Geology, geomorphology and the lithosphere Books

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Book SynopsisThis richly-illustrated, full-color guide to the geology of Mount Desert Island, Maine, the home of Acadia National Park, makes the spectacular scenery and rich geological history accessible to outdoor explorers, geology enthusiasts, and armchair travelers alike. The Guide grounds readers in basic geologic concepts before chronicling the unique history of the area from 550 million years ago to the present. Including information-packed self-guided trips with stops at 31 points of interest, this book is lavishly illustrated with 100 full color photos, maps, and illustrations that enhance appreciation of this national treasure.Duane and Ruth Braun relate the fascinating story of the region’s formation, explaining how a slice of South America with Mount Desert Island bordering its southern side landed on the edge of North America to form Maine. Another piece of South America collided with this landing, causing Mount Desert Island to erupt violently in a ten mile wide volcanic caldera. The Island then underwent a long period of stream erosion culminating in a period of glacial erosion to form the present landscape. The exceptional scenery that resulted has attracted visitors from around the world. This book unlocks the many secrets of the formations, offering a deeper understanding of the land and its origins.

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Book SynopsisFINALIST for the 2021 Oregon Book Award. Rooted in the Pacific Northwest, the essays in Ruby McConnell’s Ground Truth: A Geological Survey of a Life cover the vast terrain of this region – from volcanoes to city parks, the eroding shorelines along the Oregon coast, badlands, lush forests, and city parks. Combining her background as a registered geologist, McConnell’s essays also weave in personal landscapes composed of grief, loss, and optimism for the future of our environment. "The Pacific Northwest that you see today is the result of forty years of radical changes in the culture and economics of what was once a resource-extraction and agriculture-driven region. They are changes so fundamental in nature and scope...that, for those of us from this place, will always be marked by the cataclysmic eruptions of Mt. St. Helens on May 18, 1980." --Ruby McConnell In this collection of 17 essays, geologist Ruby McConnell opens her part natural history, part memoir-in-essays about the Pacific Northwest with the cataclysmic eruption of Mt. St. Helens in May of 1980. She was two years old. "Everything that I have stood direct witness to since, everything I know about this place, happened after we watched the mountain crumble... I was born to a region digging out." In poignant and wide-ranging essays that include the wondrous annual return of salmon, "the lifeblood of the Pacific Northwest people," to working at an elementary school evaluating soil and wondering how many kids have cancer, Ground Truth is an extended eulogy to a rapidly changing land, population and society awakening to the realities of logging, climate change, land-use and pollution. The book illuminates the central role of landscapes in our ideas of home and self despite the growing disconnect between modern lifestyle and the environment. McConnell's timely and significant work reveals how the landscapes we inhabit can also help us better understand ourselves.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the latest issues in multiscale geomechanics. Written by leading experts in the field as a tribute to Jean Biarez (1927-2006), it can be of great use and interest to researchers and engineers alike. A brief introduction describes how a major school of soil mechanics came into being through the exemplary teaching by one man. Biarez's life-long work consisted of explaining the elementary mechanisms governing soil constituents in order to enhance understanding of the underlying scientific laws which control the behavior of constructible sites and to incorporate these scientific advancements into engineering practices. He innovated a multiscale approach of passing from the discontinuous medium formed by individual grains to an equivalent continuous medium. The first part of the book examines the behavior of soils at the level of their different constituents and at the level of their interaction. Behavior is then treated at the scale of the soil sample. The second part deals with soil mechanics from the vantage point of the construction project. It highlights Biarez's insightful adoption of the Finite Element Codes and illustrates, through numerous construction examples, his methodology and approach based on the general framework he constructed for soil behavior, constantly enriched by comparing in situ measurements with calculated responses of geostructures.