Health economics Books

Book SynopsisTrade Review"One of The New York Times 100 Notable Books of 2020""Finalist for the PROSE Award in Economics, Association of American Publishers""Shortlisted for the Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year""Finalist for the Best Non-Fiction Book, Digital Book World Awards""Finalist for the Best Book Published by a University Press, Digital Book World Awards""One of the Financial Times Selected Titles for 2020 Visions: The Year Ahead in Books""One of New Statesman's Books to Read in 2020""A New York Times Bestseller""A Wall Street Journal Bestseller""One of Next Big Idea Club's Most Anticipated Nonfiction Books of Spring""A New York Times Editors' Choice""One of the Financial Times' Summer Books of 2020: Economics""One of the Strategy+Business Best Business Books 2020 in Economics""One of The Sunday Times' Best Business Books of 2020""Winner of the William G. Bowen Book Award, Industrial Relations Section of Princeton University""An excellent book."---Nicholas Kristof, New York Times"This book is of the highest importance."---Martin Wolf, Financial Times"Deaths of Despair is on a short list of the most important books of the 21st century for what is going on in our country."---David Leonhardt, New York Times columnist"We Americans are reluctant to acknowledge that our economy serves the educated classes and penalizes the rest. But that’s exactly the situation, and Deaths of Despair shows how the immiseration of the less educated has resulted in the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives, even as the economy has thrived and the stock market has soared."---Atul Gawande, New Yorker"A highly important book."---Arlie Russell Hochschild, New York Times Book Review"This highly important book examines the pain and despair among white blue-collar workers and suggests that the hopelessness they are experiencing may eventually extend to the entire American work force." * New York Times Editors’ Choice *"Excellent." * Joyce Carol Oates on Twitter *"Gripping. . . . [Case and Deaton] do not merely rehearse decades of mortality and wage statistics. Rather, they seek to catalogue how an entire way of life first frayed and then fell apart over the past half-century, and the cruelty of an American meritocracy that heaps lavish rewards on the winners while increasingly leaving others to rot."---Joshua Chaffin, Financial Times"A remarkable new book."---John Harris, The Guardian"Disturbing. . . . . Case and Deaton do a great job making the case that something has gone grievously wrong."---Jim Zarroli, NPR"I highly, highly recommend it."---Cardiff Garcia, NPR Planet Money’s The Indicator"[A] remarkable and poignant book."---Dani Rodrik, Project Syndicate"The system is broken and every bit of it needs fixing. This is a sobering – and essential – book."---Diane Coyle, Enlightened Economist"Why economics really matters is illustrated in Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism. . . . The authors argue that the capitalism that lifted countless people out of poverty is now destroying blue-collar America. They have solutions to make it work for all. They had better be right." * New Scientist *"[Case and Deaton] dive into and weave the data through different demographic and clinical lenses — race, gender, age, social connectedness, work history, and the most important through-line: education. Thus Case and Deaton connect the dots, literally, in the many charts that explain what factors are driving the Deaths of Despair."---Jane Sarasohn-Kahn, Health Populi Blog"The rise in premature deaths among working-class whites has become a national crisis, and the authors tie the problem to the weakening position of labor, the growing power of corporations, and to a health-care sector that redistributes working-class wages to the wealthy." * Publishers Weekly *"Although the authors completed this book before the onset of the coronavirus pandemic — it was published four days after President Trump declared a national emergency — their diagnosis is still painfully relevant."---Carlos Lozada, Washington Post"Timely and important."---Ed Balls, Financial Times"Refreshing . . . a careful, deep, and troubling look at the America that lies beyond the Ivy League."---James K. Galbraith, Project Syndicate"Case and Deaton explain how every detail of this crisis unfolded, examining recent historical events and rightly placing much of the blame on the United States’ distinctive strain of capitalism, designed to protect and grow the assets of the wealthy few."---Keri Leigh Merrit, Common Dreams"Anne Case and Angus Deaton are senior economists at Princeton with expertise in public health and poverty, respectively. The combination, plus clear writing and ample doses of caution and open-mindedness, makes Deaths of Despair a compelling book."---Edward Hadas, Reuters BreakingViews"The policies that the authors advocate not only would address deaths of despair, they would improve the health and welfare of the American people more generally."---David Canning, Science"[a] hard-hitting study of US capitalism."---Andrew Robinson, Nature"The authors add an important dimension to the growing body of research on the suffering of African Americans in the US; but their main argument is that it is the uneducated white working class that is now in “long-term and slowly unfolding” freefall."---Anne Nelson, Times Literary Supplement"Complementing their candid prose with enlightening charts and graphs, Case and Deaton make the scale and immediacy of the problem crystal clear. This is an essential portrait of America in crisis." * Publishers Weekly *"Deaths of Despair is designed to shine a light on a generational catastrophe that could—perhaps will—become a multigenerational disaster. It does this with chilling precision."---Mike Jakeman, Strategy+Business"Through simple figures and clear prose, it presents a huge bodyof evidence from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s WONDER database and other sources that the arc of the white working class’s fate over the last two decades is long, but it bends toward nihilism and an early grave."---Gabriel Rossman, Washington Examiner"Elaborately explained and well-presented. . . . Case and Deaton’s well-written and gloomy book was meant as a warning. Relentlessly fighting an infectious disease, the U.S. government seems to have treated it as a handbook."---Joakim Book, American Institute for Economic Research"Well-researched, compassionate."---Susan Babbitt, New York Journal of Books"Simply put, this is a terrific book. I suspect it will be on many people’s top 10 book lists of 2020. Although written before COVID-19, the book’s critique of the US approach to health care and inequality is remarkably prescient. In many ways, the opioid crisis Case and Deaton analyze is a microcosm of the anguish the world is experiencing today, and we would be remiss not to pay attention to their insights."---Kenneth Rogoff, Finance & Development"A must-read for anyone attempting to objectively understand our collective American pain as well as those gaining from it."---Rahul Gupta, Democracy"Important."---Michael Tomasky, Democracy"The best account of [the] White collapse."---David Ignatius, Washington Post"Well researched and incisive. . . . This is a tragic, but important book, and hopefully it helps to nudge the needle towards where badly needed social reforms need to go."---Simon Cocking, Irish Tech News"Building on Case and Deaton’s extraordinarily influential research on the mortality resulting from the tragic opioid epidemic in the United States, this book examines three causes of death – drug overdose, suicide, and alcohol-related liver disease – that have risen rapidly since the mid-1990s. It is extraordinarily well written – sweeping yet succinct. And though it was published before the COVID-19 crisis, its critique of the US approach to health care and inequality is remarkably prescient."---Ken Rogoff, Project Syndicate"I’ll offer my own endorsement from the [New York Times Notable] 100: Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism, by Anne Case and Angus Deaton. It covers arguably the single most alarming development in American life, one that helps explain the frustration pulsing through the country: In many communities, people are not living as long as their parents did."---David Leonhardt, New York Times"[A] well-argued, important book."---Rosamund Urwin, Sunday Times"Case and Deaton’s extraordinary research in this book is an important warning of the consequences this might have for people’s health and wellbeing and family and community life."---Economic Annals, Jelena Žarković

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis text presents statistical methods for studying causal effects and discusses how readers can assess such effects in simple randomized experiments.Trade Review'This book offers a definitive treatment of causality using the potential outcomes approach. Both theoreticians and applied researchers will find this an indispensable volume for guidance and reference.' Hal Varian, Chief Economist, Google, and Emeritus Professor, University of California, Berkeley'By putting the potential outcome framework at the center of our understanding of causality, Imbens and Rubin have ushered in a fundamental transformation of empirical work in economics. This book, at once transparent and deep, will be both a fantastic introduction to fundamental principles and a practical resource for students and practitioners. It will be required readings for any class I teach.' Esther Duflo, Massachusetts Institute of Technology'Causal Inference sets a high new standard for discussions of the theoretical and practical issues in the design of studies for assessing the effects of causes - from an array of methods for using covariates in real studies to dealing with many subtle aspects of non-compliance with assigned treatments. The book includes many examples using real data that arose from the authors' extensive research portfolios. These examples help to clarify and explain many important concepts and practical issues. It is a book that both methodologists and practitioners from many fields will find both illuminating and suggestive of further research. It is a professional tour de force, and a welcomed addition to the growing (and often confusing) literature on causation in artificial intelligence, philosophy, mathematics and statistics.' Paul W. Holland, Emeritus, Educational Testing Service'A comprehensive and remarkably clear overview of randomized experiments and observational designs with as-good-as-random assignment that is sure to become the standard reference in the field.' David Card, Class of 1950 Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley'This book will be the 'Bible' for anyone interested in the statistical approach to causal inference associated with Donald Rubin and his colleagues, including Guido Imbens. Together, they have systematized the early insights of Fisher and Neyman and have then vastly developed and transformed them. In the process they have created a theory of practical experimentation whose internal consistency is mind-boggling, as is its sensitivity to assumptions and its elaboration of the key 'potential outcomes' framework. The authors' exposition of random assignment experiments has breadth and clarity of coverage, as do their chapters on observational studies that can be readily conceptualized within an experimental framework. Never have experimental principles been better warranted intellectually or better translated into statistical practice. The book is a 'must read' for anyone claiming methodological competence in all sciences that rely on experimentation.' Thomas D. Cook, Joan and Sarepta Harrison Chair of Ethics and Justice, Northwestern University, Illinois'In this wonderful and important book, Imbens and Rubin give a lucid account of the potential outcomes perspective on causality. This perspective sensibly treats all causal questions as questions about a hidden variable, indeed the ultimate hidden variable, 'What would have happened if things were different?' They make this perspective mathematically precise, show when and to what degree it succeeds, and discuss how to apply it to both experimental and observational data. This book is a must-read for natural scientists, social scientists and all other practitioners who seek new hypotheses and new truths in their complex data.' David Blei, Columbia University, New York'This thorough and comprehensive book uses the 'potential outcomes' approach to connect the breadth of theory of causal inference to the real-world analyses that are the foundation of evidence-based decision making in medicine, public policy and many other fields. Imbens and Rubin provide unprecedented guidance for designing research on causal relationships, and for interpreting the results of that research appropriately.' Mark McClellan, Director of the Health Care Innovation and Value Initiative, Brookings Institution, Washington DC'This book will revolutionize how applied statistics is taught in statistics and the social and biomedical sciences. The authors present a unified vision of causal inference that covers both experimental and observational data. They do a masterful job of communicating some of the deepest, and oldest, issues in statistics to readers with disparate backgrounds. They closely connect theoretical concepts with applied concerns, and they honestly and clearly discuss the identifying assumptions of the methods presented. Too many books on statistical methods present a menagerie of disconnected methods and pay little attention to the scientific plausibility of the assumptions that are made for mathematical convenience, instead of for verisimilitude. This book is different. It will be widely read, and it will change the way statistics is practiced.' Jasjeet S. Sekhon, Robson Professor of Political Science and Statistics, University of California, Berkeley'Clarity of thinking about causality is of central importance in financial decision making. Imbens and Rubin provide a rigorous foundation allowing practitioners to learn from the pioneers in the field.' Stephen Blyth, Managing Director, Head of Public Markets, Harvard Management Company'A masterful account of the potential outcomes approach to causal inference from observational studies that Rubin has been developing since he pioneered it fourty years ago.' Adrian Raftery, Blumstein-Jordan Professor of Statistics and Sociology, University of Washington'Correctly drawing causal inferences is critical in many important applications. Congratulations to Professors Imbens and Rubin, who have drawn on their decades of research in this area, along with the work of several others, to produce this impressive book covering concepts, theory, methods and applications. I especially appreciate their clear exposition on conceptual issues, which are important to understand in the context of either a designed experiment or an observational study, and their use of real applications to motivate the methods described.' Nathaniel Schenker, Statistician'The book is well-written with a very comprehensive coverage of many issues associated with causal inference. As can be seen from its table of contents, the book uses multiple perspectives to discuss these issues including theoretical underpinnings, experimental design, randomization techniques and examples using real-world data.' Carol Joyce Blumberg, International Statistical Review'Guido Imbens and Don Rubin present an insightful discussion of the potential outcomes framework for causal inference … this book presents a unified framework to causal inference based on the potential outcomes framework, focusing on the classical analysis of experiments, unconfoundedness, and noncompliance. The book has become an instant classic in the causal inference literature, broadly defined, and will certainly guide future research in this area. All researchers will benefit from carefully studying this book, no matter what their specific views are on the subject matter.' Matias D. Cattaneo, Journal of the American Statistical Association'Guido Imbens and Donald Rubin have written an authoritative textbook on causal inference that is expected to have a lasting impact on social and biomedical scientists as well as statisticians. Researchers have been waiting for the publication of this book, which is a welcome addition to the growing list of textbooks and monographs on causality … the authors should be congratulated for the publication of this impressive volume. The hook provides a unified introduction to the potential outcomes approach with the focus on the basic causal inference problems that arise in randomized experiments and observational studies.' Alicia A. Lloro, Journal of the American Statistical AssociationTable of ContentsPart I. Introduction: 1. The basic framework: potential outcomes, stability, and the assignment mechanism; 2. A brief history of the potential-outcome approach to causal inference; 3. A taxonomy of assignment mechanisms; Part II. Classical Randomized Experiments: 4. A taxonomy of classical randomized experiments; 5. Fisher's exact P-values for completely randomized experiments; 6. Neyman's repeated sampling approach to completely randomized experiments; 7. Regression methods for completely randomized experiments; 8. Model-based inference in completely randomized experiments; 9. Stratified randomized experiments; 10. Paired randomized experiments; 11. Case study: an experimental evaluation of a labor-market program; Part III. Regular Assignment Mechanisms: Design: 12. Unconfounded treatment assignment; 13. Estimating the propensity score; 14. Assessing overlap in covariate distributions; 15. Design in observational studies: matching to ensure balance in covariate distributions; 16. Design in observational studies: trimming to ensure balance in covariate distributions; Part IV. Regular Assignment Mechanisms: Analysis: 17. Subclassification on the propensity score; 18. Matching estimators (Card-Krueger data); 19. Estimating the variance of estimators under unconfoundedness; 20. Alternative estimands; Part V. Regular Assignment Mechanisms: Supplementary Analyses: 21. Assessing the unconfoundedness assumption; 22. Sensitivity analysis and bounds; Part VI. Regular Assignment Mechanisms with Noncompliance: Analysis: 23. Instrumental-variables analysis of randomized experiments with one-sided noncompliance; 24. Instrumental-variables analysis of randomized experiments with two-sided noncompliance; 25. Model-based analyses with instrumental variables; Part VII. Conclusion: 26. Conclusions and extensions.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn the United States, the soaring cost of health care has become an economic drag and a political flashpoint. Moreover, although the country's medical spending is higher than that of any other nation, health outcomes are no better than elsewhere, and in some cases are even worse. In The Quality Cure, renowned health care economist and former Obama advisor David Cutler offers an accessible and incisive account of the issues and their causes, as well as a road map for the future of health care reform--one that shows how information technology, realigned payment systems, and value-focused organizations together have the power to resolve this seemingly intractable problem and transform the US health care system into one that is affordable, efficient, and effective.Trade Review"Cutler has an exceptional ability to tackle an extremely complex topic, such as US health care spending, and make it simple and understandable for noneconomists while remaining true to the theory and science... The Quality Cure should be required reading for those who manage or provide care. In particular, medical students and residents need to understand the ideas in this compelling book. Until now, health care has not had such a simultaneously scholarly and accessible book. Those seasoned in policy making will benefit from Cutler's insider look, his clear and concise way of communicating complex topics, and the detailed references and figures. Those new to the policy efforts around reducing costs and improving quality will also benefit from Cutler's simplified conceptual framework, his clear and compelling language, and his disciplined approach... Cutler's experience, scholarship, and practical wisdom lay out a clear theory of change and policy recommendations for achieving it." -- Peter J. Pronovost Health AffairsTable of ContentsList of Illustrations Introduction 1. Cost, Access, and Quality: The Three Horsemen of the Apocalypse 2. The Value Proposition 3. The Cost Control Debate 4. The Quality Cure 5. It's What You Know 6. Pricing the Priceless 7. Take Me to Your Leader 8. How Long Will It Take? Notes Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisOriginal and thought provoking' Gordon BrownChallenging and hopeful: a groundbreaking guide to the future' Valerie AmosTo thrive in the twenty-first century, we all need to understand the challenges coming our way. And start adapting, now.We all know there are major, overlapping, global crises ahead of humanity: climate change, mass migration, new warfare, big tech, further pandemics, authoritarian capitalism. Rather than be daunted, this book charts a way that we can respond. With expertise from his work at the highest levels of international politics, education, activism and business, Tom Fletcher offers a practical manifesto that can help us transform the way we learn, live, and work together.Amongst its key survival skills, this book offers ideas on how we renew education, restore society and reimagine the future. It helps us chart a course to take back control, to find purpose, and to become better ancestors. It helps us to learn the language of technology without thinking like cTrade Review‘Original and thought provoking: a manifesto for a better way of educating humanity’Gordon Brown ‘Challenging and hopeful: a groundbreaking guide to the future’Valerie Amos ‘This manual for humanity is a call to action for all of us. Read it, learn from it, act aggressively and uncompromisingly upon it, let it guide the rest of your life’s work’General Sir Graeme Lamb, former SAS Commander ‘A scintillating humanifesto for creativity in how we learn. Inspiration not just for parents and teachers, but all of us’Andria Zafirakou, Global Teacher of the Year 2018 and author of Those Who Can, Teach ‘Global education has found a champion. Future generations have found a spokesperson’Andreas Schleicher, OECD ‘A magnificent book! As we (anxiously) anticipate the rest of this century, Tom Fletcher presents us with a brilliantly-timed, incredibly important, gem of a book — overflowing with wisdom and much hope too’Zeid Ra’ad, UN Commissioner for Human Rights ‘An excellent handbook on how to coexist not just with each other, but with technology too’Mustafa Suleyman, Founder of Google DeepMind ‘The international community needed a call to action. This is a must read for the inventors, dreamers and pioneers of our future’Dubai Abulhoul, Founder of the Fiker Institute ‘Brilliant, an absolute must-read. A riveting, superbly written account of the world today, and tomorrow’Matthew D’Ancona, author of Post-Truth ‘A fascinating and inspiring analysis of how the world is changing and education needs to keep up’Rachel Sylvester, The Times ‘His hints, tips, advice, comments and things-you-and-I-can-do-today to bring about change are so frequent that I lost count. Not 10 ideas, not even 57, but countless … A provocative and hugely thoughtful compendium of positive and realistic thinking to navigate an increasingly difficult world’Gavin Esler, The National

