Groups and group theory Books

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Book SynopsisEvery four years leading researchers gather to survey the latest developments in all aspects of group theory. Initially held in St Andrews, these meetings have become the premier forum for group theory across the whole of the UK. Since 1981, the proceedings of ''Groups St Andrews'' have provided a regular snapshot of the state-of-the-art in group theory and helped to shape the direction of research in the field. This volume contains papers from the 2017 meeting held in Birmingham. It includes expository articles from the invited speakers, and further surveys contributed by the participants. Topics include: generation of finite simple groups, block theory, fusion systems, algebraic groups, one-relator groups, geometric group theory, and Beauville groups.Trade Review''This volume does what the editors intended: it provides a 'snapshot of the state of the art in group theory'. It can serve as a reference work for group theorists, and since many of the articles include open problems, can serve as a source of research topics as well.' Charles Traina, MAA ReviewsTable of ContentsIntroduction; 1. Finite simple groups and fusion systems Michael Aschbacher; 2. Finite and infinite quotients of discrete and indiscrete groups Pierre-Emmanuel Caprace; 3. Local-global conjectures and blocks of finite simple groups Radha Kessar and Gunter Malle; 4. A survey on some methods of generating finite simple groups Ayoub B. M. Basheer and Jamshid Moori; 5. One-relator groups: an overview Gilbert Baumslag, Benjamin Fine and Gerhard Rosenberger; 6. New progress in products of conjugacy classes in finite groups Antonio Beltrán, María José Felipe and Carmen Melchor; 7. Aspherical relative presentations all over again William A. Bogley, Martin Edjvet and Gerald Williams; 8. Simple groups, generation and probabilistic methods Timothy C. Burness; 9. Irreducible subgroups of simple algebraic groups – a survey Timothy C. Burness and Donna M. Testerman; 10. Practical computation with linear groups over infinite domains A. S. Detinko and D. L. Flannery; 11. Beauville p-groups: a survey Ben Fairbairn; 12. Structural criteria in factorised groups via conjugacy class sizes María José Felipe, Ana Martínez-Pastor and Víctor Manuel Ortiz-Sotomayor; 13. Growth in linear algebraic groups and permutation groups: towards a unified perspective Harald A. Helfgott; 14. L2-Betti numbers and their analogues in positive characteristic Andrei Jaikin-Zapirain; 15. On the pronormality of subgroups of odd index in finite simple groups Anatoly Kondrat'ev, Natalia Maslova and Danila Revin; 16. Vertex stabilizers of graphs with primitive automorphism groups and a strong version of the Sims conjecture Anatoly S. Kondrat'ev and Vladimir I. Trofimov; 17. On the character degrees of a Sylow p-subgroup of a finite Chevalley group G(pf) over a bad prime Tung Le, Kay Magaard and Alessandro Paolini; 18. Patterns on symmetric Riemann surfaces Adnan Melekoğlu and David Singerman; 19. Subgroups of twisted wreath products Péter P. Pálfy; 20. Some remarks on self-dual codes invariant under almost simple permutation groups B. G. Rodrigues and T. M. Mudziiri Shumba; 21. Test elements: from pro-p to discrete groups Ilir Snopce and Slobodan Tanushevski.

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Book SynopsisGroup Theoretical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

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Book SynopsisAlthough the various branches of physics differ in their experimental methods and theoretical approaches, certain general principles apply to all of them. The forefront of contemporary advances in physics lies in the submicroscopic regime, whether it be in atomic, nuclear, condensed-matter, plasma, or particle physics, or in quantum optics, or even in the study of stellar structure. All are based upon quantum theory (i.e: quantum mechanics and quantum field theory) and relativity, which together form the theoretical foundations of modern physics. Many physical quantities whose classical counterparts vary continuously over a range of possible values are in quantum theory constrained to have discontinuous, or discrete, values. The intrinsically deterministic character of classical physics is replaced in quantum theory by intrinsic uncertainty. According to quantum theory, electromagnetic radiation does not always consist of continuous waves; instead it must be viewed under some circumstances as a collection of particle-like photons, the energy and momentum of each being directly proportional to its frequency (or inversely proportional to its wavelength, the photons still possessing some wavelike characteristics). This book presents state-of-the-art research from around the world.

