Geochemistry Books

Book SynopsisDr Ronald L. Bonewitz has more than 50 years' experience as a geologist, prospector, miner, and gem cutter, and is able to provide a unique and wide-ranging perspective on the subject.

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Book SynopsisEcotoxicology offers a comprehensive overview of the science underpinning the recognition and management of environmental contamination. It describes the toxicology of environmental contaminants, the methods used for assessing their toxicity and ecological impacts, and approaches employed to mitigate pollution and ecological health risks globally. Chapters cover the latest advances in research, including genomics, natural toxins, endocrine disruption and the toxicology of radioactive substances. The second half of the book focuses on applications, such as cradle-to-grave effects of selected industries, legal and economic approaches to environmental regulation, ecological risk assessment, and contaminated site remediation. With short capsules written by invited experts, numerous case studies from around the world and further reading lists, this textbook is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate one-semester courses. It is also a valuable reference for graduate students and professionals. Online resources for instructors and students are also available.Table of ContentsPreamble; Preface; Part I. Approaches and Methods: 1. The history and emergence of ecotoxicology as a science Pamela Welbourn and Peter V. Hodson; 2. Measuring toxicity Peter V. Hodson and David A. Wright; 3. Contaminant uptake and bioaccumulation: mechanisms, kinetics and modelling Peter G. C. Campbell, Peter V. Hodson, Pamela M. Welbourn, David A. Wright; 4. Methods in ecotoxicology Peter. V. Hodson and David W. Wright; 5 Ecotoxicogenomics Valérie S. Langlois and Christopher J. Martyniuk; Part II. Toxicology of Individual Substances: 6. Metals and metalloids Peter G. C. Campbell, Pamela M. Welbourn and Christopher D. Metcalfe; 7. Organic compounds Christopher D. Metcalfe, David A. Wright, Peter V. Hodson; 8. Endocrine disrupting chemicals Christopher D. Metcalfe, Christopher J. Martyniuk, Valérie S. Langlois, and David A. Wright; 9. Natural toxins David A. Wright and Pamela M. Welbourn; 10. Ionising radiation Louise Winn; Part III. Complex Issues: 11. Complex issues, multiple stressors and lessons learned Pamela M. Welbourn, Peter G. C. Campbell, Peter V. Hodson and Christopher D. Metcalfe) 12. Regulatory toxicology and ecological risk assessment Peter V. Hodson, Pamela Welbourn and Peter G. C. Campbell; 13. Recovery of contaminated sites Pamela M. Welbourn and Peter V. Hodson; 14. Emerging concerns and future visions David A. Wright and Peter G. C. Campbell; Index.

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Book SynopsisCould the race to de-carbonize our energy systems be leading us closer to environmental disaster?Why did biology choose carbon, in a variety of compounds, as its energy carrier and storage substance? From the smallest life forms, through multicellular organisms, and up to whole ecosystems, this economy of carbon compounds is fundamentally sustainable. Yet today, many are working to expunge carbon-based energy carriers from human economies, replacing them with solutions based on other elements and minerals. In The Decarbonization Delusion, independent scientist and writer Andrew Moore shows that the race to decarbonize is leading us further down the road to environmental degradation. Instead of banishing carbon, Moore argues that we should look to life on Earth, which has used carbon in highly sustainable ways for 3.5 billion years, as a model for how humans can use carbon sustainably.The Decarbonization Delusion begins by discussing carbon''s role in the inception of the universe and iTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Foreword Chapter 1: What carbon "does" in the universe - From the first stars to life on Earth Chapter 2: The carbon economy of nutrition and food production - Getting out of control in most respects Chapter 3: Sources and sinks - Where carbon compounds accumulate on Earth, and what they do there Chapter 4: Fuels, efficiency, and emissions - Understanding carbon-based energy carriers in the larger picture of sustainability Chapter 5: The call to "decarbonize" - Public perception, hard-to-abate carbon-positives, and hard-to-achieve carbon-negatives Chapter 6: Decarbonizing the car - Trading off CO2 against larger environmental problems? Chapter 7: A carbonaceous, biology-inspired recipe for sensible and environmentally-conscious energy economies List of figures References Index of topics

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Book SynopsisChemical processes shape the world we live in; the air we breathe, the water we drink, the weather we experience. Environmental Chemistry: a global perspective describes those chemical principles which underpin the natural processes occurring within and between the air, water, and soil, and explores how human activities impact on these processes, giving rise to environmental issues of global concern. Guiding us through the chemical composition of the three key environmental systems - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and terrestrial environment - the authors explain the chemical processes which occur within and between each system. Focusing on general principles, we are introduced to the essential chemical concepts which allow better understanding of air, water, and soil and how they behave; careful explanations ensure that clarity is not sacrificed at the expense of thorough coverage of the underlying chemistry. We then see how human activity continues to affect the chemical behaviour of these environmental systems, and what the consequences of these natural processes being disturbed can be. Environmental Chemistry: a global perspective takes chemistry out of the laboratory, and shows us its importance in the world around us. With illuminating examples from around the globe, its rich pedagogy, and broad, carefully structured coverage, this book is the perfect resource for any environmental chemistry student wishing to develop a thorough understanding of their subject.Trade ReviewThe book is well written and clear to understand. Unlike its competitors, it makes the complex simple. * Matthew-John Tully, student, University of Bangor *I enjoyed reading Environmental Chemistry and I feel that it was very helpful in aiding my understanding of the subject. It includes many worked examples with explanations and clear diagrams. * Xinci Koh, student, University of Durham *This text gives a thorough treatment of all aspects of environmental chemistry. I particularly liked the inclusion of the more probing Fermi questions that require integration of the material with concepts and ideas beyond the text and lead to some very interesting results! * Patrick Boaler, student, University of York *Environmental Chemistry is a comprehensive and up-to-date guide to the chemistry of the Earths atmosphere and environment. The authors provide clear graphs and diagrams throughout to explain the text in a concise manner. Throughout, the theory is supported strongly with data, research and calculations. * Adam Stubbs, student, Newcastle University *Table of ContentsPART A: THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE; PART B: THE HYDROSPHERE; PART C: THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT; APPENDICES

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Book SynopsisDespite advanced technology, the practice of water witching - using a forked stick to indicate an underground source of water - persists in both rural and urban areas. This work gives personal accounts, historical background and data from controlled experiments and a nationwide survey.

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Book SynopsisIntended for undergraduate and graduate geologists, this book focuses on how geochemical principles can be used to solve practical problems. It gives students a grasp of the basic principles of the subject, balancing the traditional equilibrium perspective and the kinetic viewpoint.Trade ReviewI would happily recommend this book as a wide-ranging introduction to the subject. -- Mike Fowler Geological MagazineTable of ContentsPreface 1. Introducing Concepts in Geochemical Systems 2. How Elements Behave 3. A First Look at Thermodynamic Equilibrium 4. How to Handle Solutions 5. Diageneis: A Study in Kinetics 6. Organic Matter and Biomarkers: A Different Perspective 7. Chemical Weathering: Dissolution and Redox Processes 8. The Oceans and Atmosphere as a Geochemical System 9. Temperature and Pressure Changes: Themodynamics Again 10. Picturing Equilibria: Phase Diagrams 11. Kinetics and Crystallization 12. The Solid Earth as a Geochemical System 13. Using Stable Isotopes 14. Using Radioactive Isotopes 15. Stretching Our Horizons: Cosmochemistry Appendix A: Mathematical Methods Appendix B: Finding and Evaluating Geochemical Data Appendix C: Numerical Values of Geochemical Interest Glossary Index