Read more less

Book SynopsisA FINANCIAL TIMES BOOK OF THE YEAROne of our most scintillating public intellectuals explores the political paradoxes of the pandemic and helps us think our way through it''We are able to imagine anything because we are being besieged by something that was considered unimaginable...''Beneath the panic and bluster, beneath the confusing speeches and the conflicting advice, the Coronavirus pandemic acted, changing our world in the most profound ways. The tragic human cost and the economic devastation will be assessed and calculated for decades to come. But the pandemic also changed things in ways that are less easily expressed and understood. It has made bare the frayed contradictions of modern life. It has distorted things that seemed simple and settled. It has affirmed plain, uncomfortable truths. In this brilliant, thought-provoking essay, Ivan Krastev, one of our most interesting thinkers today, explores the pandemic''s iTrade ReviewOne of the great European minds of today -- Timothy SnyderFew people question the conventional wisdom like Ivan Krastev -- George SorosIvan Krastev is one of Europe's leading thinkers -- Madeleine Albright

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book summarizes current theory and evidence relating to immunization supply, demand, distribution, and financing. It provides readers with an understanding of the obstacles faced in the field, and the possible approaches to corresponding solutions.Table of Contents1. Principles of vaccine economics 1.0: Chapter introduction 1.1: Introduction to global vaccine systems 1.2: Relevance of health economics to vaccines 1.3: Cost of finding and making vaccines: implications for immunization programs 1.4: Vaccination as investment in human capital 1.5: Economics of vaccine delivery 2. Estimating the cost of immunization services 2.0: Chapter introduction 2.1: Why costing studies are needed 2.2: Defining immunization costs 2.3: Designing a primary costing study or analysis 2.4: Data analysis 2.5: Costing new vaccine introduction 3. Economic evaluation of vaccines and vaccine programs 3.0: Chapter introduction 3.1: Overview of decision analysis and cost-effectiveness 3.2: Defining the scope and study design of cost-effectiveness analysis 3.3: Parameter estimation 3.4: Measuring and valuing health outcomes 3.5: Reporting and interpreting results of economic evaluation 3.6: Budget impact analysis and return on investment 3.7: Introduction to decision tree modeling 4. Advanced methods in economic evaluation 4.0: Chapter introduction 4.1: Introduction to Markov modeling 4.2: Static and dynamic modeling 4.3: Probabilistic sensitivity analysis and value of information analysis 4.4: Economic evaluation reference case with Markov model 5. Financing and resource tracking of vaccination Pprograms 5.0: Chapter introduction 5.1: Introduction to immunization financing and expenditure 5.2: Financing of immunization programs 5.3: Donor architecture for immunization financing Appendices 1: EXERCISE: A CASE-STUDY ON ESTIMATING THE TOTAL AND UNIT ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION COSTS FROM THE FACILITY TO THE NATIONAL LEVEL 2: EXERCISE: ESTIMATING NEW VACCINE INTRODUCTION COSTS 3: IMMUNIZATION ACTIVITIES AND LINE ITEM COSTS 4: MARKOV DECISION PROCESSES (MDPS) 5: DERIVATION OF THE ANNUAL EXPECTED COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INFECTED STATE 6: MAKING MODELS PROBABILISTIC AND ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF INFORMATION

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis pioneering volume illustrates the profound intersectional impact of commercial actors on our sociocultural and physical environments and the necessity for cross-disciplinary communication and collaboration on these critical health issues.Trade ReviewThe Commercial Determinants of Health is a book that should transform how public health is defined, taught and delivered. Its contributors, 54 academics from Canada to New Zealand to Ethiopia to the U.K., explain how corporations and governments promote prosperity even at the cost of their customers' and citizens' lives. * Crawford Kilian, TheTyee.ca *Power, privilege, and profitable poisons: commercial determinants are fast becoming the most urgent and significant health, social, and governance challenge of our time. At the heart of the greatest risk facing our planet and populations, this book is an important resource furthering our understandings and catalyzing our responses to the commercial determinants of health. * Sandro Demaio, CEO, VicHealth *An important and timely introduction to the field of how commercial factors shape our health, and what we might do about it. This book is essential reading for all working to reduce health inequalities. * Jennifer Dixon, Chief Executive, The Health Foundation *This much needed and unprecedented resource tackles the 'elephant in the room'—the dramatic impacts of for-profit enterprises on global health. As a World Health Organization priority area, these commercial determinants of health must be understood and addressed to improve health, wellbeing, and equity. This book's depth and scope across geographies, populations, and industries is a valuable resource. I encourage anyone working in global health or interested in how industries impact the world around us to read it and apply its messages. * Etienne Krug, Director, Social Determinants, World Health Organization *This is a timely and impressive collection by leading scholars on the current state of research on the commercial determinants of health. An essential resource for anyone concerned about how certain forms of profit-seeking are running roughshod over the well-being of populations and the planet. * Kelley Lee, Professor and Canada Research Chair in Global Health Governance, Simon Fraser University, and Scientific Director, Pacific Institute on Pathogens, Pandemics and Society *Table of ContentsSection 1: Why Commercial Determinants? Chapter 1: Commercial Determinants of Health: An Introduction Nason Maani, Mark Petticrew, and Sandro Galea Chapter 2: A Systems Perspective on the Pathways of Influence between CDOH and Health Cécile Knai and Natalie Savona Chapter 3: Global Health and Equity Burden of Commercial Determinants of Health Julia Anaf, Fran Baum, and Matt Fisher Section 2: How Do Commercial Determinants Shape Upstream Drivers of Health? Chapter 4: The Role of Policy in Studying the Commercial Determinants of Health Benjamin Hawkins Chapter 5: Understanding the Politics of the Commercial Determinants of Health Eduardo J. Gómez Chapter 6: The Role of Commercial Influences in Public Understanding of Harms, Causes and Solutions Mark Petticrew, Nason Maani, and May van Schalkwyk Chapter 7: The Role of Corporations in Influencing Culture Nancy Tomes Chapter 8: Industry Influence on Science: What Is Happening and What Can Be Done Alice Fabbri and Anna Gilmore Chapter 9: Role in Trade Deals and Investment Pepita Barlow and Eric Crosbie Section 3: Case Studies by Industry Chapter 10: Hidden from View: Alcohol Industry Efforts to Keep the Epidemic of Alcohol-Related Harm from Public Awareness Tim Stockwell and Erin Hobin Chapter 11: Learning from 70 Years of Tobacco Control: Winning the War and Not Just the Battles Anna B. Gilmore and Sarah Dance Chapter 12: The Fossil Fuel Industry: Fuelling Doubt and Navigating Contradiction May van Schalkwyk, Nason Maani, and Mark Petticrew Chapter 13: The Gambling Industry: Harmful Products, Predatory Practices and the Politics of Knowledge May van Schalkwyk and Rebecca Cassidy Chapter 14: Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Eric Crosbie, Laura Schmidt, Jim Krieger, and Marion Nestle Section 4: Cross-Industry Mechanisms Chapter 15: Marketing Simone Pettigrew and Alexandra Jones Chapter 16: Corporate Social Responsibility: Past, Present, and Future Nino Paichadze, Vinu Ilakkuvan, Muluken Gizaw, and Adnan A. Hyder Chapter 17: The Institutionalization of Corporate Power within Policy Gary Fooks Chapter 18: Corporations as Irresponsible Artificial People: Human Rights, Profits, and Public Health George J. Annas Chapter 19: Industry Influence on Research: A Cycle of Bias Lisa Bero Chapter 20: The Global Technology Sector as a Commercial Determinant of Health Nora Kenworthy, Katerini Tagmatarchi Storeng, and Marco Zenone Section 5: Advancing Science and Scholarship Chapter 21: Defining the Commercial Determinants of Health Jennifer Lacy-Nichols, Cassandra de Lacy-Vawdon, and Rob Moodie Chapter 22: Assessing Power Structures Joana Madureira Lima Chapter 23: Rethinking Conflict of Interest: From Individual to Structural Understandings Jeff Collin, Rob Ralston, and Sarah Hill Chapter 24: Assessing the Health Impacts of the Commercial Determinants of Health Luke N. Allen Chapter 25: Assessing the Economic Impacts of Corporations Martin McKee Chapter 26: Prioritizing Research on the Foundational Drivers of Corporate Policy Influence William H. Wiist Chapter 27: The Influence of Commercial Industries on Public Discourse Shona Hilton Chapter 28: Commercial Determinants of Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Salma M. Abdalla, Leona Ofei, Nason Maani, and Sandro Galea Section 6: A Way Forward Chapter 29: The Question of Industry Partnerships Peter J. Adams Chapter 30: Understanding and Managing Corporate Conflicts of Interest Katherine Cullerton and Martin White Chapter 31: Teaching the Commercial Determinants of Health Nicholas Freudenberg and Eric Crosbie Chapter 32: Learning from Experience: Identifying Key Intervention Points around Corporate Practices to Improve Health Mélissa Mialon, Julia Anaf, and Fran Baum Chapter 33: A Policy Agenda for the Commercial Determinants of Health Sally Casswell Chapter 34: Commercial Determinants of Health: A Research and Translational Agenda Nason Maani, Mark Petticrew, and Sandro Galea Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisHealth Promotion is a relatively new discipline and there is little in the way of practical help for students and practitioners in choosing and implementing appropriate evaluation methods. As the demands for rigorous evaluation and evidence-based decision-making increase, health promotion cannot ignore the need for accurate, reliable and valid methods to carry out evaluation. This book provides clear descriptions (with plentiful practical examples) of such methods, and the problems that can arise from their implementation. Both qualitative and quantitative methods that are commonly used are described and the problems and benefits that arise with their use are explained. Experiences in the practical implementation of evaluation are explained, with examples from a variety of different social, economic and cultural contexts. The third edition of this highly successful book has been fully revised and updated to reflect the ongoing developments in the field of health promotion. It will appeTrade ReviewFor students of social sciences, this book is a must have... For occupational physicians who manage large departments that espouse health promotion and for those of us whose work includes an international perspective in developing areas this book has very significant utility. * Occupational Medicine *Table of Contents1: OVERVIEW ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Historical and policy approaches ; PART 2: METHODS OF EVALUATION ; 3. Evaluating according to purpose and resources: Strengthening the evidence base incrementally ; 4. Evaluating interventions: Experimental study designs in health promotion ; 5. Economic evaluation of health promotion interventions ; 6. Using systematic reviews in health promotion ; 7. Process evaluation: Understanding how and why interventions work ; PART 3: EVALUATION IN PRACTICE ; 8. Social marketing interventions and evaluation ; 9. Evaluation of interventions to prevent intimate partner violence ; 10. Evaluating environmental interventions through natural experiments ; 11. E-health promotion ; PART 4: PARTICIPANTS IN, AND USERS OF, EVALUATION ; 12. Involving lay people in the development of NICE public health guidance ; 13. Evaluating the ethics of health promotion: Understanding informed participation ; 14. Feeding back evaluation results to stakeholder participants ; 15. Getting findings into policy ; 16. Conclusions: Providing appropriate evidence and influencing policy

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Oxford Handbook of Health Economics provides an accessible and authoritative guide to health economics, intended for scholars and students in the field, as well as those in adjacent disciplines including health policy and clinical medicine. The chapters stress the direct impact of health economics reasoning on policy and practice, offering readers an introduction to the potential reach of the discipline. Contributions come from internationally-recognized leaders in health economics and reflect the worldwide reach of the discipline. Authoritative, but non-technical, the chapters place great emphasis on the connections between theory and policy-making, and develop the contributions of health economics to problems arising in a variety of institutional contexts, from primary care to the operations of health insurers. The volume addresses policy concerns relevant to health systems in both developed and developing countries. It takes a broad perspective, with relevance to systems with siTrade ReviewComprehensively covers the multiple aspects of health and medical care . . . this important handbook is a must read for the expanding masters in global health programmes. * Devi Sridhar, The Lancet *This is a first-rate handbook - comprehensive and balanced - it is an excellent introduction to multiple aspects of health and medical care. * Victor R. Fuchs, Henry J. Kaiser Jr. Professor Emeritus, Stanford University (Departments of Economics and Health Research and Policy) *A comprehensive guide to the ever-growing field of health economics: indispensable, not only for the academic researcher but also for the policy-maker. * Julian Le Grand, Richard Titmuss Professor of Social Policy, London School of Economics *A "must have" for anyone who cares about this subject. The authors cross the full spectrum in terms of specialties, geography, and political orientation. * Gail Wilensky, Senior Fellow, Project HOPE *Table of Contents1. Introduction ; 2. Health Systems in Industrialized Countries ; 3. Health Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries ; 4. The Political Economy of Health Care ; 5. The Promise of Health: Evidence of the Impact of Health on Income and Well-Being ; 6. Health Production ; 7. Socioeconomic Status and Health: Dimensions and Mechanisms ; 8. Determinants of Health in Childhood ; 9. Economics of Infectious Diseases ; 10. Economics of Health Behaviours and Addictions: Contemporary Issues and Policy Implications ; 11. Economic and Mental Health: An International Perspective ; 12. Public Sector Health Care Financing ; 13. Voluntary Private Health Insurance ; 14. Health Care Cost Growth ; 15. User Charges ; 16. Insurance and the Demand for Medical Care ; 17. Guaranteed Access to Affordable Coverage in Individual Health Insurance Markets ; 18. Managed Care ; 19. Hospitals: Teaming Up ; 20. Primary Care ; 21. The Global Health Workforce ; 22. The Economics of the Biopharmaceutical Industry ; 23. Disease Prevention, Health Care and Economics ; 24. Long-Term Care ; 25. Physician Agency and Payment for Primary Medical Care ; 26. Provider Payment and Incentives ; 27. Non-Price Rationing and Waiting Times ; 28. Increasing Competition between Providers in Health Care Markets: The Economic Evidence ; 29. Measuring Organizational Performance ; 30. Health System Productivity ; 31. The Methods of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis to Inform Decisions about the Use of Health Care Interventions and Programmes ; 32. Analysing Uncertainty in Cost-effectiveness for Decision Making ; 33. Health Utility Measurement ; 34. Concepts of Equity and Fairness in Health and Health Care ; 35. Measuring Inequality and Inequity in Health and Health Care ; 36. Intergenerational Aspects of Health Care ; 37. Econometric Evaluation of Health Policies ; 38. Health Economics and Policy: The Challenges of Proselytising

Read more less

Book SynopsisWhy does poverty persist? A critical, but so far ignored, part of the answer lies in the fact that poverty is regularly created. Large numbers of people are escaping poverty, but large numbers are concurrently falling into chronic poverty. This book presents the first large-scale examination of the reasons why people fall into poverty and how they escape it in diverse contexts. Drawing upon personal interviews with 35,000 households in different parts of India, Kenya, Uganda, Peru, and the United States, it takes you on an illustrative journey, filled with facts, analyses, and the life stories of people who fell into abject poverty and others who managed to escape their seemingly predetermined fates. Letting a farmhand''s son or daughter remain a farmhand, even though he or she is potentially the next Einstein, is a tragedy that poor people witness time after time. Remedying this situation is crucial for making poverty history. This book addresses how equal opportunity can be promoted Trade Review[The book] incorporates ideas from both political theory and economics, but is much more engaged and practical than abstract approaches to conceptions of poverty or fiddling with numbers and metrics. Krishna also gives a human face to his account by including some short examples of individual life stories. One Illness Away offers a revealing perspective on poverty. It should have relevance and appeal to a broad audience, not just workers in development, economists, and other specialists. * Danny Yee, Law and Economics Review *Table of ContentsPreface ; 1. Refilling the Pool of Poverty ; 2. Poverty Flows ; 3. The Rising-Falling Tide ; 4. Reasons for Descent: The Health Poverty Trap ; 5. Reasons for Escape: Diversification and Agriculture ; 6. Connecting Capability with Opportunity: Investing in Information ; 7. A Two-Pronged Strategy: Protection and Opportunity ; Appendix: Measuring Poverty: Testing Stages-of-Progress