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Book SynopsisGroup theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Groups recur throughout mathematics, and the methods of group theory have strongly influenced many parts of algebra. Linear algebraic groups and Lie groups are two branches of group theory that have experienced tremendous advances and have become subject areas in their own right. Various physical systems, such as crystals and the hydrogen atom, can be modelled by symmetry groups. Thus group theory and the closely related representation theory have many applications in physics and chemistry. This new and important book gathers the latest research from around the globe in the study of group theory and highlights such topics as: application of symmetry analysis to the description of ordered structures in crystals, a survey of Lie Group analysis, graph groupoids and representations, and others.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a self-contained introduction to the mathematical theory of hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, with particular emphasis on the study of discontinuous solutions, characterized by the appearance of shock waves. This area has experienced substantial progress in very recent years thanks to the introduction of new techniques, in particular the front tracking algorithm and the semigroup approach. These techniques provide a solution to the long standing open problems of uniqueness and stability of entropy weak solutions. This monograph is the first to present a comprehensive account of these new, fundamental advances, mainly obtained by the author together with several collaborators. It also includes a detailed analysis of the stability and convergence of the front tracking algorithm. The book is addressed to graduate students as well as researchers. Both the elementary and the more advanced material are carefully explained, helping the reader''s visual intuition withTrade ReviewAn excellent and self-contained treatment of the mathematical theory of hyperbolic systems of conservation laws ... written in a clear and self-contained way and will be of great value for graduate students and specialists in the field. * EMS *

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Book SynopsisThis concise introduction to the subject emphasizes the various classes of regular semigroups. More than 150 exercises, accompanied by references to the relevant research literature, direct readers to areas not explicitly covered in the text.Trade ReviewThe author succeeds admirably in his goal of providing an introduction to semigroup theory suitable for graduate students and non-specialists. At the same time, specialists will also find much to attract them. The book is highly readable, and the author takes pain to lead the reader gently through the longer proofs. I am sure that all specialists will want to own a copy of the book, that non-specialists will find it a most attractive and useful book for consulting, and that for many years to come research students will learn their subject from this book. * Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society *The book provides a useful survey of a rapidly developing topic and is suitable for specialists and as an introduction to the subject for non-specialists and graduate students. * Aslib Book Guide, vol.61, no.5, May 1996. *This book will still have its outstanding place as a general introduction to semigroup theory offering both an updated overview of the subject and a suitable entree for the graduate student * Monatshefte fur Mathematik Vol. 124 1997 *With this well-written and well-organised book I think the author has ensured that "Howie" will continue to be a byword for semigroup books * Edinburgh Mathematical Society 1997 *Table of Contents1. Introductory ideas ; 2. Green's equivalences; regular semigroups ; 3. 0-simple semigroups ; 4. Completely regular semigroups ; 5. Inverse semigroups ; 6. Other classes of regular semigroups ; 7. Free semigroups ; 8. Semigroup amalgams ; References ; List of symbols

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Book SynopsisThe book, which has grown out of a course given over the past ten years, provides an introduction to group theory and its application in subnuclear physics, particularly in multi-quark systems and hadron spectroscopy. A number of exercises, with solutions, are included.Trade ReviewThe book may be treated as a modern "practical introduction to concepts of group theory and some of their applications, especially in subnuclear physics"......In the text, the general statements and investigations are illustrated by many concrete examples given, as a rule, in explicit expanded mathematical form. A large number of tables (about 50) most of which are original forms an essential part of the book. * Zeitschrift fur Mathematik *Table of Contents1. Symmetries in quantum mechanics ; 2. Elements of group theory ; 3. Linear representations of a group ; 4. Permutation group Sn ; 5. Lie groups ; 6. The orthogonal group ; 7. The Poincare group and the Lorenz group ; 8. Unitary groups ; 9. Gauge groups ; 10. Multiquark systems ; Appendix A: Conservation Laws ; Appendix B: The rearrangement theorem, Schur's lemmas and the orthogonality theorem ; Appendix C: Invariant Integration ; Appendix D: Dimension of an SU(n) irrep

