Geochemistry Books

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses recent developments in dam engineering, covering theoretical as well as practical aspects. The chapters provide detailed descriptions of the types, surveys and investigations, layouts, design, thermal stresses and foundation of dams. The differences between various theories/methods of analysis used in design and their practical application and limitations are clarified.The book focuses on earth fills and landfills and stresses the importance of the foundation treatment. Failure of embankment dams is discussed particularly in the planning and construction stages of the dam. The environmental impact of dams is treated with references to river diversions and reservoir sedimentation. The book is written as a reference book for professional engineers and is also suitable for post graduate courses.Table of Contents Introduction Concrete Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Roller Compacted Concrete Dams Embankment Dams Earthfill Dams Rockfill Dams Failure of Embankment Dams Foundation Treatment of Dams River Diversion Hill Slope Stabilization at Dam and Power Projects in the Himalayas Reservoir Sedimentation Instrumentation Construction Aspects of Dams Dams and Environmental Issues Dam Safety

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Book SynopsisThis book consolidates the latest research on the Hadean Eon - the first 500 million years of Earth history - which has permitted hypotheses of early Earth evolution to be tested, including geophysical models that include the possibility of plate tectonic-like behavior. These new observations challenge the longstanding Hadean paradigm – based on no observational evidence - of a desiccated, lifeless, continent-free wasteland in which surface petrogenesis was largely due to extraterrestrial impacts. The eon was termed “Hadean” to reflect such a hellish environment. That view began to be challenged in 2001 as results of geochemical analyses of greater than 4 billion year old zircons from Australia emerged. These data were consistent with the zircons forming in a world much more similar to today than long thought and interpreted to indicate that sediment cycling was occurring in the presence of liquid water. This new view leaves open the possibility that life could have emerged shortly after Earth accretion. The epistemic limitations under which the old paradigm persisted are closely examined. The book is principally designed as a monograph but has the potential to be used as a text for advanced graduate courses on early Earth evolution.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Why HadeanChapter 2: Thermal evolution modelsChapter 3: Radionuclide produced isotopic variations in mantle rocks Chapter 4: The lunar surface and Late Heavy Bombardment conceptChapter 5: Models of continental growth and destructionChapter 6: Plate boundary interactions through geologic historyChapter 7: Hadean Jack Hills zircon geochemistryChapter 8: Hadean zircons elsewhere in the solar systemChapter 9: Proposed sources of Hadean zirconsChapter 10: Could the Hadean eon have been habitable?Chapter 11: Morpho- and chemo-fossil evidence for the appearance of lifeChapter 12: CollectaneaAppendix I: Expanding the search for terrestrial Hadean zircons

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a comprehensive view of the valuable uranium ores and analytical electron microscopy methods, including electron microdiffraction principles, an essential technique for studying uranous minerals.This book also explains the laws governing the formation of uranium mineral accumulations, based on concepts published by the renowned Russian mineralogist L.N. Belova. It addresses all types of ore uranium concentrations in the hypergene region and schematizes all uranium mineral formation processes. Readers will also find selected examples of different genetic types of uranium deposits of black sooty ores; the data gathered from all findings on ningyoite worldwide, and new crystal chemistry data on tetravalent uranium phosphates. Table of ContentsIntroduction I. Practice of studying of dispersal uranium minerals by ATEM methods 1) Possibilities of TEM when studying dispersible minerals 2) Microdiffraction SAED method Methods of interpretation of electron diffraction SAED-patterns Methodical ways of interpretation 3) Contribution of EM to uranium mineralogy II. Minerals of tetravalent uranium U4+ of hypergenesis zone 1. Ore mineralization of the reduction zone of hypergenesis – uranium blacks 1) Regularities of manifestation of the uranium blacks mineralization in a hypergenesis zone 2) Examples of deposites with the industrial blacks mineralization 3) The mineral composition of uranium blacks (Uraninite. Coffinite. Ningyoite.) 4) Genetic crystalchemistry of mineral components of uranium black/sooty 2. New minerals family – U4+ phosphates 1) Ningyoite – mineral of Rhabdophane group 2) Lermontovite mineral group (Lermontovite. Vyacheslavite. Urphoite.) 3. The crystal-chemistry data ATEM for questions of uranium mineralogy 1) Questions of isomorphism and systematics of phosphates of the rhabdophane group 2) About the position of calcium in minerals of tetravalent uranium 3) About phosphosilicates of tetravalent uranium Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThis book is a marked departure from typical introductory geochemistry books available: It provides a simple, straightforward, applied, and down-to-earth no-nonsense introduction to geochemistry. It is for the undergraduate students who are introduced to the subject for the first time, but also for practicing geologists who do not need the heavy-duty theory, but some clear, simple, and useful practical tips and pointers.This book, written from the point of view of a practicing geologist, introduces the fundamental and most relevant principles of geochemistry, explaining them whenever possible in plain terms. Crucially, this textbook covers – in a single volume! – practical and useful topics that other introductory geochemistry books ignore, such as sampling and sample treatment, analytical geochemistry, data treatment and geostatistics, classification and discrimination diagrams, geochemical exploration, and environmental geochemistry. The main strengths of this book are the breadth of useful and practical topics, the straightforward and approachable way in which it is written, the numerous real-world and specific geological examples, and the exercises and review questions (using real-world data and providing on-line answers). It is therefore easily understood by the beginner geochemist or any geologist who desires to use geochemistry in their daily work.Table of Contents1. The elements.- Nucleosynthesis.- Characteristics.- Isotopes.- Behaviour.- Substitutions.- 2. Analytical techniques.- Whole rock.- Microbeam.- Isotopes.- Data treatment and statistics.- 3. Applications.- Chemical composition of the Earth.- Lithogeochemistry and rock classification.- Geodynamic setting.- Alterations and metamorphism.- Mineral exploration.

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents selected papers presented during the 4th International Conference on Transportation Geotechnics (ICTG). The papers address the geotechnical challenges in design, construction, maintenance, monitoring, and upgrading of roads, railways, airfields, and harbor facilities and other ground transportation infrastructure with the goal of providing safe, economic, environmental, reliable and sustainable infrastructures. This volume will be of interest to postgraduate students, academics, researchers, and consultants working in the field of civil and transport infrastructure. Table of ContentsChapter 1: A Conceptual System Dynamics Framework to Evaluate Performance of Pavement Foundations under Moisture Hysteresis.- Chapter 2: Dynamic response of a beam on a layered half-space with a poroelastic interlayer subjected to moving loads.- Chapter 3: Modification of Japanese pavement fatigue life criteria by considering climate effect in cold regions.- Chapter 4: Influence of braking on the pavement shakedown limits.- Chapter 5: Physical modeling of stress propagation in railway pavement with LWD.- Chapter 6: Verification of the structural design parameters for unbound layers of Finnish road structures.- Chapter 7: FreeHyTE: a hybrid-Trefftz finite element platform for poroelastodynamic problems.- Chapter 8: A Mechanistic-Based Analysis Procedure for Designing Geosynthetic Reinforcement in Pavement Systems.- Chapter 9: Geotechnical characterization of a low volume traffic road.- Chapter 10: Development of Prediction Models for Mechanistic Parameters of Granular Roads Using Combined Non-Destructive Tests.- Chapter 11: Influence of Foundation Layer Properties in a Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavement System Subjected to Heavy Vehicle Loads.- Chapter 12: R-Value and Resilient Modulus Prediction Models Based on Soil Index Properties for Colorado Soils.- Chapter 13:Performance Evaluation of Flexible Pavements with Asphalt-treated Base Courses.