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Book SynopsisChoice Recommended Title, August 2019 Read an exclusive interview with Professor Vera Kolb here.Astrobiology is the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life on Earth. This exciting and significant field of research also investigates the potential existence and search for extra-terrestrial life in the Solar System and beyond.This is the first handbook in this burgeoning and interdisciplinary field. Edited by Vera Kolb, a highly respected astrobiologist, this comprehensive resource captures the history and current state of the field. Rich in information and easy to use, it assumes basic knowledge and provides answers to questions from practitioners and specialists in the field, as well as providing key references for further study.Features:Trade Review"Astrobiology fuses research from many different fields to address questions about life in the universe. Thus, practitioners need to be familiar with research in a diverse set of fields of study. Kolb (Univ. of Wisconsin, Parkside) has gathered experts to review various facets of the field. Handbook of Astrobiology, contains extensive reviews grouped into 12 sections and 54 chapters. In addition to many reviews of studies of the definition of life, the origin of life, and the nature of and evolution of planets, this work includes discussions of education and public outreach and a roadmap for future work in the field from NASA and the European Space Agency. It is an unusually comprehensive volume, which achieves its goal of providing an overview of modern astrobiology. Many of the chapters do an excellent job of reviewing one subfield of astrobiology.Summing Up: Recommended. Advanced undergraduates through faculty and professionals."—C. Palma, Pennsylvania State University, in CHOICE, August 2019"The Handbook of Astrobiology is a comprehensive collection of articles and reviews penned by some of the leading experts in the field. This book provides an in-depth survey of the current status of Astrobiology, through the various fields it encompasses. Spanning various topics related to life, its origins on earth and beyond, and the search for life elsewhere, the handbook’s layout is very logical and is strengthened by the systematic approach to each topic. The chapter on education and outreach activities relating to Astrobiology is well integrated into the flow and narrative of the handbook. It is an enjoyable read and will be a very good and handy reference for Astrobiology novices and enthusiasts alike."—Professor Ramanarayanan Krishnamurthy, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA"I have been involved in NASA’s efforts in exobiology and astrobiology in one way or the other since 1986, when I was handed NASA’s portfolio and asked to invest wisely and grow it, accordingly. The field was already broadly inter- and multi-disciplinary and a bit daunting as a result, but my work would have been made much easier if there had been an introduction and reference as carefully assembled as Vera Kolb’s Handbook of Astrobiology. It is clearly a work of great scholarship and Vera’s strong affection for the field and her evident command of its breadth have resulted in a highly valuable reference that will serve as a point of departure for much good work and scientific reflection in the future.I particularly like Professor Kolb’s selection of a broad spectrum of experts who represent both long-time astrobiology practitioners and more recent contributors who bring with them fresh perspectives and a remarkable energy that drives the field forward with new discoveries.In astrobiology’s future, I would hope that Professor Kolb’s and her contributing authors will have a regular opportunity to meet, compare results, and plot out scientific strategies to continue the field’s successes. Whether, and how often, those meetings take place in the future is not known, but those authors are all meeting, now, in the pages of Vera’s excellent handbook."— John D. Rummel, PhD, Senior Scientist, SETI Institute and formerly Senior Scientist for Astrobiology, NASA Headquarters (2006-2008) and Exobiology Program Manager and Discipline Scientist, NASA Headquarters (1986-1993)"A handbook on astrobiology has been sorely needed for a while now, and who is better to take on such a daunting task than Vera Kolb who received direct training from three other giants in the field, Leslie Orgel, Stanley Miller, and Joseph Lambert…It is here that multiple award winning Kolb has made her indelible mark on the field, which makes her an all-in-one embodiment of these important astrobiological schools…The number of expert scholars that Kolb has been able to recruit results in a staggering 800-page long summery of what hardworking chemically and mathematically gifted scientists like her know on how life evolved on and possibly outside of earth. The anthology contains 54 contributions that are divided into twelve sections that contain the different chapters…Each one of the contributing scientists demonstrates the mind-blowing advances that have been made in the different subbranches of astrobiology and how the multidisciplinary field has developed into the mature science that it is today…It additionally contains important science philosophical, historical, educational, and even ethical sections on how to define the field of astrobiology and how to educate future astrobiologists.. I can most certainly and very warmly recommend the reading of this volume and I would recommend libraries worldwide to stack up on their copies."—Nathalie Gontier in Science & Education Journal (Springer, March 2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-021-00223-0"Astrobiology fuses research from many different fields to address questions about life in the universe. Thus, practitioners need to be familiar with research in a diverse set of fields of study. Kolb (Univ. of Wisconsin, Parkside) has gathered experts to review various facets of the field. Handbook of Astrobiology, contains extensive reviews grouped into 12 sections and 54 chapters. In addition to many reviews of studies of the definition of life, the origin of life, and the nature of and evolution of planets, this work includes discussions of education and public outreach and a roadmap for future work in the field from NASA and the European Space Agency. It is an unusually comprehensive volume, which achieves its goal of providing an overview of modern astrobiology. Many of the chapters do an excellent job of reviewing one subfield of astrobiology.Summing Up: Recommended. Advanced undergraduates through faculty and professionals."—C. Palma, Pennsylvania State University, in CHOICE, August 2019"The Handbook of Astrobiology is a comprehensive collection of articles and reviews penned by some of the leading experts in the field. This book provides an in-depth survey of the current status of Astrobiology, through the various fields it encompasses. Spanning various topics related to life, its origins on earth and beyond, and the search for life elsewhere, the handbook’s layout is very logical and is strengthened by the systematic approach to each topic. The chapter on education and outreach activities relating to Astrobiology is well integrated into the flow and narrative of the handbook. It is an enjoyable read and will be a very good and handy reference for Astrobiology novices and enthusiasts alike."—Professor Ramanarayanan Krishnamurthy, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA"I have been involved in NASA’s efforts in exobiology and astrobiology in one way or the other since 1986, when I was handed NASA’s portfolio and asked to invest wisely and grow it, accordingly. The field was already broadly inter- and multi-disciplinary and a bit daunting as a result, but my work would have been made much easier if there had been an introduction and reference as carefully assembled as Vera Kolb’s Handbook of Astrobiology. It is clearly a work of great scholarship and Vera’s strong affection for the field and her evident command of its breadth have resulted in a highly valuable reference that will serve as a point of departure for much good work and scientific reflection in the future.I particularly like Professor Kolb’s selection of a broad spectrum of experts who represent both long-time astrobiology practitioners and more recent contributors who bring with them fresh perspectives and a remarkable energy that drives the field forward with new discoveries.In astrobiology’s future, I would hope that Professor Kolb’s and her contributing authors will have a regular opportunity to meet, compare results, and plot out scientific strategies to continue the field’s successes. Whether, and how often, those meetings take place in the future is not known, but those authors are all meeting, now, in the pages of Vera’s excellent handbook."— John D. Rummel, PhD, Senior Scientist, SETI Institute and formerly Senior Scientist for Astrobiology, NASA Headquarters (2006-2008) and Exobiology Program Manager and Discipline Scientist, NASA Headquarters (1986-1993)"A handbook on astrobiology has been sorely needed for a while now, and who is better to take on such a daunting task than Vera Kolb who received direct training from three other giants in the field, Leslie Orgel, Stanley Miller, and Joseph Lambert…It is here that multiple award winning Kolb has made her indelible mark on the field, which makes her an all-in-one embodiment of these important astrobiological schools…The number of expert scholars that Kolb has been able to recruit results in a staggering 800-page long summery of what hardworking chemically and mathematically gifted scientists like her know on how life evolved on and possibly outside of earth. The anthology contains 54 contributions that are divided into twelve sections that contain the different chapters…Each one of the contributing scientists demonstrates the mind-blowing advances that have been made in the different subbranches of astrobiology and how the multidisciplinary field has developed into the mature science that it is today…It additionally contains important science philosophical, historical, educational, and even ethical sections on how to define the field of astrobiology and how to educate future astrobiologists.. I can most certainly and very warmly recommend the reading of this volume and I would recommend libraries worldwide to stack up on their copies."—Nathalie Gontier in Science & Education Journal (Springer, March 2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-021-00223-0

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Book SynopsisMagmatism and Global Tectonic Processes.- Relation of present-day magmatism to global tectonic processes.- Geochemical characteristics of igneous rocks as petrogenetic indicators.- Partial melting processes in the Earth's upper mantle.- Processes which modify the composition of primary magmas.- Magmatism at Constructive Plate Margins.- Mid-ocean ridges.- Magmatism at Destructive Plate Margins.- Island arcs.- Active Continental Margins.- Back-arc Basins.- Magmatism within Plates.- Oceanic islands.- Continental Tholeiitic Flood Basalt Provinces.- Continental Rift Zone Magmatism.- Potassic Magmatism within Continental Plates.Table of ContentsMagmatism and Global Tectonic Processes.- Relation of present-day magmatism to global tectonic processes.- Geochemical characteristics of igneous rocks as petrogenetic indicators.- Partial melting processes in the Earth’s upper mantle.- Processes which modify the composition of primary magmas.- Magmatism at Constructive Plate Margins.- Mid-ocean ridges.- Magmatism at Destructive Plate Margins.- Island arcs.- Active Continental Margins.- Back-arc Basins.- Magmatism within Plates.- Oceanic islands.- Continental Tholeiitic Flood Basalt Provinces.- Continental Rift Zone Magmatism.- Potassic Magmatism within Continental Plates.

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Book SynopsisThe congress Arsenic in the Environment offers an international, multi- and interdisciplinary discussion platform for arsenic research aimed at short-term solutions of problems with considerable social impact, rather than only focusing on cutting edge and breakthrough research in physical, chemical, toxicological, medical and other specific issues on arsenic on a broader environmental realm. The congress Arsenic in the Environment was first organized in Mexico City (As 2006 ) followed by As 2008 in Valencia, Spain. The Third International Congress As 2010 was held in Tainan, Taiwan from May 17-21, 2010 entitled: Arsenic in Geosphere and Human Diseases. The session topics comprised: 1. Geology + hydrogeology of arsenic; 2. Ecological effects: Arsenic in soils, plants and food chain; 3. Marine + terrestrial biota; 4. Health effects on humans: Epidemiology + biomarkers; 5. Toxicological effects; 6. Assessment and remediation; 7. Analytical methods.Hosting this congress in Taiwan was especially relevant, because the endemic Blackfoot Disease, related to the arsenic uptake from drinking water supplied by artesian wells, was discovered here half a century ago. Since then Taiwan has become an important region specializing in arsenic research. This volume presents the extended abstracts of the congress and will give the latest state of the art knowledge based on current research performed by the global scientific community.Table of ContentsSection I: Geology, hydrology, and hydrogeology of arsenic Section II: Ecological effects: Arsenic in soils, plants and food chain cycleSection III: Arsenic in marine and terrestrial ecosystems Section IV: Health effects on humans, epidemiology, biomarkers and risk assessments Section V: Toxicological effects: Animal models Section VI: Assessment and remediation of arsenic contaminated groundwater and land environments, policy and protection Section VII: Analytical methods for arsenic Section S1: Special Topic 1: Arsenic in Latin America – A forgotten continent Section S2: Special Topic 2: The geochemistry and microbiology of arsenic and humic substances in aquifers of the Blackfoot Disease area, southwestern Taiwan Section S3: Special Topic 3: Arsenic in rice – Advances and challenges to minimizing hazard

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPlenary Presentations. Section 1: Geology and Hydrogeology of Arsenic 1.1 Geogenic and Anthropogenic Sources of Arsenic: Significance and Characterisation. 1.2 Hydrogeolocial / Sedimentological Control on Arsenic Distribution / Heterogeneity. 1.3 Mobility and Transport of Arsenic (Geochemical Modelling, Environmental Fate and Risk Assessment) Section 2: Medical and Health Issues of Arsenic 2.1 Chronic Arsenic Effects and Epidemiological Studies. 2.2 Recent Advances in Arsenic Toxicology/Biochemistry and Food Web Transfer Section 3: Remediation and Policy 3.1 Arsenic in Soils, Plants and Food Chain: Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility, Uptake and Toxicity. 3.2 Remediation and Water Treatment. 3.3 Risk Assessment and Management of Environmental Arsenic Section 4: Analytical Methods for Arsenic 4.1 Analysis: Recent Advances and ChallengersSection S1: Special Topic 1: Risk Assessment of Arsenic from Mining. Section S2: Special Topic 2: Geomicrobiology of Arsenic. Section S3: Special Topic 3: Geothermal Arsenic. Section S4: Special Topic 4: Rice Arsenic and Health Perspective. Section S5: Special Topic 5: Sustainable Mitigation of Arsenic: From Field Trials to Policy Implications. Section S6: Special Topic 6: Biochemical Processes of High Arsenic Groundwater in Inland Basins

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a categorized and visualized overview and presents microscopic observations, systematic mineralogy, chemistry, geology, stability, paragenesis, occurrence and use in petrology of 137 minerals. Structural formula calculations are included in the appendix. Consists of a set of book and downloadable resources for students and practically-oriented researchers and professionals in geology, geological, mining, and mineral resources engineering who need a reference of mineralogy, applied to petrology.The downloadable resources contain 384 color plates with mineral microscopic visuals under various circumstances.Table of ContentsUse of the CD –ROM1. Rocks and minerals2. Observations with the Petrographic Microscope3. Systematic mineralogy3-1. Major tectosilicates: quartz – feldspars – feldspathoids3-2. Major ferro-magnesians minerals : micas, chlorites, amphiboles, pyroxenes, olivines3-3. Aluminous minerals3-4. Calcic, magnesian and calc-magnesian minerals3-5. Accessory minerals3-6. Minerals of sedimentary rocks and alteritesAppendix - Calculation of the structural formula of a mineralA selection of booksReferences bibliographiquesSites webIndex