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Book SynopsisAn accessible text introducing algebraic geometries and algebraic groups at advanced undergraduate and early graduate level, this book develops the language of algebraic geometry from scratch and uses it to set up the theory of affine algebraic groups from first principles.Building on the background material from algebraic geometry and algebraic groups, the text provides an introduction to more advanced and specialised material. An example is the representation theory of finite groups of Lie type.The text covers the conjugacy of Borel subgroups and maximal tori, the theory of algebraic groups with a BN-pair, a thorough treatment of Frobenius maps on affine varieties and algebraic groups, zeta functions and Lefschetz numbers for varieties over finite fields. Experts in the field will enjoy some of the new approaches to classical results.The text uses algebraic groups as the main examples, including worked out examples, instructive exercises, as well as bibliographical and historical remTrade Review'The author's intention was to write a quick introduction to the area of algebraic groups of the Lie type over fields of positive characteristic and I think he was very successful. The first part of the book can be recommended as a very suitable text for undergraduate students at the beginning of their studies.' * EMS Newsletter *The style of exposition in the book is very reader-friendly ... The proofs are clear and complete. * Mathematical Reviews *Table of Contents1. Algebraic sets and algebraic groups ; 2. Affine varieties and finite morphisms ; 3. Algebraic representations and Borel subgroups ; 4. Frobenius maps and finite groups of Lie type ; Bibliography ; Index

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Book SynopsisAvailable for the first time in published form, Groups and Geometry presents the Oxford Mathematical Institute notes for undergraduates and first year postgraduates. The content is guided by the Oxford syllabus but includes much more material than is included on the syllabus. This book is about the measurement of symmetry: covering groups and geometry with the symbiotic relationship between the two more than justifying the union. A number of exercises are included in this sylish text to help the reader gain a full understanding of this branch of mathematics.Trade Review'develops a comprehensive group-theoretic approach to affine, projective and inversive geometry ... It ends with a fascinating chapter on the group theory behind the Rubik cube.' Ian Stewart, New Scientist'Both parts contain a number of exercises that will be invaluable to any reader wishing to gain a fuller understanding of this area of mathematics.' Extrait de L'Enseignement Mathematique, T. 40 1994The book can be recommended warmly for any interested reader. "Monatshefte fur Mathematik No.3 1996.delightful book ... The group theory is directed towards group actions, but all the basic material is there. * Mathematika, 41 (1994) *Table of Contents1. A survey of some group theory ; 2. A menagerie of groups ; 3. Actions of groups ; 4. A garden of G-spaces ; 5. Transitivity and orbits ; 6. The classification of transitive G-spaces ; 7. G-morphisms ; 8. Group actions in group theory ; 9. Actions count ; 10. Geometry: an introduction ; 11. The axiomatisation of geometry ; 12. Affine geometry ; 13. Projective geometry ; 14. Euclidean geometry ; 15. Finite groups of isometries ; 16. Complex numbers and quaternions ; 17. Inversive geometry ; 18. Topological considerations ; 19. The groups theory of Rubik's magic cube ; Index

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Book SynopsisThis book is an excellent and self-contained introduction to the theory of groups, covering all topics likely to be encountered in undergraduate courses. It aims to stimulate and encourage undergraduates to find out more about their subject. The book takes as its theme the various fundamental classification theorems in finite group theory, and the text is further explained in numerous examples and exercises, and summaries at the end of each chapter.Trade ReviewThe arguments are clear and full proofs are given. ... The whole text is actually built up around the idea of classification theorems. The inherent limitations of such an approach put aside, such glimpses of a distant horizon can do a lot towards stimulating the students to find more about the subject for themselves. * M Deaconescu, Zentralblatt fur Mathematik, Band 843/96. *Clear and fast moving, as you'd expect from this author. * New Scientist, Ian Stewart, September 1996, *Table of Contents1. Definitions and examples ; 2. Maps and relations on sets ; 3. Elementary consequences of the definitions ; 4. Subgroups ; 5. Cosets and Lagrange's Theorem ; 6. Error-correcting codes ; 7. Normal subgroups and quotient groups ; 8. The Homomorphism Theorem ; 9. Permutations ; 10. The Orbit-Stabilizer Theorem ; 11. The Sylow Theorems ; 12. Applications of Sylow Theorems ; 13. Direct products ; 14. The classification of finite abelian groups ; 15. The Jordan-Holder Theorem ; 16. Composition factors and chief factors ; 17. Soluble groups ; 18. Examples of soluble groups ; 19. Semi-direct products and wreath products ; 20. Extensions ; 21. Central and cyclic extensions ; 22. Groups with at most 31 elements ; 23. The projective special linear groups ; 24. The Mathieu groups ; 25. The classification of finite simple groups ; Appendix A Prerequisites from Number Theory and Linear Algebra ; Appendix B Groups of order < 32 ; Appendix C Solutions to Exercises ; Bibliography ; Index

