Fossil fuel technologies Books

Book SynopsisThe goal of coal mining is to economically remove coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its energy content, and since the 1880s is widely used to generate electricity. The most economical method of coal extraction from coal seams depends on the depth and quality of the seams, and the geology and environmental factors. This book presents current research from across the globe in the study of coal extraction, including production of ashless coal by using a solvent extraction technique; the Hotelling model of optimal non-renewable resource extraction; coal extraction with a carbon disulfide/N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone mixed solvent; and extraction of inorganic species of coal.

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Book SynopsisFossil fuel energy is the lifeblood of the modern world. Before the Industrial Revolution, humanity depended on burning wood and candle wax. But with the ability to harness the energy in oil and other fossil fuels, quality of life and capacity for progress increased exponentially. Thanks to incredible innovations in the energy industry, fossil fuels are as promising, safe, and clean an energy resource as has ever existed in history. Yet, highly politicized climate policies are pushing a grand-scale shift to unreliable, impractical, incredibly expensive, and far less efficient energy sources. Today, "fossil fuel" has become such a dirty word that even fossil fuel companies feel compelled to apologize for their products. In Fueling Freedom, energy experts Stephen Moore and Kathleen Hartnett White make an unapologetic case for fossil fuels, turning around progressives' protestations to prove that if fossil fuel energy is supplanted by "green" alternatives for political reasons, humanity will take a giant step backwards and the planet will be less safe, less clean, and less free.

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Book SynopsisEnergy supplies and prices are major economic factors in the United States, and energy markets are volatile and unpredictable. Thus, energy policy has been a recurring issue for Congress since the first major crisis in the 1970s. As an aid in policy making, this book presents a current and historical view of the supply and consumption of various forms of energy. This book analyses the competition between coal, natural gas and petroleum used for electricity generation by estimating what is referred to by economists as the elasticity of substitution among the fuels.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the electric power industry which is in a transformation process. The electricity infrastructure of the United States is aging, and uncertainty exists around how to modernise the grid, and what technologies and fuels will be used to produce electricity in the future. Unresolved questions of transmission and reliability of the grid are arising from potential cybersecurity threats and continuing interest in harnessing renewable energy and other low carbon sources of electricity. Concerns about reliability and electricity prices are being complicated by new environmental regulations and the rising availability of natural gas for the production of electric power from unconventional resources such as gas shales. Congress will likely be faced with policy issues regarding how the modernisation of this vital industry will unfold.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses several aspects of the changing context of natural gas in the U.S. electric power sector. Increasingly plentiful and affordable natural gas has catalysed major changes in U.S. power generation and has helped to boost U.S. economic recovery. Increased substitution of natural gas for coal in power generation has also cut U.S. GHG emissions. However, processes to produce natural gas, shale gas in particular, have also elevated environmental and safety concerns in certain regions of the country. The rapid rise of natural gas is also beginning to drive more thought on longer-term energy policy issues such as the appropriate level of generation diversity (given the history of volatile prices for natural gas), and trajectories of natural gas use that will still allow GHG mitigation sufficient to address the climate challenge. This book is intended to help inform these energy policy and investment discussions, and outlines the current dynamics of natural gas in the power sector and the selected challenges and opportunities in the use of natural gas to generate electricity.

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Book SynopsisChina is the world''s most populous country with approximately 1.3 billion people. It has experienced tremendous economic growth over the last three decades with an average annual increase in gross domestic product (GDP) of 9.8% during that period. This rapid economic growth has led to an increasing demand for energy, spurring China to add an average of 53 gigawatts (gw) of electric capacity each year over the last ten years to its power generation capabilities. China is also the world''s largest producer and consumer of coal, with about half of its coal use being for electricity generation. In fact, coal provides over 70% of China''s current electricity needs, and fuels much of the new power generation capacity being built. While many of these new coal plants are among the most technically advanced in the world, the burning of coal results in sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate emissions which contribute to air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions linked to global climate change. The current and potential future environmental consequences of burning coal are a major reason China has been actively seeking to increase its renewable energy capabilities. When current rates of use are considered, limited domestic reserves of coal, natural gas, and oil provide another impetus for change. However, China''s announced intent to rely on domestic, sustainable solutions for its growing energy needs has led to a focus on developing "green" or renewable energy resources. In contrast to China, some argue that the United States does not have a comprehensive national policy in place for promotion of renewable energy technologies, with some observers saying that the higher costs of renewable electricity are not conducive to market adoption. However, for both countries, the reasons for increasing the use of renewable energy are diverse, and include energy security, energy independence, cleaner air, and more recently anthropogenic climate change, sustainability concepts, and economic development. Creating new, higher quality jobs could reasonably be said to be primary drivers of policy goals in both the United States and China.