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Book SynopsisProvides an introduction to the chemistry of the solid-water interface, progressing from the simple to more complex and applied. Discusses the important interfaces in natural systems, especially geochemistry, in natural waters, soils and sediments. The processes occurring at mineral-water, particle-water and organism-water interfaces play critical roles in regulating the composition and ecology of oceans and fresh waters, the development of soils and plant nutrient''s supply, preserving the integrity of water repositories and in such applications as water technology and corrosion science.Table of ContentsThe Coordination Chemistry of the Hydrous Oxide-WaterInterface. Surface Charge and the Electric Double Layer. Adsorption. The Kinetics of Surface Controlled Dissolution of Oxide Minerals:An Introduction to Weathering. Precipitation and Nucleation. Particle-Particle Interaction. Carbonates and Their Reactivities. Redox Processes Mediated by Surfaces. Heterogeneous Photochemistry. Regulation of Trace Elements by the Solid-Water Interface inSurface Waters. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of The Biomarker Guide is a fully updated and expanded version of this essential reference. Now in two volumes, it provides a comprehensive account of the role that biomarker technology plays both in petroleum exploration and in understanding Earth history and processes. Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum Exploration and Earth History itemizes parameters used to genetically correlate petroleum and interpret thermal maturity and extent of biodegradation. It documents most known petroleum systems by geologic age throughout Earth history. The Biomarker Guide is an invaluable resource for geologists, petroleum geochemists, biogeochemists, and environmental scientists.Trade Review'The authors have clearly and thoroughly explained the widespread application of biomarkers in the exploration and production of petroleum. No other book shows these organic markers so clearly as a useful tool for the operating geologist, the reservoir engineer, and professors and their students who work in the petroleum field.' John M. Hunt, Petroleum Geochemist, 1982 Alfred Treibs Medalist, author of Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology (1996)'The updated and expanded Biomarker Guide, 2nd Edition has the quality and depth to become the 'scientific bible'for a diverse audience of experts and newcomers in this interdisciplinary field of science, ranging from geologists and archaeologists to environmental scientists, microbiologists, and chemists.' Dietrich H. Welte, Organic Geochemist, 1983 Alfred Treibs Medalist, co-author of Petroleum Formation and Occurrence (1984)'The 2nd Edition of The Biomarker Guide contains the most comprehensive discussion of the world's petroleum systems available. It is a 'must have' for all petroleum geologists and students of subsurface fluid systems.' Leslie B. Magoon, Petroleum Systems Analyst, recipient as co-editor of the R.H. Dott Sr. Memorial Award for AAPG Memoir 60 The Petroleum System - From Source to Trap'The Biomarker Guide 1st Edition has been an indispensable reference for virtually all organic geochemists for the past ten years. I use it constantly and eagerly await my copy of the revised and extended 2nd Edition. It will certainly remain the standard reference for my classes and laboratory.' Roger E. Summons, Biogeochemist, 2003 Alfred Treibs Medalist, Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology'The 2nd Edition is an excellent synthesis of biomarker and isotopic geochemistry in petroleum research with a greatly expanded treatment of applications to environmental issues, the latter filling what has hitherto been a significant gap in the literature. This two-volume set will be an important resource for graduate teaching.' Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Isotope Geochemist, University of Toronto, profiled in TIME magazine's Leaders of the 21st Century for research on tracing organic contaminants in groundwaterPraise for first edition: 'The authors should be congratulated for compiling and publishing this important and useful guide.' Raphael Ikan, Organic GeochemistryPraise for first edition: 'This book will rapidly become the standard in the field … required reading for anyone interested in understanding biomarkers and their application in petroleum geology.' Joseph A. Curiale, American Association of Petroleum GeologistsPraise for the first edition: 'The book is a must for any geological research library, and certainly a necessary reference for petroleum research.' William D. Bischoff, Carbonates and EvaporitesTable of ContentsAbout the authors; Preface; Purpose; Acknowledgements; Part II. Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum Systems and Earth History: 12. Geochemical correlation and chemometrics; 13. Source- and age-related biomarker parameters; 14. Maturity-related biomarker parameters; 15. Non-biomarker maturity parameters; 16. Biodegradation parameters; 17. Tectonic and biotic history of the Earth; 18. Petroleum systems through time; 19. Problem areas and further work; Appendix: geologic time charts; Glossary; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisFully updated and expanded, this new edition provides students with an accessible introduction to marine chemistry. It highlights geochemical interactions between the ocean, solid earth, atmosphere and climate, enabling students to appreciate the interconnectedness of Earth's processes and systems and elucidates the huge variations in the oceans' chemical environment, from surface waters to deep water. Written in a clear, engaging way, the book provides students in oceanography, marine chemistry and biogeochemistry with the fundamental tools they need for a strong understanding of ocean chemistry. Appendices present information on seawater properties, key equations and constants for calculating oceanographic processes. New to this edition are end-of-chapter problems for students to put theory into practice, summaries to allow easy review of material and a comprehensive glossary. Supporting online resources include solutions to problems and figures from the book.Trade Review'… an excellent overview of the field of marine chemistry … The extensive appendixes provide useful basic information on diverse subjects. High[ly] recommended.' M. W. Han, Choice'This second edition is a welcome updating of Pilson's classic text. The book treats the broad range of aspects of marine chemistry for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, but even seasoned researchers will find it a valuable resource. The inclusion of a historical perspective throughout the book is particularly useful.' J. Kirk Cochran, Stony Brook University'Contains an enormous wealth of information, presenting marine chemistry in a way that even non-chemists will be able to grasp. Pilson has taken great care to explain the basics as well as the state of the art. It is a book that any marine scientist (from undergraduate through to professor) will benefit from having close to hand.' David Thomas, Bangor University, Marine Research Centre, Helsinki, and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University'This book is unique and clearly presented: not just a textbook for courses on ocean chemistry, but definitely a great reference book for coastal ecosystems and freshwater bodies as well.' Yushun Chen, University of Arkansas'This new edition of Pilson's classic textbook has been brought up to date with regard to the latest analytical techniques and scientific insights of modern marine chemistry. With its broad scope and light narrative style it will likely remain the foundation of many excellent graduate and advanced undergraduate courses for years to come.' Johan Schijf, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science and Chesapeake Biological Laboratory'… offers a comprehensive and accessible foundation for studying the chemistry of the sea, and it likely will become a standard textbook for introductory chemical oceanography courses, as well as a valuable resource for anyone interested in the topic. Pilson has succeeded in his hope to provide an 'overview of the whole field of marine chemistry' that 'will be helpful to all who care to know something of the marine world'.' Ana Aguilar-Islas, OceanographyTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; 2. The water in seawater; 3. Salinity, chlorinity, conductivity, and density; 4. Major constituents of seawater; 5. Simple gases; 6. Salts in solution; 7. Carbon dioxide; 8. Nutrients; 9. Trace metals and other minor elements; 10. Radioactive clocks; 11. Organic matter in the sea; 12. Anoxic marine environments; 13. Exchanges at the boundaries; 14. Chemical extraction of useful substances from the sea; 15. Geochemical history of the oceans; Appendix A. The chemical elements; Appendix B. Symbols, units, and nomenclature; Appendix C. Physical properties of seawater; Appendix D. Gases; Appendix E. Carbon dioxide; Appendix F. Dissociation constants and pH scales; Appendix G. Solubility of calcium carbonate; Appendix H. Effects of pressure; Appendix I. Radioactive decay; Appendix J. Geochemical reservoirs, and some rates; Appendix K. Sound absorption; Glossary; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisCarbonate cements are very common and abundant in clastic sequences. They profoundly influence the quality of hydrocarbon reservoirs and supply important information on palaeoenvironments and the chemical composition and flow patterns of fluids in sedimentary basins. Despite this importance, their distribution patterns in time and space and their geochemical evolution are not yet deeply explored and elucidated. This Special Publication contains 21 review papers and case studies on carbonate cementation in clastic sequences written by invited specialists on the subject. These papers present a wide and deep coverage that enhance our knowledge about carbonate cementation in various clastic depositional environments, tectonic settings and burial histories. The book will be of special interest to researchers, petroleum geologists and teachers and students at the postgraduate level. If you are a member of the International Association of Sedimentologists, for purchasing details,Trade Review"This volume gives a good overview of the "state of the art" in sandstone diagenesis. It should be a useful text for researchers dealing with sandstone diagenesis." (Journal of Sedimentary Research)Table of ContentsCarbonate cementation in sandstones: controls on distribution patterns and geochemical evolution. Origin and spatial distribution of early vadose and phreatic calcite cements in the Zia Formation, Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico, USA. Carbonate diagenesis and porosity evolution in sheet-flood sandstones: evidence from the Middle and Lower Lunde Members (Triassic) in the Snorre Field, Norwegian North Sea. Carbonate diagenesis in non-marine foreland sandstones at the western edge of the Alleghanian Overthrust Belt, southern Appalachians. Paleogeographic, paleoclimatic and burial-history controls on the diagenetic evolution of reservoir sandstones: evidence from the Lower Cretaceous Serraria sandstones in Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, NE Brazil. Carbonate cements in the Tertiary sandstones of the Swiss Molasse Basin: their petrography, isotope geochemistry and relevance to paleohydrodynamic reconstruction. Carbonate cement in the Triassic Chaunoy Formation of the Paris Basin: distribution and effect on flow properties. Calcite cement in shallow marine sandstones-growth mechanisms and geometry. Origin of low-permeability calcite-cemented lenses in shallow-marine sandstones and CaCO3 cementation mechanisms: an example from the Lower Jurassic Luxemburg Sandstone Formation, Luxemburg. Geochemical history of calcite precipitation in Tertiary sandstones, Northern Apennines, Italy. Diagenetic evolution of synorogenic hybrid and lithic arenites (Miocene), northern Apennines, Italy. Carbonate cementation in Tertiary sandstones, San Joaquin Basin, California. Carbonate cementation in the Middle Jurassic Oseberg reservoir sandstones, Oseberg field: a case study of late diagenetic-high temperature poikilotopic calcite. Origin and timing of carbonate cementation of the Namorado Sandstone (Cretaceous), Albacora Field, Brazil: implications for oil recovery. Structural controls on seismic-scale carbonate cementation in hydrocarbon-bearing Jurassic fluvial and marine sandstones from Australia: a comparison. Carbonate cementation - key to reservoir properties of four sandstone level (Cretaceous) in Hibernia Oilfield, Jeane d'Arc Basin, Newfoundland, Canada. The significance of d13C of carbonate cements in reservoir sandstones: a regional perspective from the Jurassic of the Northern North Sea. Origin and significance of fracture-related dolomite in porous sandstones: an example from the Carboniferous of County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Saddle (baroque) dolomite in carbonates and sandstones: a reappraisal of a burial-diagenetic concept. Application of quantitative back-scattered electron image analysis in isotopic interpretation of siderite cement: Tirrawarra Sandstone, Cooper Basin (Australia). Carbonate cement dissolution during a cyclic CO2 enhanced oil recovery treatment.