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Book SynopsisThis book treats Jacques Tit's beautiful theory of buildings, making that theory accessible to readers with minimal background.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:American Mathematical Society Mathematical Reviews MR2439729:"The book under review ... is the first encyclopedic treatment of buildings made available in the literature, so that with writing this book the authors manage to close a serious gap in the mathematical literature: the non-existence of an easily accessible reference for buildings beyond an introduction.In their introduction the authors state that it is their ``goal in this book to treat buildings from all three ... points of view [via the simplicial, the combinatorial, and the metric approach]. The various approaches complement one another and are useful. On the other hand, [the authors] recognize that some readers may prefer one particular viewpoint. [The authors] have therefore tried to create more than one path through the book so that, for example, the reader interested only in the combinatorial approach can learn the basics without having to spend too much time studying buildings as simplicial complexes.'' In the reviewer's opinion, the authors perfectly reach this goal and, moreover, manage to show that the theory of buildings and their applications are active, thriving, exciting and beautiful areas of mathematics. This book is very well written. The reviewer is sure that it will become a standard reference for buildings and remain one for a very long time.... The main advantages of the combinatorial approach to buildings are that it is elementary and abstract and, hence, easily accessible. Since the simplicial and combinatorial approaches are equivalent..., one can always work with the one which is more suitable for one's own problems or more appealing to one's own taste. It is indeed one of the great achievements of this book to introduce both concepts simultaneously and to combine them in a natural way.... Chapter 8 is extremely valuable for students and researchers interested in the theory of twin buildings, as it makes the theory ... easily accessible. It is particularly important for the mathematical community that the folklore Theorem 8.27 has finally been recorded.... Altogether, the book under review is a wonderful piece of work that will have many enthusiastic readers."“This book is the first one which presents all of the different approaches to buildings alongside one another, and it does so in an accessible yet thorough manner which should prove extremely useful to anyone wishing to learn more about this interesting area of mathematics. The goal of presenting this introductory material in one place would be laudable enough. … this book is an extremely valuable addition to the mathematical literature. … it should also be an essential resource for experts in the area.” (Michael Bate, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1214, 2011)Table of ContentsPreface.- Introduction.- Finite Reflection Groups.- Coxeter Groups.- Coxeter Complexes.- Buildings as Chamber Complexes.- Buildings as W-Metric Spaces.- Buildings and Groups.- Root Groups and the Moufang Property.- Moufang Twin Buildings and RGD-Systems.- The Classification of Spherical Buildings.- Euclidean and Hyperbolic Reflection Groups.- Euclidean Buildings.- Buildings as Metric Spaces.- Applications to the Cohomology of Groups.- Other Applications.- Cell Complexes.- Root Systems.- Algebraic Groups.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a significant reworking of an earlier work by the authors. It offers a comprehensive introduction to Lie theory, representation theory, invariant theory, and algebraic groups, in a new presentation that includes a broader range of applications.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:"This is a terrific book, succeeding in its considerable ambitions, and doing so in the remarkable style … . Symmetry, Representations, and Invariants is indeed capable of instructing the reader in the three themes given in its title, taking him from elementary and foundational notions to very advanced material … . Symmetry, Representations, and Invariants promises to be a graduate text of major importance." (Michael Berg, The Mathematical Association of America, August, 2009)“The book under review is a comprehensive introduction to Lie theory, representation theory, invariant theory, and algebraic groups. … can be used as a source for various kinds of courses. … supported by the rich collections of exercises (mostly with detailed hints for solutions) accompanying each section. Local reading is well supported by the structure of the book. The book can be recommended for a … wide audience of readers: for graduate and postgraduate students as well as for researchers as a reference work.” (Sergei Platonov, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1173, 2009)“The book under review is a substantial rewriting and extension of the authors’ previous work ‘Representations and Invariants of the Classical Groups’. It is a thorough and comprehensive treatment of the geometry of Lie and algebraic group actions. … More than 350 exercises are presented. This monograph is written with great care and provides an excellent basis for a variety of courses from this field.” (M. Kunzinger, Monatshefte für Mathematik, Vol. 163 (1), May, 2011)“The book will serve as a useful reference for a broad range of mathematicians, as well as physicists seeking a rigorous, systematic development of the representation theory underlying much of modern quantum mechanics. Detailed and careful statements of definitions, theorems, and proofs are provided, as well as over 350 exercises, many of them substantial. … can be used as the basis for graduate-level courses in Lie groups and algebraic groups, representation theory, invariant theory, and a variety of applications.” (Peter J. Olver, SIAM Review, Vol. 53 (3), 2011)“This volume is clearly a labour of love on the part of the authors, who have obviously thought very carefully about the best way to explain and motivate this often sophisticated material. … The authors have taken great pains to make this book a textbook as well as a useful reference. … It should be in the library of every university with a graduate mathematics program, as well as on the shelf of every lecturer teaching, or with research interests in, the material covered here.” (Mark Hunacek, The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 96 (536), July, 2012)Table of ContentsLie Groups and Algebraic Groups.- Structure of Classical Groups.- Highest-Weight Theory.- Algebras and Representations.- Classical Invariant Theory.- Spinors.- Character Formulas.- Branching Laws.- Tensor Representations of GL(V).- Tensor Representations of O(V) and Sp(V).- Algebraic Groups and Homogeneous Spaces.- Representations on Spaces of Regular Functions.