Read more less

Book SynopsisFrom a leading political thinker, this book is both an invaluable playbook for meeting our current moment and a stirring reflection on the future of democracy itself.Trade Review"Political theorist Allen shrewdly analyzes how and why the US response to COVID-19 fell short, and suggests what should be done to better prepare for the next pandemic. . . . This is a trenchant call for reimagining how America functions in a time of crisis." * Publishers Weekly *"In this stirring manifesto, the renowned political theorist Allen argues that the United States’ woeful response to the COVID-19 pandemic must serve as a wake-up call for Americans to rebuild their public health infrastructure and renew their constitutional democracy." * Foreign Affairs *"In her new book, Democracy in the Time of Coronavirus, Allen argues that federalism, rather than being a problem, offers solutions to what ails democracy today. In particular, she embraces what she calls 'cooperative federalism.' . . . For Allen, cooperative federalism suggests that the federal government should focus on the big picture: setting overarching goals and identifying promising practices for how best to respond to the pandemic. In contrast, states, counties, cities, and local governments should concentrate on 'the nitty-gritty'—contact tracing, testing, treating the ill, and supporting those who are isolating." * Nation *"It’s not the first political book on the pandemic, but it’s the first I’ve taken seriously so far. . . . It takes a truly original thinker to excite the intellectual public with fresh insights on the pandemic. Allen is the political thinker the modern intelligentsia has patiently held their breath to learn from. She is among the foremost theorists on democracy so an opportunity to uncover her thoughts on how the pandemic exposed cracks in modern democratic governance is thrilling. Of course, her purpose is not to tear down democracy, but rather to discover how to repair it for the future." * Democracy Paradox *"[Allen] argues that democracies can learn from health, economic, and political crises how to reestablish social contracts and build pandemic resilience. . . This book concisely identifies the many and multivalent concerns before COVID vaccines became available—a critical period to document—and it also raises a number of provocative arguments that might form the basis for a lively reader discussion. Finally, other scholars and reformers should further consider Allen's views on social rights and integrative policy judgment." * Choice *"[Allen's] book—published during her campaign for Massachusetts governor—has an aspirational quality; it is rich with discussion of the purposes of our federal constitutional democracy, the social contract, and political legitimacy. She focuses exclusively on COVID-19 but uses the crisis to illustrate the larger problems of U.S. governance." * Boston Review *“Allen’s public life has been spent arguing for democracy, living it, teaching it. She is an exemplar of a democratic citizen, putting forth her ideas in public space for open debate and thereby encouraging us all to join her in communal democratic life.” -- Jonathan Lear, Committee on Social Thought, University of Chicago“Allen’s clear understanding of the social and political challenges to an advanced, industrial democracy that lacks foundational trust make this book an important tool in approaching the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. It is an excellent broad-brush approach to the need for restoring our social contract.” -- Daniel P. Aldrich, author of "Building Resilience: Social Capital in Post-Disaster Recovery"“Scrutinizing our founding document, Allen sees it as a clarion call for equality.” * New York Times Book Review, Editors’ Choice, on "Our Declaration" *“Remarkable. . . . A tour de force.” * New York Review of Books, on "Our Declaration" *“A primer on all that we have been missing. . . . Invaluable.” * Washington Post, on "Our Declaration" *"Political philosopher Danielle S. Allen, Conant University Professor and, for a time, a candidate for the Democratic nomination for governor of Massachusetts, has examined the pandemic in light of America’s social and political arrangements. In Democracy in the Time of Coronavirus, Allen . . . finds deep reasons for concern." * Harvard Magazine *Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1: Democracy in Crisis Chapter 2: Pandemic Resilience Chapter 3: Federalism Is an Asset Chapter 4: A Transformed Peace: An Agenda for Healing Our Social Contract Acknowledgments References Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisFrom a leading political thinker, this book is both an invaluable playbook for meeting our current moment and a stirring reflection on the future of democracy itself.Trade Review"Political theorist Allen shrewdly analyzes how and why the US response to COVID-19 fell short, and suggests what should be done to better prepare for the next pandemic. . . . This is a trenchant call for reimagining how America functions in a time of crisis." * Publishers Weekly *"In this stirring manifesto, the renowned political theorist Allen argues that the United States’ woeful response to the COVID-19 pandemic must serve as a wake-up call for Americans to rebuild their public health infrastructure and renew their constitutional democracy." * Foreign Affairs *"In her new book, Democracy in the Time of Coronavirus, Allen argues that federalism, rather than being a problem, offers solutions to what ails democracy today. In particular, she embraces what she calls 'cooperative federalism.' . . . For Allen, cooperative federalism suggests that the federal government should focus on the big picture: setting overarching goals and identifying promising practices for how best to respond to the pandemic. In contrast, states, counties, cities, and local governments should concentrate on 'the nitty-gritty'—contact tracing, testing, treating the ill, and supporting those who are isolating." * Nation *"It’s not the first political book on the pandemic, but it’s the first I’ve taken seriously so far. . . . It takes a truly original thinker to excite the intellectual public with fresh insights on the pandemic. Allen is the political thinker the modern intelligentsia has patiently held their breath to learn from. She is among the foremost theorists on democracy so an opportunity to uncover her thoughts on how the pandemic exposed cracks in modern democratic governance is thrilling. Of course, her purpose is not to tear down democracy, but rather to discover how to repair it for the future." * Democracy Paradox *"[Allen] argues that democracies can learn from health, economic, and political crises how to reestablish social contracts and build pandemic resilience. . . This book concisely identifies the many and multivalent concerns before COVID vaccines became available—a critical period to document—and it also raises a number of provocative arguments that might form the basis for a lively reader discussion. Finally, other scholars and reformers should further consider Allen's views on social rights and integrative policy judgment." * Choice *"[Allen's] book—published during her campaign for Massachusetts governor—has an aspirational quality; it is rich with discussion of the purposes of our federal constitutional democracy, the social contract, and political legitimacy. She focuses exclusively on COVID-19 but uses the crisis to illustrate the larger problems of U.S. governance." * Boston Review *“Allen’s public life has been spent arguing for democracy, living it, teaching it. She is an exemplar of a democratic citizen, putting forth her ideas in public space for open debate and thereby encouraging us all to join her in communal democratic life.” -- Jonathan Lear, Committee on Social Thought, University of Chicago“Allen’s clear understanding of the social and political challenges to an advanced, industrial democracy that lacks foundational trust make this book an important tool in approaching the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. It is an excellent broad-brush approach to the need for restoring our social contract.” -- Daniel P. Aldrich, author of "Building Resilience: Social Capital in Post-Disaster Recovery"“Scrutinizing our founding document, Allen sees it as a clarion call for equality.” * New York Times Book Review, Editors’ Choice, on "Our Declaration" *“Remarkable. . . . A tour de force.” * New York Review of Books, on "Our Declaration" *“A primer on all that we have been missing. . . . Invaluable.” * Washington Post, on "Our Declaration" *"Political philosopher Danielle S. Allen, Conant University Professor and, for a time, a candidate for the Democratic nomination for governor of Massachusetts, has examined the pandemic in light of America’s social and political arrangements. In Democracy in the Time of Coronavirus, Allen . . . finds deep reasons for concern." * Harvard Magazine *Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1: Democracy in Crisis Chapter 2: Pandemic Resilience Chapter 3: Federalism Is an Asset Chapter 4: A Transformed Peace: An Agenda for Healing Our Social Contract Acknowledgments References Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisFocuses on the changing financial circumstances of the elderly and the relationship of these circumstances to health and health care. This title addresses such topics as: out-of-pocket health care costs, the effects of inflation on social security, and the impact of the financial crisis on Americans' well-being.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAdvocates a conversation around the genetic risk for breast and ovarian cancers that focuses less on choice and more on care. Offers a new set of conceptual starting points for understanding what is at stake with a BRCA diagnosis and what the focus on choice obstructs from view. Trade Review“This book is groundbreaking, not only for scholars interested in women’s health, or health or science studies more generally, but also for rhetorical scholars and (post)humanists.”—Celeste M. Condit,author of Angry Public Rhetorics: Global Relations and Emotion in the Wake of 9/11“Being at Genetic Risk delves deeply into Mol’s concept of ‘logic of care’; set in the context of the risk of a genetic disease (rather than focusing on patients living with a disease or a difficult-to-define symptom), this adds in significant and interesting ways to the conversation.”—Jodie Nicotra,University of Idaho“Kelly Pender’s Being at Genetic Risk: Toward a Rhetoric of Care makes an important contribution to scholarship in the rhetoric of health and medicine (RHM); rhetoric of science, technology, and medicine (RSTM); and rhetoric more broadly. The book does so by taking on the important task of questioning critiques ‘debunking’ social creations that dupe naïve people into believing their reality.”—Cathryn Molloy Rhetoric ReviewTable of ContentsContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1 Following Mol’s Lead: From Diabetes to BRCA Risk2 From Ideology to Governmentality: A Constructivist View of Genetic Risk3. Making Risk Real: A Praxiographic Inquiry into Being BRCA+4. Toward a Rhetoric of Care for the At RiskConclusion: Invention in RSTM: Another ModerateResponse to the Two-World ProblemNotesBibliographyIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisAdvocates a conversation around the genetic risk for breast and ovarian cancers that focuses less on choice and more on care. Offers a new set of conceptual starting points for understanding what is at stake with a BRCA diagnosis and what the focus on choice obstructs from view. Trade Review“This book is groundbreaking, not only for scholars interested in women’s health, or health or science studies more generally, but also for rhetorical scholars and (post)humanists.”—Celeste M. Condit,author of Angry Public Rhetorics: Global Relations and Emotion in the Wake of 9/11“Being at Genetic Risk delves deeply into Mol’s concept of ‘logic of care’; set in the context of the risk of a genetic disease (rather than focusing on patients living with a disease or a difficult-to-define symptom), this adds in significant and interesting ways to the conversation.”—Jodie Nicotra,University of Idaho“Kelly Pender’s Being at Genetic Risk: Toward a Rhetoric of Care makes an important contribution to scholarship in the rhetoric of health and medicine (RHM); rhetoric of science, technology, and medicine (RSTM); and rhetoric more broadly. The book does so by taking on the important task of questioning critiques ‘debunking’ social creations that dupe naïve people into believing their reality.”—Cathryn Molloy Rhetoric Review

Read more less

Book SynopsisWritten for nonexperts, this is a brisk, engaging history of American healthcare from the 1960s to the impact of the Affordable Care Act in the 2010s. Unaffordable covers, in a conversational style punctuated by apt examples, topics ranging from health insurance, pharmaceutical pricing, and physician training to health maintenance organizations and hospital networks.Trade ReviewEngel's clear storyline and simple (but not simplistic) analysis make sense of a topic of mind-boggling complexity. Invaluable." - David Herzberg, author of Happy Pills in America"A comprehensive, readable, balanced examination of the costs of the crazy quilt healthcare 'system' that has evolved in the United States over five decades." - Ronald L. Numbers, coeditor of Sickness and Health in America“Engel, author of four previous books on healthcare policy, presents a deeply researched, authoritative, and rigorous account of healthcare’s flaws. . . . An important, concise appraisal of the current situation and of the way that America got here.”—Foreword ReviewsTable of Contents Timeline of Major Federal Legislation Introduction 1 A System Run Amok 2 Medical Free Markets 3 Reining in the Excess 4 The Lure of Profits 5 Efforts to Rationalize 6 HillaryCare 7 Managing Care 8 Quantity and Quality 9 Ethical Wrangling 10 Medicare and Medicaid: Evolving Government Programs 11 (Un)Affordable Care 12 Afterword Acknowledgments Notes Index

Read more less

Book Synopsis"There are several books on the market now that claim to take readers into the intricacies of health economics 'from first principles'. To me, this book succeeds better than any." Gavin Mooney, Honorary Professor, University of Sydney and University of Cape Town; Visiting Professor, Aarhus University, the University of New South Wales and the University of Southern Denmark"This book would be an excellent choice for anyone wishing to be introduced to the field of health economics â it is undoubtedly the best âHealth Economics 101â textbook around ... There is a desperate need for a greater understanding of health economics principles among health system policy-makers, managers and researchers; this book will contribute enormously to developing such understanding." Professor Di McIntyre, South African Research Chair of Health and Wealth, Health Economics Unit, University of Cape Town This practical text offers the ideal introduction to the economic tecTable of ContentsAcknowledgementsIntroduction Section 1: Economics and Health EconomicsKey concepts in health economics Macroeconomics, globalization and health Section 2: Demand and SupplyA simple model of demand Measuring demandSupply: Production in the long and short run Supply: Costs, economics of scale and the supply curve Section 3: MarketsA simple market model Health care markets and efficiency Section 4: Health Care Financing The changing world of health care finance Provider payments Private health insurance Achieving universal coverage Section 5: Economic EvaluationWhat is economic evaluation and what questions can it help to answer? Counting the costs Identifying, measuring and valuing consequences Economic evaluation and decision-making Section 6: Equity and the Role of GovernmentPromoting equity and the role of governmentGlossary