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Book SynopsisIn this valuable volume, new and original research on various topics on chemical engineering and technology is presented on modeling and simulation, material synthesis, wastewater treatment, analytical techniques, and microreactors. The research presented here can be applied to technology in food, paper and pulp, polymers, petrochemicals, surface coatings, oil technology aspects, among other uses. The book is divided into five sections: modeling and simulation environmental applications materials and applications processes and applications analytical methods Topics include: modeling and simulation of chemical processes process integration and intensification separation processes advances in unit operations and processes chemical reaction engineering fuel and energy advanced materials CFD and transport processes wastewater treatment The valuable research presented here will be of interest to researchers, scientists, industry practitioners, as well as upper-level students. Trade Review"This is exceptionally well-edited book by Dr. Bharat Bhanvase and Dr. Rajendra Ugwekar that will surely be useful for researchers, scientists, and academicians in the area of chemical engineering and technology. Each chapter has been edited to put forward the uniqueness of the studies provided in order to overcome recent problems in process industries. The varied chapters of this edited book will encourage new ideas, methods, and applications in the growing areas of chemical engineering and technology. Furthermore, the editors have broadened the scope of this book to provide new insights in the areas of environment, materials, and modeling and simulation of chemical processes. Overall, the book is very effective, focusing on recent developments and current status of the research areas."—Dr. Sachin R. Shirsath, Associate Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune, IndiaTable of ContentsModeling and Simulation. Discharge and Pressure Loss Coefficient Analysis of Non- Newtonian Fluid Flow through Orifice Meter Using CFD. Numerical Simulation of Fixed Bed Liquid Chromatography in Multiple Columns. Statistical Modeling for Adsorption of Congo Red onto Modified Bentonite. Environmental Applications. Surface Altered Alumino-Silicate Resin (Zeolite-Y) for Remediation of Oil Spillage. Removal of Cr(VI) by Using Sweetlime Peel Powder in a Fixed Bed Column. Removal of Cr(VI) from Waste Water Using Red Gram Husk as Adsorbent. Low Cost Adsorbents in the Removal of Cr(VI),Cd and Pb(II) from Aqueous Solution. Adsorption of Anionic Dye onto TBAC-Modified Halloysite Nanotubes. Kinetic Study of Adsorption of Nickel on GNS/δ-MnO2. Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis of Hydrogels and Its Effects on Water/Dye Intake. Materials and Applications. Ultrasonically Created Rectangular Shaped Zinc Phosphate Nanopigment. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Raphanus Sativus Extract. Activated Carbon from Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) Seed Shell by Chemical Activation with Phosphoric Acid. Rice Husk Based Co-Firing Plants in India: A Green Perspective. Foamability of Foam Generated by Use of Surf Excel and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate. Production of Zinc Sulphide Nanoparticles Using Continuous Flow Microreactor. Processes and Applications. Hydrogenation with Respect to Rancidity of Foods. Experimentalstudies on a Plate Type Heat Exchanger for Various Applications. Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Betulinic Acid from Leaves of Syzygium cumini (Jamun). Analytical Methods. Separation, Analysis and Quantitation of Hesperidin in Citrus Fruits Peels Using RP-HPLC-UV. Quantification of Aluminium Metal in Cosmetic Products by Novel Spectrophotometric Method. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a new fracturing technique that should be considered as a potential alternative, or a companion technique, to hydraulic fracturing of tight gas reservoirs and low permeability rock masses. As opposed to hydraulic fracturing which generates a few numbers of large cracks, electro-hydraulic fracturing induces diffuse micro-cracking and fragmentation of rocks. Laboratory tests demonstrate that increases of permeability by two orders of magnitude can be reached, without major cracking in tested specimens. This book discusses the principles of this new technique, reports experiments which have been developed is order to prove the concept and finally describes the numerical model from which the potentialities of this technique in representative reservoir conditions can be assessed.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction xi Chapter 1 Experiments in a Representative Environment 1 1.1 Mechanical set-up 1 1.2 Pulsed arc electric generator 4 1.3 Material properties 6 1.4 Measurements of radical permeability 7 1.5 X-ray tomography 9 1.6 Results on model materials 10 1.7 Summary of the results on sandstone 17 1.8 Discussion 18 Chapter 2 Computational Modeling of the Process: Principles 21 2.1 Pressure generated by the pulsed arc electrical discharge 22 2.2 Mechanical modeling of rocks under dynamic loads 29 2.3 Coupled effects between damage and permeability 41 2.4 Summary and conclusions 44 Chapter 3 Validation of the Computational Model 47 3.1 Simulation of the experiments in uniaxial compression 47 3.2 Confined tests on hollow cylinders 52 3.3 Isotropic versus anisotropic permeability 67 3.4 Conclusions 68 Chapter 4 Computations on Representative Reservoir Geometries 71 4.1 Effect of repeated shocks 72 4.2 Simulation on a typical reservoir geometry 75 4.3 Optimization of the process 79 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook 91 Bibliography 97 Index 103