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Book SynopsisFoundations of Differentiable Manifolds and Lie Groups gives a clear, detailed, and careful development of the basic facts on manifold theory and Lie Groups. Coverage includes differentiable manifolds, tensors and differentiable forms, Lie groups and homogenous spaces, and integration on manifolds.Table of Contents1 Manifolds.- 2 Tensors and Differential Forms.- 3 Lie Groups.- 4 Integration on Manifolds.- 5 Sheaves, Cohomology, and the de Rham Theorem.- 6 The Hodge Theorem.- Supplement to the Bibliography.- Index of Notation.

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Book Synopsis1 Groups and Homomorphisms.- Permutations.- Cycles.- Factorization into Disjoint Cycles.- Even and Odd Permutations.- Semigroups.- Groups.- Homomorphisms.- 2 The Isomorphism Theorems.- Subgroups.- Lagrange's Theorem.- Cyclic Groups.- Normal Subgroups.- Quotient Groups.- The Isomorphism Theorems.- Correspondence Theorem.- Direct Products.- 3 Symmetric Groups and G-Sets.- Conjugates.- Symmetric Groups.- The Simplicity of An.- Some Representation Theorems.- G-Sets.- Counting Orbits.- Some Geometry.- 4 The Sylow Theorems.- p-Groups.- The Sylow Theorems.- Groups of Small Order.- 5 Normal Series.- Some Galois Theory.- The Jordan-Hölder Theorem.- Solvable Groups.- Two Theorems of P. Hall.- Central Series and Nilpotent Groups.- p-Groups.- 6 Finite Direct Products.- The Basis Theorem.- The Fundamental Theorem of Finite Abelian Groups.- Canonical Forms; Existence.- Canonical Forms; Uniqueness.- The KrullSchmidt Theorem.- Operator Groups.- 7 Extensions and Cohomology.- The Extension Problem.- Automorphism Groups.- Semidirect Products.- Wreath Products.- Factor Sets.- Theorems of Schur-Zassenhaus and Gaschütz.- Transfer and Burnside's Theorem.- Projective Representations and the Schur Multiplier.- Derivations.- 8 Some Simple Linear Groups.- Finite Fields.- The General Linear Group.- PSL(2, K).- PSL(m, K).- Classical Groups.- 9 Permutations and the Mathieu Groups.- Multiple Transitivity.- Primitive G-Sets.- Simplicity Criteria.- Affine Geometry.- Projective Geometry.- Sharply 3-Transitivc Groups.- Mathieu Groups.- Steiner Systems.- 10 Abelian Groups.- Basics.- Free Abelian Groups.- Finitely Generated Abelian Groups.- Divisible and Reduced Groups.- Torsion Groups.- Subgroups of ?.- Character Groups.- 11 Free Groups and Free Products.- Generators and Relations.- SemigroupInterlude.- Coset Enumeration.- Presentations and the Schur Multiplier.- Fundamental Groups of Complexes.- Tietze's Theorem.- Covering Complexes.- The Nielscn-Schreier Theorem.- Free Products.- The Kurosh Theorem.- The van Kampen Theorem.- Amalgams.- HNN Extensions.- 12 The Word Problem.- Turing Machines.- The MarkovPost Theorem.- The NovikovBooneBritton Theorem: Sufficiency of Boone's Lemma.- Cancellation Diagrams.- The NovikovBooneBritton Theorem: Necessity of Boone's Lemma.- The Higman Imbedding Theorem.- Some Applications.- Epilogue.- Appendix I Some Major Algebraic Systems.