Read more less

Book SynopsisProvides a diverse, multi-faceted approach to health care evaluation and management The U.S. Health Care System: Origins, Organization and Opportunities provides a comprehensive introduction and resource for understanding healthcare management in the United States. It brings together the many moving parts of this large and varied system to provide both a bird''s-eye view as well as relevant details of the complex mechanisms at work. By focusing on stakeholders and their interests, this book analyzes the value propositions of the buyers and sellers of healthcare products and services along with the interests of patients. The book begins with a presentation of frameworks for understanding the structure of the healthcare system and its dynamic stakeholder inter-relationships. The chapters that follow each begin with their social and historical origins, so the reader can fully appreciate how that area evolved. The next sections on each topic describe the currTrade ReviewStudents of American health care’s history, structure, organization, management, regulation, and financing face a daunting challenge, confounded by the complexity and scale of that industry. Until now, a modern comprehensive source book covering all of that terrain and more has been missing. The wait is over. In The U.S. Healthcare System: Origins, Organization, and Opportunities, Professor Joel Shalowitz has provided a stunningly ambitious compendium with an unequaled combination of both scope and detail. It covers both the current shape and the historical background of payment, classical and emerging organizational forms, professional roles, regulation, technology, efforts to measure, control, and improve the quality of care, and more. It takes deep dives into the epidemiology of both disease and the utilization of care – important scientific foundations for proper health care policy and management. Throughout it makes generous use of helpful figures and tables, as well as copious citations that mark this as a work of authentic scholarship. Professor Shalowitz’s book is a must-have resource for the library of any health care scholar who wants to have ready and efficient access to the fundamental facts that shape American health care today. Donald M. Berwick, MD, MPP Former CMS Administrator Professor of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health President Emeritus and Senior Fellow, Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Boston, Massachusetts For anyone who picks up Joel Shalowitz’s book, The U.S. Healthcare System: Origins, Organization, and Opportunities, do NOT make the common mistake of skipping the prefatory material. The first two paragraphs of the “Foreword” (p. xxi) are worth the price of admission. As far as I am concerned, anyone teaching or taking an introductory survey course on our healthcare system needs to embrace and internalize the nuggets of wisdom here, obviously gleaned over thirty years of laboring on this topic. What are some these nuggets? First, we do not have a healthcare system. Rather, we have a series of inter-related parts that are not aligned in their goals and incentives. That means the parts don’t work together and are not meant to work together. What that means is abandon efforts to try to “align the incentives” of all the parties using payment changes and structural models; the divides go deeper than this. The lack of a system also means that the parts impact one another in sometimes opaque ways. This means that efforts to change this monster with simplistic, top-down programs that only address one part are likely to fail. Trying to get all parties to participate in some reform might resemble the idealistic scene depicted in Edward Hicks’ painting, “The Peaceable Kingdom” (with William Penn in the background!). Second, there is nothing new in our healthcare system. As Yogi Berra reputedly said, “it is déjà vu all over again”. Many of the problems we are trying to tackle today (improving quality, increasing access, controlling cost increases) are similar to problems we have tried to tackle in the past. The fact that we are still tackling them - - without realizing that we have been down this road before, unsuccessfully - - should send out warning signs to everyone. These problems are intractable. The only problem is that managers, policy-makers, and students of U.S. healthcare don’t know the history and the lessons learned from the last time we tried to tackle these issues, and thus don’t know (to quote an old management text) “the ropes to skip and the ropes to know”. These words are meant as praise for what Joel Shalowitz has achieved in this hefty tome. He takes nearly 700 pages to (a) present several important frameworks for understanding the U.S. healthcare system, (b) trace the history of this system, and (c) present the relevant fact base on its major sectors - - but with an emphasis on “understanding” how this system really works (or doesn’t work). Unlike other introductory texts, Joel has avoided the mindless presentation of statistics and charts. I do not think those help anyone; moreover, it is boring. Instead, his book is designed to be thoughtful and thought-provoking - - i.e., to help improve your critical thinking about our healthcare system through some important lessons. The lessons come quickly in this book. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the three main policy goals pursued by the U.S. (and every other country) for decades: higher quality, improved access, and restrained rate of growth in healthcare costs. This framework needs to be on everyone’s learning agenda, since every country endorses it as their strategic aim (but have not yet solved it). Joel immediately gets to the task of explaining what each of these complex goals consists of - - not an easy task, since they are multi-dimensional in nature. More importantly, he correctly (I think) characterizes this tripartite set of goals as inherently contradictory and involving tradeoffs in their accomplishment. This will come as unwelcome news to many people who want to have it all and/or do not want to make tough choices. This is critical thinking that challenges many widely-held beliefs. Chapter 1 also introduces you to the many stakeholders in the U.S. healthcare system. This analysis should sober readers that “alignment” - - one of the most overused words in our field - - is going to be difficult given the plurality of interests involved. Anyone one who has studied plural societies (those with many, different ethnic or religious groups) should understand the difficulties of bringing all parties together for a common goal. Indeed, one of the strengths of this book is to emphasize the presence of stakeholders and their plurality in our healthcare system. Their mere existence tells the reader that, as far as “alignment” goes, “we have trouble in River City”. Efforts to cut costs in one area of healthcare are likely to “gore someone else’s ox” (e.g., income) and therefore be opposed and perhaps thwarted. And this is just the Foreword and Chapter 1! I could go on further about why this book makes an enormous contribution. Chapters 2 and 3 deal with epidemiology - - a topic worthy of a physician author, but also important for an MBA business school audience that is interested in marketing (the managerial version of epidemiology). This should come as no surprise since Joel has co-authored another major text with Phil Kotler. Subsequent chapters (4 and 5) deal ably with the two biggest sources of spending in our healthcare system: hospitals (and hospital systems) and healthcare professionals. Chapters 6-8 then cover the multitude of payers, the multitude of technologies that need to be paid for, and (in particular) the advances in information technology. The final chapter does a deep-dive into the whole issue of quality - - how to measure it, how to manage it, and the tradeoffs necessitated in doing so. I should acknowledge my biases. Like Joel, I have been teaching an introductory survey course on the U.S. healthcare system for over 30 years. It may take us that long to really appreciate what working in this non-system means. And, like Joel, I believe an understanding of the history of the system is important for anyone trying to work within it, let along trying to change it. And, like Joel, I have labored at this task in major business schools trying to teach MBA students about the importance of this all. So, I am already predisposed to like this book. I wish I had written it. Lawton R. Burns, PhD, MBA James Joo-Jin Kim Professor; Director, Wharton Center for Health Management and Economics; and Chairperson, Health Care Systems Department, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania The U.S. Healthcare System: Origins, Organization and Opportunities is a tour de force— a must use textbook for those seeking to solve the problems of the U.S. health care system. It discusses each of the major stakeholders in an accessible, detailed, and authoritative voice and presents a compelling framework for understanding how they function. Coupled with Professor Shalowitz’s daily blog, https://www.healthcareinsights.md, which discussed current healthcare issues, this book will make for the lively, informed discussions that students of U.S. healthcare have been looking for. Regina E. Herzlinger, PhD Nancy R. McPherson Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School This remarkably well-documented text provides important information and knowledge about the U.S. healthcare system within the context of historical developments and interpretative frameworks. The chapter on Managerial Epidemiology distinguishes [the book] from many other texts in the field, and there are particularly strong chapters on Payers, Technology, and Information Technology. The text will help readers understand and navigate the complexity of the U.S. healthcare system, why it has developed the way that it has, and some of the implications for its future evolution. Stephen M. Shortell, PhD, MBA, MPH Distinguished Professor of Health Policy and Management Emeritus Dean Emeritus School of Public Health University of California, Berkeley No matter if you’re a seasoned executive or just entering the health care workforce, this book provides critical context about the history of care delivery and payment methodologies. This understanding is essential as we consider our health care future as a country, and the author has some fascinating ideas about possible paths forward for our industry. Susan Turney, MD, MS, FACP, FACPME CEO of Marshfield Clinic Health System To anyone who wants to really understand the U.S. healthcare system, Dr. Shalowitz’s book is a “must read”. Having participated in the healthcare industry for 40 years, this is the first time I have found a book that is comprehensive, factual and well-written.” Harry Kraemer, Jr., MBA Former Chairman & CEO, Baxter International Clinical Professor of Leadership, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University Executive Partner at Madison Dearborn PartnersTable of ContentsList of Exhibits xiii Foreword xxi Acknowledgments xxiii One: Understanding and Managing Complex Healthcare Systems 1 Definitions 2 Health System Structure and Features 7 Who Pays? 8 How Much Is Paid? 11 Who and What Is Covered? 12 Where Is Care Provided? 13 Who Provides the Services and Products? 14 Strategic Planning 17 Stakeholders 17 Health System Trade-offs and Value Propositions 20 Putting It All Together 30 Summary 32 Two: Determinants of Utilization of Healthcare Services 33 Reasons Stakeholders Seek Healthcare 34 Patient Characteristics That Influence Care-Seeking 36 Age 37 Gender/Sex 37 Race 39 Income 41 Social Status 42 Education 43 Culture and Beliefs 44 Multifactorial Causes 46 Reducing Patient Demand for Healthcare 47 Increase Out-of-Pocket Expenses 47 Prevention 51 Eliminate/Reduce Risky Behaviors 51 End-of-Life Issues 52 Healthy Lifestyle Promotion 54 Consumer Behavior—Healthcare Market Segmentation 54 Provider-Induced Demand for Healthcare 56 Local (Small Area) Variations 61 Summary 63 Three: Managerial Epidemiology 65 Introduction 66 What Is Epidemiology? 66 Why Is It Important to Learn about Epidemiology? 66 Definitions and Uses of Principles 67 Morbidity and Mortality 67 Incidence and Prevalence 67 Validity 67 Reliability 68 Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, and Negative Predictive Value 68 Clinical Study Designs 70 Case Control Studies 70 Problems with Observational Research 72 Benefits to Employing Observational Research 73 Cohort Study 74 Randomized Controlled Trial 78 Summary 80 Four: Hospitals and Healthcare Systems 81 A Brief History of Western Hospitals 82 American Hospital Expansion in the 20th Century 88 Hospital Definition and Classifications 94 Definition 94 Ways Hospitals May Be Classified and Special Related Issues 96 Hospital Inpatient Payment Methods 137 Organized (Integrated) Delivery Systems/Accountable Care Organizations 139 Origins and Definition 139 Eligibility 143 Financial Arrangements 143 Hospital Governance 153 Definition and Purpose 153 Legal Requirements 154 Responsibilities 156 Board Structure and Activities 159 Summary 161 Five: Healthcare Professionals 163 Physicians 164 History of Western Medical Care 164 History of American Medical Care 177 Current Status of Medical Training 190 Licensure 197 Shortage of Physicians 199 Employment Status 204 Summary 206 Nurses 206 Registered Nurses 206 Nurse Practitioners 208 Nurse Anesthetists 209 Midwives 210 Education and Certification 212 Physician Assistants 213 Education and Certification 214 Physician versus NP/PA Care 215 Summary 216 Six: Payers 219 Principles of Health Insurance 220 The Loss Must Have Some Nontrivial Value Upon Which Both Insured and Insurer Agree 222 The Peril Must Occur Randomly and Be Out of the Control of the Insured 222 The Event Must Occur Neither Too Frequently Nor Too Rarely 225 The Insurer Must Be Able to Write Large Numbers of Contracts to Indemnify Similar Risks 226 Background and Current Status of Health Insurance in the United States 229 Private Health Insurance 229 Medicare 264 Medicaid 318 Children’s Health Insurance Program: Social Security Title XXI 335 Other Federally Sponsored Programs 337 Managed Care 357 Principles 361 Quality and Safety 361 Summary 381 Seven: Healthcare Technology 385 Definition and Frameworks for Study 386 Major Trends in Healthcare Technology 388 Safety 388 History of Safety Problems and Corrective Legislation 390 What Is Substantial Equivalence 404 When a 510(k) Is Required 404 Bringing Healthcare Technology to Market 435 Evolving Industry Structure 438 Globalization 444 Generics 444 Specialty Pharmaceuticals 446 Patents 453 Genomics and Precision Medicine 453 Disruptive Innovation 458 Healthcare Technology’s Contribution to Costs by Stage of Care 460 Overview 460 Quality-Adjusted Life Years 460 Core Cost Issues 462 Prevention 463 Screening 464 Diagnosis 464 Treatment 466 Other Considerations 470 Religious Issues 470 Ethical Issues 470 End-of-Life Costs 471 Media’s Role in Increasing Technology Costs 472 Malpractice and Defensive Medicine 473 Summary 474 Eight: Information Technology 475 Introduction 476 Definitions 477 Background and Key Issues in Health Information Technology 479 Collection, Classification, and Ordering of Data 479 Terminology/Coding 486 Interoperability 492 Lessons Learned 529 Challenges 529 Sustainability 529 Certification 534 Privacy and Security of Information 537 Management Considerations 547 Other Issues and Trends 549 Summary 563 Nine: Quality 565 Introduction 566 History of Healthcare Quality and Development of Key Concepts and Institutions 567 Ancient Origins 567 1900–1950 568 1950–1970s 574 1980s and Total Quality Management 580 1990s 589 2000–2010 592 2010–Present 605 Quality of Care and the Public’s Health 623 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 623 Healthy People 626 Definition of Quality 630 Key Questions for Successful Evaluation and Implementation of Quality Measures 632 Choosing Standards 633 Monitoring Standards 637 Evaluating Results 639 Volume/Quality Relationship 644 Managing Quality Improvement 646 Value Propositions 646 Cost–Quality Trade-off 648 Cost–Access Trade-off 648 Quality–Access Trade-off 649 Summary 649 Index 651

Read more less

Book SynopsisAnalyzing the contemporary revolution in the purchasing of health care technology, this book focuses on the roles of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Medicare and private health insurers, physicians and hospitals, and consumers themselves.

Read more less

Book SynopsisTrusted for more than three decades by family caregivers and professionals alike, this comprehensive and reassuring caregiving guide offers the crucial information you need to look after your elders and plan for the future.“The most complete resource between two covers.”—Woman’s Day Being a caregiver for aging parents, close friends and family, and other elders in your life is an overwhelming experience, whether you are one who has stepped into this role without warning or one who is also contemplating their own care plan. Now in its fourth edition, The Complete Eldercare Planner will help you navigate today’s complex caregiving landscape while addressing your unique needs. Each chapter of this essential how-to guide shares easy-to-use action plans that will help you find your footing, indispensable checklists and worksheets to record important information, and a fully updated directory of low-cost and

Read more less

Book SynopsisGuaranteeing that all are insured does not create a system with the quality of care patients want, the flexibility clinicians need, and the internal dynamics for continual improvement of health care value. Luft presents a comprehensive new proposal, SecureChoice, which does all that while providing affordable health insurance for every American.Trade ReviewHal Luft's book deserves and will surely command a wide audience. Concerned public officials as well as concerned citizens will want to consider his comprehensive and detailed approach to ensuring access to quality medical care while controlling costs. -- Rashi Fein, coauthor of The Health Care Mess: How We Got into It and What It Will Take to Get OutThis book has some marvelous and novel ideas about how to restructure our health care system. -- Ezekiel J. Emanuel, author of Healthcare, Guaranteed: A Simple, Secure Solution for AmericaAn innovative, stimulating, well-written prescription for health care reform. -- Victor R. Fuchs, author of Who Shall Live? Health, Economics, and Social ChoiceIn America, we pay more than any other country does for health care that has inconsistent quality, leaves millions uninsured, and wastes billions of dollars on unnecessary care and administration. In Total Cure, Hal Luft recognizes that changing the payment system must be the foundation for any real health reform. -- Peter V. Lee, Executive Director, National Health Policy, Pacific Business Group on HealthLuft has written a sober, thoughtful volume...It may also prove very influential. -- David Gratzer * Forbes *Economist Harold Luft presents a thought-provoking and original proposal in Total Cure...Now is the time to evaluate SecureChoice and other health care proposals. Swift action is crucial if policymakers are to take advantage of this defining moment to enact health care reforms. -- Marian E. Gornick * New England Journal of Medicine *Of the numerous discussions of health care reform, many are longer on diagnosis than on prescription. Total Cure: The Antidote to the Health Care Crisis is a notable exception to that tendency. After presenting a brief overview of the state of U.S. health care, it turns quickly to developing an innovative reform proposal, and it does so in considerably greater depth than most similar books...SecureChoice is an ingenious, carefully constructed proposal...Some readers not versed in health policy may find Total Cure: The Antidote to the Health Care Crisis challenging. It rewards the effort, however, by providing both an important new health care reform option and an illuminating tutorial on the issues at stake. -- Samuel Y. Sessions * Journal of the American Medical Association *Total Cure in whole or in part should definitely be included in the syllabus of a course that addresses what we might do to reform the U.S. health care system. And for those who want to be challenged to think about how they would restructure our health care system, Total Cure is a great read--it makes you think hard. -- Katherine Swartz * Inquiry *Are you sitting down? I have in hand a 318-page health care reform plan that could actually work. Really. Harold Luft's Total Cure is a calm, fearless leap across the abyss of health policy cynicism and the greatest of improbabilities: a comprehensive, detailed, and practical CTRL-ALT-DEL for the U.S. health care system...Luft's Total Cure is just what the policy doctors on Capitol Hill will need: a wise, postpartisan, durable shop manual for how to make health reform actually happen in our time. -- J. D. Kleinke * Health Affairs *Brilliant and badly underappreciated...Luft seems to recognize that advances in medical technology make the traditional approach to private health insurance less viable. Yet he also sees the value in promoting constructive competition. Part of the appeal of Luft's approach is that it is very open-ended: While [Universal Coverage Pool] coverage for big-ticket costs is mandatory, wraparound coverage is optional. His plan could be financed through something like our current system of tax incentives for employers, or we could finance it through taxes. And though fairly complex in its details, the basic outlines are simple and attractive: With the UCP in place, no one will ever go bankrupt due to illness; private insurers and providers will compete on the basic of cost and quality; and the health system will get better and cheaper over time. -- Reihan Salam * Forbes.com *Table of Contents* Preface * List of Tables and Figures * List of Abbreviations * Introduction * Build on What You've Got, but Recognize Real-World Constraints * Overview of a Restructured Health Care System * Covering the Cost of Care: Rethinking Health Insurance * Organizing Care and Paying Providers * Choices: Harnessing Data to Inform Decisions * Financing SecureChoice * Malpractice, Pharmaceuticals, Medical Education, and Prevention * How SecureChoice Would Work for Patients and Physicians * Getting There: Policy Choices, Implementation, and Transition * Notes * Glossary * Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe American working class didn’t disappear with the manufacturing economy. It transformed. Instead of unionized blue-collar men, today’s working class is dominated by underpaid women in service jobs—especially health care. With recognition of this shift, Gabriel Winant argues, may come political clout.Trade ReviewThe replacement of blue-collar work by pink-collar work has been much discussed, but what makes this book stand out is Winant’s argument that two seemingly distinct phenomena are in fact inextricably connected…An original work of serious scholarship, but it’s also vivid and readable…[An] eye-opening book. -- Jennifer Szalai * New York Times *A deeply upsetting book. It meticulously charts the transformation of the working class to show how the destruction of workers’ unions and bodies occurred in a feedback loop, with capitalist exploitation demanding care, demanding more exploitation, demanding still more care. The demolition of state support and state protections served to speed up this feedback loop. It has long since spun out of control…Winant ably blends social and political history with conventional labor history to construct a remarkably comprehensive narrative with clear contemporary implications. -- Scott W. Stern * New Republic *Winant charts the rise of this new political economy and working class in his terrific new book…Offering fine-grained details of shop-floor industrial relations, the book is at once an ethnographic probe into the lives of working-class families and a comprehensive analysis of the larger dynamics of the US political economy…A useful guide to the sweeping social changes that have shaped a huge segment of the economy and created the dystopian world of contemporary service-sector work. -- Nelson Lichtenstein * The Nation *How the health-care industry replaced manufacturing while downgrading the quality of American middle-class life, furthering inequality, and fueling political bitter divisions is the welcome subject of Gabriel Winant’s The Next Shift…Winant weaves together a convincing argument that this downward mobility has been driven by a gendered and racist political economy that values many things—from retiree health care to CEO pay—more than care work by women and people of color…Many health-care workers on the bottom rungs now find themselves, in some ways, back where industrial workers started in the nineteenth century…[An] important book. -- John W. Miller * Democracy *Digs deep into the stories of working people, tracing the rise and fall of two industries that, despite vast differences on the surface, have been intertwined for decades. Through stories of real people’s real lives, Winant explores the move from manufacturing to care, tracing the rise of a new working class—one that looks very different from the stereotypical blue-collar worker of the Rust Belt’s mythic past…A road map for how to think about the changing working class. -- Sarah Jaffe * Bookforum *Charts how Pittsburgh’s declining steel industry gave rise to one of the country’s most ruthlessly corporatized health care systems, and how the ability of each to deliver on its romanticized promises rested on the exploitation of care work. -- Natalie Shure * Jacobin *Winant explains in fascinating detail how Pittsburgh’s working class adapted to the post-steel economy…[O]ffers a highly intelligent case study of the transformation of one key section of the working class since 1950—a vital precondition for mapping its future. -- Tom Mertes * New Left Review *Essential reading for anyone interested in Pittsburgh history, the labor movement or the economics of our health care system. It helps us to make sense of the region and the economy we inhabit today. -- Kate Giammarise * Pittsburgh Post-Gazette *The definitive account of the causes and consequences of the decline of heavy industry and the birth of the medical-industrial complex. Winant dives deeply into Pittsburgh's economic, social and cultural history to illuminate the linkages between the rise and fall of steel and the spectacular growth of health care…Essential reading for anyone wanting to understand our modern health-care industry's historical and economic foundations. -- Joshua Kim * Inside Higher Ed *An exquisite regional economic history, The Next Shift illustrates how health care became a primary mechanism of social reproduction—allowing the American state to govern the economic and sociological consequences of deindustrialization…Offers powerful lessons for scholars of health policy and politics. -- Philip Rocco * Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law *[An] exhaustive examination of the shifting economies of the American Rust Belt…A fascinating look at labor history and the continuing struggles of blue-collar workers, particularly in light of the pandemic and the increased burden, both personally and politically, placed on health care workers. * Pittsburgh Magazine *A thorough understanding of the political economy of the post-war United States inflected through the lenses of race, gender and class. It is a masterful book that weaves together two seemingly disparate strands—the demise of heavy industry and the rise of care work—into a single thread that traces the story of a broken society. -- Ryne Clos * Spectrum Culture *Winant explores in his informative debut the rise and fall of Pittsburgh’s steel industry as a microcosm of America’s shift from an industrial to a service economy. * Publishers Weekly *Beautifully written, extensively researched, and sharply argued, The Next Shift offers a new way to think about the transformations often grouped together under the rubric of ‘neoliberalism.’ Winant sees deindustrialization not simply as a story of decline, but a story of the rise of a new kind of working class. -- Kimberly Phillips-Fein, author of Fear City: New York’s Fiscal Crisis and the Rise of Austerity PoliticsA sophisticated, politically pointed, and beautiful crafted book, The Next Shift chronicles both the erosion of the white male industrial working class and the ascendance of a service sector run by the labor of white women and men and women of color. But unlike most stories of industrial decline, Winant’s history bristles with hope for activism for the new world of work that has emerged. -- Eileen Boris, author of Making the Woman Worker: Precarious Labor and the Fight for Global Standards, 1919–2019In this nuanced and powerful book, Gabriel Winant connects the slow-motion devastation of deindustrialization to the perverse political economy of care as the twin fruit of America’s compromised social bargain. Through the rusting of ‘Steel City, USA,’ Winant makes tragically concrete the ways that industrial job loss was transformed into a profit-driven market for health care—ensuring that caregivers can never afford the services they provide, and that the social exclusion on which the welfare state was built will swallow up ever greater majorities. -- Bethany Moreton, author of To Serve God and Wal-Mart: The Making of Christian Free EnterpriseOne of the most timely books of our era. The global pandemic has turned care workers into heroes while concealing the history that rendered them undervalued, underpaid, and precarious long before COVID struck. Winant recovers this history, revealing how the growth of the care industry was a consequence of, and response to, the decline of the industrial sector, and suggesting that the very laborers tasked with keeping the rest of the working class from an early grave may prove to be capitalism’s proverbial gravediggers. -- Robin D. G. Kelley, author of Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical ImaginationHow and why has the healthcare sector taken over formerly industrial cities? Why are care work jobs so important yet so undervalued? In one of the most important works of labor, economic, and policy history to appear in years, Gabriel Winant compellingly answers these questions. This is an essential book for understanding the healthcare system, its weaknesses, and the policies necessary to create a system that is equitable for both workers and patients. -- Thomas J. Sugrue, author of The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit