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Book SynopsisDiscusses the major elements of the geochemical cycles and global fluxes found in the atmosphere, land, lakes, rivers, biota, and oceans, as well as the human effects on these fluxes. This book offers presentation of major advances in the study of chemical weathering. It provides global coverage of environmental problems involving water.Trade Review"This second edition of a useful book by distinguished authors Elizabeth Berner and Robert Berner surveys the status of the terrestrial environment from the standpoint of cycles of material and energy... Global Environment can also serve as a reliable, detailed introduction to environmental science for master's-level practitioners in the field. Well edited with an admirable consistency of writing style and viewpoint."--Choice "This well-written book is easy to read. It goes into just the right amount of detail; with the exception of trace elements! The authors have presented wide-ranging references providing the interested readers with more details for further investigation. The authors have followed a multidisciplinary approach in the whole book which makes it beneficial for students who major in Environmental Earth Sciences, Geology, Geochemistry, Biogeochemistry and the associated fields. Besides, this book is of reference value for researchers and graduate students."--Armaghan Attar, International Journal of Environmental StudiesTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xiii Chapter 1. Introduction to the Global Environment: The Water and Energy Cycles and Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation 1 Introduction 1 The Global Water Cycle 2 Major Water Masses 2 Fluxes between Reservoirs 2 Geographic Variations in Precipitation and Evaporation 4 The Energy Cycle 7 Introduction 7 Radiation and Energy Balance 7 Variations in Solar Radiation: The Atmospheric and Oceanic Heat Engine 11 Circulation of the Atmosphere 14 Oceanic Circulation 16 Introduction 16 Wind-Driven (Shallow) Circulation 17 Coastal Upwelling 19 Thermohaline (Deep) Circulation 19 Chapter 2. Air Chemistry: The Greenhouse Effect and the Ozone Hole 24 Atmospheric Gases 24 Carbon Dioxide 26 Present and Future CO2 and the Surficial Carbon Cycle 26 Past CO2 Levels 36 Other Greenhouse Gases: Methane, Nitrous Oxide 39 Other Greenhouse Gases: Halogens and Tropospheric Ozone 46 Radiative Forcing by Anthropogenic Factors 47 Climatic Effects of Radiative Forcing: Climate Sensitivity, Global Warming, and Hydrologic Changes 48 Observed Changes in Temperature and Atmospheric Circulation 50 Observed Changes in the Water Cycle: Water Vapor, Precipitation, Streamflow, and Storms 52 Observed Changes in Ice, Sea Level and the Oceans 54 Predictions for Future Climate Change 57 Aerosols 59 Aerosol Cloud Effects 60 Types of Aerosols 61 Gaseous Emissions 62 Sulfate Aerosols 62 Black Carbon Aerosols 63 Organic Carbon Aerosols 65 Biomass Burning Aerosols 65 Nitrate Aerosols 65 Mineral Dust Aerosols 66 Sea-Salt Aerosols 67 Surface Dimming by Aerosols 68 Aerosols and the Hydrologic Cycle 68 Black Carbon Aerosols and Snow Cover 69 Ozone and the Ozone Hole 69 Stratospheric Ozone: The Ozone Hole 70 Tropospheric Ozone: Air Pollution 76 Chapter 3. Air Chemistry: Rainwater, Acid Rain, and the Atmospheric Cycles of Sulfur and Nitrogen 79 Introduction 79 Formation of Rain (and Snow) 80 Water Vapor in the Atmosphere 80 Condensation 83 Sublimation 84 Rain (and Snow) Formation 84 Air Motion in Cloud Formation 85 Chemical Composition of Rainwater: General Characteristics 85 Cl-, Na+, Mg++, Ca++ and K+ in Rain 92 Gases and Rain 102 Sulfate in Rain: The Atmospheric Sulfur Cycle 102 Sea-Salt Sulfate 103 U.S. Sulfur Emissions 104 Conversion of Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfate in Rain 107 Biogenic Reduced Sulfur 108 Other Sulfur Sources: Biomass Burning, Volcanism, and Soil Dust 109 Sulfur Deposition on Land 110 Anthropogenic Sulfur Deposition in the United States 111 Atmospheric Sulfur Cycle: Human Perturbation 113 Radiative Forcing from Sulfate Aerosol 115 The Atmospheric Nitrogen Cycle and Nitrogen in Rain 116 N2, Nitrogen Fixation, Denitrification, and Total Nitrogen Fluxes 116 Nitrogen Cycle: Anthropogenic Changes and Climate 120 Atmospheric Nox and Nitrate in Rain 120 Nitrate in Rain: Anthropogenic Sources 123 Nitrate Deposition in Rain and the Nitrate-Nitrogen Cycle 126 Ammonium in Rain: Atmospheric Ammonium-Nitrogen Cycle 130 Ammonium in Rain 133 Reactive N Deposition 135 Acid Rain 137 The pH of Natural Rainwater 138 Acid Rain from Pollution 140 Acid Rain in Europe 141 Acid Rain in the United States from 1955 to 1985 142 Acid Deposition Changes in the United States from 1980 to 2007 144 Acid Rain in Other Parts of the World 145 Distinguishing Naturally Acid Rain from That Due to Pollution 146 Effects of Acid Rain 149 Chapter 4. Chemical Weathering: Minerals, Plants, and Water Chemistry 151 Introduction 151 Biogeochemical Cycling in Forests 153 Soil Water and Microorganisms: Acid Production 158 Chemical Weathering 159 Minerals Involved in Weathering 159 Silicate Weathering Reactions: Secondary Mineral Formation 162 Mechanism of Silicate Dissolution 168 Rate of Silicate Weathering 171 Silicate Weathering: Soil Formation 176 Carbonate Weathering 178 Sulfide Weathering 179 Groundwaters and Weathering 181 Garrels's Model for the Composition of Groundwaters from Igneous rocks 182 Chapter 5. Rivers 185 Introduction 185 Components of River Water 185 River Runoff 186 Major World Rivers 188 Suspended Matter in Rivers 190 Amount of Suspended Matter 190 Human Influence 195 Chemical Composition of Suspended Matter 198 Chemical Composition of Rivers 201 World Average River Water 201 Chemical Classification of Rivers 202 Relief and River-Water Composition 212 Major Dissolved Components of River Water 213 Chloride and Cyclic Salt 213 Sodium 216 Potassium 217 Calcium and Magnesium 219 Bicarbonate (HCO3) 220 Silica 222 Sulfate 227 Sulfate Pollution and Acidic Rivers 229 Organic Matter in Rivers: Organic Acidity 232 Organic Acid Rivers 236 Chemical and Total Denudation of the Continents as Deduced from River-Water Composition 237 Nutrients in River Water 241 Nitrogen in Rivers: The Terrestrial Nitrogen Cycle 242 Reactive Nitrogen Deposition and River Transport in the United States 249 Phosphorus In Rivers: The Terrestrial Phosphorus Cycle 250 Chapter 6. Lakes 257 Physical Processes in Lakes 257 Water Balance 257 Thermal Regimes and Lake Classification 259 Lake Models 264 Biological Processes in Lakes as They Affect Water Composition 269 Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Biological Cycling 269 Eutrophication 272 Limiting Nutrients 275 Sources of Phosphorus in Lakes 279 Pollutive Changes in Major Lakes: Potential Loading 285 Acid Lakes 287 Changes in Acid Lakes in the Northeastern and Upper Midwestern United States 291 Changes in Acid Lakes in Europe 292 Naturally Acid Lakes 293 Chemical Composition of Acid Lakes 294 Saline and Alkaline Lakes 298 Chapter 7. Marginal Marine Environments: Estuaries 303 Introduction 303 Estuaries: Circulation and Classification 303 The Black Sea 307 Estuarine Chemistry: Conservative vs Nonconservative Mixing 308 Estuarine Chemical Processes 311 Inorganic (Nonbiogenic) Removal in Estuaries 311 Biogenic Nutrients in Estuaries 314 Limiting Nutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Silica 317 Eutrophication from Nutrient Pollution of Estuaries 321 Coastal Hypoxia from Nutrient Loading and Eutrophication 324 Harmful Algal Blooms and Eutrophication 329 Suspended Sediment Deposition in Marginal Marine Environments 330 Antiestuaries and Evaporite Deposition 335 Chapter 8. The Oceans 339 Introduction 339 Chemical Composition of Seawater 339 pH and the Human Acidification of the Oceans 343 Modeling Seawater Composition 344 Sillen's Equilibrium Model 344 Oceanic Box Models 345 Continuum Models 347 Energy Sources for Chemical Reactions 347 Major Processes of Seawater Modification 348 Biological Processes 349 Volcanic-Seawater Reaction 360 Interaction with Detrital Solids 365 Chemical Budgets for Individual Elements 369 Summary of Processes 369 Chloride 370 Sodium 371 Sulfur 372 Magnesium 374 Potassium 375 Calcium 376 Bicarbonate 381 Silica 382 Phosphorus 384 Nitrogen 386 References 389 Index 435

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive and critical assessment of selenium levels in both natural and man-made materials and systems is presented in this publication. The book begins with a treatment of the chemistry and analytical chemistry of the element and an important discussion of the status and reliability of analytical data together with the approach to be followed in extracting, managing and presenting the information. An in-depth treatment of selenium is arranged according to groupings of the different materials and systems. Each chapter discusses the occurrence of selenium in and distribution among components of the specified system. Additionally, easy reference compilations of concentration data based on critical assessment of the selenium literature are provided, along with a comprehensive listing of the pertinent literature. The book concludes with chapters on the biogeochemistry of selenium in natural systems. Throughout, consideration is given to both total selenium and its compounds.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Inorganic Analytical Chemistry of Selenium. Analytical Chemistry of Organic and Biochemical Selenium. The Literature of Selenium and the Status and Treatment of Analytical Data. Plants and Agricultural Materials. Foods. Animal Tissues. Human Tissues. Geological Materials and Soils. Fresh Water Systems. The Marine Environment. The Atmosphere. Global Cycling of Selenium. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a textbook covering the transition from energy releasing reactions on the early Earth to energy releasing reactions that fueled growth in the first microbial cells. It is for teachers and college students with an interest in microbiology, geosciences, biochemistry, evolution, or all of the above. The scope of the book is a quantum departure from existing âœorigin of lifeâ books in that it starts with basic chemistry and links energy-releasing geochemical processes to the reactions of microbial metabolism. The text reaches across disciplines, providing students of the geosciences an origins/biology interface and bringing a geochemistry/origins interface to students of microbiology and evolution. Beginning with physical chemistry and transitioning across metabolic networks into microbiology, the timeline documents chemical events and organizational states in hydrothermal vents â the only environments known that bridge the gap between spontaneous chemical reactions that we can

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding that the natural world beneath our feet is the point at which civilization meets the natural world is critical to the success of restoration and prevention efforts to reduce contaminant impacts and improve the global environment because of one simple fact contaminants do not respect country borders. Contaminants often begin their destructive journey immediately after being released and can affect the entire planet if the release is in just the right amount, at just the right location, and at just the right time. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, Urban Watersheds, Geology, Contamination, Environmental Regulations, and Sustainability, Second Edition presents more than 30 years of research and professional practice on urban watersheds from the fields of environmental geology, geochemistry, risk analysis, hydrology, and urban planning. The geological characteristics of urbanized watersheds along with the physical and chemical properties of theiTable of ContentsIntroduction to Urban Watersheds. Geology of Urban Areas. Water and the Hydrogeology of Urban Areas. Conducting Subsurface Environmental Investigations in Urban Areas. Geologic Vulnerability. Common Contaminants in Urban Watersheds. Contaminant Fate and Transport. Heavy Metal Contamination in Urban Watersheds. Contaminant Risk Factors. Remediation: Techniques and Cost. Urbanization and the Disruption of Matter and Energy Flows in Urban Watersheds. Pollution Prevention and Sustainability. Success and Failure of Environmental Regulations in Urban. Case Studies. Science-Based Landscape Planning in Urban Regions. A Model for Attaining Sustainable Urban Regions.