- Appendix II Equivalence Relations and Equivalence Classes.- Appendix III Functions.- APPENDIX IV Zorn's Lemma.- APPENDIX V Countability.- APPENDIX VI Commutative Rings.- Notation.Trade ReviewFourth Edition J.J. Rotman An Introduction to the Theory of Groups "Rotman has given us a very readable and valuable text, and has shown us many beautiful vistas along his chosen route."—MATHEMATICAL REVIEWSTable of Contents1 Groups and Homomorphisms.- Permutations.- Cycles.- Factorization into Disjoint Cycles.- Even and Odd Permutations.- Semigroups.- Groups.- Homomorphisms.- 2 The Isomorphism Theorems.- Subgroups.- Lagrange’s Theorem.- Cyclic Groups.- Normal Subgroups.- Quotient Groups.- The Isomorphism Theorems.- Correspondence Theorem.- Direct Products.- 3 Symmetric Groups and G-Sets.- Conjugates.- Symmetric Groups.- The Simplicity of An.- Some Representation Theorems.- G-Sets.- Counting Orbits.- Some Geometry.- 4 The Sylow Theorems.- p-Groups.- The Sylow Theorems.- Groups of Small Order.- 5 Normal Series.- Some Galois Theory.- The Jordan-Hölder Theorem.- Solvable Groups.- Two Theorems of P. Hall.- Central Series and Nilpotent Groups.- p-Groups.- 6 Finite Direct Products.- The Basis Theorem.- The Fundamental Theorem of Finite Abelian Groups.- Canonical Forms; Existence.- Canonical Forms; Uniqueness.- The Krull—Schmidt Theorem.- Operator Groups.- 7 Extensions and Cohomology.- The Extension Problem.- Automorphism Groups.- Semidirect Products.- Wreath Products.- Factor Sets.- Theorems of Schur-Zassenhaus and Gaschütz.- Transfer and Burnside’s Theorem.- Projective Representations and the Schur Multiplier.- Derivations.- 8 Some Simple Linear Groups.- Finite Fields.- The General Linear Group.- PSL(2, K).- PSL(m, K).- Classical Groups.- 9 Permutations and the Mathieu Groups.- Multiple Transitivity.- Primitive G-Sets.- Simplicity Criteria.- Affine Geometry.- Projective Geometry.- Sharply 3-Transitivc Groups.- Mathieu Groups.- Steiner Systems.- 10 Abelian Groups.- Basics.- Free Abelian Groups.- Finitely Generated Abelian Groups.- Divisible and Reduced Groups.- Torsion Groups.- Subgroups of ?.- Character Groups.- 11 Free Groups and Free Products.- Generators and Relations.- Semigroup Interlude.- Coset Enumeration.- Presentations and the Schur Multiplier.- Fundamental Groups of Complexes.- Tietze’s Theorem.- Covering Complexes.- The Nielscn-Schreier Theorem.- Free Products.- The Kurosh Theorem.- The van Kampen Theorem.- Amalgams.- HNN Extensions.- 12 The Word Problem.- Turing Machines.- The Markov—Post Theorem.- The Novikov—Boone—Britton Theorem: Sufficiency of Boone’s Lemma.- Cancellation Diagrams.- The Novikov—Boone—Britton Theorem: Necessity of Boone’s Lemma.- The Higman Imbedding Theorem.- Some Applications.- Epilogue.- Appendix I Some Major Algebraic Systems.- Appendix II Equivalence Relations and Equivalence Classes.- Appendix III Functions.- APPENDIX IV Zorn’s Lemma.- APPENDIX V Countability.- APPENDIX VI Commutative Rings.- Notation.

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