Read more less

Book SynopsisFrom Nobel Prizewinning economist Michael Kremer and fellow leading development economist Rachel Glennerster, an innovative solution for providing vaccines in poor countriesMillions of people in the third world die from diseases that are rare in the first worlddiseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and schistosomiasis. AIDS, which is now usually treated in rich countries, still ravages the world''s poor. Vaccines offer the best hope for controlling these diseases and could dramatically improve health in poor countries. But developers have little incentive to undertake the costly and risky research needed to develop vaccines. This is partly because the potential consumers are poor, but also because governments drive down prices.In Strong Medicine, Michael Kremer and Rachel Glennerster offer an innovative yet simple solution to this worldwide problem: Pull programs to stimulate research. Here''s how such programs would work. Funding agencies would commit toTrade ReviewWinner of the 2004 Award for Best Professional/Scholarly Book in Medical Science, Association of American Publishers "This book should interest anyone involved in international public health, politics and economics. It is a valuable effort to find a practical solution to a major problem."--Pierre Chirac, NatureTable of ContentsForeword ix Acknowledgments xiii 1.INTRODUCTION 1 2.HEALTH IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES 6 The Disease Environment in Low-Income Countries 6 Weak Health-Care Infrastructure 7 Malaria, Tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS 11 The Impact of Cheap, Simple Technologies 20 3.THE PAUCITY OF PRIVATE R&D TARGETED TO THE NEEDS OF LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES 25 The Extent of R&D Targeted to Low-Income Countries 25 The Scientific Potential for New Vaccines 27 4.MARKET AND GOVERNMENT FAILURES 29 Why Target Foreign Assistance to Vaccine R&D? 30 The Patent Tradeoff 33 Low-Income Countries and Intellectual Property 36 Social versus Private Return: Some Quantitative Estimates 40 The Role of Public Purchases 42 5.THE ROLE OF PUSH PROGRAMS 45 Meningococcal Meningitis: An Example of a Successful Push Program 46 A Cautionary Tale: The USAID Malaria Vaccine Program 47 Incentives under Push Programs 49 6.THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF PULL PROGRAMS 55 The Effect of Market Size on Innovation 55 The Impact of Financial Incentive Programs 56 Examples of Pull Programs Stimulating Research 59 Advantages and Limitations of Pull Programs 63 7.PULL PROGRAMS: A MENU 68 Commitments to Finance Purchase of Products and Patents 68 Patent Extensions on Other Pharmaceuticals as Compensation for Vaccine Development 70 Best-Entry Tournaments 72 Expanding the Market for Existing Vaccines and Drugs 73 8.DETERMINING ELIGIBILITY 76 Basic Technical Requirements 76 Independent Adjudication Committee 78 Market-Test Requirement 81 Exit Clauses 84 9.HOW MUCH SHOULD WE PROMISE TO PAY FOR A VACCINE? 86 What Market Size Is Needed to Spur Research? 86 Cost-Effectiveness: What Is a Vaccine Worth? 90 10.HOW SHOULD PAYMENT BE STRUCTURED? 97 Paying for Multiple Vaccines and Market Exclusivity 100 Bonus Payments Based on Product Quality 103 Increasing the Promised Price over Time 105 Avoiding Windfalls 106 Industry Consultations 107 11.SCOPE OF THE COMMITMENT 109 What Diseases to Cover? 109 Vaccines, Drugs, and Other Technologies 109 Incentives for Agricultural R&D 112 12.MOVING FORWARD WITH VACCINE COMMITMENTS 115 Making a Commitment Legally Binding 116 The Politics of Creating Markets for Vaccines and Drugs 118 Potential Sponsors of New Markets for Vaccines and Drugs 119 References 127 Index 145

Read more less

Book SynopsisTrade Review"Finalist for the PROSE Award in Reference Works – Social Sciences, Association of American Publishers"

Read more less

Book SynopsisFor the past few years, the author, a renowned economist, has been applying the statistical tools of economics to decision making under uncertainty in the context of patient health status and response to treatment. He shows how statistical imprecision and identification problems affect empirical research in the patient-care sphere.Trade Review"Medicine has made spectacular advances, but its techniques for approving and selecting treatments remain locked in statistical and experimental design methods developed in the first decades of the twentieth century. In this book, Manski gives an accessible, practical explanation for why failures to confront the ambiguities of treatment decisions harm patients. He describes how modern statistical decision theory, including his own contributions, can save lives if incorporated into medical training and the decision making of clinicians, standard-setting bodies, and regulatory agencies. This is a must-read for those who take the Hippocratic Oath seriously."—Daniel McFadden, Nobel Laureate in Economics "Manski proposes clear, powerful strategies for improving patient care amid the many uncertainties typifying healthcare-delivery environments. Patient Care under Uncertainty offers valuable insights that wise clinicians—and others working in healthcare systems or on health policy design—would do well to consider and to implement in practice."—John Mullahy, University of Wisconsin–Madison “A thoughtful critique of medical decision making, Patient Care under Uncertainty furthers clinical care and evidence-based medicine. Manski examines identification practices, introduces partial identification to a clinical audience, and builds our econometric/statistical toolkit. Just as social scientists have adopted randomized clinical trials, it would be worthwhile for clinicians to adopt Manski’s rich approach to econometrics.”—Ahmad von Schlegell, MD"In this book, Manski highlights the tension between evidence generation in medicine and its credible use in healthcare decisions. Relying on decades of research, he presents various decision-theoretic principles for making better choices in the face of uncertainty. Accessible to a wide range of audiences, this book is a must-read for anyone grappling with the place of evidence in medical choices."—Anirban Basu, University of Washington

Read more less

Book SynopsisA New York Times Bestseller A Wall Street Journal Bestseller A New York Times Notable Book of 2020 A New York Times Book Review Editors' Choice Shortlisted for the Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year A New Statesman Book to Read From economist Anne Case and Nobel Prize winner Angus Deaton, a groundbreaking account of howTrade Review"Winner of the Silver Medal in Business Commentary, Axiom Business Book Awards"

Read more less

Book SynopsisDemanding a radical epidemiology in the face of the lethal failures of capitalism.Trade Review'This extraordinary work offers urgent analysis of the pandemic's politics of life and death, anchored in the longer histories and wider politics of bodies and borders, economy and infrastructure, and contagion. The abundant insight Mitropoulos offers readers is a precious gift.' -- Deborah Cowen, author of The Deadly Life of Logistics'An invaluable guide through the excessive noise of overlapping crises. Read this if, like so many of us, you need to pause and take in a broader sweep of thought, of history and of ways of understanding as we all try to survive yet another deadly plague.' -- Gargi Bhattacharayya, author of Rethinking Racial Capitalism'This book is a scalpel: a tool or a weapon if you hold it right' -- The New Inquiry‘Pandemonium unpacks the deadly structures of power behind the pandemic that changed the world’ -- ROARTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction 1. Origin of the Species Origins—Taxonomy—Speciation—Herding 2. Quarantine Neoliberalism—Colonialism—Medieval Europe—Cordon Sanitaire 3. Bodies in Motion Herd Immunity—Hobbes—Malthus—Epidemiological Mathematics—Statistics, Class, and Racial Classification 4. Pharmakon Patriarchal Feelings—Risk-Taking, Risk-Shifting—Pushing Hydroxychloroquine—Experiments, Trials, and Lab Rats 5. Liquid Geometries of Value Pandemic Bonds—Supply-Chain Logistics 6. Economy and Infrastructure Money and Debt—Postpandem Contracts Notes

Read more less

Book SynopsisA transformative approach to public health and social care in the wake of Covid-19Trade Review‘A brilliant exposé of how the political left in Britain is unaware of, and can start to begin to address, the effects of ever-increasing opting-out from public health and care services by those who can’ -- Danny Dorling, Professor of Geography at the University of Oxford'The boldest blueprint for public health since Bevan' -- Sonia Adesara, NHS Doctor and Campaigner'The ideas in this book are as significant and radical as the birth of the NHS, it shows a new, fairer vision for improving the health of the nation and a comprehensive plan for how to do it' -- Shirley Cramer, former CEO of the Royal Society for Public Health'A vital book that shows just how broken the health status quo truly is. Thomas' work will arm campaigners to demand a better, more just public health system - and to defend human life against corporate exploitation' -- Dr Aseem Malhotra, author of 'A Statin-Free Life' and Founder of Public Health Collaboration'A well-argued plan to bring together health, social and economic justice' -- Andy McDonald MP'A fantastically well written book that shows just how much public health has been neglected in the UK and the actions we need now' -- Dr Jyotsna Vohra, Director of Policy and Public Affairs at the Royal Society for Public HealthTable of ContentsAbbreviations List of Tables Acknowledgements Preface Introduction 1. The NHS Frontier 2. The Social Justice Frontier 3. The Economic Frontier 4. The Social Care Frontier 5. The Sustainability Frontier 6. The Public Health New Deal Epilogue: Labour’s Medicine Notes Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisFocuses on the issue of health. This book concentrates on the identification and analysis of economic factors in the production of health and wellness. It consists of ten anthropological papers that explore the general theme of the economics of health and wellness in a variety of ways.Table of ContentsLakota Health Care Access and the Perpetuation of Poverty on Pine Ridge. The Power of Culture in Selecting Health Care Providers in Rural Bangladesh: An Ethno Scientific Analysis. Reinventing Mental Health Care: Public–Private Systems. Failed Urban Migration and Psychosomatic Numbing: Cortisol, Unfulfilled Lifestyle Aspirations and Depression in Botswana. Attributions of Danger and Responses to Risk Among Logging Contractors in British Columbia's Southern Interior: Implications for Accident Prevention in the Forest Industry. Missed Connections: Hypertension and Occupational Health at the San Francisco Municipal Railway. Pawning for Financing Health Expenditures: Do Health Shocks Increase the Probability of Losing the Pledge?. Basic Needs and Expenditure on Health Care in a Shanty Town of Lima. Political Economy and the Health and Vulnerability of Battered Women in Northern Vietnam. The Economies of Health in Western Buddhism: A Case Study of a Tibetan Buddhist Group in France. List of Contributors. Introduction.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn 2008, the University of Pittsburgh Medical Centers (UPMC) hoisted its logo atop the U.S. Steel Building in downtown Pittsburgh, symbolically declaring that the era of big steel had been replaced by the era of big medicine for this once industrial city. More than 1,200 miles to the south, a similar sense of optimism pervaded the public discourse around the relationship between health care and the future of Houston''s economy. While traditional Texas industries like oil and natural gas still played a critical role, the presence of the massive Texas Medical Center, billed as the largest medical complex in the world, had helped to rebrand the city as a site for biomedical innovation and ensured its stability during the financial crisis of the mid-2000s.Taking Pittsburgh and Houston as case studies, The Medical Metropolis offers the first comparative, historical account of how big medicine transformed American cities in the postindustrial era. Andrew T. Simpson explores hTrade Review"Simpson demonstrates the impressive depth and breadth of his research. He not only chronicles the major developments in the health care industry in each city, he also peels back the curtain on the internal deliberations of the major players as they made strategic decisions. These details provide useful insights for those interested in nonprofit governance and public-private partnerships, particularly in the context of urban economic development. Likewise, these case studies chronicle how national trends in American health care throughout the 20th century affected local health care industries." * Journal of Urban Affairs *"Access to health care remains near the center of American political discourse. Based on two local studies, Andrew T. Simpson deftly explains the economic imperatives of postwar urban sprawl in molding the shifting relationship between medical centers and the communities they serve." * Guenter B. Risse, author of Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals *"Well framed and full of insights for audiences in urban history, business history, health policy, and the history of medicine, this book interleaves the soaring visions and sobering realities of two American cities that sought to promote hopeful social and economic futures by investing in not-for profit health institutions. By situating the uncontrolled growth of U.S. healthcare expenditures alongside deliberate local and regional plans to realize civic improvement through healthcare revenues, Andrew T. Simpson firmly establishes the role of place, contingency, and governance in shaping the seemingly ungovernable system that threatens to bankrupt municipal economies at the same time that it promises to save them." * Jeremy Greene, author of Generic: The Unbranding of Modern Medicine *Table of ContentsIntroduction. Making the Medical Metropolis Chapter 1. Building Cities of Health: Medical Centers in Pittsburgh and Houston Before 1965 Chapter 2. The Hospital-Civic Relationship in the Shadow of the Great Society Chapter 3. City of Hearts, City of Livers: Specialty Medicine and the Creation of New Civic Identities Chapter 4. "When the Fire Dies": Biotechnology and the Quest for a New Economy Chapter 5. The Coming of the System: Changing Health Care Delivery in the Medical Metropolis Chapter 6. A Charitable Mission or a Profitable Charity? Redefining the Hospital-Civic Relationship Epilogue. The Future of the Medical Metropolis Notes Archival Collections and Abbreviations Index Acknowledgments