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Book SynopsisHierarchical Modeling and Analysis for Spatial Data, Third Edition presents a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of hierarchical and multilevel modeling for spatial and spatio-temporal data within a Bayesian framework. Over the past decade since the second edition, spatial statistics has evolved significantly, driven by an explosion in data availability and advances in Bayesian computation. This edition reflects those changes, introducing new methods, expanded applications, and enhanced computational resources to support researchers and practitioners across disciplines, including environmental science, ecology, and public health. Key features of the third edition: A dedicated chapter on state-of-the-art Bayesian modeling of large spatial and spatio-temporal datasets Two new chapters on spatial point pattern analysis, covering both foundational and Bayesian perspectives A new chapter on spatial data fusion, integrating diverse spatial data sources from different probabilistic mechanisms An accessible introduction to GPS mapping, geodesic distances, and mathematical cartography An expanded special topics chapter, including spatial challenges with finite population modeling and spatial directional data A thoroughly revised chapter on Bayesian inference, featuring an updated review of modern computational techniques A dedicated GitHub repository providing R programs and solutions to selected exercises, ensuring continued access to evolving software developments With refreshed content throughout, this edition serves as an essential reference for statisticians, data scientists, and researchers working with spatial data. Graduate students and professionals seeking a deep understanding of Bayesian spatial modeling will find this volume an invaluable resource for both theory and practice.

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive overview of planet formation, this book is a clear introduction and valuable reference for students and researchers in astronomy, cosmochemistry, laboratory astrophysics and planetary sciences. Following the evolution of solids, astronomers, cosmochemists and laboratory astrophysicists jointly discuss the latest insights.Trade Review'Protoplanetary Dust is a terrific edition (No. 12) to the Cambridge Planetary Science Series. … This book should be required reading for all cosmochemists (and astronomers), and it would serve as a excellent text for an interesting graduate course on the origin of solar systems.' Geochemical News'… an excellent read, very much at the research edge in the field, and very up to date in the sources used. I would recommend it highly to graduate students, but also for the bookshelves of professionals in the field.' The Observatory'… can be recommended not only to planetary scientists working in the field of planet formation but also to students who seek an introduction to this enormously challenging topic. The organization of the contents makes it possible to concentrate on certain aspects, as few people will be experts in all topics. Having the book on your shelf gives you the confidence that the comprehensive overview of the history of solids in our solar system from a simple grain to the beautiful planet we live on is just a move away.' Ruth Ziethe, European Space Research and Technology Centre, European Space AgencyTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Planet formation and protoplanetary dust Daniel Apai and Dante Lauretta; 2. The origins of protoplanetary dust and the formation of accretion disks Hans-Peter Gail and Peter Hope; 3. Evolution of protoplanetary disk structures Fred Ciesla and Cornelius P. Dullemond; 4. Chemical and isotopic evolution of the solar nebula and protoplanetary disks Dmitry Semenov, Subrata Chakraborty and Mark Thiemens; 5. Laboratory studies of simple dust analogs in astrophysical environments John R. Brucato and Joseph A. Nuth III; 6. Dust composition in protoplanetaty dust Michiel Min and George Flynn; 7. Dust particle size evolution Klaus M. Pontoppidan and Adrian J. Brearly; 8. Thermal processing in protoplanetary nebulae Daniel Apai, Harold C. Connolly Jr. and Dante S. Lauretta; 9. The clearing of protoplanetary disks and of the protosolar nebula Ilaira Pascucci and Shogo Tachibana; 10. Accretion of planetesimals and the formation of rocky planets John E. Chambers, David O'Brien and Andrew M. Davis; Appendixes; Glossary; Index.

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Book SynopsisBuilding upon the award-winning second edition, this comprehensive textbook provides a fundamental understanding of the formative processes of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Encouraging a deeper comprehension of the subject by explaining the petrologic principles, and assuming knowledge of only introductory college-level courses in physics, chemistry, and calculus, it lucidly outlines mathematical derivations fully and at an elementary level, making this the ideal resource for intermediate and advanced courses in igneous and metamorphic petrology. With over 500 illustrations, many in color, this revised edition contains valuable new material and strengthened pedagogy, including boxed mathematical derivations allowing for a more accessible explanation of concepts, and more qualitative end-of-chapter questions to encourage discussion. With a new introductory chapter outlining the bigger picture, this fully updated resource will guide students to an even greater mastery of petrology.Trade ReviewReview of previous edition: 'The real quality of this book lies in its authoritative character and depth of coverage … a volume which will likely be well thumbed and littered with 'stickies' and other place markers by students and professors alike … one of the excellent aspects of the book is the clever integration of different aspects of petrology … a 'must-have' for any self-respecting petrologist.' Jon Davidson, ElementsReview of previous edition: 'I will choose the second edition of Philpotts and Ague's Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology because of its forward-looking coverage.' John M. Ferry, American Journal of ScienceReview of previous edition: 'This is a book to read and a book to keep as a reference. It is a must-have for every student of tectonics.' Michael L. Williams, EOSReview of this third edition: 'The 3rd edition of Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology follows in the footsteps of its previous editions. It not only covers the fundamentals of igneous and metamorphic petrology, but delves into many petrological aspects in great detail and thoroughness. The authors are to be commended on their outstanding quantitative treatment of petrological processes, supported by explanatory boxes of mathematical formulations. Clearly structured and richly illustrated with field and thin section photographs as well as sketches and diagrams, the book provides a comprehensive resource for those keen on acquiring an in-depth understanding of igneous and metamorphic processes.' Ralf Halama, Keele UniversityReview of this third edition: 'This third edition of Philpotts and Ague builds upon an excellent record of textbooks focusing on igneous and metamorphic petrology. The book is comprehensive in its coverage of the processes involved in the petrogenesis of igneous and metamorphic rocks and the implications of these processes, is well illustrated with excellent diagrams and images throughout, and will be useful for a range of geoscientists from upper-level undergraduate students to graduate students and faculty, for both teaching and research. This edition is well supplemented by online resources that are ideally suited for teaching, including all of the figures in the textbook in digital formal and a solutions manual for instructors. Overall, I highly recommend this book and strongly suspect well-thumbed versions will end up on the shelves of many geologists worldwide.' Simon Jowitt, University of NevadaReview of this third edition: 'The 3rd edition of Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology is a detailed and well-illustrated textbook that lays out analytical petrologic methods in a clear, comprehensive manner. Extensive examples are given throughout to thoroughly elucidate complex topics and mathematical formulations. One standout feature that sets this textbook apart from others are the end-of-chapter questions. These questions are divided into quantitative and broad topics, facilitating multiple levels of student mastery and allowing for the text to be used at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Much as I still regularly consult my copy of the 1st edition of this book many years after using it as an undergraduate, the 3rd edition … should be a mainstay of every petrology student's bookshelf.' Molly McCanta, University of TennesseeReview of this third edition: 'This is the definitive textbook on igneous and metamorphic petrology. Philpotts and Ague have found the perfect balance between ensuring that the content is accessible to students while avoiding oversimplification. I will continue to use this textbook in my online and campus courses.' Alasdair Skelton, Stockholm UniversityTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgments; List of units; List of abbreviations; 1. Introduction to igneous and metamorphic petrology; 2. Pressures and temperatures in the earth; 3. Physical properties of magma; 4. Intrusion of magma; 5. Forms of igneous bodies; 6. Heat transfer and other diffusion processes; 7. Classification of igneous rocks; 8. Introduction to thermodynamics; 9. Free energy and phase equilibria; 10. Thermodynamics of solutions; 11. Phase equilibria in igneous systems; 12. Effects of volatiles on melt equilibria; 13. Crystal growth; 14. Isotope geochemistry related to petrology; 15. Magmatic processes; 16. Igneous rock associations; 17. Metamorphism and metamorphic facies; 18. Deformation and textures of metamorphic rocks; 19. Graphical analysis of metamorphic mineral assemblages; 20. Geothermometry, geobarometry, and pseudosections; 21. Metamorphic mineral reactions involving fluids; 22. Material transport during metamorphism; 23. Pressure-temperature-time paths and heat transfer during metamorphism; 24. Origins of rocks; Answers to selected quantitative questions; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisCe anomalies track changes in oxygen availability due to the anomalous redox-sensitivity of Ce compared with the other rare earth elements. The proxy systematics have been calibrated experimentally as well as in modern anoxic water bodies. Ce anomalies are unique because they track intermediate manganous conditions, rather than fully anoxic conditions. In addition, they are sensitive to localregional redox conditions, and can be analysed in chemical sediments such as carbonate rocks. This makes them especially useful as a tool to track local oxygen distribution in shallow shelf environments, where biodiversity is highest. This review focusses on the systematics of the Ce anomaly proxy, the preservation and extraction of the signal in sedimentary rocks, and the potential applications of the proxy.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Underpinning of the Proxy; 3. Materials and Methods; 4. Case Studies; 5. Future Prospects; 6. Key Papers.

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Book SynopsisCosmochemistry is a rapidly evolving field of planetary science and the second edition of this classic text reflects the exciting discoveries made over the past decade from new spacecraft missions. Topics covered include the synthesis of elements in stars, behaviour of elements and isotopes in the early solar nebula and planetary bodies, and compositions of extra-terrestrial materials. Radioisotope chronology of the early Solar System is also discussed, as well as geochemical exploration of planets by spacecraft, and cosmochemical constraints on the formation of solar systems. Thoroughly updated throughout, this new edition features significantly expanded coverage of chemical fractionation and isotopic analyses; focus boxes covering basic definitions and essential background material on mineralogy, organic chemistry and quantitative topics; and a comprehensive glossary. An appendix of analytical techniques and end-of-chapter review questions, with solutions available at www.cambridge.oTrade Review'Cosmochemistry deserves a wide distribution as a text for undergraduate and research students. Indeed, the book is worthy of the American Astronomical Society's Chambliss Astronomical Writing Award given for textbooks at either the upper-division or graduate level.' David L. Lambert, The ObservatoryTable of Contents1. Introduction to Cosmochemistry; 2. Nuclides and Elements – The Building Blocks of Matter; 3. Origin of the Elements; 4. Solar System and Cosmic Abundances – Elements and Isotopes; 5. Presolar Grains – A Record of Stellar Nucleosynthesis and Processes in Interstellar Space; 6. Meteorites and Interplanetary Dust – A Record of Nebular and Planetary Processes; 7. Element Fractionations by Cosmochemical and Geochemical Processes; 8. Stable-Isotope Fractionations by Cosmochemical and Geochemical Processes; 9. Radioisotopes as Chronometers; 10. Chronology of the Early Solar System; 11. The Most Volatile Elements and Compounds – Ices, Noble Gases, and Organic Matter; 12. Planetesimals – Leftover Planetary Building Blocks; 13. Chemistry of Planetesimals and Their Samples; 14. Geochemical Exploration – The Moon and Mars as Case Studies; 15. Cosmochemical Models for the Formation and Evolution of Solar Systems; Appendix: Analytical Techniques Commonly Used in Cosmochemistry; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisLithium isotopes are a relatively novel tracer of present and past silicate weathering processes. Given that silicate weathering is the primary long-term method by which CO2 is removed from the atmosphere, Li isotope research is going through an exciting phase. We show the weathering processes that fractionate dissolved and sedimentary Li isotope ratios, focusing on weathering intensity and clay formation. We then discuss the carbonate and silicate archive potential of past seawater d7Li. These archives have been used to examine Li isotope changes across both short and long timescales. The former can demonstrate the rates at which the climate is stabilised from perturbations via weathering, a fundamental piece of the puzzle of the long-term carbon cycle.Table of ContentsIntroduction; 1. Lithium isotopes as a tracer of silicate weathering intensity; 2. Methods and archive materials; 3. Li isotopes in pre-Cenozoic archives; 4. Developing a mechanistic understanding of Li isotope fractionation; 5. Future prospects.