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1. Jean Biarez: His Life and Work 1 Jean-Louis BORDES, Jean-Louis FAVRE and Daniel GRIMM 1.1. Early years and arrival in Grenoble 1 1.2. From Grenoble to Paris 4 1.3. The major research interests of Jean Biarez 8 1.4. Research and teaching 9 1.5. Conclusion 13 Chapter 2. From Particle to Material Behavior: the Paths Chartered by Jean Biarez 15 Bernard CAMBOU and Cécile NOUGUIER-LEHON 2.1. Introduction 15 2.2. The available tools, the variables analyzed and limits of the proposed analyses 16 2.3. Analysis of geometric anisotropy 18 2.4. Analysis of the distribution of contact forces in a granular material 21 2.5. Analysis of local arrays 24 2.6. Particle breakage 27 2.7. Conclusion 32 2.8. Bibliography 32 Chapter 3. Granular Materials in Civil Engineering: Recent Advances in the Physics of Their Mechanical Behavior and Applications to Engineering Works 35 Etienne FROSSARD 3.1. Behavior resulting from energy dissipation by friction 37 3.1.1. Introduction 37 3.1.2. Fundamentals 38 3.1.3. Main practical consequences 43 3.1.4. Conclusions 52 3.2. Influence of grain breakage on the behavior of granular materials 53 3.2.1. Introduction to the grain breakage phenomenon 53 3.2.2. Scale effect in shear strength 56 3.3. Practical applications to construction design 63 3.3.1. A new method for rational assessment of rockfill shear strength envelope 63 3.3.2. Incidence of scale effect on rockfill slope stability 65 3.3.3. Scale effects on deformation features 70 3.4. Conclusions 78 3.5. Bibliography 79 Chapter 4. Waste Rock Behavior at High Pressures: Dimensioning High Waste Rock Dumps 83 Edgar BARD, María EUGENIA ANABALÓN and José CAMPAÑA 4.1. Introduction 83 4.2. Development of new laboratory equipment for testing coarse materials 84 4.2.1. Triaxial and oedometric equipment at the IDIEM 85 4.3. Mining rock waste 86 4.3.1. In situ grain size distribution 86 4.3.2. Analyzed waste rock 87 4.4. Characterization of mechanical behavior of the waste rock 88 4.4.1. Oedometric tests 88 4.4.2. Triaxial tests 89 4.4.3. Oedometric test results 90 4.4.4. Triaxial test results 94 4.5. Evolution of density 102 4.6. Stability analysis and design considerations 104 4.7. Operation considerations 106 4.7.1. Basal drainage system 106 4.7.2. Water management 107 4.7.3. Foundation conditions 107 4.7.4. Effects of rain and snow 108 4.7.5. Effects of in situ leaching on waste rock 108 4.7.6. Designing for closure 109 4.8. Conclusions 109 4.9. Acknowledgements 110 4.10. Bibliography 110 Chapter 5. Models by Jean Biarez for the Behavior of Clean Sands and Remolded Clays at Large Strains 113 Jean-Louis FAVRE and Mahdia HATTAB 5.1. Introduction 113 5.2. Biarez’s model for the oedometer test 115 5.3. Perfect plasticity state and critical void ratio 118 5.4. Normally and overconsolidated isotropic loading 122 5.4.1. Analogy between sands and clays 122 5.4.2. Normally consolidated state (ISL) 123 5.4.3. Overconsolidated state (Cs) 124 5.5. The drained triaxial path for sands and clays 126 5.5.1. The reference behavior 126 5.5.2. The mathematical model 127 5.6. The undrained triaxial path for sands 128 5.6.1. Simplified Roscoe formula for undrained consolidated soils 129 5.6.2. Modeling of the maxima under the right M on the plan q – p' 130 5.7. Standard behavior for undrained sands 132 5.7.1. Normalization by the theoretical overconsolidation stress p'iC 132 5.7.2. Perfect plasticity normalization of the curves in the (q – ε1) plane and pore pressure variation 133 5.7.3. Initial stress p'0 normalization in the (q – p) plane 133 5.8. The triaxial behavior of “lumpy” sands 