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents selected papers presented during the 4th International Conference on Transportation Geotechnics. The papers address the geotechnical challenges in design, construction, maintenance, monitoring, and upgrading of roads, railways, airfields, and harbor facilities and other ground transportation infrastructure with the goal of providing safe, economic, environmental, reliable and sustainable infrastructures. This volume will be of interest to postgraduate students, academics, researchers, and consultants working in the field of civil and transport infrastructure. Table of ContentsThemes:

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a cross-sectoral, multi-disciplinary assessment of different problems associated with estuarine acidification with special thrust on mangrove dominated Indian Sundarban estuaries. The arms of ocean acidification have extended to coastal and estuarine waters, where a wide spectrum of biodiversity thrives with unique adaptation extending several ecosystem services. Impact of acidification in these areas is a matter of concern as acidification potentially has more immediate effects on the health of estuaries and inshore regions as well as regional economies. Ground zero data collected for more than three decades have made the book stand on a strong base.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Estuarine Acidification: An overviewChapter 2: Estuaries of Indian Sundarbans: A Test Bed for Acidification Study Chapter 3: Impact of Acidification on Fishes Chapter 4: Impact of Acidification on Molluscs Chapter 5: Impact of Acidification on Plankton Chapter 6: Impact of Acidification on Ecosystem Services of Sundarban Estuaries Chapter 7: Regulatory Role of Blue Carbon in Estuarine Acidification Chapter 8: Estuarine Acidification: Management and Mitigation

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Book SynopsisPlate tectonics can drift continents and push up mountains, but what drives the plates? This is an insider’s account of how we answered questions posed over two centuries ago, and completed geology’s quest for a driving mechanism. Forging through confusing evidence, apparent contradictions and raging debates we arrived at not one but two mechanisms: sinking plates and rising plumes.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Deep Earth and deep time, big ideas and big egos.- Chapter 2. The accidental geophysicist.- Chapter 3. A propitious time.- Chapter 4. Water, heat, time, mountains.- Chapter 5. Yielding rocks.- Chapter 6. Vagrant continents.- Chapter 7. Like nothing we’ve seen before.- Chapter 8. Novel ideas: plates and plumes.- Chapter 9. But what is the driving mechanism?.- Chapter 10. Chemistry and egos muscle in.- Chapter 11. Making it a science?.- Chapter 12. Some clarity: two convection modes, interacting.- Chapter 13. Earth’s lessons: humility, power and science.- Chapter 14. Some chemical clarifying.- Chapter 15. Too noble?.- Chapter 16. Perspective; Imperfect but better than shouting

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Book SynopsisThis book presents 41 selected articles written by leading researchers from the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, part of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The articles are grouped by the following topics: (1) Geochemistry, (2) Meteoritics, Cosmochemistry, Lunar and Planetary Sciences, (3) Biogeochemistry and Ecology, and (4) Analytical Chemistry, Radiochemistry, and Radioecology. The articles present recent experimental data, theoretical investigations, critical reviews, the results of computer modeling in the above-mentioned fields.Intended to provide a scientific “snapshot” of the institute, the book also includes content on its history, main scientific achievements and current goals, together with detailed descriptions of its 25 laboratories and three museums so as to promote new international collaborations.Given its scope, the book will be of interest to all scientists and graduate students working in the areas of geochemistry, analytical chemistry and radiochemistry, earth and environmental sciences, biogeosciences, meteoritics and planetary science, and to those seeking new collaboration opportunities in these areas in Russia.Table of ContentsPGE-Cu-Ni Norilsk Deposits and Siberian Traps: Genetic Relationships.- Intrusive COMAGMAT: From Simple Magma Differentiation Models to Complex Algorithms Simulating the Structure of Layered Intrusions.- Forms of Existence of PGE and Gold in Natural Systems and their Geochemical Behavior.- Study of Elemental Composition and Properties of Volcanic Ash and Urban Dust Nanoparticles.- Layered Titanosilicates Melting: Experimental Study at 1 Atmosphere and Application for Agpaitic Rocks Petrology.- The Scale of Extraction of Ore Elements Zn and Pb by Aqueous Chloride Fluids in the Process of Degassing of Granite Magmas during their Rise to the Surface and Crystallization.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the first comprehensive compilation of cutting-edge research on Merapi volcano on the island of Java, Indonesia, one of the most iconic volcanoes in the world. It integrates results from both the natural (geology, petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, physical volcanology) and social sciences, and provides state-of-the-art information on volcano monitoring, the assessment of volcanic hazards, and risk mitigation measures.As one of Indonesia’s most active and dangerous volcanoes, Merapi is perhaps best known for its pyroclastic density currents, which are produced by gravitational or explosive lava dome failures (commonly referred to as Merapi-type nuées ardentes). Merapi’s eruptions have posed a persistent threat to life, property and infrastructure within the densely populated areas on the volcano’s flanks, as demonstrated most recently by catastrophic eruptions, which attracted worldwide media interest.Table of ContentsThe Scientific Discovery of Merapi: From Ancient Javanese Sources to the 21st Century.- Physical Environment and Human Context at Merapi Volcano: A Complex Balance Between Accessing Livelihoods and Coping With Volcanic Hazards.- Merapi and Its Dynamic 'Disaster Culture'.- The Geodynamic Setting and Geological Context of Merapi Volcano in Central Java, Indonesia.- Crustal Structure and Ascent of Fluids and Melts Beneath Merapi: Insights From Geophysical Investigations.- Geological History, Chronology and Magmatic Evolution of Merapi.- The Godean Debris Avalanche Deposit From a Sector Collapse of Merapi Volcano.

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Book SynopsisThis open access book summarizes the findings of the VUELCO project, a multi-disciplinary and cross-boundary research funded by the European Commission's 7th framework program. It comprises four broad topics:1. The global significance of volcanic unrest2. Geophysical and geochemical fingerprints of unrest and precursory activity3. Magma dynamics leading to unrest phenomena4. Bridging the gap between science and decision-makingVolcanic unrest is a complex multi-hazard phenomenon. The fact that unrest may, or may not lead to an imminent eruption contributes significant uncertainty to short-term volcanic hazard and risk assessment. Although it is reasonable to assume that all eruptions are associated with precursory activity of some sort, the understanding of the causative links between subsurface processes, resulting unrest signals and imminent eruption is incomplete. When a volcano evolves from dormancy into a phase of unrest, important scientific, political and social questions need to be addressed. This book is aimed at graduate students, researchers of volcanic phenomena, professionals in volcanic hazard and risk assessment, observatory personnel, as well as emergency managers who wish to learn about the complex nature of volcanic unrest and how to utilize new findings to deal with unrest phenomena at scientific and emergency managing levels. This book is open access under a CC BY license.Table of ContentsPart 1 – Overview on volcanic unrest.- Significance of unrest.- Past experiences.- Part 2 - Geophysical and geochemical insights on unrest and precursory activity.- Volcano Seismology: detecting unrest in wiggly lines.- Volcano geodesy and multiparameter investigations.- Volcanic gases and low temperature volcanic fluids.- MONITORING CAPACITY: obvious and hidden problems.- Part 3 – Magma dynamics: Lessons from experiments and models.- Storage and ascent of magma.- Magma rejuvenation: Insights from numerical models.- Crystals, bubbles and melt: critical conduit processes revealed by numerical models.- Interaction between magma and hydrothermal system.- The magma laboratory: Constraining unrest mechanisms.- From unrest to eruption: Conditions for phreatic vs. magmatic activity.- Geochemical and isotopic investigations in the light of unrest.- Magma mixing as a prelude to unrest.- Part 4 – Bridging the gap between science and decision-making.- Legal governance.- A Warner paper incl Cost benefit.- Recognizing and tracking volcanic unrest: a probabilistic approach.- Probabilistic tools for hazard assessment and risk management.- Deterministic vs. probabilistic forecasts.- Perspective on global practices of communication and decision-makers’ needs.- Social resilience and compliance during unrest crises.- Outreach and education.- Volcanic Unrest Simulation Exercises – guidance for future exercises.- Glossary.- INDEX.