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Book SynopsisOver the past decade, carbon capture and storage (CCS) has come to the fore as a way to manage carbon dioxide emissions contributing to climate change. This book examines its introduction into the political scene, different interpretations of its significance as an emerging technology and the policy challenges facing government and international institutions with respect to its development, deployment and regulation. The focus of the book is on the construction of arguments about CCS in the public sphere, the coalitions of actors who have articulated distinctive perspectives on CCS and the varied strategies governments have adopted to integrate it into climate and energy policies. The authors analyse the issues decision-makers now confront in encouraging the uptake of the technology, managing uncertainties and regulating attendant risks. The book includes case studies of the reception of CCS in seven OECD countries: Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States. Developments in the EU form the subject of an eighth case study. The authors point to the political significance of CCS as a mitigation option offering a way forward for fossil fuels in a carbon constrained world, while also emphasizing the uncertainties that surround its future development and deployment. Students, scholars and researchers from a wide variety of fields who are interested in climate change, energy policy, and the politics and policy of the environment will find this book illuminating, as will officials and policy makers in international organizations and governments.Trade Review'. . . the volume is a timely and informative text for students and academics, as well as for practitioners within international organizations and governments.' -- Rudra Kapila, Climate LawTable of ContentsContents: 1. The Politics and Policy of Carbon Capture and Storage James Meadowcroft and Oluf Langhelle 2. Technology Leader, Policy Laggard: CCS Development for Climate Mitigation in the US Political Context Jennie C. Stephens 3. CCS in Australia: From Political Posturing to Policy Potential Darren Sinclair and Neil Gunningham 4. CCS in Canada Mark Jaccard and Jacqueline Sharp 5. Technology as Political Glue: CCS in Norway Andreas Tjernshaugen and Oluf Langhelle 6. Electricity Gap versus Climate Change: Electricity Politics and the Potential Role of CCS in Germany Barbara Praetorius and Christoph von Stechow 7. CCS in the UK: Squaring Coal Use with Climate Change? Ivan Scrase and Jim Watson 8. CCS in the Netherlands: Glass Half Empty or Half Full? Philip J. Vergragt 9. CCS and the European Union: Magic Bullet or Pure Magic? Dag Harald Claes and Paal Frisvold 10. CCS in Comparative Perspective Oluf Langhelle and James Meadowcroft 11. The Politics and Policy of CCS: The Uncertain Road Ahead James Meadowcroft and Oluf Langhelle Index

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Book SynopsisThis dictionary provides a synthesis of information currently available but only in a diverse array of sources. Through judicious choice and careful scrutiny, the author has gathered together a very handy ready-reference in the same style as his companion volumes, Dictionary of Energy and Fuels and Dictionary of Fire Protection Engineering. Although the material covered is diverse, particular entries are focused and linked with each other so as to provide a good degree of comprehensiveness. For example, there is much information on well engineering including example calculations, and this is linked to wells at particular oil fields. There is also much on offshore production and again principles are linked, often by calculation, with particular offshore production platforms. The North Sea features, but not exclusively, and the vast bulk of the information presented is relevant to all locations. Commercial products, including those for oil well maintenance, are featured and information on the web from suppliers is expanded by drawing on the physics and chemistry of how such products work.Trade Review'...provides a synthesis of currently available information from a wide range of sources. ...contains much close engineering reasoning and some related calculations. The book will be useful to oil and gas industry professionals, students undertaking oil and gas courses, as well as consulting engineers and policymakers'. Petroleum Review '...has maintained the high quality achieved in the previous dictionaries... ...a wealth of information on topics of great diversity ranging from calculations regarding oil-well engineering to data about a whole host of oil fields and some details of commercial products... The range of information is indeed wide and in some instances is quite intriguing. I consider this book to be a little gold mine of information and at a little less than GBP20 it could be considered a steal'. Fuel