Read more less

Book SynopsisIncluding an array of distinguished contributors, this novel book fills a gap in the literature by addressing an important yet under researched issue in the field of sports economics.Trade Review‘The reading of the book is stimulating and equally informative; engaging in sport activities appear to really matter for overall labour productivity market outcomes and the readers are told, individual life satisfaction is reportedly three times higher when participating in physical activity than happiness associated with employment. . . highly innovative and insightful, having the merit of filling a gap in the literature of the, yet under-researched, field of sports economics.’ -- Constantin Oprean, Management of Sustainable DevelopmentTable of ContentsContents: Introduction Plácido Rodríguez, Stefan Késenne and Brad R. Humphreys 1. Participation in Physical Activity and Health Outcomes: Evidence from the Canadian Community Health Survey Jane E. Ruseski and Brad R. Humphreys 2. An Economic Analysis of the Subjective Health and Well-being of Physical Activity Paul Downward and Simona Rasciute 3. Physical Activity and Obesity in Spain: Evidence from the Spanish National Health Survey Jaume García Villar, Sonia Oreffice and Climent Quintana-Domeque 4. Does Physical Exercise Affect Demand for Hospital Services? Evidence from Canadian Panel Data Nazmi Sari 5. Leisure Sports Participation in Switzerland Michael Lechner 6. Do Sporty People Have Access to Higher Job Quality? Charlotte Cabane 7. Team Success, Productivity and Economic Impact Michael C. Davis and Christian M. End 8. Sports Participation and Happiness: Evidence from US Micro Data Haifang Huang and Brad R. Humphreys 9. Subjective Well-being and Engagement in Sport: Evidence from England David Forrest and Ian G. McHale 10. High School Sports and Teenage Births Joseph Price and Daniel H. Simon 11. Physical Activity and Subjective Well-being: An Empirical Analysis Georgios Kavetsos 12. Sport Opportunities and Local Well-being: Is Sport a Local Amenity? Tim Pawlowski, Christoph Breuer and Jorge Leyva Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisA key risk factor for a range of chronic diseases, obesity has become a major public health concern. It argues that efforts to prevent obesity and related chronic diseases can provide the means to increase social welfare and enhance health equity, relative to a situation in which chronic diseases are simply treated once they emerge.Trade Review‘This volume, initiated by the OECD, provides an overview of trends and future projections of obesity; discusses the economic costs associated with this major health issue; and examines various government and market strategies designed to prevent this growing problem. . . A timely, valuable volume on a critical issue. . . Highly recommended.’ -- E.P. Hoffman, Choice‘This book presents a valuable set of results and suggestions about the best preventive interventions to reduce the burden of obesity. It will aid any country concerned about this burden in defining public policies aimed at altering current trends.’ -- Julio Frenk, Harvard School of Public Health, US‘The positive message of this book is that the obesity epidemic can be successfully addressed by comprehensive strategies involving multiple interventions directed at individuals and populations.’ -- Ala Alwan, World Health Organization‘This innovative and well-researched book combines insights from a wide range of disciplines. It provides a clear exposition of the evidence that policy makers need to take action.’ -- Martin McKee, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UKTable of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction: Obesity and the Economics of Prevention Special Focus I: Promoting Health and Fighting Chronic Diseases: What Impact on the Economy? by Marc Suhrcke 2. Obesity: Past and Projected Future Trends 3. The Social Dimensions of Obesity Special Focus II: The Size and Risks of the International Epidemic of Child Obesity by Tim Lobstein 4. How Does Obesity Spread? Special Focus II: Are Health Behaviors Driven by Information? by Donald Kenkel 5. Tackling Special Focus IV: Community Interventions for the Prevention of Obesity by Francesco Branca 6. The Impact of Inventions Special Focus V: Regulation of Food Advertising to Children: The UK Experience by Jonathan Porter Special Focus VI: The Case of Self-Regulation in Food Advertising by Stephan Loerke 7. Information, Incentives and Choice: A Viable Approach to Preventing Obesity Annexes

Read more less

Book SynopsisInnovation and Health investigates both the origin and the diffusion of novelty in the field of health.Trade ReviewIn this thought provoking and insightful book, Thomas Grebel provides the contours of a novel theoretical framework allowing us to cope with the complex nature of the creation, diffusion and normative direction of innovations in the health sector. Multi-disciplinary in scope and rigorous in technical and appreciative analysis, this book makes a major contribution to our understanding of the evolution of knowledge in general and the dynamic and complex nature of medical innovations in particular. Anyone seriously interested in theoretical and normative groundwork for an evolutionary knowledge-based approach to health economics will have to stop and listen. --Kurt Dopfer, University of St Gallen, SwitzerlandTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1. Introduction 2. Change in Economics 3. Health Economics 4. Towards a Theory of Innovation in Health Economics 5. Knowledge Creation in Medicine 6. Network Evolution in Medicine 7. Technology Diffusion in Medicine 8. Conclusion Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisHIV/AIDS is much too complex a phenomenon to be understood only by reference to common sense and ethical codes. This book presents the costâbenefit analysis (CBA) framework in a well-researched and accessible manner to ensure that the most important considerations are recognized and incorporated.Trade Review‘Professor Brent’s book is a superlative addition to the HIV/AIDS policy literature. Both non-specialists and specialists in policy evaluation will benefit from the lucid exposition of cost–benefit analysis (CBA) methods applied to the most critical and far-reaching problem that challenges social institutions and individual behavior. Essentially, Professor Brent has taken his vast experience in cost–benefit analysis, and on the ground African research, to apply CBA in a compelling and insightful manner. This book re-examines HIV/AIDS policy in Sub-Saharan countries where the devastation is an infection tsunami. . . Finding what actually works may be difficult, but Professor Brent argues persuasively that using a CBA framework is the best approach.’ -- William S. Cartwright, George Mason University, USTable of ContentsContents: Preface PART I: WHY COST–BENEFIT ANALYSIS IS NEEDED TO SET HIV/AIDS PRIORITIES 1. Introduction to the Book 2. Why Not Just Simply do What is Right and Try to Save Lives? 3. Myths and Misinformation 4. Counterintuitive Results 5. What is Wrong with Setting any Targets? 6. What is Wrong with Setting the Particular MDG Targets? 7. Cost–Benefit Analysis 101 8. Cost–Benefit Analysis 201 PART II: HIV/AIDS AS A HUNGER AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ISSUE 9. Introduction to Part II 10. HIV and Hunger 11. Nutrition and HIV at the Individual Level 12. Nutrition and HIV at the Country Level 13. Income as a Factor Raising HIV Rates 14. Education as a Factor Raising HIV Rates 15. Islam as a Factor Lowering HIV Rates 16. Impact of HIV on Agricultural Households 17. Agricultural Policy and HIV Interventions 18. Sex and HIV I: The Role of Transmission 19. Sex and HIV II: The Role of Concurrency 20. Sex and HIV III: The Role of Networks PART III: COST–BENEFIT METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 21. Introduction to Part III 22. Threshold Analysis Theory 23. Threshold Analysis Practice: The Effectiveness of HIV Education 24. Threshold Analysis Practice: The Benefits of Avoiding HIV 25. Threshold Analysis Practice: The Costs of a Possible HIV/AIDS Vaccine 26. Willingness to Pay Theory 27. Willingness to Pay Practice: The Benefits of Condoms 28. Cost Minimization Theory 29. Cost Minimization Practice: The Costs of Treating TB 30. Cost-Effectiveness Theory 31. Cost-Effectiveness Practice: The Benefits of ARVs 32. Human Capital Theory 33. Human Capital Practice: The Benefits of Female Primary Education 34. Value of a Statistical Life Theory 35. Value of a Statistical Life Practice: The Benefits of VCT PART IV: SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CBA 36. Introduction to IV 37. Commodification: Everything is Seen as a Commodity to be Bought and Sold 38. What is So “Social” About CBA? Fundamentals of CBA 39. Social and Private Perspectives in CBA 40. CBA and Equity I: Allowing for Ability to Pay 41. CBA and Equity II: Allocating by Time and Other Non-Price Methods 42. Conclusions I: How Not to Set Priorities for HIV 43. Conclusions II: Using CBA to Set Priorities for HIV References Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisEach of these issues are broken down further and split into six comprehensive sections:• Context• Pensions• Health• Welfare• Case Studies• Policy Innovation and Civil SocietyAcademics interested in policy challenges for mature societies will find this Handbook a highly relevant reference tool.Trade Review‘International Handbook on Ageing and Public Policy gathers under one cover the collective knowledge of experts in the field who explore challenges arising from ageing populations around the world, and considers national state approaches to welfare for older people and how public and private initiatives work. College-level collections strong in public policies and aging with find this a powerful collection of in-depth articles suitable for framing inquiries and considering social structures.’ -- The Midwest Book Review‘This Handbook on ageing and public policy makes a substantial contribution in bringing together chapters spanning a -- breadth of issues in the areas of policy challenges and practitioner perspectives.’– EE Journal 1848 Social Policy & AdministrationTable of ContentsContents 1. Introduction: Conceptualising Social Policy for the Twenty-first-century Demography Sarah Harper 2. Introduction to Parts I-IV: Perspectives on the Challenges of Population Ageing PART I: POLICY CHALLENGES FOR MATURE SOCIETIES – CONTEXT 3. Drivers of Demographic Change in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries George W. Leeson 4. A Biodemographic Perspective on Longevity and Ageing Bruce A. Carnes 5. Migration and Ageing Societies Sarah Harper 6. On the Mechanical Contributions of Ageing to Global Income Inequality Parfait M. Eloundou-Enyegue and Michael Tenikue 7. Population Ageing and the Size of the Welfare State Vincenzo Galasso and Paola Profeta PART II: POLICY CHALLENGES FOR MATURE SOCIETIES – PENSIONS 8. Global Pension Systems Robert Holzmann 9. The Design and Implementation of Pension Systems in Developing Countries: Issues and Options David E. Bloom and Roddy McKinnon 10. Understanding Pension Wealth Zhenyu Li and Anthony Webb 11. Rational Pension Reform Axel Börsch-Supan 12. National Transfer Accounts and Intergenerational Transfers Ron Lee and Andy Mason PART III: POLICY CHALLENGES FOR MATURE SOCIETIES – HEALTH 13. Assessing the Cost Effectiveness of Therapies for Older People Richard Edlin 14. Population Ageing and Health Care Expenditure Growth Ed Westerhout 15. Developing Appropriate and Effective Care for People with Chronic Disease Bert Vrieheof and Arianne Elissen PART IV: POLICY CHALLENGES FOR MATURE SOCIETIES – WELFARE 16. Sustainability and Intergenerational Justice in Age-related Transfers Kenneth Howse 17. Health and Social Protection Policies for Older People in Latin America Peter Lloyd-Sherlock 18. Ageing Electorates and Gerontocracy: The Politics of Ageing in a Global World Fernando M. Torres-Gil and Kimberly Spencer-Suarez 19. Working Beyond Retirement Age: Lessons for Policy David Lain and Sarah Vickerstaff 20. Families, Older Persons and Care in Contexts of Poverty: the Case of South Africa Jaco Hoffman PART V and VI: PRACTIONER PERSPECTIVES 21. Policy and Practitioner Responses to the Challenges of Population Ageing: Introduction Jaco Hoffman 22. Sustaining the Nordic Welfare Model in the Face of Population Ageing Virpi Timonen and Mikko Kautto 23. Kinship Solidarity in Southern Europe Chiara Saraceno 24. Ageing and Social Policy in Australia Jeni Warburton 25. The Pension System in China: An Overview Taichang Chen 26. How Technology is Re-shaping the Processes of Providing Health Care for Ageing Populations Robin Gauld 27. Ageing and Care Giving in America: the Immigrant Workforce B. Lindsay Lowell 28. Canada’s Live-in Caregiver Programme Ivy Lynn Bourgeault and Jelena Atanackovic PART VI: PRACTIONER PERSPECTIVES – POLICY INNOVATION AND CIVIL SOCIETY 29. Intergenerational Programmes and Policies in Aging Societies Matthew Kaplan and Mariano Sánchez 30. Population Ageing and Private Sector Provision: the Case of Dependent Older Women in Latin America Nélida Redondo 31. Demographic Change and the Role of Older People in the Voluntary Sector Karsten Hank and Marcel Erlinghagen 32. The Third Sector as a Provider of Services for Older People Ewa Leś 33. State-third Sector Partnership Frameworks: from Administration to Participation? Ingo Bode 34. Microfinance, Cooperatives and Timebanks- Community Provided Welfare Ed Collom 35. Faith-Based Organizations and the Provision of Care for Older People Lori Carter-Edwards, James H. Johnson Jr., Allan M. Parnell and Harold G. Koenig 36. Lifelong Learning and Employers: Re-skilling Older Workers John Field and Roy Canning 37. Retirement Planning and Financial Literacy Annamaria Lusardi Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn this well-documented book, Alain Enthoven develops the ideas of consumer choice and managed competition of alternative health care financing and delivery systems, as well as describing ways to improve quality and reduce the cost of health care.Table of ContentsContents: Introduction 1. ‘Competition of Alternative Delivery Systems’, in Warren Greenberg (ed.), Competition in the Health Care Sector: Past, Present and Future, 1978, 255–77 2. ‘Consumer-Choice Health Plan: Inflation and Inequality in Health Care Today: Alternatives for Cost Control and an Analysis of Proposals for National Health Insurance’ and ‘Consumer-Choice Health Plan: A National-Health-Insurance Proposal Based on Regulated Competition in the Private Sector’, New England Journal of Medicine, 298 (12 and 13), 1978, 650–58 and 709–20 3. ‘Shattuck Lecture – Cutting Cost Without Cutting the Quality of Care’, New England Journal of Medicine, 298, June 1, 1978, 1229–38 4. ‘Consumer-centered vs. Job-centered Health Insurance’, Harvard Business Review, 57 (1), 1979, 38–49 5. ‘A New Proposal to Reform the Tax Treatment of Health Insurance’, Health Affairs, 3 (1), 1984, 21–39 6. ‘Managed Competition in Health Care and the Unfinished Agenda’, Health Care Financing Review, Annual Supplement, 1986, 105–19 7. ‘Effective Management of Competition in the FEHBP’, Health Affairs, 8 (3), 1989, 33–50 8. ‘What Can Europeans Learn from Americans?’, Health Care Financing Review, Annual Supplement, 1989, 49–63 9. ‘Internal Market Reform of the British National Health Service’, Health Affairs, 10 (3), 1991, 60–70 10. ‘Quality Management in the NHS: The Doctor’s Role – I and II’, BMJ: British Medical Journal, 304 (6821 and 6822), 1992, 235–39 and 304–8 (with D.M. Berwick and J.P. Bunker) 11. ‘The History and Principles of Managed Competition’, Health Affairs, 12 (Supplement 1), 1993, 24–48 12. ‘In Pursuit of an Improving National Health Service’, Health Affairs, 19 (3), 2000, 102–19 13. ‘Modernising the NHS: A Promising Start, but Fundamental Reform is Needed’, BMJ: British Medical Journal, 320, 13 May 2000, 1329–31 14. ‘Employment-Based Health Insurance is Failing: Now What?’, Health Affairs Web Exclusive, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2003/05/28/hlthaff.w3.237.citation, 28 May 2003, w3-237–49 15. ‘Clinically Integrated Health Care in the English NHS’, Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 14 (2), 2009, 65–7 16. ‘Going Dutch – Managed-Competition Health Insurance in the Netherlands’, New England Journal of Medicine, 357 (24), 2007, 2421–3 (with Wynand P.M.M. van de Ven) 17. ‘A Living Model of Managed Competition: A Conversation with Dutch Health Minister Ab Klink’, Health Affairs, 27 (3), 2008, w196–203 18. ‘Consumer Choice of Health Plan: Connecting Insurers and Providers in Systems’, Keynote Address for the Dutch/Flemish Association of Health Economists (VGE), Annual Conference at Erasmus University, Rotterdam, November 30, 2006, 1–16 19. ‘Competition in Health Care: It Takes Systems to Pursue Quality and Efficiency’, Health Affairs, Web Exclusive, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2005/09/07/hlthaff.w5.420.citation, 7 September 2005 w5-420–33 (with Laura A. Tollen) 20. ‘“Redefining Health Care”: Medical Homes or Archipelagos to Navigate?’, Health Affairs, 26 (5), 2007, 1366–72 (with Francis J. Crosson and Stephen M. Shortell) 21. ‘The U.S. Experience with Managed Care and Managed Competition’, in Jane Sneddon Little (ed.), Wanting It All: The Challenge of Reforming the U.S. Health Care System, 2005, 97–117 22. ‘Curing Fragmentation with Integrated Delivery Systems: What They Do, What Has Blocked Them, Why We Need Them, and How to Get There from Here?’, in Einer Elhauge (ed.), The Fragmentation of U.S. Health Care: Causes and Solutions, 2010, 61–85

Read more less

Book SynopsisAmidst concerns about replicability but also thanks to the professionalisation of labs, the rise of pre-registration, the switch to online experiments, and enhanced computational power, experimental economics is undergoing rapid changes. They all call for efficient designs and data analysis, that is, they require that, given the constraints on participants'' time, experiments provide as rich information as possible. In this Element the authors explore some ways in which this goal may be reached.