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Book SynopsisHere is a comprehensive and up to-do-date presentation of the origins, and properties of clay minerals at the Earth´s surface. The text reviews the relatively simple laws that govern the chemical or isotopic composition and the crystalline structure of clays, and then discusses their genesis and alteration. Concluding chapters show that clay minerals can form in variety of different environments: meteorites, lavas, subduction zones, among others.Table of ContentsCrystal Structure — Species — Crystallisation.- Crystal Chemistry of Clay Minerals.- Energy Balances: Thermodynamics — Kinetics.- Isotopic Composition of Clay Minerals.- Surface Properties — Behaviour Rules — Microtextures.- Clays in Soils and Weathered Rocks.- Clays in Sedimentary Environments.- Diagenesis and Very Low-Grade Metamorphism.- Hydrothermal Process — Thermal Metamorphism.- Clays Under Extreme Conditions.

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Book SynopsisVolcanic eruptions are the clear and dramatic expression of dynamic processes in planet Earth. The author, one of the most profound specialists in the field of volcanology, explains in a concise and easy to understand manner the basics and most recent findings in the field. Based on over 300 color figures and the model of plate tectonics, the book offers insight into the generation of magmas and the occurrence and origin of volcanoes. The analysis and description of volcanic structures is followed by process oriented chapters discussing the role of magmatic gases as well as explosive mechanisms and sedimentation of volcanic material. The final chapters deal with the forecast of eruptions and their influence on climate. Students and scientists of a broad range of fields will use this book as an interesting and attractive source of information. Laypeople will find it a highly accessible and graphically beautiful way to acquire a state-of-the-art foundation in this fascinating field. "Volcanism by Hans-Ulrich Schmincke has photos of the best quality I have ever seen in a text on the subject… In addition, the schematic figures in their wide range of styles are clear, colorful, and simplified to emphasize the most important factors while including all significant features… "I have really enjoyed reading and rereading Schmincke’s book. It fills a great gap in texts available for teaching any basic course in volcanology. No other book I know of has the depth and breadth of Volcanism… I have shared Volcanism with my colleagues to their significant benefit, and I am more convinced of its value for a broad range of Earth and planetary scientists. Undoubtedly, I will use Volcanism for my upcoming courses in volcanology. I will never hesitate to recommend it to others. Many geoscientists from very different subdisciplines will benefit from adding the book to their personal libraries. Schmincke has done us all a great service by undertaking the grueling task of writing the book – and it is much better that he alone wrote it." Stanley N. Williams, ASU Tempe, AZ (Physics Today, April 2005) "Schmincke is a German volcanologist with an international reputation, and he has done us all a great favour because he sensibly channelled his fascination with volcanoes into writing this beautifully illustrated book... [he] tackles the entire geological setting of volcanoes within the earth and the processes that form them... And, with more than 400 colour illustrations, including a huge number of really excellent new diagrams, cutaway models and maps, plus a rich glossary and references, this book is accessible to anyone with an interest in the subject." New Scientist (March 2004) "The science of volcanology has made tremendous progress over the past 40 years, primarily because of technological advances and because each tragic eruption has led researchers to recognize the processes behind such serious hazards. Yet scientists are still learning a great deal because of photographs that either capture those processes in action or show us the critical factors left behind in the rock record.Volcanism by Hans-Ulrich Schmincke has photos of the best quality I have ever seen in a text on the subject. I found myself wishing that I had had the photo of Nicaragua’s Masaya volcano, which was the subject of my dissertation, but it was Schmincke who was able to include it in his book. In addition, the schematic figures in their wide range of styles are clear, colorful, and simplified to emphasize the most important factors while including all significant features. The book’s paper is of such high quality that at times I felt I had turned two pages rather than one. I have really enjoyed reading and rereading Schmincke’s book. It fills a great gap in texts available for teaching any basic course in volcanology. No other book I know of has the depth and breadth of Volcanism. I was disappointed that the text did not arrive on my desk until last August, when it was too late for me to choose it for my course in volcanology. I am also disappointed about another fact—the book’s binding is already becoming tattered because of my intense use of it! Schmincke is a volcanologist who, in 1967, first published papers on sedimentary rocks of volcanic origin, the direction traveled by lava flows millions of years ago, and the structures preserved in explosive ignimbrites, or pumice-flow deposits, that reveal important details of their formation. Since then, his studies in Germany’s Laacher See, the Canary Islands, the Troodos Ophiolite of Cyprus, and many other regions have forged great fundamental advances. Such contributions have been recognized with his receipt of several international awards and clearly give him a strong base for writing the book. However, as a scientist who has focused on the challenges of monitoring the very diverse activities of volcanoes, I think that the text’s overriding emphasis on the rock record has its cost. The group of scientists who are struggling with their goals to reduce or mitigate the hazards of the eruptions of tomorrow need to learn more about the options of technology, instrumentation, and methodology that are currently available. More than 500 million people live near the more than 1500 known active volcanoes and are constantly facing serious threats of eruptions. An extremely energetic earthquake caused the horrific tsunamis of 2004. However, the tsunamis of 1792, 1815, and 1883, which were caused by the eruptions of Japan’s Unzen volcano and Indonesia’s Tambora and Krakatau volcanoes, each took a similar toll. " ( Stanley N. Williams, PHYSICS TODAY, April 2005)Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "Volcanism by Hans-Ulrich Schmincke has photos of the best quality I have ever seen in a text on the subject… In addition, the schematic figures in their wide range of styles are clear, colorful, and simplified to emphasize the most important factors while including all significant features… "I have really enjoyed reading and rereading Schmincke’s book. It fills a great gap in texts available for teaching any basic course in volcanology. No other book I know of has the depth and breadth of Volcanism… I have shared Volcanism with my colleagues to their significant benefit, and I am more convinced of its value for a broad range of Earth and planetary scientists. Undoubtedly, I will use Volcanism for my upcoming courses in volcanology. I will never hesitate to recommend it to others. Many geoscientists from very different subdisciplines will benefit from adding the book to their personal libraries. Schmincke has done us all a great service by undertaking the grueling task of writing the book – and it is much better that he alone wrote it." Stanley N. Williams, ASU Tempe, AZ (Physics Today, April 2005) "This book comes from a lifetime of volcanological field experience all over the world from a leading professor of volcanology … . The book is based on the author’s lecture materials … . figures make this volume exceptionally valuable to students and instructors. The photographs, historic figures, and charts and figures … are done thoughtfully and carefully and will be very widely used. … would be appropriate as a text for an upper-level college class in volcanology. … It could attract newcomers to this highly interdisciplinary field … ." (William I. Rose, Journal of Geology, May, 2005) "This outstanding handbook has the power to incite any geologist or interested layman to become a volcanologist himself … . It is … lavishly illustrated with superb photographs and excellent cartoons of models, schematic cross-sections or contour maps, with easy to consult references, glossary and indexes. ... It is highly recommended to all those interested in earth sciences in general and should be present in every earth science library. … definitely will raise the fascination for the earth as a complex system among many." (Michiel Dusar, Geologica Belgica, Vol. 8 (1-2), 2005) "The book by Hans-Ulrich Schmincke … is alluring for several reasons. Firstly, it deals with topics which … are potentially attractive for all, regardless of ones age and educational level. Secondly, it is perfectly balanced in providing a professional level of science … . Thirdly, it contains a wealth of colourful photos … . the most spectacularly illustrated one I have recently read. … the text is written with passion and with a superb knowledge of the subject … . Students and scientists … will find this excellent book an indispensable source of information … ." (Marek Lewandowski, Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 162, 2005) "Hans-Ulrich Schmincke … has done us all a great favour because he sensibly channelled his fascination with volcanoes into writing this beautifully illustrated book. Volcanism, however, is much more than pretty pictures. … It inspires you to explore … . And, with more than 400 colour illustrations, including a huge number of really excellent new diagrams, cutaway models and maps, plus a rich glossary and references, this book is accessible to anyone with an interest in the subject." (Douglas Palmer, New Scientist, March, 2004) "The book succeeds for the most part on the generalized level of providing a bridge between the technical and popular literature on volcanoes, and as such can be recommended. … The strengths of the Schmincke volume lie in its overall coverage of volcanic topics, readability, and in the large number of almost entirely excellent-quality photographs and diagrams that make it an easy book to dip into." (Colin Wilson, Economic Geology, Vol. 100 (3), 2005)Table of ContentsPlate Tectonics.- Magma.- Rheology, Magmatic Gases, Bubbles and Triggering of Eruptions.- Mid-Ocean Ridges.- Seamounts and Volcanic Islands.- Continental Intraplate Volcanoes.- Subduction Zone Volcanoes.- Volcanic Edifices and Volcanic Deposits.- Strombolian, Hawaiian and Plinian Eruptions and the Mount St. Helens Eruption 1980.- Pyroclastic Flows, Block and Ash Flows, Surges and the Laacher See Eruption.- Fire and Water.- Volcanic Hazards, Volcanic Catastrophes, and Disaster Mitigation.- Volcanoes and Climate.- Man and Volcanoes: The Benefits.- 16 Physical Units and Abbreviations.- 17 Glossary.- 18 References.- 19 Subject Index.- 20 Index of Geographical Names.- 21 Index of Names.