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Book SynopsisA new edition of this established text has been expanded and updated, treating this important field in a holistic manner. The structure of the previous book has been retained, but enhanced with new text and illustrations, and more numerical problems with a wider scope. Readers will find much on the background to the industry and details of such centrally important operations as refining, heat exchange, cracking, polymerisation and hydrogenation. There is a chapter on offshore matters, which includes some incidents that occurred since the first edition. National and international standards are considered as these relate to such things as site layout. The coverage of the fire and explosion behaviour of hydrocarbons has been extended, in particular in relation to flash points. The topic of leaked gas detection has been introduced, and there is considerable extension of the coverage of static electricity hazards. There is more on liquefied natural gas (LNG), including details of processes for its regasification. Natural gas condensate features, having grown considerably in importance since the first edition.Re-refining of crude oil products that have previously been used as lubricants or as hydraulic fluids has also experienced growth, and this too has its place in the book from the perspective of safety. Tight gas and coal bed methane feature, as does the controversial matter of hydraulic fracture to obtain them. The chemical processing chapter has been extended to include hydrocracking, hydrodesulphurisation and hydrodenitrogenation. The COMAH (Control of Major Accident Hazards) regulations are covered and sign conventions for hazards are explained with illustrations.Trade ReviewReviews of the first edition: 'A particularly useful feature for the practitioner and student is the inclusion within the text of worked examples... ...is particularly useful through its provision of a well grounded numerical approach to many of the detailed problems arising within process safety. ...provides much useful information on operational practice, which is not often found in such texts, as well as a valuable range of supporting case studies. ...should be relevant to both undergraduates and postgraduates, as well as those in industry approaching the subject for the first time'. Energy '...covers virtually all aspects of hydrocarbon safety...' ScienceDirect.com '...it is certainly a very useful and confidence-building text for inexperienced chemical engineers as they find their way in the hydrocarbon and other process industries. ...should form a compulsory part of the graduate process engineer's library and also is of great value to the third and forth year chemical engineering undergraduate student. ...would be a valuable addition to the library and as a paperback should be well within the financial reach of the student and young practising engineer'. Chemistry in Australia '...presents a great deal of information in a compact form. ...the book makes a valuable contribution... ...would certainly recommend it to chemical engineering and fire engineering undergraduates or those professionals that need to develop an understanding hydrocarbon process safety.' Fire Safety Journal '...can be used as a text for an introductory course on process safety. It also contains topics relevant to process hazards in the chemical process industries, and as such, will be useful to engineers working in these industries'. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries '...the book will form a useful source of material for teachers and students tackling safety in this broader area. ...is judged to provide a good introductory text for students... Teachers and students alike will find many of the demonstration numerical problems and solutions particularly helpful to establish ideas and approaches.' Process Safety and Environmental Protection '...is one of the few recent texts of this kind, dealing entirely with hydrocarbons. ...this book could be very useful...to teachers and students of engineering and chemistry...' SSC, Fuel Experimental Station '...safety is a difficult subject to teach as it requires both very quantitative information and more wide ranging information... This book provides us with both. Apart from expounding the calculation methods it introduces subjects such as HAZOP, COMAH and COSSH. One excellent feature is that there are questions of increasing complexity provided in all Chapters with comprehensive solutions at the end of the book. ...this is a useful book from which one can learn. It will be a great aid to instructors and students'. FuelTable of ContentsBackground to the oil and gas industry; Hydrocarbon leakage and dispersion; The combustion behaviour of hydrocarbons; Physical operations on hydrocarbons and associated hazards; Chemical operations on hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivative; Some relevant design principles; Some relevant measurement principles; Offshore oil and gas production; Hazards associated with particular hydrocarbon products; Toxicity hazards; Safe disposal of unwanted hydrocarbon; Means of obtaining hydrocarbons other than from crude oil and related safety issues; Solutions to example; True or false questions; Index