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Book SynopsisWater is the Earth''s most precious resource. Until recent years, water was often overlooked as being overly abundant or available, but much has changed all over the world. As climate change, human encroachment on environmental areas, and deforestation become greater dangers, the study of groundwater has become more important than ever and is growing as one of the most important areas of science for the future of life on Earth. This three-volume set is the most comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of hydrogeochemistry that is available. The first volume lays the foundation of the composition, chemistry, and testing of groundwater, while volume two covers practical applications such as mass transfer and transport. Volume three, which completes the set, is an advanced study of the environmental analysis of groundwater and its implications for the future. This first volume in the set is an important milestone in hydrogeochemistry, covering the fundamentals of groundwateTable of ContentsPreface xv Introduction 1 1 Analytical Composition and Properties of Ground Water 19 1.1 Moisture 21 1.2 Mineral Components 29 1.2.1 Testing and Preparation 30 1.2.2 Chemical Analysis 34 1.2.3 Processing of Analysis Results 35 1.3 Gas Components 41 1.3.1 Testing and Preparation 43 1.3.2 Analysis of the Natural Gas Composition 49 1.3.3 Conversions of Gas Analysis Results 52 1.4 Organic Components 56 1.4.1 Testing and Preparation 60 1.4.2 Analysis of Organic Substance 68 1.4.2.1 General Content of Organic Matter 68 1.4.2.2 Content of Organic Component Groups 70 1.4.2.3 Content of Individual Organic Components 74 1.4.3 Conversion of Analysis Results 74 1.5 Substances in the Dispersed State 76 1.5.1 Inert Suspended Particles 78 1.5.1.1 Methods of Study 79 1.5.2 Living Organisms 80 1.5.2.1 Pathogen Microorganisms 81 1.5.2.2 Biochemical Microorganisms 86 1.5.2.3 Methods of Study 86 1.6 Properties of Ground Water 89 1.6.1 Organoleptic and Balneological Properties 90 1.6.2 Chemical Properties 96 1.6.3 Physical Properties 113 2 Hydrogeochemical Testing 125 2.1 Assignment and Purpose of Hydrogeochemical Testing 126 2.1.1 Regime and Scope of Testing 127 2.1.2 Measured Parameters and Their Errors 128 2.2 Logistics of Field Testing 131 2.2.1 Natural Conditions and Previous Studies of the Area 132 2.2.2 Planning the Testing Regime and Points 133 2.2.3 Preparation of Wells and Equipment 138 2.2.4 Preparation of Analytical Base 148 2.2.4.1 Selection of Property and Composition Parameters 150 2.2.4.2 Substantiation of Margin of Error Measurements 151 2.2.4.3 Selection of Chemical Analysis Technique 164 2.2.4.4 Selection of a Laboratory and Executants 197 2.2.5 Field Testing Protocol 202 2.2.6 Sample Safekeeping and Delivery to the Laboratory 212 3 Processing of Testing Results 215 3.1 Processing and Systematization of Observed Values 216 3.1.1 Checking the Observed Values 216 3.1.2 Systematizing the Observed Values 219 3.1.3 Control of Measurement Quality 222 3.1.3.1 Sensitivity of Testing Techniques 224 3.1.3.2 Precision of Testing Results 225 3.1.3.3 Testing Correctness of the Results 228 3.1.3.4 Systematic Error of the Testing Results 229 3.1.3.5 Testing Results’ Accuracy 231 3.1.4 Measurements Results and Their Reliability 232 3.1.4.1 Mathematical Expectation 232 3.1.4.2 Confidence Interval 233 3.2 Modeling of the Hydrogeochemical Condition 237 3.2.1 Empirical–statistical Modeling 238 3.2.1.1 Anomalies and Background 238 3.2.1.2 Water Distinction in Quality Parameters 240 3.2.1.3 Search for the Factors 244 3.2.2 Space–time Modeling 247 3.2.2.1 Autocorrelation Metamodels 249 3.2.2.2 Semivariance Metamodels 254 3.3 Classification and Visualization of Hydrogeochemical Parameters 261 3.3.1 Chemical Classification of Ground Waters 262 3.3.2 Graphic Imaging of the Water Composition 269 3.3.3 Graphic Comparison of Different Composition Waters 272 3.3.4 Hydrogeochemical Maps and Cross–sections 276 3.3.4.1 Making Hydrogeochemical Maps 278 3.3.4.2 Generating Hydrogeochemical Cross–sections 288 Symbols 291 References 297 Index 301

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Book SynopsisWater is the Earth''s most precious resource. Until recent years, water was often overlooked as being overly abundant or available, but much has changed all over the world. As climate change, human encroachment on environmental areas, and deforestation become greater dangers, the study of groundwater has become more important than ever and is growing as one of the most important areas of science for the future of life on Earth. This three-volume set is the most comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of hydrogeochemistry that is available. The first volume lays the foundation of the composition, chemistry, and testing of groundwater, while volume two covers practical applications such as mass transfer and transport. Volume three, which completes the set, is an advanced study of the environmental analysis of groundwater and its implications for the future. This third volume focuses more deeply on the analysis of groundwater and the practical applications of these analyseTable of ContentsAbstract xi Preface xiii Spontaneous Processes and Mineral Equilibrium xv 1 Chemical Reactions 1 1.1 Real Water Solution 2 1.1.1 Properties of Water Solution 3 1.1.2 Composition of Water Solution 7 1.1.3 Structure of the Water Solution 13 1.1.4 Basis Components of a Solution 18 1.2 Spontaneous Processes 21 1.2.1 Energy of Spontaneous Processes 25 1.2.2 Direction of the Spontaneous Processes 27 1.2.3 Chemical Potential 28 1.2.4 Thermodynamical Concentration 32 1.2.4.1 Activities in Ideal Solutions 33 1.2.4.2 Activities in Real Solutions 37 1.3 Chemical Reactions 48 1.3.1 Restrictions of Spontaneous Reactions 49 1.3.2 Law of Mass Action 52 1.3.3 Equilibrium Constants of Reactions 55 1.3.4 Direction of Reactions 61 1.3.5 Reaction Rate 65 1.3.5.1 Elementary Reactions 66 1.3.5.2 Complex Reactions 72 1.3.6 Dependent and Independent Reactions 77 2 Hydrogeochemical Processes 81 2.1 Homogenous Processes 82 2.1.1 Electron Exchange 82 2.1.1.1 The Mechanism of Redox Processes 84 2.1.1.2 Oxidation Potential 88 2.1.1.3 Determination of Oxidation Potential 91 2.1.1.4 Oxygen Fugacity 97 2.1.2 Proton Exchange 98 2.1.2.1 Mechanism of Acid-based Reactions 99 2.1.2.2 Hydrogen Parameter 100 2.1.2.3 Buffer Systems 103 2.1.2.4 Determination of Solution’s pH 105 2.1.3 Complexation 107 2.1.3.1 Mechanism of Complexation 108 2.1.3.2 Stability of Complex Formations 115 2.1.3.3 Complexation Function 119 2.1.4 Real Composition of Water 125 2.1.4.1 Rates of Homogenous Processes 126 2.1.4.2 Ionic Equilibrium in the Solution 127 2.1.4.3 Models of Water Solution’s Composition 130 2.2 Heterogeneous Processes 134 2.2.1 Phase Rules 136 2.2.2 Mass Transfer by Mineral Components 140 2.2.2.1 Mineral-salt Complex of Rocks 142 2.2.2.2 Adsorption and Desorption 146 2.2.2.3 Ion Exchange 161 2.2.2.4 Surface Complexation 187 2.2.2.5 Adsorption and Desorption Rate 201 2.2.2.6 Dissolution and Minerogenesis 207 2.2.3 Mass Transfer of Nonpolar Components 304 2.2.3.1 Mass Transfer with Underground Gas 312 2.2.3.2 Mass Transfer with Nonpolar Substances 325 2.2.3.3 Distribution of Nonpolar Components 341 2.2.4 Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Processes 343 2.3 Bio-geochemical Processes 347 2.3.1 Biogeochemical Cycle 348 2.3.2 Niches of the Detrital Trophic Chain 354 2.3.3 Biodegradation of Organic Matter 370 2.2.3.1 Reactions of Biodegradation 372 2.3.3.2 Digestion 377 2.3.4 Rates of Biochemical Processes 383 2.3.5 Redox Geochemical Zoning 392 2.4 Isotopic Processes 399 2.4.1 Radioactive Decay 400 2.4.1.1 Primordial Radionuclides 400 2.4.1.2 Cosmogenic Radionuclides 403 2.4.2 Balanced Fractionating 407 2.4.3 Isotopic Mixing 414 2.4.4 Ground Water Chronometry 416 3 Migration of Elements 421 3.1 Migration forms 422 3.1.1 Subsurface Transporters 423 3.1.2 Aquaphiles 426 3.1.2.1 Estimates of Migration Capability 427 3.1.2.2 Properties of Aquaphilic Migration Forms 451 3.1.3 Organophiles 480 3.1.3.1 Amphiphilic Organophiles 481 3.1.3.2 Nonpolar Organophiles 486 3.1.4 Gasophiles 487 3.2 Mixing and Mass Transport 494 3.2.1 Hydrodynamic Dispersion 496 3.2.1.1 Diffusion Mixing 496 3.2.1.2 Advective Mixing 502 3.2.1.3 Dynamic Dispersivity and Methods of its Determination 505 3.2.2 Advection-dispersion Mass Transport 510 3.2.2.1 Equation of Advection-dispersion Mass Transport 511 3.2.2.2 Analytical Solution of Mass Transport Equations 513 4 Hydrogeochemical Forecasting 541 4.1 Methods of Forecasting 541 4.2 Model Forecasting Method 545 4.2.1 Problem Identification 547 4.2.2 Construction of Mathematical Models 548 4.2.2.1 Types of Hydrogeochemical Models 550 4.2.2.2 Selection of a Computation Process 559 4.2.2.3 Input Data 565 4.2.2.4 Selection of the Program Software 569 4.2.3 Reliability of Model Forecasting Results 570 Symbols 581 References 593 Normative Publications 608 Appendices 609 I Thermodynamic Properties of Mineral Forms of Migration 609 II The Partition Coefficients of the Gas Components 609 III Physical and Chemical Properties of Organic Compounds 609 APPENDIX I Thermodynamic Properties of Mineral Forms of Migration 611 A. Cation Generating Elements 611 B. Complex Generating Elements 627 C. Ligand Generating Elements 668 D. Salt and Minerals 677 APPENDIX II The Partition Coefficients of the Gas Components 685 А. Underground Gases of Methane Composition 685 B. Underground Gases of Nitrogen Composition 695 C. Underground Gases of Carbon dioxide Composition 697 APPENDIX III Physical and Chemical Properties of Organic Compounds. 698 A. Physical and Chemical Properties of Organic Carbon Compounds 698 B. Physical and Chemical Properties of Pesticides 709 Index 715