134 5.8.1. “Lump” sands 134 5.8.2. The Roscoe model applied to lump sands 135 5.8.3. Synthesis of several lump sand behaviors 136 5.9. A new model to analyze the oedometer’s path 138 5.9.1. Burland’s model 138 5.9.2. Comparison of models and mixed model 141 5.9.3. Burland’s model in (IL – logσ'v) Biarez’s space 144 5.10. “Destructuration” of clayey sediments 144 5.11. Conclusion 145 5.12. Examples of manuscript notes 147 5.13. Bibliography 149 Chapter 6. The Concept of Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soils 153 Said TAIBI, Jean-Marie FLEUREAU, Sigit HADIWARDOYO, Hanène SOULI and António GOMES CORREIA 6.1. Introduction 153 6.2. Microstructural model for unsaturated porous media 160 6.3. Material and methods 164 6.3.1. Material and preparation of samples 164 6.3.2. Experimental devices and test procedures 165 6.3.3. Normalization of data 170 6.4. Experimental results 171 6.4.1. Isotropic compression paths 171 6.4.2. Deviatoric compression paths 72 6.4.3. Small strain behavior 173 6.5. Interpretation of results using the effective stress concept 174 6.5.1. Interpretation of large strain triaxial tests 175 6.5.2. Interpretation of small strain modulus measurements 176 6.6. Conclusions 177 6.7. Acknowledgements 178 6.8. Bibliography 178 Chapter 7. A Microstructural Model for Soils and Granular Materials 183 Pierre-Yves HICHER 7.1. Introduction 183 7.2. The micro-structural model 185 7.2.1. Inter-particle behavior 186 7.2.2. Stress−strain relationship 189 7.2.3. Model parameters 190 7.3. Results of numerical simulation on Hostun sand 191 7.3.1. Drained triaxial tests 191 7.3.2. Undrained triaxial tests 195 7.4. Model extension to clayey materials 196 7.4.1. Remolded clays 198 7.4.2. Natural clays 200 7.5. Unsaturated granular materials 204 7.6. Summary and conclusion 214 7.7. Bibliography 216 Chapter 8. Modeling Landslides with a Material Instability Criterion 221 Florent PRUNIER, Sylvain LIGNON, Farid LAOUAFA and Félix DARVE 8.1. Introduction 221 8.2. Study of the second-order work criterion 223 8.2.1. Analytical study 223 8.2.2. Physical interpretation 227 8.3. Petacciato landslide modeling 229 8.3.1. Site presentation 229 8.3.2. Description of the model used 231 8.3.3. Landslide computation 234 8.4. Conclusion 238 8.5. Bibliography 240 Chapter 9. Numerical Modeling: An Efficient Tool for Analyzing the Behavior of Constructions 243 Arezou MODARESSI-FARAHMAND-RAZAVI 9.1. Notations 243 9.2. Introduction 247 9.3. Modeling soil behavior 248 9.3.1. Main characteristics of the soil’s mechanical behavior 248 9.3.2. Constitutive models used for computation 253 9.3.3. Simplified model 254 9.3.4. Generalizing the simplified model 262 9.3.5. Mechanical behavior of non-saturated soil 265 9.3.6. Loading/unloading definition in plasticity 272 9.3.7. Multimechanism model 274 9.4. Parameter identification strategy for the ECP model 275 9.4.1. Classification and identification of the ECP model parameters 276 9.4.2. Directly measurable parameters 279 9.4.3. Parameters that are not directly measurable 288 9.4.4. Parameters defining the initial state 290 9.4.5. Application of parameter identification strategy 293 9.5. Influence of constitutive behavior on structural response 299 9.5.1. Retaining walls 299 9.5.2. Vertically loaded piles 304 9.5.3. Earth and rockfill dams 312 9.6. Conclusions 318 9.7. Acknowledgments 319 9.8. Appendix 319 9.9. Bibliography 323 Chapter 10. Evaluating Seismic Stability of Embankment Dams 333 Jean-Jacques FRY 10.1. Introduction 333 10.1.1. A tribute to Jean Biarez 333 10.1.2. Definitions 334 10.2. Observed seismic performance 335 10.2.1. Earthquake performance of gravity dams 335 10.2.2. Earthquake performance of buttress dams 336 10.2.3. Earthquake performance of arch dams 337 10.2.4. Earthquake performance of hydraulic fills 338 10.2.5. Earthquake performance of tailing dams 339 10.2.6. Earthquake performance of road embankments and levees 339 10.2.7. Earthquake performance of river hydroelectric embankments 339 10.2.8. Earthquake performance of small earth dams 340 10.2.9. Earthquake performance of large earth dams 342 10.2.10. Earthquake performance of large zoned dams with rockfill 344 10.2.11. Earthquake performance of concrete face rockfill dams 344 