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Book SynopsisThe soils are fundamental to our existence, delivering water and nutrients to plants, that feed us. But they are in many ways in danger and their conservation is therefore a most important focus for science, governments and society as a whole. A team of world recognised researchers have prepared this first English edition based on the 16th European edition. • The precursors and the processes of soil development • The physical, biological and chemical properties of soils • Nutrients and Pollutants • The various soil classifications with the main focus on the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) • The most important soils and soil landscapes of the world • Soil Evaluation Techniques • Basic Principles of Soil Conservation Whoever works with soils needs this book. Trade Review“Each chapter is well organized with numerous subsections discussing specific topics. The text is also well illustrated to clarify relationships for the soil functions discussed. … The textbook is suitable for teaching advanced students in soil science or allied curricula. It is also an excellent resource for professionals with backgrounds in engineering, biology, ecology, and agriculture. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners.” (S. G. Shetron, Choice, Vol. 53 (10), June, 2016)

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the statistical analysis of compositional data sets, i.e., data in percentages, proportions, concentrations, etc. The subject is covered from its grounding principles to the practical use in descriptive exploratory analysis, robust linear models and advanced multivariate statistical methods, including zeros and missing values, and paying special attention to data visualization and model display issues. Many illustrated examples and code chunks guide the reader into their modeling and interpretation. And, though the book primarily serves as a reference guide for the R package “compositions,” it is also a general introductory text on Compositional Data Analysis. Awareness of their special characteristics spread in the Geosciences in the early sixties, but a strategy for properly dealing with them was not available until the works of Aitchison in the eighties. Since then, research has expanded our understanding of their theoretical principles and the potentials and limitations of their interpretation. This is the first comprehensive textbook addressing these issues, as well as their practical implications with regard to software.The book is intended for scientists interested in statistically analyzing their compositional data. The subject enjoys relatively broad awareness in the geosciences and environmental sciences, but the spectrum of recent applications also covers areas like medicine, official statistics, and economics. Readers should be familiar with basic univariate and multivariate statistics. Knowledge of R is recommended but not required, as the book is self-contained.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“This book offers not only the theoretical background to analyse and interpret compositional data, but also the R support and guidance for the compositions package. The book is organised in 7 chapters. … The book is built in an accessible manner for undergraduates and postgraduates alike and offers an all in one overview of the analysis of compositional data in R.” (Irina Ioana Mohorianu, zbMATH, Vol. 1276, 2014)Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Fundamental Concepts of Compositional Data Analysis.- Distributions for Random Compositions.- Descriptive Analysis of Compositional Data.- Linear Models for Compositions.- Multivariate Statistics.- Zeroes, Missings and Outliers.- References.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to give an overview on the present state of volcanic lake research, covering topics such as volcano monitoring, the chemistry, dynamics and degassing of acidic crater lakes, mass-energy-chemical-isotopic balance approaches, limnology and degassing of Nyos-type lakes, the impact on the human and natural environment, the eruption products and impact of crater lake breaching eruptions, numerical modeling of gas clouds and lake eruptions, thermo-hydro-mechanical and deformation modeling, CO2 fluxes from lakes, volcanic lakes observed from space, biological activity, continuous monitoring techniques, and some aspects more. We hope to offer an updated manual on volcanic lake research, providing classic research methods, and point towards a more high-tech approach of future volcanic lake research and continuous monitoring.Trade Review“Volcanic Lakes, the first book on lakes in volcanic domains, consists of a set of 24 chapters written by pioneers and other researchers who have published extensive works on volcanic lakes in recent years. … the book is worthwhile resource that I strongly recommend researchers and mainly students pursuing a career focused on limnology, microbiology, volcanic monitoring, and volcanic hazards, but also volcanologists dealing with monogenetic volcanoes and hazard prevention to read.” (Boris Chako Tchamabé, Bulletin of Volcanology, Vol. 77 (82), 2015)Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Volcano-hydrologic Hazards from Volcanic Lakes.- The Chemical Composition and Evolution of Volcanic Lakes.- Gases in Volcanic Lake Environments.- Isotope Fractionation and HCl Partitioning During Evaporative Degassing from Active Crater Lakes.- Molten Sulfur Lakes of Intraoceanic arc Volcanoes.- Crater Lake Energy and Mass Balance.- CO2 Degassing from Volcanic Lakes.- The Comparative Limnology of Lakes Nyos and Monoun, Cameroon.- Modelling Air Dispersion of CO2 from Limnic Eruptions.- Microbial Life in Volcanic Lakes.