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Book SynopsisAn interdisciplinary study of the Kuroshio nutrient stream The surface water of the Kuroshio, a western boundary current in the North Pacific Ocean, is nutrient-depleted and has relatively low primary productivity, yet abundant fish populations are supported in the region. This is called the Kuroshio Paradox. Kuroshio Current: Physical, Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Dynamics presents research from a multidisciplinary team that conducted observational and modeling studies to investigate this contradiction. This timely and important contribution to the ocean sciences literature provides a comprehensive analysis of the Kuroshio. Volume highlights include: New insights into the role of the Kuroshio as a nutrient stream The first interdisciplinary examination of the Kuroshio Paradox Reflections on the influence of the Kuroshio on Japanese culture Research results on both the lower and higher trophic lTable of ContentsContributors vii Preface ix Section I: Introduction 1 The Kuroshio: Its Recognition, Scientific Activities and Emerging Issues 3Hiroaki Saito 2 The Research Advancements and Historical Episodes brought by the Kuroshio Flowing across Generations 13Takeyoshi Nagai, Kazuyuki Otsuka, and Hiroshi Nakano 3 The Gulf Nutrient Stream 23Josep L Pelegrí, Ignasi Valles‐Casanova, and Dorleta Orue‐Echevarría 4 On the Role of the Gulf Stream in the Changing Atlantic Nutrient Circulation During the 21st Century 51Daniel B Whitt Section II: Physical and Biogeochemical Dynamics 5 Structure and Impact of the Kuroshio Nutrient Stream 85Kosei Komatsu and Yutaka Hiroe 6 Multiscale Routes to Supply Nutrients Through the Kuroshio Nutrient Stream 105Takeyoshi Nagai, Sophie Clayton, and Yusuke Uchiyama 7 Contribution of Kuroshio Recirculation to Nutrient Transport Along the Kuroshio South of Japan: An Analysis of Model Results 127Xinyu Guo, Yingying Hu, and Yoshikazu Sasai 8 The Kuroshio‐Induced Nutrient Supply in the Shelf and Slope Region off the Southern Coast of Japan 137Hiroshi Kuroda 9 Progress of Studies on Kuroshio Path Variations South of Japan in the Past Decade 147Norihisa Usui 10 Island Mass Effect 163Daisuke Hasegawa 11 Impact of Ocean Physics on Marine Ecosystems in the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension Regions: A High‐Resolution Coupled Physical‐Biological Model Study 175Yoshikazu Sasai, Makio C Honda, Eko Siswanto, Sami Kato, Kazuyuki Uehara, Hideharu Sasaki, and Masami Nonaka Section III: Ecosystem Dynamics 12 Phytoplankton Distribution in the Kuroshio Region of the Southern East China Sea in Early Spring 191Toru Hasegawa, Satoshi Kitajima, and Yoko Kiyomoto 13 Spatial Variations in Community Structure of Haptophytes Across the Kuroshio Front in the Tokara Strait 207Hisashi Endo and Koji Suzuki 14 Variability in Taxonomic Composition, Standing Stock, and Productivity of the Plankton Community in the Kuroshio and its Neighboring Waters 223Toru Kobari, Yurie Kobari, Hiroomi Miyamoto, Yuji Okazaki, Gen Kume, Reo Kondo, and Akimasa Habano 15 Diverse Trophic Pathways from Zooplankton to Larval and Juvenile Fishes in the Kuroshio Ecosystem 245Yuji Okazaki, Hiroomi Miyamoto, Koji Suzuki, Hiroaki Saito, Kiyotaka Hidaka, and Tadafumi Ichikawa 16 Feeding Ecology of Chaetognath Flaccisagitta enflata in the Kuroshio Region, Western North Pacific 257Hiroomi Miyamoto, Dharmamony Vijai, Yuji Okazaki, and Hiroaki Saito 17 Reproduction and Early Life History of Mesopelagic Fishes in the Kuroshio Region: A Review of Recent Advances 273Chiyuki Sassa 18 Variability in Growth Rates of Japanese Jack Mackerel Trachurus japonicus Larvae and Juveniles in the East China Sea – Effects of Temperature and Prey Abundance 295Motomitsu Takahashi, Chiyuki Sassa, Kou Nishiuchi, and Youichi Tsukamoto Index 309

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Book SynopsisComputer Processing of Remotely-Sensed Images A thorough introduction to computer processing of remotely-sensed images, processing methods, and applications Remote sensing is a crucial form of measurement that allows for the gauging of an object or space without direct physical contact, allowing for the assessment and recording of a target under conditions which would normally render access difficult or impossible. This is done through the analysis and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) that is reflected or emitted by an object, surveyed and recorded by an observer or instrument that is not in contact with the target. This methodology is particularly of importance in Earth observation by remote sensing, wherein airborne or satellite-borne instruments of EMR provide data on the planet's land, seas, ice, and atmosphere. This permits scientists to establish relationships between the measurements and the nature and distribution of phenomena on the Earth'Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Fourth Edition Preface to the Fifth Edition List of Examples Chapter 1: Remote Sensing: Basic Principles 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Electromagnetic radiation and its properties 1.2.1 Terminology 1.2.2 Nature of electromagnetic radiation 1.2.3 The electromagnetic spectrum 1.2.4 Sources of electromagnetic radiation 1.2.5 Interactions with the Earth's atmosphere 1.3 Interaction with Earth surface materials 1.3.1 Introduction 1.3.2 Spectral reflectance of Earth surface materials 1.3.2.1 Vegetation 1.3.2.2 Geology 1.3.2.3 Water bodies 1.3.2.4 Soils 1.4 Summary References Chapter 2: Remote Sensing Platforms and Sensors 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Characteristics of imaging remote sensing instruments 2.2.1 Spatial resolution 2.2.2 Spectral resolution 2.2.3 Radiometric resolution 2.3 Optical, near-infrared and thermal imaging sensors 2.3.1 Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) 2.3.2 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) 2.3.3 MODIS (MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) 2.3.4 Ocean observing instruments 2.3.5 IRS LISS 2.3.6 Landsat instruments 2.3.6.1 Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) 2.3.6.2 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 2.3.6.3 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) 2.3.6.4 Landsat 8 2.3.6.5 Landsat 9 2.3.6.6 Landsat Next 2.3.7 SPOT sensors 2.3.7.1 SPOT High Resolution Visible (HRV) 2.3.7.2 Vegetation (VGT) 2.3.7.3 SPOT Follow-on Programme 2.3.8 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) 2.3.9ESA Sentinel Programme 2.3.9.1 Sentinel-2 Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI) 2.3.9.2 Sentinel-3 OLCI and SLSTR 2.3.10 High-resolution commercial and small satellite systems 2.4 Microwave imaging sensors 2.4.1. European Space Agency Synthetic Aperture Spaceborne Radars 2.4.2 Radarsat 2.4.3 TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed 2.4.3 ALOS PALSAR 2.4.4 Sentinel-1 SAR 2.5 Summary References Chapter 3: Pre-Processing of Remotely Sensed Data 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Cosmetic operations 3.2.1 Missing scan lines 3.2.2 De-striping methods 3.2.2.1 Linear method 3.2.2.2 Histogram matching 3.2.2.3 Other de-striping methods 3.3 Geometric correction and registration 3.3.1 Orbital geometry model 3.3.2 Transformation based on ground control points 3.3.3 Resampling procedures 3.3.4 Image registration 3.3.5 Other geometric correction methods 3.4 Atmospheric correction 3.4.1 Background 3.4.2 Image-based methods 3.4.3 Radiative transfer models 3.4.4 Empirical line method 3.5 Illumination and view angle effects 3.6 Sensor calibration 3.7 Terrain effects 3.8 Summary References Chapter 4: Image Enhancement Techniques 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Human visual system 4.3 Contrast enhancement 4.3.1 Linear contrast stretch 4.3.2 Histogram equalisation 4.3.3 Gaussian stretch 4.4 Pseudocolour enhancement 4.4.1 Density slicing 4.4.2 Pseudocolour transform 4.5 Summary References Chapter 5: Image Transforms 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Arithmetic operations 5.2.1 Image addition 5.2.2 Image subtraction 5.2.3 Image multiplication 5.2.4 Image division and vegetation indices 5.3 Empirically based image transforms 5.3.1 Perpendicular Vegetation Index 5.3.2 Tasselled Cap (Kauth-Thomas) transformation 5.4 Principal Components Analysis 5.4.1 Standard Principal Components Analysis 5.4.2 Noise-adjusted Principal Components Analysis 5.4.3 Decorrelation stretch 5.5 Hue, Saturation and Intensity (HSI) transform 5.6 The Discrete Fourier Transform 5.6.1 Introduction 5.6.2 Two-dimensional Fourier transform 5.6.3 Applications of the Fourier transform 5.7 The Discrete Wavelet Transform 5.7.1 Introduction 5.7.2 The one-dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform 5.7.3 The two-dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform 5.8 Change Detection 5.8.1 Introduction 5.8.2 NDVI Difference Image 5.8.3 Principal Components Analysis 5.8.4 Canonical Correlation Change Analysis 5.8.5 Time Series Analysis 5.8.6 Summary 5.9 Image fusion 5.9.1 Introduction 5.9.2 Hue, Saturation and Intensity (HSI) algorithm. 5.9.3 Principal Components Analysis 5.9.4 Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisation 5.9.5 Wavelet based methods 5.9.6 Evaluation – Subjective methods 5.9.7 Evaluation – Objective methods 5.10 Summary References Chapter 6: Filtering Techniques 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Spatial domain low-pass (smoothing) filters 6.2.1 Moving average filter 6.2.2 Median filter 6.2.3 Adaptive filters 6.3 Spatial domain high-pass (sharpening) filters 6.3.1 Image subtraction method 6.3.2 Derivative-based methods 6.4 Spatial domain edge detectors 6.5 Frequency domain filters 6.6 Summary References Chapter 7: Classification 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Geometrical basis of classification 7.3 Unsupervised classification 7.3.1 The k-means algorithm 7.3.2 ISODATA 7.3.3 A modified k-means algorithm 7.4 Supervised classification 7.4.1 Training samples 7.4.2 Statistical classifiers 7.4.2.1 Parallelepiped classifier 7.4.2.2 Centroid (k-means) classifier 7.4.2.3 Maximum likelihood method 7.4.3 Neural classifiers 7.5 Sub-pixel classification techniques 7.5.1 The linear mixture model 7.5.2 Spectral Angle Mapping 7.5.3 Independent Components Analysis 7.5.4 Fuzzy classifiers 7.6 More advanced approaches to image classification 7.6.1 Support Vector Machines 7.6.2 Decision tree classifiers 7.6.3 Other approaches to classification 7.6.3.1Rule based methods and the Genetic Algorithm 7.6.3.2Object-oriented methods 7.6.3.3Other methods 7.6.3.3.1Evidential Reasoning 7.6.3.3.2Bagging, boosting and ensembles of classifiers 7.7 Incorporation of non-spectral features 7.7.1 Texture 7.7.2 Use of external data 7.8 Contextual information 7.9 Feature selection 7.10 Classification accuracy 7.11 Summary References Chapter 8 Advanced Topics 8.1 Introduction 8.2 SAR interferometry 8.2.1 Basic principles 8.2.2 Interferometric processing 8.2.3 Problems in SAR interferometry 8.2.4 Applications of SAR interferometry 8.3 Imaging spectroscopy 8.3.1 Introduction 8.3.2 Processing imaging spectrometer data 8.3.2.1 Derivative analysis 8.3.2.2 Smoothing and denoising the reflectance spectrum 8.3.2.2.1 Savitzky-Golay polynomial smoothing 8.3.2.2.2 Denoising using the Discrete Wavelet Transform 8.3.2.3 Determination of ‘red edge’ characteristics of vegetation 8.3.2.4 Continuum removal 8.4 Lidar 8.4.1 Introduction 8.4.2 Lidar details 8.4.3 Lidar applications 8.5 Summary References Appendix A Index