Read more less

Book SynopsisTrade Review‘If you are looking for an engaging treatment by an economist of what optimal pandemic policy response should look like, and what common pitfalls to avoid, that brings to bear insights from epidemiology, economics, and behavioural economics, then I would highly recommend Nudged into Lockdown. Consider this your nudge.’ -- Jeremy Clark, Journal of Economic Psychology‘Nudged into Lockdown? forcefully addresses an important point that has too often gone missing in applied work on nudging and choice architecture: namely, that policy makers and experts, too, make systematic errors when interpreting data and may succumb to biased assessments of risk and uncertainty themselves. The book provides durable insights into how both orthodox benefit-cost analysis and key findings from the behavioural sciences – regarding trust, autonomy and pro-social adaptative responses in decentralised social systems – were sometimes overlooked or underutilised by those who designed covid-response policies.’ -- Nathan Berg, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics‘In responding to the novel coronavirus pandemic, most governments abandoned the existing scientific and policy consensus and mimicked one another to embrace lockdowns of varying stringency. Remarkably, hardly any seemed to produce cost–benefit analysis. Unremarkably, the cost–benefit balance varied between rich and poor countries. In this rigorous, multi-disciplinary examination, written in clearly accessible language, Ananish Chaudhuri explores the reasons for the herd-like behaviour by governments and for the public compliance with their edicts. A must-read for understanding what really happened with Covid-19 and why, and for being better prepared for the inevitable next pandemic.’ -- Ramesh Thakur, Director of the Centre for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament (CNND), Crawford School, The Australian National University, Vice Rector and Senior Vice Rector of the United Nations University and Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations 1998–2007‘This book is at once scholarly and readily accessible to all. The case Chaudhuri makes is not for any specific policy response, but rather for rational and fully informed decisions – for epidemiology over ideology. If the careful logic and vivid illustrations here pry open enough minds, we will be far better prepared for the next great public health crisis than we were for Covid-19.’ -- David L. Katz, MD, MPH President, True Health Initiative and Founding Director, Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center, Yale University, US, 1998–2019‘Ananish Chaudhuri lays out the many irrationalities involved in the support for lockdowns in New Zealand and elsewhere: an inability to judge small probabilities, the problems with gut feelings, and many ex-post justification biases. Chaudhuri makes the argument carefully and yet manages to retain great humanism and compassion. A delight to read.’ -- Paul Frijters, Professor in Wellbeing Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK and co-author of An Economic Theory of Greed, Love, Groups, and Networks‘In response to the Covid pandemic, many countries adopted containment policies that did not condition on people’s health status or demographic characteristics. This timely and insightful book addresses the questions of what considerations led to those policies and whether those policies were well-informed. The book begins from the premise that the design of effective policy cannot be based solely on the insights of classic epidemiology models. The reason is both simple and sensible: those models don’t take into account behavioral responses of people to policies like containment. The author’s analysis is multidisciplinary in nature, blending economics, psychology, political science and epidemiology. The result is a rich and informative analysis. I highly recommend this well-written and timely book.’ -- Martin Eichenbaum, Charles Moskos Professor of Economics and Co-Director, Center for International Macroeconomics, Northwestern University, US‘This book is a very timely one for those, like me, who believe the democratic world’s lockdown response to the Covid virus will go down as the worst public policy response of the last few centuries. It is sceptical. It is interesting. It is Great Barrington over Chief Medical Officer. There is more to living and the good life than fear of dying of Covid. All the politicians who focused on that matrix, and ignored other causes of death as well as all the benefits of living in a free society, and more, should have to read this book.’ -- James Allan, Garrick Professor in Law, TC Beirne School of Law, University of Queensland, Australia‘In this book Ananish Chaudhuri achieves the impossible – he offers an easy-to-read book that delivers profound insights about our behavior which applies not just to pandemics, but to many other recurrent situations in our daily lives! A must-read for anyone that wants to make better decisions.’ -- Sudipta Sarangi, Professor and Chair, Department of Economics, Virginia Tech, US, Co-Editor, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization and author of The Economics of Small Things‘Careful comparison of costs and benefits is usually considered a hallmark of wise decision-making. Yet in 2020 many governments abandoned this standard as they tried to minimize deaths from Covid-19 regardless of cost. Traditional cost–benefit arguments were rebuked, by politicians who by nature rarely admit error, but also by ordinary folk affronted that someone would want to “kill granny”. This book draws insights from experimental economics, political science and psychology to show how various biases in decision-making processes contributed to this situation. Fifty years ago, Essence of Decision led a generation of scholars to examine models of government decision-making. Hopefully Ananish Chaudhuri’s lively book has a similar impact, for scholars, students and members of the public concerned about the retreat from rationality that is revealed by policy choices and public attitudes in the Covid-19 era.’ -- John Gibson, Professor of Economics, University of Waikato, New Zealand, Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand and Distinguished Fellow of the New Zealand Association of Economists‘This is an excellent book that nicely discusses cutting-edge applications in behavioural economics pertaining to the Covid-19 pandemic. It is thought-provoking and contains pioneering approaches that broaden the scope of behavioural research. Excellent writing style, making the content of the book accessible to a broad audience. Highly recommended!’ -- Michalis Drouvelis, Professor of Economics, University of Birmingham, UK and Co-ordinating Editor, Theory and Decision‘In New Zealand now it is hard to remember the shock of lockdown as a pandemic response. So much has happened. The virus has been kept at bay, so far. The predicted economic disaster has not happened – yet. Massive financial relief for businesses forcibly suspended and jobs at risk was followed by a rapid recovery when shops reopened. But Ananish Chaudhuri is by no means alone in thinking the country could pay a high and lingering price for its unprecedented lockdown, and that these costs, especially the human costs, should have been weighed against the risks the virus posed. His book uses fascinating behavioral studies of economic decision making and the psychology of popular risk assessment to question the merits of measures that New Zealand’s Government took and New Zealanders overwhelmingly accepted. They should read this book and wonder if these were questions they should have asked.’ -- John Roughan, Political Columnist, New Zealand HeraldTable of ContentsContents: 1. Prologue 2. Gut feelings: biases, heuristics and Covid-19 3. Pathogens and probabilities 4. Should we trust people to do the right thing? 5. Politics, pathogens and party lines 6. Irrational exuberance in the midst of Covid-19 7. Epilogue Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisTrade Review‘The book offers a fascinating paradigm to reflect upon dementia interventions, promising to widen the lens of interested governments, public health and policy makers, as well as clinicians alike. By interlinking concepts of protecting human rights, preventing elder abuse, caring for persons living with dementia, all contributing to improving global health and economy, this book offers a solid rationale for an international United Nations convention on the human rights for older persons.’ -- Kiran Rabheru, University of Ottawa, Canada‘Robert Brent’s Cost-Benefit Analysis and Dementia provides a comprehensive and accessible examination of how economic tools can assist in making interventions for dementia more effective. Using state-of-the-art economic methods, Brent examines a broad range of efforts ranging from the role of Medicare eligibility to the importance of vision correction and hearing aids. Despite the rigorous attention to the costs and benefits of alternative policies, the book does not lose sight of concerns such as advocacy of broader protections for the human rights of those with dementia.’ -- W. Kip Viscusi, Vanderbilt Law School, USTable of ContentsContents: Preface PART I INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction to dementia, Cost-Benefit Analysis, and the new interventions 2. Measuring dementia symptoms PART II THE COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES 3. Years of education 4. Medicare eligibility 5. Hearing aids 6. Vision correction 7. Avoiding nursing homes PART III PUBLIC POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF DEMENTIA INTERVENTIONS 8. Elder abuse 9. Human rights Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis updated third edition offers a comprehensive and comparative analysis of the technologies fueling the major life-enhancing improvements in healthcare globally, including the ingredients for their successful development and commercialisation. Based on solid research, it focuses on practical business strategy issues for executives and students.Trade Review'Understanding the dynamics of the medical device industry has been extremely important to me. Perhaps more than in any other sector, future medical devices, and the promises they hold for real solutions, represent the true intersection of high technology and health care. The information in this book provides a great understanding of this complex industry - the challenges of creating, improving, distributing and competing in this space. The materials included in this book provide an excellent foundation for anyone looking to solve healthcare problems with the incredible technology available today. I highly recommend it.' Kevin R. Sayer, President and CEO, Dexcom, Inc.'Anyone interested in the healthcare field, absolutely needs to read this book. The perspective across all aspects of our industry gives the reader a unique understanding of how it all fits together. As I read the book I felt like I was reliving my over 40 years in the industry. A must read for all of us in a company, building a company, or investing who are committed to making a difference for patients.' Mark Levin, Co-Founder and Partner, Third Rock Ventures'We are in the midst of a revolution that is transforming the pharma and biotech sectors, their strategies, business models, and revenue models. This revolution is breaking down the barriers between these two sectors, relabeling them both as 'life sciences', and calling for new models of discovery and commercialization. This new edition, written by industry experts, chronicles these changes to provide unique insights and learnings, and identifies the skill sets needed to help lead these sectors through revolutionary times.' John Maraganore, CEO, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals'This is an important and opportune time to study and understand the medical technology sector of the healthcare market. This book does an excellent job of simplifying this complicated subject into its unique elements, analyzing each in a clear, direct style that illuminates the key issues facing this rapidly changing industry. The discussion of the sources of, impediments to and changing attitude toward device innovation and regulation are particularly welcome. I recommend this astute analysis to healthcare executives, policymakers, investors, innovators and anyone else who wants to understand the critical importance and future direction of the medical technology industry and its innovation for patients around the world.' Michael Mussallem, Chairman and CEO, Edwards Life SciencesTable of Contents1. Product suppliers in the health care value chain Lawton Robert Burns; 2. The pharmaceutical sector Richard T. Evans and Scott Hinds; 3. The biotechnology sector – therapeutics Cary G. Pfeffer; 4. New venture creation in biotechnology Jason Rhodes and Lawton Robert Burns; 5. The medical device sector Kurt H. Kruger and Max A. Kruger; 6. Financing medtech innovation Justin Klein; 7. The healthcare information technology sector Adam C. Powell and John Glaser.

Read more less

Book SynopsisHow can analytics scholars and healthcare professionals access the most exciting and important healthcare topics and tools for the 21st century? Editors Tinglong Dai and Sridhar Tayur, aided by a team of internationally acclaimed experts, have curated this timely volume to help newcomers and seasoned researchers alike to rapidly comprehend a diverse set of thrusts and tools in this rapidly growing cross-disciplinary field. The Handbook covers a wide range of macro-, meso- and micro-level thrustssuch as market design, competing interests, global health,personalizedmedicine, residential care and concierge medicine, among othersand structures what has been a highly fragmented research area into a coherent scientific discipline. The handbook also provides an easy-to-comprehend introduction to five essential research toolsMarkov decision process, game theory and information economics, queueing games, econometric methods, and data scienceby illustratTable of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Preface xix Glossary of Terms xxvii Acknowledgments xxxv Part I Thrusts Macro-level Thrusts (MaTs) 1 Organizational Structure 1Jay Levine 1.1 Introduction to the Healthcare Industry 2 1.2 Academic Medical Centers 6 1.3 Community Hospitals and Physicians 16 1.4 Conclusion 19 2 Access to Healthcare 21Donald R. Fischer 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Goals 27 2.3 Opportunity for Action 29 3 Market Design 31Itai Ashlagi 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Matching Doctors to Residency Programs 31 3.2.1 Early Days 31 3.2.2 A Centralized Market and New Challenges 32 3.2.3 Puzzles and Theory 33 3.3 Kidney Exchange 35 3.3.1 Background 35 3.3.2 Creating a Thick Marketplace for Kidney Exchange 36 3.3.3 Dynamic Matching 38 3.3.4 The Marketplace for Kidney Exchange in the United States 41 3.3.5 Final Comments on Kidney Exchange 43 References 44 Meso-level Thrusts (MeTs) 4 Competing Interests 51Joel Goh 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 The Literature on Competing Interests 53 4.2.1 Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Products 53 4.2.1.1 Individual Drug Classes 54 4.2.1.2 Multiple Interventions 55 4.2.1.3 Review Articles 56 4.2.2 Physician Ownership 56 4.2.2.1 Physician Ownership of Ancillary Services 57 4.2.2.2 Physician Ownership of Ambulatory Surgery Centers 59 4.2.2.3 Physician Ownership of Speciality Hospitals 60 4.2.2.4 Physician-Owned Distributors 61 4.2.3 Medical Reporting 62 4.2.3.1 DRG Upcoding 63 4.2.3.2 Non-DRG Upcoding 64 4.3 Examples 65 4.3.1 Example 1: Physician Decisions with Competing Interests 66 4.3.2 Example 2: Evidence of HAI Upcoding 70 4.4 Summary and FutureWork 72 References 73 5 Quality of Care 79Hummy Song and Senthil Veeraraghavan 5.1 Frameworks for Measuring Healthcare Quality 79 5.1.1 The Donabedian Model 79 5.1.2 The AHRQ Framework 81 5.2 Understanding Healthcare Quality: Classification of the Existing OR/MS Literature 82 5.2.1 Structure 82 5.2.2 Process 85 5.2.3 Outcome 91 5.2.4 Patient Experience 92 5.2.5 Access 94 5.3 Open Areas for Future Research 95 5.3.1 Understanding Structures and Their Interactions with Processes and Outcomes 95 5.3.2 Understanding Patient Experiences and Their Interactions with Structure 96 5.3.3 Understanding Processes andTheir Interactions with Outcomes 97 5.3.4 Understanding Access to Care 98 5.4 Conclusions 98 Acknowledgments 99 References 99 6 Personalized Medicine 109Turgay Ayer and Qiushi Chen 6.1 Introduction 109 6.2 Sequential Decision Disease Models with Health Information Updates 111 6.2.1 Case Study: POMDP Model for Personalized Breast Cancer Screening 113 6.2.2 Case Study: Kalman Filter for Glaucoma Monitoring 116 6.2.3 Other Relevant Studies 118 6.3 One-Time Decision Disease Models with Risk Stratification 120 6.3.1 Case Study: Subtype-Based Treatment for DLBCL 121 6.3.2 Other Applications 124 6.4 Artificial Intelligence-Based Approaches 125 6.4.1 Learning from Existing Health Data 126 6.4.2 Learning from Trial and Error 127 6.5 Conclusions and Emerging Future Research Directions 128 References 130 7 Global Health 137Karthik V. Natarajan and Jayashankar M. Swaminathan 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 Funding Allocation in Global Health Settings 139 7.2.1 Funding Allocation for Disease Prevention 139 7.2.2 Funding Allocation for Treatment of Disease Conditions 143 7.2.2.1 Service Settings 143 7.2.2.2 Product Settings 146 7.3 Inventory Allocation in Global Health Settings 147 7.3.1 Inventory Allocation for Disease Prevention 147 7.3.2 Inventory Allocation for Treatment of Disease Conditions 149 7.4 Capacity Allocation in Global Health Settings 153 7.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 155 References 156 8 Healthcare Supply Chain 159Soo-Haeng Cho and Hui Zhao 8.1 Introduction 159 8.2 Literature Review 162 8.3 Model and Analysis 164 8.3.1 Generic Injectable Drug Supply Chain 164 8.3.1.1 Model 166 8.3.1.2 Analysis 168 8.3.2 Influenza Vaccine Supply Chain 171 8.3.2.1 Model 172 8.3.2.2 Analysis 173 8.4 Discussion and Future Research 177 Appendix 180 Acknowledgment 182 References 182 9 Organ Transplantation 187Bar𝚤¸s Ata, John J. Friedewald and A. CemRanda 9.1 Introduction 187 9.2 The Deceased-Donor Organ Allocation system: Stakeholders and Their Objectives 189 9.3 Research Opportunities in the Area 199 9.3.1 Past Research on the Transplant Candidate’s Problem 199 9.3.2 Challenges in Modeling Patient Choice 201 9.3.3 Past Research on the Deceased-donor Organ Allocation Policy 202 9.3.4 Challenges in Modeling the Deceased-donor Organ Allocation Policy 206 9.3.5 Research Problems from the Perspective of Other Stakeholders 206 9.4 Concluding Remarks 208 References 209 Micro-level Thrusts (MiTs) 10 Ambulatory Care 217Nan Liu 10.1 Introduction 217 10.2 How Operations are Managed in Primary Care Practice 218 10.3 What Makes Operations Management Difficult in Ambulatory Care 220 10.3.1 Competing Objectives 220 10.3.2 Environmental Factors 221 10.4 Operations Management Models 222 10.4.1 System-Wide Planning 222 10.4.2 Appointment Template Design 226 10.4.3 Managing Patient Flow 231 10.5 New Trends in Ambulatory Care 234 10.5.1 Online Market 234 10.5.2 Telehealth 235 10.5.3 Retail Approach of Outpatient Care 236 10.6 Conclusion 237 References 237 11 Inpatient Care 243Van-Anh Truong 11.1 Modeling the Inpatient Ward 244 11.2 Inpatient Ward Policies 246 11.3 Interface with ED 247 11.4 Interface with Elective Surgeries 248 11.5 Discharge Planning 250 11.6 Incentive, Behavioral, and Organizational Issues 251 11.7 Future Directions 252 11.7.1 Essential Quantitative Tools 253 11.7.2 Resources for Learners 253 References 253 12 Residential Care 257Nadia Lahrichi, Louis-Martin Rousseau and Willem-Jan van Hoeve 12.1 Overview of Home Care Delivery 257 12.1.1 Home Care 258 12.1.2 Home Healthcare 258 12.1.2.1 Temporary Care 259 12.1.2.2 Specialized Programs 259 12.1.3 Operational Challenges 260 12.1.3.1 Discussion of the Planning Horizon 262 12.1.3.2 Home Care Planning Problem 263 12.2 An Overview of Optimization Technology 263 12.2.1 Linear Programming 263 12.2.2 Mixed Integer Programming 264 12.2.3 Constraint Programming 265 12.2.4 Heuristics and Dedicated Methods 265 12.2.5 Technology Comparison 266 12.2.5.1 Solution Expectations and Solver Capabilities 266 12.2.5.2 Development Time and Maintenance 267 12.3 Territory Districting 267 12.4 Provider-to-Patient Assignment 270 12.4.1 Workload Measures 270 12.4.2 Workload Balance 271 12.4.3 Assignment Models 272 12.4.4 Assignment of New Patients 273 12.5 Task Scheduling and Routing 273 12.6 Perspectives 276 12.6.1 Integrated Decision-Making Under a New Business Model 277 12.6.2 Home Telemetering Forecasting Adverse Events 277 12.6.3 Forecasting the Wound Healing Process 278 12.6.4 Adjustment of Capacity and Demand 279 References 280 13 ConciergeMedicine 287Srinagesh Gavirneni and Vidyadhar G. Kulkarni 13.1 Introduction 287 13.2 Model Setup 291 13.3 Concierge Option—No Abandonment 293 13.3.1 A Given Participation Level 𝛼 294 13.3.2 How to choose d? 295 13.3.2.1 All Customers Are Better Off 295 13.3.2.2 Customers Are Better Off on Average 297 13.3.3 Optimal Participation Level 299 13.4 Concierge Option—Abandonment 301 13.4.1 Choosing the Optimal 𝛼 and 𝛽 303 13.5 Correlated Service Times and Waiting Costs 304 13.6 MDVIP Adoption 306 13.6.1 The Data 307 13.6.2 AbandonmentModel Applied to MDVIP Data 308 13.6.2.1 Modeling Heterogeneous Waiting Costs 309 13.6.2.2 Participation in Concierge Medicine 310 13.6.2.3 Impact of Concierge Medicine 310 13.6.2.4 Choosing the Concierge Participation Level 312 13.7 Research Opportunities 313 References 316 Part II Tools 14 Markov Decision Processes 319Alan Scheller-Wolf 14.1 Introduction 319 14.2 Modeling 321 14.3 Types of Results 325 14.3.1 Numerical Results 325 14.3.2 Analytical Results 327 14.3.3 Insights 328 14.4 Modifications and Extensions of MDPs 328 14.4.1 Imperfect State Information 328 14.4.2 Extremely Large or Continuous State Spaces 329 14.4.3 Uncertainty about Transition Probabilities 330 14.4.4 Constrained Optimization 331 14.5 Future Applications 332 14.6 Recommendations for Additional Reading 333 References 334 15 Game Theory and Information Economics 337Tinglong Dai 15.1 Introduction 337 15.2 Key Concepts 339 15.2.1 GameTheory: Key Concepts 339 15.2.2 Information Economics: Key Concepts 340 15.2.2.1 Nonobservability of Information 341 15.2.2.2 Asymmetric Information 341 15.3 Summary of Healthcare Applications 343 15.3.1 Incentive Design for Healthcare Providers 344 15.3.2 Quality-Speed Tradeoff 345 15.3.3 Gatekeepers 346 15.3.4 Healthcare Supply Chain 346 15.3.5 Vaccination 346 15.3.6 Organ Transplantation 347 15.3.7 Healthcare Network 347 15.3.8 Mixed Motives of Healthcare Providers 347 15.4 Potential Applications 348 15.4.1 Micro-Level applications 348 15.4.2 Macro-Level Applications 349 15.4.3 Meso-Level Applications 349 15.5 Resources for Learners 351 References 351 16 Queueing Games 355Mustafa Akan 16.1 Introduction 355 16.1.1 Scope of the Review 356 16.2 Basic QueueingModels 356 16.2.1 Components of a Queueing System 356 16.2.2 Performance Measures 357 16.2.3 M/M/1 358 16.2.4 M/G/1 359 16.2.5 M/M/c 360 16.2.6 Priorities 361 16.2.6.1 Achievable Region Approach 363 16.2.7 Networks of Queues 364 16.2.8 Approximations 364 16.3 Strategic Queueing 365 16.3.1 Waiting as an Equilibrium Device 366 16.3.2 Demand Dependent on Service Time 367 16.3.3 Physician-Induced Demand 369 16.3.4 Joining the Queue 370 16.3.4.1 Observable Queue 370 16.3.4.2 Unobservable Queue 371 16.3.5 Waiting for a Better Match 373 16.4 Discussion and Future Research Directions 376 References 376 17 EconometricMethods 381Diwas KC 17.1 Introduction 381 17.2 Statistical Modeling 382 17.2.1 Statistical Inference 383 17.2.2 Biased Estimates 384 17.3 The Experimental Ideal and the Search for Exogenous Variation 386 17.3.1 Instrumental Variables 386 17.3.1.1 Example 1 (IV): Patient Flow through an Intensive Care Unit 388 17.3.1.2 Example 2 (IV): Focused Factories 391 17.3.2 Difference Estimators 392 17.3.3 Fixed Effects Estimators 394 17.3.3.1 Examples 3-4 (D-in-D): Process Compliance and Peer Effects of Productivity 395 17.4 Structural Estimation 395 17.4.1 Example 5: Managing Operating Room Capacity 396 17.4.2 Example 6: Patient Choice Modeling 397 17.5 Conclusion 399 References 400 18 Data Science 403Rema Padman 18.1 Introduction 403 18.1.1 Background 404 18.1.2 Methods 407 18.1.3 Attribute Selection and Ranking 408 18.1.4 Information Gain (IG) Attribute Ranking 408 18.1.5 Relief-F Attribute Ranking 408 18.1.6 Markov Blanket Feature Selection 408 18.1.7 Correlation-Based Feature Selection 409 18.1.8 Classification 409 18.2 Three Illustrative Examples of Data Science in Healthcare 410 18.2.1 Medication Reconciliation 410 18.2.2 Dynamic Prediction of Medical Risks 413 18.2.3 Practice-Based Clinical Pathway Learning 416 18.3 Discussion 419 18.3.1 Challenges and Opportunities 419 18.3.2 Data Science in Action 420 18.3.3 Health Data ScienceWorldwide 421 18.4 Conclusions 421 References 422 Index 429

