2. Response of “human system” to a sudden change in metabolism 78 3.3. Stolwijk 25 node model 80 3.4. Thermal model of a baby lying down 82 3.4.1. Geometrical division 82 3.4.2. Metabolism and respiration 83 3.4.3. Exchanges of the uncovered part of the head 84 3.4.4. Conduction between body layers 85 3.4.5. Sensible heat exchanges of the trunk 87 3.4.6. Trunk evaporation 88 3.4.7. Blood convection 89 3.4.8. System of equations 90 3.4.9. Simulation results 91 Chapter 4. Heat and Humidity Transfer in Clothing 97 4.1. From heterogeneous porous to continuous model media 98 4.2. Heat diffusion and convection 100 4.3. Vapor diffusion 101 4.4. The effect of bound water 105 4.5. Liquid water diffusion 111 4.6. Mass and energy balances 119 4.7. Limit conditions 121 4.8. Processing for a numerical resolution 123 4.9. First example: condensation in a multilayer 124 4.10. Convection and diffusion 128 4.11. Taking account of radiation 130 4.12. Second example: firefighters’ clothing 135 4.13. Traditional warm weather clothing 137 Appendices 143 Appendix 1 145 Appendix 2 151 Appendix 3 155 Bibliography 157 Index 161

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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