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Book SynopsisVolume 32 (2013) of the internationally recognized and acclaimed yearbook series Palaeoecology of Africa' publishes 9 new interdisciplinary scientific papers on former and recent landscape evolution and on past environments of the African continent (e.g. climate change, vegetation dynamics and growing impact of humans on ecosystems). These papers expand horizons and interconnections to various types and methodologies of research on environmental dynamics from the Pliocene up to the present: review articles and regional case studies cover Nigeria, Cameroon, selected areas of the Congo basin, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia and South Africa. This volume also gives space to researchers from Africa to present their findings to a wider international audience.Today, by growing awareness of the worldwide impact of Global Change, it has become obvious that aside of the northern and southern hemisphere Polar region also the environmental setting in Africa was subject to considerable changes ovTable of ContentsPalaeoecological conditions in the Sokoto basin and the deep offshore Niger Delta (Nigeria) evidenced by benthonic foraminiferal microfaunaA hazy shade of winter: Late Pleistocene environments and behavioural adaptations at Blombos Cave, South AfricaLate Quaternary valley and slope deposits and their palaeoenvironmental significance in the Upper Congo Basin, Central AfricaLake level Changes of Barombi Mbo (Cameroon) during late Quaternary. Compared catchment and crater lake recordsPalaeoenvironmental comments on a Late Holocene debris-flow process in Lake Assom (Adamawa, Cameroon)Palaeoenvironmental Characteristics of the Plio-Pleistocene Chiwondo and Chitimwe Beds (N-Malawi)Why ‘Younger Dryas’? Why not ‘Antarctic Cold Reversal’? Eksteenfontein revisitedHistorical and Present-Day Landscape Degradation in Anambra State (Nigeria): Impacts and Remedial MeasuresClimate change analysis across rainfall-discharge variability in selected river catchments of Kenya and Central African Republic

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Book SynopsisINTRODUCTION TO Geochemistry This book is intended to serve as a text for an introductory course in geochemistry for undergraduate/ graduate students with at least an elementary-level background in earth sciences, chemistry, and mathematics. The text, containing 83 tables and 181 figures, covers a wide variety of topics ranging from atomic structure to chemical and isotopic equilibria to modern biogeochemical cycles which are divided into four interrelated parts: Crystal Chemistry; Chemical Reactions (and biochemical reactions involving bacteria); Isotope Geochemistry (radiogenic and stable isotopes); and The Earth Supersystem, which includes discussions pertinent to the evolution of the solid Earth, the atmosphere, and the hydrosphere. In keeping with the modern trend in the field of geochemistry, the book emphasizes computational techniques by developing appropriate mathematical relations, solving a variety of problems to illustrate application of the mathematical relaTrade Review“This is a good book to study if you want to build your understanding of geochemistry on a solid quantitative footing.” (Open University Geological Society Journal, 1 May 2013) “Overall, this seems to be a useful book for its intended audience . . . I would recommend the book to those outside of geochemistry to expand their knowledge of the topic before entering the subject matter at a higher level.” (Chromatographia, 28 March 2013) “Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students and above.” (Choice, 1 January 2013) “Overall this is an impressively thorough and up-to-date text that is aimed at the ‘geological’ geochemist and I would certainly recommend it to such an audience.” (Geological Magazine, 2012) Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 Part I Crystal Chemistry 7 2 Atomic Structure 9 3 Chemical Bonding 23 Part II Chemical Reactions 49 4 Basic Thermodynamic Concepts 51 5 Thermodynamics of Solutions 79 6 Geothermometry and Geobarometry 107 7 Reactions Involving Aqueous Solutions 134 8 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 167 9 Kinetics of Chemical Reactions 197 Part III Isotope Geochemistry 223 10 Radiogenic Isotopes 225 11 Stable Isotopes 253 Part IV The Earth Supersystem 281 12 The Core–Mantle–Crust System 283 13 The Crust–Hydrosphere–Atmosphere System 326 Appendix 1 Units of measurement and physical constants 372 Appendix 2 Electronic configurations of elements in ground state 374 Appendix 3 First ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity (Pauling scale), and coordination numbers of selected elements 377 Appendix 4 Thermodynamic symbols 379 Appendix 5 Standard state (298.15 K, 105 Pa) thermodynamic data for selected elements, ionic species, and compounds 382 Appendix 6 Fugacities of H2O and CO2 in the range 0.5–10.0 kbar and 200–1000°C 396 Appendix 7 Equations for activity coefficients in multicomponent regular solid solutions 398 Appendix 8 Some commonly used computer codes for modeling of geochemical processes in aqueous solutions 400 Appendix 9 Solar system abundances of the elements in units of number of atoms per 106 silicon atoms 402 Appendix 10 Answers to selected chapter–end questions 403 References 406 Index 431

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Book SynopsisMarine Geochemistry offers a fully comprehensive and integrated treatment of the chemistry of the oceans, their sediments and biota. The first edition of the book received strong critical acclaim and was described as a standard text for years to come.' This third edition of Marine Geochemistry has been written at a time when the role of the oceans in the Earth System is becoming increasingly apparent. Following the successful format adopted previously, this new edition treats the oceans as a unified entity, and addresses the question how do the oceans work as a chemical system?' To address this question, the text has been updated to cover recent advances in our understanding of topics such as the carbon chemistry of the oceans, nutrient cycling and its effect on marine chemistry, the acidification of sea water, and the role of the oceans in climate change. In addition, the importance of shelf seas in oceanic cycles has been re-evaluated in the light of nTrade Review“The third edition of Marine Geochemistry is an invaluable resource for a wide range of readers from undergraduates to researchers, providing a concise up to date summary of the interplay of chemical and biological factors that control ocean cheamistry.” (Journal of Geological Magazine, 1 August 2013 “Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals in marine sciences.” (Choice, 1 May 2013) Table of ContentsPreface to the third edition vii 1 Introduction 1 Part I The Global Journey: Material Sources 7 2 The input of material to the ocean reservoir 9 3 The transport of material to the oceans: the fluvial pathway 11 4 The transport of material to the oceans: the atmospheric pathway 52 5 The transport of material to the oceans: the hydrothermal pathway 83 6 The transport of material to the oceans: relative fl ux magnitudes 92 Part II The Global Journey: The Ocean Reservoir 125 7 Descriptive oceanography: water-column parameters 127 8 Air–sea gas exchange 154 9 Nutrients oxygen organic carbon and the carbon cycle in seawater 163 10 Particulate material in the oceans 208 11 Trace elements in the oceans 223 12 Down-column fl uxes and the benthic boundary layer 253 Part III The Global Journey: Material Sinks 271 13 Marine sediments 273 14 Sediment interstitial waters and diagenesis 290 15 The components of marine sediments 321 16 Unscrambling the sediment-forming chemical signals 352 Part IV The Global Journey: Synthesis 389 17 Marine geochemistry: an overview 391 Index 405 Colour plate pages fall between pp. 216 and 217.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a contribution to the International Year of Planet Earth arising from the 33rd International Geological Congress, held in Oslo, Norway during August 2008. The first section of the book considers aspects of geochemical processes which led to the development of the solid Earth as it is today. The second portion of the book shows how the rapidly-evolving analytical tools and approaches presently used by geochemists may be used to solve emerging environmental and other societal problems. Thisunique collection of reviews, with contributions from a range of internationally distinguished scientists, will be invaluable reading for advanced students and others interested in the central role geochemistry in the earth sciences.Trade Review"A useful reference text, nonetheless buy it for your library.” (Geological Journal, 1 January 2013) “Nevertheless, overall the book is very readable, and the reference list and the nice addition of “additional reading” lists at the end of the chapters will be very welcome to those that buy it.” (American Mineralogist, 1 November 2012) "A useful acquisition for academic science libraries. Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals." (Choice, 1 November 2011) "They provide an up to date insight into the subject and have been written in an accessible style . . . This book provides a view of current challenges in what is ultimately a fascinating volume, suitable for all those interested in earth systems and a must read for geologists and chemists alike." (Chemistry World, 1 September 2011) Table of ContentsEditors and Contributors. Editors' Preface (Andrew Parker and Russell S. Harmon). Introduction to Frontiers in Geochemistry: Contribution of Geochemistry to the Study of the Earth (Stuart Ross Taylor). Part 1: Contribution of Geochemistry to the Study of the Earth. 1. Geochemistry and Secular Geochemical Evolution of the Earth's Mantle and Lower Crust (Balz S. Kamber). 2. Crustal Evolution – A Mineral Archive Perspective (C.J. Hawkesworth, A.I.S. Kemp, B. Dhuime and C.D. Storey). 3. Discovering the History of Atmospheric Oxygen (Heinrich D. Holland). 4. Geochemistry of the Oceanic Crust (Karsten M. Haase). 5. Silicate Rock Weathering and the Global Carbon Cycle (Sigurdur R. Gislason and Eric H. Oelkers). 6. Geochemistry of Secular Evolution of Groundwater (Tomas Paces). 7. Stable Isotope Geochemistry: Some Perspectives (Jochen Hoefs). Part 2: Frontiers in Geochemistry. 8. Geochemistry of Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide (Yousif K. Kharaka and David R. Cole). 9. Microbial Geochemistry: At the Intersection of Disciplines (Philip Bennett and Christopher Omelon). 10. Nanogeochemistry: Nanostructures and Their Reactivity in Natural Systems (Yifeng Wang, Huizhen Gao and Huifang Xu). 11. Urban Geochemistry (Morten Jartun and Rolf Tore Ottesen). 12. Archaeological and Anthropological Applications of Isotopic and Elemental Geochemistry (Henry P. Schwarcz). Index. Colour plates.

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Book SynopsisConsisting of papers that have appeared recently in International Geology Review, Middle American Terranes, Potential Correlatives, and Orogenic Processes focuses on Middle American terranes in which tectonic processes, including flat-slab subduction, for orogenic development are examined at various times since the late Mesoproterozoic: at 1 Ga, through the Paleozoic, and into the Cenozoic. Many papers relate the evolution of the Middle American terranes over the past billion years to global scale events, and a second theme running through the book relates to the supercontinents, Rodinia and Pangea, the geometry of their amalgamation and breakup, and the processes responsible. Highlights include:        An update on the geographic record, tectonic setting, and provenance of these terranes        Documentation of allocthonous nature and position peripheral to Amazonia of the ~1 Ga basement of southerTable of ContentsMiddle American Terranes. Oaxaquia Terrane. Mixteca Terrane. North American Craton. Sierra Madre Terrane. Chuacús Terrane. Chortis Terrane. Potential Correlatives. Orogenic Processes.

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