Read more less

Book SynopsisCost-effectiveness analysis is becoming an increasingly important tool for decision making in the health systems. Cost-Effectiveness of Medical Treatments formulates the cost-effectiveness analysis as a statistical decision problem, identifies the sources of uncertainty of the problem, and gives an overview of the frequentist and Bayesian statistical approaches for decision making. Basic notions on decision theory such as space of decisions, space of nature, utility function of a decision and optimal decisions, are explained in detail using easy to read mathematics.Features Focuses on cost-effectiveness analysis as a statistical decision problem and applies the well-established optimal statistical decision methodology. Discusses utility functions for cost-effectiveness analysis. Enlarges the class of models typically used in cost-effectiveness analysis with the incorporation of linear models to account for covariTrade ReviewI can guarantee the reader will receive what has promised in the preface from the book and greatly benefit from the easy read, well written and clearly explain contents. [...] This book would be a great place for readers to start learning or expanding what they have known about the topic of economic evaluation for medical treatments. - Min-Hua Jen, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12724 "I strongly recommended this book for readers who are interested in the topic of cost-effectiveness analysis of medical treatments through the advantages of Bayesian framework over frequentist approaches... This book would be a great place for readers to start learning or expanding what they have known about the topic of economic evaluation for medical treatments." Min-Hua Jen, Eli Lilli USA, Royal Statistical Society, Series A Statistics in Society, July 2021 Table of ContentsIntroduction. Economic evaluation in health economics and cost-effectiveness. The cost-effectiveness analysis as a decision problem. Frequentist and Bayesian cost-effectiveness analysis. Subgroups analysis. Cost-effectiveness analysis for heterogeneous data. Codes. References.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisIf we are becoming increasingly disconnected from our local communities, are there implications for health, well being and happiness, particularly for people on low incomes? This book looks at the interplay between poor people, poor communities and poor health, with a particular focus on social networks as key linkages.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Abbreviations Introduction: Social Murder Utopian Dreams? Researching Poverty, Community and Health Community Resilience Community Demoralisation and Resistance Social Capital in Urban Neighbourhoods: the Potential for Unity and Division Well-being and Happiness: Balancing Community with Independence Social Network Characteristics and Health and Well-Being Conclusions: Poverty, Community and Health in the 'Good Society' Bibliography Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Author xi Foreword xiii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii Part I Roadmap of AI in Healthcare 1 1 History of AI and Its Promise in Healthcare 3 1.1 What is AI? 5 1.2 A Classification System for Underlying AI/ML Algorithms 14 1.3 AI and Deep Learning in Medicine 17 1.4 The Emergence of Multimodal and Multipurpose Models in Healthcare 20 References 23 2 Building Robust Medical Algorithms 27 2.1 Obtaining Datasets That are Big Enough and Detailed Enough for Training 30 2.2 Data Access Laws and Regulatory Issues 33 2.3 Data Standardization and Its Integration into Clinical Workflows 34 2.4 Federated AI as a Possible Solution 36 2.5 Synthetic Data 40 2.6 Data Labeling and Transparency 43 2.7 Model Explainability 45 2.8 Model Performance in the Real World 50 2.9 Training on Local Data 52 2.10 Bias in Algorithms 53 2.11 Responsible AI 60 References 62 3 Barriers to AI Adoption in Healthcare 67 3.1 Evidence Generation 71 3.2 Regulatory Issues 74 3.3 Reimbursement 76 3.4 Workflow Issues with Providers and Payers 78 3.5 Medical- Legal Barriers 81 3.6 Governance 83 3.7 Cost and Scale of Implementation 85 3.8 Shortage of Talent 86 References 86 4 Drivers of AI Adoption in Healthcare 91 4.1 Availability of Data 92 4.2 Powerful Computers, Cloud Computing, and Open Source Infrastructure 93 4.3 Increase in Investments 94 4.4 Improvements in Methodology 95 4.5 Policy and Regulatory 95 4.5.1 Fda 95 4.5.2 Other Bodies 100 4.6 Reimbursement 102 4.7 Shortage of Healthcare Resources 105 4.8 Issues with Mistakes, Inefficient Care Pathways, and Non- personalized Care 106 References 110 Part II Applications of AI in Healthcare 113 5 Diagnostics 115 5.1 Radiology 115 5.2 Pathology 122 5.3 Dermatology 124 5.4 Ophthalmology 125 5.5 Cardiology 127 5.6 Neurology 132 5.7 Musculoskeletal 133 5.8 Oncology 134 5.8.1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer 136 5.8.2 Histopathological Cancer Diagnosis 136 5.8.3 Tracking Tumor Development 136 5.8.4 Prognosis Detection 137 5.9 Gi 139 5.10 Covid- 19 139 5.11 Genomics 140 5.12 Mental Health 141 5.13 Diagnostic Bots 142 5.14 At Home Diagnostics/Remote Monitoring 144 5.15 Sound AI 148 5.16 AI in Democratizing Care 149 References 150 6 Therapeutics 157 6.1 Robotics 158 6.2 Mental Health 159 6.3 Precision Medicine 161 6.4 Chronic Disease Management 164 6.5 Medication Supply and Adherence 167 6.6 Vr 168 References 169 7 Clinical Decision Support 171 7.1 AI in Decision Support 176 7.2 Initial Use Cases 180 7.3 Primary Care 182 7.4 Specialty Care 185 7.4.1 Cancer Care 185 7.4.2 Neurology 185 7.4.3 Cardiology 186 7.4.4 Infectious Diseases 187 7.4.5 Covid- 19 187 7.5 Devices 188 7.6 End- of- Life AI 189 7.7 Patient Decision Support 190 References 191 8 Population Health and Wellness 195 8.1 Nutrition 196 8.2 Fitness 200 8.3 Stress and Sleep 201 8.4 Population Health and Management 204 8.5 Risk Assessment 206 8.6 Use of Real World Data 208 8.7 Medication Adherence 208 8.8 Remote Engagement and Automation 209 8.9 Sdoh 211 8.10 Aging in Place 212 References 214 9 Clinical Workflows 217 9.1 Documentation Assistants 218 9.2 Quality Measurement 225 9.3 Nursing and Clinical Assistants 225 9.4 Virtual Assistants 227 References 230 10 Administration and Operations 233 10.1 Providers 234 10.1.1 Documentation, Coding, and Billing 234 10.1.2 Practice Management and Operations 238 10.1.3 Hospital Operations 240 10.2 Payers 243 10.2.1 Payer Administrative Functions 244 10.2.2 Fraud 246 10.2.3 Personalized Communications 247 References 248 11 AI Applications in Life Sciences 251 11.1 Drug Discovery 252 11.2 Clinical Trials 261 11.2.1 Information Engines 264 11.2.2 Patient Stratification 267 11.2.3 Clinical Trial Operations 268 11.3 Medical Affairs and Commercial 271 References 272 Part III the Business Case for Ai in Healthcare 275 12 Which Health AI Applications Are Ready for Their Moment? 277 12.1 Methodology 278 12.2 Clinical Care 281 12.3 Administrative and Operations 289 12.4 Life Sciences 291 References 293 13 The Business Model for Buyers of Health AI Solutions 295 13.1 Clinical Care 298 13.2 Administrative and Operations 305 13.3 Life Sciences 309 13.4 Guide for Buyer Assessment of Health AI Solutions 312 References 313 14 How to Build and Invest in the Best Health AI Companies 315 14.1 Barriers to Entry and Intellectual Property (IP) 316 14.1.1 Creating Defensible Products 318 14.2 Startups Versus Large Companies 319 14.3 Sales and Marketing 321 14.4 Initial Customers 324 14.5 Direct- to- Consumer (D2C) 325 14.6 Planning Your Entrepreneurial Health AI Journey 327 14.7 Assessment of Companies by Investors 329 14.7.1 Key Areas to Explore for a Health AI Company for Investment 329 References 330 Index 333

Read more less

Book SynopsisA call for a radical re-examination of the way we think about health, ageing and the future.

Read more less

Book SynopsisHow can countries chart their own course toward universal health coverage?Like many ambitious global goals, universal health coverage (UHC) remains an aspiration for many countries. The World Health Organization estimates that half the world's population lacks access to basic health services. Moreover, this already staggering number masks inequities that exist between and within countries: gaps between rich and poor, men and women, young and old, and among people of different ethnic backgrounds. UHC promises to give all people greater access to higher quality health services without the fear of financial hardship. But the task of turning this vision into reality poses a significant challenge for countries at all stages of economic development. In The Road to Universal Health Coverage, Jeffrey L. Sturchio, Ilona Kickbusch, Louis Galambos, and their contributors explore the ways in which the private sector is already helping countries achieve universal health coverage. Stressing the maTable of ContentsForeword by Tedros Adhanom GhebreyesusPrefaceIntroduction. The Road to Universal Health Coverage: Progress, Prospects, and the Private SectorChapter 1. Conceptualizing the Health EconomyChapter 2. The Relationship between Health Employment and Economic GrowthChapter 3. Engagement of the Private Sector in Advancing Universal Health Coverage: Understanding and Navigating Major Factors for SuccessChapter 4. Innovative Initiatives from the Private Sector: What Have the Experiences Been? What Opportunities Lie Ahead, and How Can They Be Chapter 5. Healthy Women, Healthy Economies: Essential Facets of Universal Health Coverage Chapter 6. Reframing the Pharmaceutical Sector Contribution to Access to Medicines and Universal Health Coverage: A Business Ethics PerspectiveChapter 7. Private Sector Joins the Trek on India's Meandering Path to Universal Health CoverageChapter 8. A Reality Check: Sierra Leone, the Private Sector, Sustainable Development Goal 3, and Universal Health CoverageChapter 9. How Can the Private Sector Help Countries to Achieve Quality, Sustainable Universal Health Coverage? Pfizer's Fight against Chronic DiseasesChapter 10. Novartis Social Business: A Novel Approach to Expanding Health Care in Developing CountriesConclusion. The Outlook for Universal Health Coverage and the New Health Economy List of ContributorsIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis second edition of this best-selling book offers a fresh look at how the British NHS is coping under increased pressures. It offers a critical perspective on concerns and a critique of the market-style changes introduced by the Coalition government between 2010 and 2015.Trade Review"This book is ideal for anyone with an interest in health policy, health systems development and the wider health agenda.... a useful resource for all students of health, health professionals, policy makers and strategy developers." Health Service Journal"Read this excellent book to find out where things have gone wrong in the NHS and why." 5 star review by a reader on Amazon.co.uk"A thoughtful assessment of recent NHS reforms that is more balanced and insightful than many of those produced by New Labour's critics. " Critical Social PolicyThis book's strength lies in the clarity of the argument and the presentation of evidence within a clear analytic framework." Sociology of Health & IllnessTable of ContentsSeries Editor’s preface; The Key Challenges Facing Health Systems; Meeting the Challenges; Moving Upstream: the dilemma of securing health in health policy; Models of Health Care Reform; Health Care Priorities; Choice and Health Care; Future Developments in the Evolution of Health Systems.

Read more less