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Book SynopsisModern mineral exploration is the Modern Hunting of the Solid Earth". It provides a vital bridging between mineral explorations coupled with committed intellectual investment. Mineral explorers like: geochemists, geophysists, geomatists, geo-technical engineers, mineral chemists, environmental scientists, ceramic engineers, metallurgists and business communities with diverse range of interests and in training the experts of specific research needs. This volume covers major areas like: Mineral resources. Modern techniques for exploration of resources. Exploration and exploitation of water resources. Environmental studies. Economic development. This collection of illustrations with maps, photographs, figures, satellite images, colour photographs and tables will be found beneficial to students, researchers, field professionals and to decision makers." jacketTable of ContentsMineral Resources: 1. Uranium Mineralisation in Leucogranites Around Suryapet, Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh by S.K. De, A.S.Khotpal, M.Rajani Kumar, B.Harirao, Mridula Chauhan, K. Raghuramaiah and A.Sivasamy 2. Rare Earth Minerals in Carbonatites and their Significance in Earth Science by G.B.Sukumaran and M.Kumar 3. Integrated Sequence and Chemostratigraphic Modeling A Sure-fire Technique for Stratigraphic Correlation Petroleum Exploration and Reservoir Characterization by Mu.Ramkumar and G.Sathish 4. India - A Potential Global Contestant in Ilmenite Placer Mineral Production by S. Vasudevan, M. Arumugam, R. Sakthivel and K.Vadivelan 5. Mineral Exploration - A Geomatics Perspective by R. Neelakantan, D. Ramesh and M.Karthikeyan 6. Chrysoberyl from Southern Tamil Nadu of South India, with Implications for Gondwana Studies by G. Manimaran, Deepak Bagai and P.T.Roy Chacko 7. Clay Mineralogical and Textural Studies of Warkalli Formation Varkala, Kerala by D. Senthil Nathan, Arun K. Sreedhar and R.Resmi 8. Geological Setting and Physico - Chemical Properties of Uttatur Clays, Ariyalur Area, Tamil Nadu by R. Prabhakaran, M. Arumugam, R.S.Kumar, T.Jeyavel Rajakumar and B.Selvaraj 9. Role of Microfossils in Identifying the Source Rocks for Oil in Nagaland, India by R.Venkatachalapathy, Kapesa Lokho and D.S.N..Raju 10. Heavy Mineral Enrichment Pattern in the Vaippar River and its Significance to the Vaippar Beach Placer Deposits Southern Tamil Nadu, India by P.Udayaganesan, N.Angusamy , J.Sahayam and G.Victor Rajamanickam Modern Techniques For Exploration of Resources: 11. Lineament Detection to Identify Probable Location of Mineralized Zone - A Case Study in Panchmahal District Gujarat Western India - Using Remote Sensing Techniques by G.Bhaskaran, S.Rajendran and N.Radhakrishnan 12. Remote Sensing Applications for Hydrocarbon Exploration in the Pericratonic Basins of the Tamil Nadu Coast by D.Ramesh, S.Palanivel, R.Neelakantan and S.Mahendran 13. Mapping of Geology and Structure of Iron Ore Deposits in Parts of Salem District Using Remote Sensing Technique by A.Thirunavukkarasu, S.Rajendran and B.Poovalingaganesh 14. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Gadilam Lower Sub Basin of Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu -A Case Study by D.Radhakrishnan, M.Ramalingam 15. Geological and Geomorphological Features in and Around Salem, Tamil Nadu by K.Sankar 16. Geoelectrical Response Over Archaean Hard Rocks of Sankaran Kovil and Tenkasi Taluks of Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu by T.Jeyavel Rajakumar, R.S.Kumar and S.Rajendran 17. Targeting Potential Groundwater Zones in Hard Rock Environment Using GIS for Rural Development- An Integrated Approach by C.Lakshumanan and M.Govindaraju 18. A Remote Sensing and Gis Approach to Groundwater Prospecting in Gayatri River Basin, Kerala, India by A.P.Sreejith and Amit K.Bhattacharya 19. Regional Geological Setting and Major Geochemical Pattern of Upper Agniar and Vellar Basins, Tamil Nadu by S.Palanivel 20. Inverse Slope Method of Interpretation of Geoelectrical Sounding Curves and Its Application for Groundwater Exploration in Crystalline Rock Terrains by T.S.Badrinarayanan and R.Venkatesan 21. Groundwater Prospective Zones in Western Doon Valley Using Remote Sensing and GIS by R.S.Kumar and S.Aravindan 22. Aerogeophysical Data as Tool in Mapping and Mineral Exploration - Case Studies by T.V.Ramachandran 23. Mapping of Groundwater Recharge Zones of A Watershed Using Remote Sensing and GIS by G.Kannan and S.Poongothai 24. Simulation of Groundwater Contamination in Upper Palar River Basin, Tamil Nadu by C.Sivakumar and L.Elango 25. Demarcating Groundwater Potential Zone by Using Ves Method in Kadayampatty Panchayat Union Salem District, Tamil Nadu by K.R.Ravindran, S.Venketeswaran, G.Vanaraju, S.Karthikeyan, C.Praba 26. Groundwater Prospects Mapping Using Remote Sensing and Gis Techniques - A Case Study in Theni District, Tamil Nadu by K. Vaithiyanathan, M.Kamaraj, M.Ramalinagam and N.Raja Exploration and Exploitation of Water Resources: 27. Study of Trace Element Concentration in Part of Neveli Aquifer, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu by S.Aravindan and I.Jainamb 28. Hydrogeochemical Study of Mecheri Panchayat Union Salem District Tamil Nadu by S.Venkateswaran, S.Karuppannan, K.R.Ravindran, R.Saravanan 29. Exploration and Development of Groundwater in the Crystalline Rocks of Composit Tiruchirappalli District, Tamil Nadu by G.Bhaskaran, S.Rajendran and R.Jaganathan 30. Spatial Analyses of Crop Water Requirement in Buthangudy Canal Command Area Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu India Using Gis Techniques by B.S.Nagashree, N.Manikumari and S.Rajendra 31. An Integrated Geophysical Approach for Groundwater Prospecting in the Omalur Panchayat Union Salem District, Tamil Nadu by S.Venkateswaran and A.Karthikeyan 32. Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Cuddalore District Using Geographic Information System by S.Jothi Ganesh and S.Rajendran 33. Priliminary Studies of Hydrogeochemical Behaviour in Valapadi Taluk Salem District, Tamil Nadu by B.Gurugnanam, N.Prabhakaran, S.Radha and S.Murugan 34. A Study on Thermodynamic Stability of Groundwater in Different Lithounits From Gadilam River Basin Tamil Nadu, India by S.Chidambaram, M.V.Prasanna, K. Srinivasamoorthy and P.Anandhan 35. Cyanobacterial Diversity in the Veeranam Lake with Special Reference to Soil Microflora - Using Sem-insa-eds by K. Sivakumar and R.Senthilkumar 36. Hydrogeochemistry of Fluoride in Groundwater from Northwestern Part of Salem District, Tamil Nadu by K.Srinivasamoorthy, S.Chidambaram, P.Anandhan ,S.Vasudevan and M.V.Prasanna 37. Occurrence of High Fluoride in Parts of Kadyampatty Area of Omalur Taluk in Salem District by M.Arumugam, K.Manokaran and R.Venkatesan 38. Assessment of Surface Water Resources of A Watershed Using GIS by N. Nagarajan and S.Poongothai 39. Addressing the Extent of Aquifer for Groundwater Favorability through GIS in Valapadi Taluk, Salem District, Tamil Nadu by B.Gurugnanam, S.Vasudevan, N.Prabaharan, N.Vijayakumar and S.Murugan Environmental Studies: 40. Applications of Geochemical Strategy for Suitable Site Selection in Coastal Region by R.Arthur James and A.Rajendran 41. Airborne Altimetric Lidar in Coastal Management by V.Emayavaramban and A.Ganesh 42. Environment Baseline and Impact Assessment of Ptk Mines by K.M.Barath Chandran, S.Senthilkumar, M.Manivel 43. Hydrogeological Studies of Ptk Mines Using Remote Sensing and GIS by M.Deepasaraswathi, S.Preetha, P.Madhumitha, T.Ramasubbulakshmi, C.Chitra and M.Manivel Economic Development: 44. Geoscientific Criteria and Commercial Significance of Pyroxene Syenite of Slvamalai Area,Periyar District, Tamil Nadu by G.B.Sukumaran, R.Balaji and M.Kumar 45. Valuation of Granite Deposits by B.Kanishkan