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Book SynopsisHandbook of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations is an authoritative source providing extensive up-to-date coverage of the technology used in the exploration, drilling, production, and operations in an offshore setting. Offshore oil and gas activity is growing at an expansive rate and this must-have training guide covers the full spectrum including geology, types of platforms, exploration methods, production and enhanced recovery methods, pipelines, and envinronmental managment and impact, specifically worldwide advances in study, control, and prevention of the industry's impact on the marine environment and its living resources. In addition, this book provides a go-to glossary for quick reference. Handbook of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations empowers oil and gas engineers and managers to understand and capture on one of the fastest growing markets in the energy sector today.Table of Contents1. Occurrence and Formation of Crude Oil and Natural Gas2. Offshore Geology and Operations3. Offshore Platforms4. Exploration5. Drilling and Well Completion6. Production7. Transportation8. Corrosion9. Environmental Impact10. Legislation and The FutureGlossaryIndex

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive new dictionary comprises over 1300 definitions and brief articles to provide an extremely useful ready-reference work on solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, including information on the scenes of production of many fuels, such as major coal reserves and large oil and gas fields. Economics are addressed with entries included for all the major indices for oil, coal and natural gas pricing. The political perspective is also dealt with, covering the oil-producing countries and OPEC; environmental issues also feature, as do entries on chemical compounds, trade names, industrial processes and much more. The book carefully traces fuel usage since industrialisation with information provided on some 19th century events such as the Drake well. However, there is a correct balance of entries in terms of the periods to which they relate and thoroughly modern topics such as enhanced oil recovery are featured. Users of the Dictionary will gain an appreciation of the development of fuel and energy technology and sense the continuity or, in some cases, revival of ideas. As an example, what is now known as 'BTU conversion' and often treated as if it were novel is, in fact, a return to gasification technologies that were used a century or more ago! "The Dictionary of Energy and Fuels" is a reliable reference work on fuel and energy which will remain of great usefulness despite any future changes and trends in related technologies. This easy-to-use dictionary will be of great value to undergraduates, postgraduates and professionals in fuel technology, industrial chemistry, chemical and mechanical engineering and whenever a ready-reference on energy and fuels is required.Trade Review'... A Staggeringly wide range of definitions is on offer... A List of some fifty references, a table of fuel-related units and conversion factors, and a selection of fuel and energy terms translated into languages other than English, round off the volume... a useful dictionary in a compact format... which should satisfy those requiring a one-stop shop of information on a wide range of matters relating to Fuel and Energy, be they at undergraduate, postgraduate or professional level'. Fuel'... a compendium of useful information ... a broad spectrum of topics is included in this short but fact-filled volume. ... this book will serve as a very useful reference for those involved in the field of fuels.' Journal of Hazardous Materials'Containing approximately 1300 entries each relating to fuels, energy, and/or combustion, this book is a compendium of useful information on all aspects of the foregoing topics. ...this book will serve as a very useful reference for those involved in the field of fuels'. Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Book SynopsisAs the case for Climate Change mitigation becomes ever more pressing, hydrogen has the potential to play a major role in a low-carbon energy future. Hydrogen can drive the vehicles of tomorrow and also heat homes and supply energy to businesses. Much recent discussion in energy policy circles has considered ways in which greatly expanded electrification can meet the demand for low-carbon mobility and heating. Such narratives centre on the widespread use of renewable energy sources with occasionally surplus renewable electricity being used to produce hydrogen, for example by electrolysis. While such developments have a beneficial role to play, this book focuses on an alternative paradigm. This book considers a more evolutionary path involving the continued extraction and use of fossil fuels, most notably natural gas, but in ways that greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this way much established industrial capacity and know how might be transitioned to help deliver the low carbon future that the world so desperately requires. Presenting up-to-date energy policy recommendations with a focus on hydrogen from fossil fuels, the book will be of considerable interest to policymakers and energy researchers in academia, industry and government labs, while also offering a valuable reference guide for business developers in low-carbon energy, and for oil and gas industry analysts.Table of ContentsIntroduction: The Hydrogen Economy Today.- Hydrogen and The Future: Energy and Mobility.- Stem Methane Reforming: A Technology with a Bright Future.- Partial Oxidation Technologies.- Carbon Monoxide: Molecular Building Block.- Three Case Studies I: USA Gulf of Mexico – A Centre of Hydrogen Infrastructure.- Three Case Studies II: UK: Proposed Natural Gas to Hydrogen Transition.- Three Case Studies III: Poland and the Future for Coal in Europe.- Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook presents students with a systematic approach for the quantification and management of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and provides best practices for optimal carbon management and quantification. The book begins with an overview of climate change basics and goes on to discuss carbon footprint measurements, carbon management concepts, and concludes by presenting carbon reduction solutions with applications for green buildings, smart transportation, waste management, and carbon trading and offsetting. The author provides practical examples and carbon management models that support innovative reduction solutions and presents a roadmap for the implementation and development of carbon management strategies, making it a useful resource for both upper undergraduate and graduate students as well as practitioners seeking a comprehensive framework to conduct carbon management. Table of ContentsClimate Change Basics.- Carbon footprint measurement.- Carbon trading and offsetting.- Carbon management concepts.- Total carbon management.- Carbon management maturity model.- Innovation solutions.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive introduction to well logging and the inverse problem. It explores challenges such as conventional data processing methods’ inability to handle local minima issues, and presents the explanations in an easy-to-follow way. The book describes statistical data interpretation by introducing the fundamentals behind the approach, as well as a range of sampling methods. In each chapter, a specific method is comprehensively introduced, together with representative examples. The book begins with basic information on well logging and logging while drilling, as well as a definition of the inverse problem. It then moves on to discuss the fundamentals of statistical inverse methods, Bayesian inference, and a new sampling method that can be used to supplement it, the hybrid Monte Carlo method. The book then addresses a specific problem in the inversion of downhole logging data, and the interpretation of earth model complexity, before concluding with a meta-technique called the tempering method, which serves as a supplement to statistical sampling methods. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable reference guide for drilling engineers, well logging tool physicists, and geoscientists, as well as students in the areas of petroleum engineering and electrical engineering. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Foundation of Bayesian Inversion and Sampling Methods.- Beyond the Random Walk: a Hybrid Monte Carlo Sampling.- Interpret Model Complexity: Trans-Dimensional Markov Chain Monet Carlo Method.- Accelerated Bayesian Inversion Using Parallel Tempering

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Book SynopsisAs the second volume of the "Digital Oil & Gas Pipeline: Research and Practice" series of monographs, this book introduces the implementation strategies, examples and technical roadmaps of two important aspects of the Digital Oil & Gas Pipeline construction: pipeline real-time data integration and pipeline network virtual reality system. Two example of pipeline real-time data integration are elaborated: integration of pipeline WebGIS (Geographic Information System) and pipeline SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) via OPC (OLE for Process Control) technology, integration of pipeline network virtual reality system and pipeline SCADA via OPC, JNI (Java Native Interface) and SAI (Scene Access Interface). The pipeline network virtual reality system aims for the pipeline virtual expression, interaction, and 3D visual management. It can be used for pipeline route visual design and plan, immersive pipeline industry training, remote visual supervision and control, etc. The implementation details of the pipeline network virtual reality system, including 3D pipeline and terrain modeling with X3D (Extensible 3D) technology, improving large-scene display performance and speed in the network environment using LOD (Level of Detail) technology, interaction of virtual pipeline scenes, and pipeline 3D visual monitoring, are also introduced. The knowledge and experience delivered by this book will provide useful reference for the readers from the industries of oil & gas pipeline, GIS, Virtual Reality, industrial control, etc.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis short monograph focuses on the theoretical backgrounds and practical implementations concerning the thermodynamic modeling of multiphase equilibria of complex reservoir fluids using cubic equations of state. It aims to address the increasing needs of multiphase equilibrium calculations that arise in the compositional modeling of multiphase flow in reservoirs and wellbores. It provides a state-of-the-art coverage on the recent improvements of cubic equations of state. Considering that stability test and flash calculation are two basic tasks involved in any multiphase equilibrium calculations, it elaborates on the rigorous mathematical frameworks dedicated to stability test and flash calculation. A special treatment is given to the new algorithms that are recently developed to perform robust and efficient three-phase equilibrium calculations.This monograph will be of value to graduate students who conduct research in the field of phase behavior, as well as software engineers who work on the development of multiphase equilibrium calculation algorithms. Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction.- Chapter 2. Cubic Equation of States.- Chapter 3. Phase Stability Test.- Chapter 4. Flash Calculations.- Chapter 5. Multiphase Equilibrium Calculations.