10.2.12. Dynamic performance of physical models 345 10.2.13. Assessment of seismic damage on dams 345 10.2.14. Major seismic damage of large concrete dams 346 10.2.15. Seismic damage of large embankment dams 347 10.2.16. Delayed or indirect consequences of an earthquake 347 10.3. Method for analyzing seismic risk 348 10.3.1. Seismic classification of dams in France 348 10.4. Evaluation of seismic hazard 350 10.4.1. Scenarios for dimensioning a particular situation 350 10.4.2. Choice of seismic levels 350 10.4.3. Choice of the seismic characteristics 351 10.4.4. Choice of accelerographs 352 10.5. Re-evaluation of seismic stability 355 10.5.1. Maximum risk associated with seismic loading: liquefaction 355 10.5.2. A recommended step-by-step methodology 357 10.5.3. Identification 357 10.5.4. Pseudo-static analysis of stability 358 10.5.5. Pseudo-static analysis of displacement 358 10.5.6. Analysis of the liquefaction risk 362 10.5.7. Coupled non-linear analysis 365 10.5.8. Analysis of post-seismic stability 367 10.5.9. Assessment 367 10.6. Semi-coupled modeling of liquefaction 368 10.6.1. Objectives 368 10.6.2. Constitutive model 368 10.6.3. Failure criterion 369 10.6.4. Shear strain law 370 10.6.5. Volumetric strain law: liquefaction 372 10.6.6. Model implementation 373 10.6.7. Model qualification in the case of the San Fernando Dam failure 373 10.6.8. Model application to fluvial dikes 380 10.7. Bibliography 387 List of Authors 393 Index 395

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Book SynopsisVolcanoes of Auckland is a handy field guide to the fiery natural world that so deeply shapes New Zealand's largest city - from Rangitoto to One Tree Hill, Lake Pupuke to Orakei Basin. For tens of thousands of years, volcanoes have profoundly shaped the area's geology and geography. And for hundreds of years, volcanoes have played a key part in the lives of Maori and Pakeha - as sites for pa, kumara gardens or twentieth-century military fortifications, as sources of stone and water, and now as parks and reserves for all to enjoy. In a new format designed for the backpack (and including three newly recognised craters), the field guide features: * an accessible introduction to the science of eruptions, including dating and the next eruption * a history of Maori and Pakeha uses of the volcanoes * an illustrated guide to each of Auckland's 53 volcanoes, including where to go and what to do * aerial photography, maps and historic photographs - over 400 illustrations, 80% of them new. This field guide will help readers engage afresh with the history, geography and geology of Auckland's unique volcanic landscape. How many volcanoes are there? When did they erupt and how do we know? Will there be another eruption in Auckland and, if so, where and when? Will we have sufficient warning to evacuate in time? What is a lava cave, a volcanic bomb or a tuff ring? Why were Auckland's volcanoes such an attraction to early Maori? Why is it that Auckland's freshest water comes out of our volcanoes? This book answers these and many more questions. Volcanoes of Auckland is the essential guide for locals and tourists, school children and scientists, as they climb up Mt Eden or North Head and take in the volcanic landscape that so shapes life in our city.Table of ContentsIntroduction Auckland Volcanic Field How the volcanoes work Wet explosive eruptions Fire-fountaining and fiery explosive eruptions Lava flows Volcanic bombs and projectile blocks Volcanic `hailstones' Lava caves How old is each volcano? Eruptions and sea level Auckland's next eruption? The magma below Auckland Time and place of Auckland's next eruption Monitoring for volcanic activity The next eruption - what to expect DEVORA Auckland Lifelines Group Human interaction with Auckland's volcanoes Maori occupation and use of Auckland's volcanoes Volcanoes as water sources Volcanoes lost and damaged Tupuna Maunga Authority Volcanoes of the Waitemata Harbour and North Shore 1. Rangitoto 2. Motukorea/Browns Island 3. Pupuke Moana/Pupuke Volcano Northcote Road volcanic sequence Takapuna Fossil Forest and Takapuna-Milford Coastal Walk 4. Te Kopua-o-Matakamokamo/Tank Farm/Tuff Crater 5. Te Kopua-o-Matakerepo/Onepoto Basin 6. Maungauika/North Head 7. Takarunga/Mt