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Book SynopsisThe book is divided into four sections, minerals, crystals, rocks and ores. Section A incorporates nine s, begins with presenting salient features of the earth--its structure and composition. The second Minerals and Mineralogy briefly tells about their diversity and their categorisation and introduces the interesting way they are named. Crystal chemistry the third is the heart and soul of mineralogy and deals in somewhat details about the building blocks of minerals -atoms and ions and the way they form diverse types of minerals are. It tries to tell why every combination of chemical compounds cannot result into a naturally occurring mineral. The fourth and fifth s deal with Properties of Minerals, physical and optical. The s describe various physical properties that are helpful in the identification both in hand specimens and as thin section under the microscope. These two s are adequately aided with a number of illustrations, photographs and photomicrographs to bring home the point. five deals with classification of minerals and their occurrence and forms a prelude to the next two s on descriptive mineralogy. Important silicate and non silicate minerals are described in s eight and nine. A brief description of mineral uses is dealt with in both descriptive mineralogy as well Section D on mineral deposits, however, the last , Mineral uses presents an overall picture and will be interesting as well as educating to students and even general readeSection B is devoted to crystals and crystallography. one introduces the subject while two presents basic crystallographic elements. three deals with the main six crystals systems while also giving a preliminary idea about stereographic projection and x-ray crystallography. Section C covers petrology, beginning with introduction to science of petrology, rock nomenclature. two is devoted to the study of igneous rocks, including their forms, composition, textures, structures, classification and description. Sedimentary rocks is the theme of three while different aspects of metamorphic rocks including kinds and agents of metamorphism and classification and description of metamorphism. The last portion of this also considers metamorphism in the background of global tectonics. five, the rock cycle presents a concise summary of geological events that have shaped the planet earth. The last section D is what geology is all about for a man on the street and its significance in nation building--the Ore minerals. It begins with what ore is and its place in human affairs as a well as presenting the important terminology in economic geology. two deals with ore genesis and presents various hypogene and supergene process that carves out ore deposits from non economic materials. three, mineral deposits and global tectonics is becoming a very popular theme among the earth scientists. A brief introduction of the same will be certainly appreciated by the student community and prompt them for further study in this direction. A general survey of India's mineral resources is the theme of four. It covers almost all of the commonly used ores, metallic, non metallic or fuels. The last of section D and the boom, 'Indian mineral industry: some facts and figures' will present where our country stands in the realm of mineral resources. Latest available data of resources, production, export, import, organisations that matter and other useful facts and figures are presented.Table of ContentsSection I - Minerals: 01: The earth, 02: Minerals and mineralogy, 03: Elements of crystal chemistry, 04: Physical properties of minerals, 05: Optical properties of minerals, 06: Minerals: their classification and occurrence, 07: The silicate minerals, 08: The non-silicate minerals, 09: Mineral uses Section II - Crystals: 01: Introduction, 02: Elements of crystallography, 03: The six crystal systems, 04: Preliminary ideas on stereographic projection and x-ray crystallography Section III - Rocks: 01: Introduction, 02: Igneous rocks, 03: Sedimentary rocks, 04: Metamorphic rocks, 05: The rock cycle. Section IV - Ores: 01: Ore minerals, 02: Genesis of ore deposits, 03: Mineral deposits and global tectonics, 04: Indian mineral deposits, 05: Indian mineral industry: some facts and figures.

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Book SynopsisVolumes 37 and 38 of this annual published since 1951 include excavational reports and analytical studies on archaeology, palaeobotany and archaezoology.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress, providing information on geological hazards map and image analytical systems, mineral resources with integrated information, phase-separation analysis, mineral reserve estimation, and geosciences and management information systems

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers a collection of extended papers based on presentations given during the SimHydro 2017 conference, held in Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France on June 14–16, 2017. It focuses on how to choose the right model in applied hydraulics and considers various aspects, including the modeling and simulation of fast hydraulic transients, 3D modeling, uncertainties and multiphase flows. The book explores both limitations and performance of current models and presents the latest developments in new numerical schemes, high-performance computing, multiphysics and multiscale methods, and better interaction with field or scale model data. It gathers the lastest theoretical and innovative developments in the modeling field and presents some of the most advance applications on various water related topics like uncertainties, flood simulation and complex hydraulic applications. Given its breadth of coverage, it addresses the needs and interests of practitioners, stakeholders, researchers and engineers alike.Table of ContentsPreface.- Part 1. Methods for modeling & uncertainty.- Part 2. Hydroinformatics systems & applications.- Part 3. Flood simulation & forecasting.- Part 4. Advanced approaches (scale, numerical, 3D models) to special and complex hydraulics applications.

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Book SynopsisThis book comprises select papers presented at the International Conference on Trends and Recent Advances in Civil Engineering (TRACE 2018). The topics covered include the utilization of industrial by-products as construction materials, sustainable and green materials in construction applications, and latest measures adopted for stabilization techniques. The book also discusses recent advances and techniques related to geotechnical and concrete domain that can be used as a reference guide for various researchers and practitioners around the globe.Table of Contents1. Foreword.- 2. Industrial by-products as Construction Materials.- 3. Sustainable and Green Materials in Construction.- 4. Advancement in Geotechnical Engineering.- 5. Stabilization techniques.