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Book SynopsisThe updated textbook is intended to serve as an advanced and detailed treatment of the evolution of the subject of stratigraphy from its disparate beginnings as separate studies of sedimentology, lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, etc., into a modern integrated discipline in which all components are necessary. There is a historical introduction, which now includes information about the timeline of the evolution of the components of modern stratigraphy. The elements of the various components (facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy, mapping methods, chronostratigraphic methods, etc.) are outlined, and a chapter discussing the modern synthesis is included near the end of the book, which closes with a discussion of future research trends in the study of time as preserved in the stratigraphic record.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThe updated textbook is intended to serve as an advanced and detailed treatment of the evolution of the subject of stratigraphy from its disparate beginnings as separate studies of sedimentology, lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, etc., into a modern integrated discipline in which all components are necessary. There is a historical introduction, which now includes information about the timeline of the evolution of the components of modern stratigraphy. The elements of the various components (facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy, mapping methods, chronostratigraphic methods, etc.) are outlined, and a chapter discussing the modern synthesis is included near the end of the book, which closes with a discussion of future research trends in the study of time as preserved in the stratigraphic record.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book provides climate students with the basic scientific background to climate change management. Students will learn about international and national approaches to climate change management defined in voluntary initiatives as well as in national law and international agreements. The book describes mitigation and adaptation measures, monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, and strategies for achieving a low-carbon economy, including green finance.This book combines theory and practice, introducing students to the conceptual background but also taking a professional and technical approach with case studies and low carbon toolkits. Filled with didactic elements such as concept schemes, tables, charts, figures, examples, as well as questions and answers at the end of the chapters, this book aims to engage critical thinking and the discussion of important topics of our days.The low-carbon strategy is one of the answers to limiting the greenhouse effect on our planet. This strategy is to minimize the overall carbon consumption in the life cycle of the products we consume, from the extraction of raw materials to the end of their life. The future is being built today. This book will guide its readers along the path of imagining and realizing a low-carbon economy.”Table of ContentsThe science background.- Counting carbon.- Reducing emissions.- Policy framework.- Adapting to climate change.- Monitoring, reporting and verification.- Conclusions and further reading.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses effective and alternative uses for natural gas (NG) and highlights the utilization of NG in the field of methane activation and chemical production. It details the techniques used during the reforming process of petrochemical and bio-derived fuels and it presents cutting-edge research that describes the utilization of NG that enables it to be more cost-effective and eliminate the expensive greenhouse gas emitting process of hydrogen production. The book addresses three major topics: NG use in upstream heavy oil and bitumen upgrading, NG and its use in downstream oil refining through co-aromatization of various feeds in the petrochemical industry, and NG use in the upgrading of bio-derived fuels and discusses alternative uses of NG. In-depth chapters demonstrate uses for NG beyond heating homes, through catalysis and in-situ hydrogen donation, and its potential applications for the petrochemical and biofuel industries.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Methane Sources and Current Uses.- Chapter 2. Introducing Methane Activation.- Chapter 3. Direct Systems: Methane Dehydroaromatization (MDA) and the Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM).- Chapter 4. The Cross-Coupling of Methane with Non-oxidative Hydrocarbons.- Chapter 5. Catalytic Upgrading of Heavy Oil Resources under Methane.- Chapter 6. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) assisted catalytic conversion of methane and other hydrocarbons.- Chapter 7. Biomass valorization under methane environment.- Chapter 8. Mechanism studies on biofuel conversion under methane environment.