Victoria 8. Takararo/Mt Cambria Volcanoes of central Auckland 9. Albert Park Volcano 10. Grafton Volcano 11. Pukekawa/Auckland Domain 12. Te Pou Hawaiki 13. Maungawhau/Mt Eden 14. Ohinerangi/Mt Hobson/Ohinerau 15. Te Kopuke/Titikopuke/Mt St John Meola Reef Te Tokaroa 16. Maungakiekie/One Tree Hill Hochstetter Pond and Puka Street Grotto 17. Te Tatua-a-Riukiuta/Three Kings Liverpool Street tuff 18. Puketapapa/Pukewiwi/Mt Roskill 19. Te Ahi-ka-a-Rakataura/Owairaka/Mt Albert 20. Te Hopua-a-Rangi/Gloucester Park 21. Rarotonga/Mt Smart 22. Orakei Basin 23. Maungarahiri/Little Rangitoto Volcanoes of eastern Auckland 24. Whakamuhu/Glover Park/St Heliers 25. Taurere/Taylors Hill 26. Te Tauoma/Purchas Hill 27. Maungarei/Mt Wellington Maungarei Stonefields Reserve and Heritage Trail Waiatarua and Michaels Ave Reserve lava-flowdammed lake and swamp 28. Te Kopua Kai-a-Hiku/Panmure Basin 29. Ohuiarangi/Pigeon Mountain East Tamaki volcanoes 30. Styaks Swamp Crater 31. Matanginui/Green Mount 32. Te Puke-o-Taramainuku/Otara Hill 33. Hampton Park Volcano 34. Pukewairiki/Highbrook Park 35. Te Apunga-o-Tainui/McLennan Hills 36. Otahuhu/Mt Richmond 37. Mt Robertson/Sturges Park Volcanoes of southern Auckland 38. Boggust Park Crater 39. Te Pane-o-Mataaho/Mangere Mountain Kiwi Esplanade pahoehoe flows Ambury Regional Park lava flows 40. Mangere Lagoon 41. Te Motu-a-Hiaroa/Puketutu 42. Moerangi/Waitomokia/Mt Gabriel 43. Puketapapakanga-a-Hape/Pukeiti 44. Otuataua 45. Maungataketake/Elletts Mountain Ihumatao Fossil Forest 46. Te Pukaki Tapu-o-Poutukeka/Pukaki Lagoon 47. Crater Hill 48. Kohuora Crater 49. Cemetery Crater 50. Ash Hill Crater 51. Te Manurewa-o-Tamapahore/Matukutururu/Wiri Mountain Wiri Lava Cave 52. Matukutureia/McLaughlins Mountain 53. Puhinui Craters Historic basalt buildings of Auckland Glossary Select bibliography Acknowledgments Index

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Book SynopsisPart natural history, part poetry, Mountains of the Heart is full of hidden gems and less traveled parts of the Appalachian Mountains Stretching almost unbroken from Alabama to Belle Isle, Newfoundland, the Appalachians are one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world. In Mountains of the Heart, renowned author and avid naturalist Scott Weidensaul shows how geology, ecology, climate, evolution, and 500 million years of history have shaped one of the continent's greatest landscapes into an ecosystem of unmatched beauty. This edition celebrates the book's 20th anniversary of publication and includes a new foreword from the author.Trade Review"Naturalist Weidensaul has written a wonderful natural and ecological history of the Appalachian Mountain range, from its southern origins in Alabama to its terminus off Newfoundland at Belle Isle. Weidensaul's theme is change as he traces the mountains' geological origins from the Ice Ages through the incredible diversity and richness of pre-Columbian and Colonial days on up to the modern era. . . . The strength of this book lies in the wonders Weidensaul finds in this familiar wildernessin the lives of darters and mussels and the mystery of the forest bison. For all libraries in or near the region and an excellent choice for comprehensive natural history collections elsewhere." Beth Clewis, Library Journal"A fine, literate ramble along the ridges and valleys of the great spine of the Appalachians. Weidensaul has produced a thoughtful accounting of ancient mountains, of vast, continental clashes, tiny, exquisite wildflowers, obscure salamanders, woodrats, moose, elk, bears and coyotes. A good read, even for those already familiar with the rich flora and fauna of the regionhis sense of wildness pervades." John H. Mitchell, author , Ceremonial Time" Scott Weidensaul's mastery of language and nature, his ability to notice, catch and distill fragments of beauty missed by others, makes this the sort of book yearned for by all who cherish wild things and wild places. As that beauty fades from our beloved Appalachians, Mountains of the Heart can provide us with inspiration and information to act." Ted Williams, Audubon Magazine

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Book Synopsis

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