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents recent advances and developments taking place in geotechnical aspects of natural disaster mitigation and management. The chapters of this book are based on the invited lectures delivered by eminent researchers at the Third Indo-Japan Workshop on Geotechnics for Natural Disaster Mitigation and Management. This book will be a useful reference for academicians, researchers, practicing professionals and, especially, students of the geotechnical fraternity.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Resistance of Reinforced Gravity Type Breakwater with Steel Pipe Piles.- Chapter 2: Disaster Management in India and Characterization for Geohazards.- Chapter 3: Review of the material properties of recovered soils obtained from 2011 East Japan disaster debris for post-disaster management.- Chapter 4: The 2017 July Northern Kyushu Torrential Rainfall Disaster- Geotechnical and Geological Perspectives.- Chapter 5: Effect of fine grain fraction contents of short fiber mixed soil for mitigation of liquefaction hazards.- Chapter 6: Ground Modification Techniques to Improve Liquefaction Resistance in Indo-Gangetic Soils.- Chapter 7: Extended Application of Cement Based Grouting to Gravel/Boulder Ground Improvement.- Chapter 8: Elastic Modulus Estimation using a Scaled State Parameter in the Extended Kalman Filter.- Chapter 9: Shear Strength Behavior of Gravel-Tire Chips Mixture.- Chapter 10: Evaluation of the risk distribution of the Debris Flow Occurred Using Numerical Simulation Subjected to Rockfall.- Chapter 11: Design of Waterfront Retaining Walls Subjected to Waves and Earthquakes- A Review.- Chapter 12: Stability Evaluation of Block Reinforcement for Resilient Breakwater.- Chapter 13: Integrating Rainfall Load into Remedial Design of slopes affected by Landslides.- Chapter 14: Spatial Distribution of Strength - Comparison between Indian and Japanese Embankments.- Chapter 15: Investigation of Rainfall Induced Landslides at the Hillslopes of Guwahati Region, Assam.- Chapter 16: Significance of Drainage measures on Landslide Mitigation measures.- Chapter 17: Instability of Composite Breakwater Subjected to Earthquake and Tsunami and Its Countermeasures.- Chapter 18: Soil slope instabilities in snowy cold regions under changing climate – stability assessment and prediction methods assessment and prediction methods.

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents select papers presented at the 7th International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics. The papers discuss advances in the fields of soil dynamics and geotechnical earthquake engineering. Some of the themes include ground response analysis & local site effect, seismic slope stability and landslides, application of AI in geotechnical earthquake engineering, etc. A strong emphasis is placed on connecting academic research and field practice, with many examples, case studies, best practices, and discussions on performance based design. This volume will be of interest to researchers and practicing engineers alike. Table of ContentsGround Response Analysis with Deep Bedrock Depth in Indo-Gangetic Plains.- Soil Amplification Study for Kolkata Region.- Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Subsurface Shear Wave Velocity Investigation using Ground Vibration Data.- Nonlinear Soil Amplification Models for a Moderately Active Seismic Zone in India.- Prediction of Future Surface PGA in the States of Indo-Gangetic Basin Considering Site Specific Studies.- Synthetic Ground Motion Simulation for Varanasi City.- Dynamic Study of Existing Structure Influenced by Adjacent Deep Excavation.- 1D and 2D Dynamic Site Response of Landfill Site through Numerical Analysis.- A Study on Characteristics of Soil Profile of Guwahati City against Different Ground Motions: 1D Non Linear Ground Response Analysis.- One Dimensional Ground Response Analysis to Arrive at Surface Peak Ground Acceleration- A Case Study of Golaghat District in Assam.

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Book SynopsisThis book is the first systematic treatise of available data and view-points obtained from geological and geochemical studies of the Mo deposits in Qinling Orogen, China. Qinling Orogen has a minimum reserve of 8.7 Mt Mo, ranking the largest molybdenum province both in China and the world. Incorporating all known Mo deposit types in the world, it presents extensive studies of Mo deposits of world-class and unusual types within tectonic settings. The Qinling Orogen was finally formed during continental collision between Yangtze and North China cratons, following the Triassic closure of the northernmost paleo-Tethys. It hosts 49 Mo deposits formed in seven mineralization events since 1850 Ma, with all the world-class deposits being formed during 160-105 Ma, coeval with collisional orogeny. These deposits are assigned to magmatic and metamorphic hydrothermal classes. The magmatic hydrothermal class includes porphyries, skarns, and intrusion-related veins (carbonatite, fluorite and quartz). The porphyry Mo systems in Qinling Orogen are predominated by Dabie-type formed in continental collision setting, followed by Endako- and Climax-types formed in continental arcs and rifts, respectively. The metamorphic hydrothermal Mo deposits are only reported in Qinling Orogen, and thus a new crustal continuum model for the orogenic class mineral systems is proposed. A scientific linkage between ore geology and fluid inclusions is introduced and verified both by theory and case studies. This is the first research book comprehensively displaying continental collision metallogeny. This literature will benefit both Western and Chinese mineral explorers and miners, as well as research scientists and students.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Geological background Abstract 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Tectonic location and framework 1.1.2 Inventory of main ore types and commodities 1.2 Formation and geology of Qinling Orogen 1.2.1 Outline 1.2.2 Formation and geotectonic evolution of the Qinling Orogen 1.2.3 Major geologic events in the Qinling Orogen 1.3 Basement formation in southern North China Craton 1.3.1 Multi-terrane structure of SNCC 1.3.2 Qingyanggou-type greenstone belt and the primitive crust 1.3.3 Beizi-type greenstone belt and Shipaihe Complex: continental nuclei 1.3.4 The Junzhao and Dangzehe greenstone belts 1.3.5 Rhyacian stratigraphic unit and the divergence of Xiaoshan Terrane 1.3.6 Orosirian stratigraphic unit and cratonization 1.4 Tectonic setting of Xiong’er and Xiyanghe groups: application of differentiation index 1.4.1 Preamble 1.4.2 Tectonic models of the Xiong'er and Xiyanghe groups 1.4.3 Linking igneous DI population with tectonic settings 1.4.4 Concluding remarks 1.5 Triassic tectonic setting and Indosinian Orogeny 1.5.1 Sedimentation 1.5.2 Magmatism 1.5.3 Metallogenesis 1.5.4 Concluding remarks 1.6 Yanshanian tectonism and magmatism 1.6.1 Geology and geochemistry of the Yanshanian granitoids 1.6.2 Differences between the mid- and late Yanshanian granitoids 1.6.3 Tectonic implications 1.6.4 Concluding remarks References Chapter 2 Mo mineralization types, in space and time Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Trichotomy of endogenic processes 2.2.1 Epizonogenism and trichotomy of endogenic processes 2.2.2 Comparison of epizonogenism with other related terms 2.3 Three classes of hydrothermal mineral systems 2.3.1 Trichotomy of hydrothermal mineral systems 2.3.2 Epizonogenic hydrothermal mineral system 2.3.3 Metamorphic-hydrothermal mineral system 2.3.4 Magmatic hydrothermal mineral systems 2.4 Genetic types of Mo deposits in Qinling Orogen 2.5 Mineralization in space and time 2.5.1 Mineralization: spatial relationships 2.5.2 Mineralization: temporal relationships References Chapter 3 Porphyry Mo deposits Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Classification of porphyry Mo deposits 3.1.2 Outline of porphyry Mo deposits in Qinling Orogen 3.2 The Jinduicheng Mo deposit 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Regional geology 3.2.3 Ore-causative porphyry 3.2.4 Ore geology 3.2.5 Fluid inclusions 3.2.6 Ore deposit geochemistry 3.2.7 Timing of mineralization 3.2.8 Concluding remarks 3.3 The Donggou Mo deposit 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Local geology 3.3.3 Donggou granite porphyry 3.3.4 Ore geology 3.3.5 Fluid inclusions 3.3.6 Isotope geochemistry 3.3.7 Timing of mineralization 3.3.8 Concluding remarks 3.4 The Yuchiling Mo deposit 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Regional and deposit geology 3.4.3 Host and ore-causative granitic intrusions 3.4.4 Alteration and mineralization 3.4.5 Fluid inclusion geochemistry 3.4.6 Isotopic geochemistry 3.4.7 Geochronology 3.4.8 Discussion 3.4.9 Concluding remarks 3.5 The Leimengou Mo deposit 3.5.1 Introduction 3.5.2 Regional and deposit geology 3.5.3 The ore-causative porphyry 3.5.4 Ore Geology 3.5.5 Fluid inclusion studies 3.5.6 Isotope studies 3.5.7 Geochronology 3.5.8 Summary and concluding remarks 3.6 The Wenquan Mo deposit 3.6.1 Introduction 3.6.2 Regional and deposit geology 3.6.3 The ore-causative granite 3.6.4 Alteration and mineralization 3.6.5 Fluid inclusions studies 3.6.6 Isotope geochemistry 3.6.7 Timing of mineralization 3.6.8. Concluding remarks References Chapter 4 Porphyry–skarn Mo ore systems Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Nannihu-Sandaozhuang Mo-W deposit 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Local Geology 4.2.3 The ore-causative porphyry 4.2.4 Ore geology 4.2.5 Fluid inclusions 4.2.6 Ore geochemistry 4.2.7 Timing of the mineralization 4.2.8 Concluding remarks 4.3 The Shangfanggou Mo-Fe deposit 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Regional and local geology 4.3.3 The ore-causative granite porphyry 4.3.4 Ore geology 4.3.5 Fluid inclusions 4.3.6 Ore geochemistry 4.3.7 Molybdenite Re-Os chronology 4.3.8 Concluding remarks 4.4 Qiushuwan Cu-Mo deposit 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Regional and local geology 4.4.3 Ore-causative porphyry 4.4.4 Ore geology 4.4.5 Fluid inclusions 4.4.6 Isotope geochemistry 4.4.7 Timing of mineralization 4.4.8 Discussion 4.4.9 Concluding remarks 4.5 The Yinjiagou Mo-polymetal deposit 4.5.1 Introduction 4.5.2 Regional and local geology 4.5.3 Ore-causative porphyry 4.5.4 Ore geology 4.5.5 Fluid inclusions 4.5.6 Ore geochemistry 4.5.7 Geochronology 4.5.8 Concluding remarks Reference Chapter 5 Magmatic hydrothermal vein systems Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Zhaiwa quartz vein Mo-Cu deposit 5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 Regional geology 5.2.3 Ore geology 5.2.4 Fluid inclusions 5.2.5 Isotope geochemistry 5.2.6 Re-Os geochronology 5.2.7 Discussion 5.2.8 Concluding remarks 5.3 Tumen molybdenite-fluorite vein system 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Regional geology 5.3.3 Ore geology 5.3.4 Fluid inclusions 5.3.5 Fluorite REY geochemistry 5.3.6 Isotope geochemistry 5.3.7 ReOs geochronology 5.3.8 Discussion 5.3.9 Conclusions 5.4 Huanglongpu carbonatite-hosted Mo ore-field 5.4.1 Introduction 5.4.2 Geology of the Huanglongpu Mo ore-field 5.4.3 Carbonatite dykes 5.4.4 Ore geology 5.4.5 Mineral chemistry 5.4.6 Fluid inclusion 5.4.7 Isotope geochemistry 5.4.8 Geochronology 5.4.9 Discussion 5.4.10 Conclusions References Chapter 6 Metamorphic hydrothermal (orogenic-type) systems Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Waifangshan Mo-quartz vein cluster 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 Regional geology 6.2.3 Ore geology 6.2.4 Fluid inclusions 6.2.5 Isotope geochemistry 6.2.6 Geochronology 6.2.7 Discussion: ore genesis and tectonic model 6.2.8 Concluding remarks 6.3 The Dahu Au-Mo deposit 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 Geological background 6.3.3 Ore geology 6.3.4 Fluid inclusions 6.3.5 Isotope geochemistry 6.3.6 Geochronology 6.3.7 Discussion 6.3.8 Concluding remarks 6.4 The Longmendian Mo deposit 6.4.1 Introduction 6.4.2 Regional geology 6.4.3 Deposit geology 6.4.4 Fluid inclusion 6.4.5 Geochronology 6.4.6. Discussion 6.4.7 Concluding remarks References Chapter 7 Mineralization and Its Controls Abstract 7.1 Spatial distribution and collisional orogeny 7.1.1 Mo mineralization and crustal thickness 7.1.2 Basement control 7.1.3 Fault control 7.2 Temporal distribution and orogenic events 7.2.1 Mineralization events and orogenies 7.2.2 Timing variation in terms of space 7.2.3 Timing variation in terms of genetic type 7.3 Host rocks and their control on mineralization 7.3.1 Age of host rocks 7.3.2 Lithology of host rocks 7.3.3 Physicochemical feature of host rocks 7.3.4 Mo contents of host rocks 7.4 The ore-causative granitoids 7.4.1 Granitoids aged 198  225 Ma 7.4.2 Granitoids aged 133  158 Ma 7.4.3 Granitoids aged 108  125 Ma 7.5 Hydrothermal process and mineralization 7.5.1 Metal association and zonation 7.5.2 Hydrothermal alteration and zonation 7.5.3 Four-stage hydrothermal mineralization 7.6 The ore-forming fluids 7.6.1 Nature of ore-forming fluid and its tectonic control 7.6.2 Relationship between CO2 and Mo enrichment 7.7 Re contents of molybdenite 7.8 Concluding remarks References

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Book SynopsisThis book presents basic design theories and principles and provides detailed analysis for excavation failure cases based on the author's research experience, aiming to provide a comprehensive picture of the subject matter. It focuses on the basal heave stability analysis, the apparent earth pressure as well as the strut force determination, the retaining wall deflection, the ground settlement, the protection measures such as jet grouting slabs or piles, case reports, back analysis methodology. From the very basic to the most advanced, it tries to attain theoretical rigorousness and consistency. On the other hand, this book also tries to cope with design practice, implemented by the recent publications from the authors. Students, researchers, and design engineers working in the field of civil engineering could benefit from this book.Table of ContentsOverview.- Basal heave stability.- Toe stability.- Strut forces.- Bending moments.- Retaining wall deflections.- Ground settlements.- Numerical analysis.- Soil constitutive models.- Dewatering for excavation.- Jet grouting and other auxiliary measures.- Protection of adjacent buildings.- Instrumentation, observation methods and back analysis.- Excavation failure cases and analysis.

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