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Book SynopsisThis book looks at chemmotological solutions to important questions surrounding sustainability and environmental safety of transport — both key priorities within the global strategy of sustainable development. Bringing together expanded versions of selected papers presented at the 8th International Scientific-Technical Conference: Problems of Chemmotology – Theory and Practice of Rational Use of Conventional and Alternative Fuels and Lubricants, contributors present solutions to problematic questions, including choosing feedstock and technologies of its processing for manufacturing alternative fuels, development and implementation of measures for improving environmental safety of transport, minimizing exhaust gases emission from transport, introducing new solution or improvements in systems of fuels supply and infrastructure, and changes in legislative and regulatory base for fuels and lubricants use. This collection will be an invaluable reference for researchers, professionals, and students involved in alternative aviation fuels, transport engineering, sustainable transport development, and fuels and lubricants.Table of Contents1-Advance in pathways to sustainable aviation fuels 2-Effect of polymer additives on the rheological properties of heavy high-viscosity oil 3-Phenomenological probabilistic model of friction pair wear taking into account thermal-mechanical stability of boundary layers 4-Revisiting the Synthesis of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters of Lower Monohydric Alcohols by Homogeneous Base-Catalyzed Transesterification of Vegetable Oils 5-Cultivating Microalgae in Wastewaters for Biofuel and Fertilizer Production 6-Development of New Structured Honeycomb Fiber Catalysts for Hydrocarbons Conversion to the Carbon-Free Fuel 7-Providing Wasteless Manufacturing of Aviation Biofuels by Using Camelina Seed Residues for Producing Functional Bread 8-Technologies for Restoring Soil from Oil Pollution 9-Investigation for a Sustainable Use of Fossil Coal Through the Dynamics of Interaction of Smokeless Solid Fuel with Oxygen and the Possibilities of its Practical Application 10-Improvement of Diesel Engine Parameters by Using of Alcohol Conversion 11-Influence of Microbiological Pollution on Properties of Motor Fuels 12-System for Monitoring Microbiological Contamination of Jet Fuels and Fuel Systems 13-Kinetics of Dissolution of the Oil Deposits 14-Cavitation Treatment of Gas Condensate Gasoline, Modified with Monohydric Alcohols

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Book SynopsisThis open access book introduces and explains machine learning (ML) algorithms and techniques developed for statistical inferences on a complex process or system and their applications to simulations of chemically reacting turbulent flows.These two fields, ML and turbulent combustion, have large body of work and knowledge on their own, and this book brings them together and explain the complexities and challenges involved in applying ML techniques to simulate and study reacting flows. This is important as to the world’s total primary energy supply (TPES), since more than 90% of this supply is through combustion technologies and the non-negligible effects of combustion on environment. Although alternative technologies based on renewable energies are coming up, their shares for the TPES is are less than 5% currently and one needs a complete paradigm shift to replace combustion sources. Whether this is practical or not is entirely a different question, and an answer to this question depends on the respondent. However, a pragmatic analysis suggests that the combustion share to TPES is likely to be more than 70% even by 2070. Hence, it will be prudent to take advantage of ML techniques to improve combustion sciences and technologies so that efficient and “greener” combustion systems that are friendlier to the environment can be designed. The book covers the current state of the art in these two topics and outlines the challenges involved, merits and drawbacks of using ML for turbulent combustion simulations including avenues which can be explored to overcome the challenges. The required mathematical equations and backgrounds are discussed with ample references for readers to find further detail if they wish. This book is unique since there is not any book with similar coverage of topics, ranging from big data analysis and machine learning algorithm to their applications for combustion science and system design for energy generation. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- ML Algorithms, Techniques and their Application to Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations.- Big Data Analysis, Analytics & ML role.- ML for SGS Turbulence (including scalar flux) Closures.- ML for Combustion Chemistry.- Applying CNNs to model SGS flame wrinkling in thickened flame LES (TFLES).- Machine Learning Strategy for Subgrid Modelling of Turbulent Combustion using Linear Eddy Mixing based Tabulation.- MILD Combustion–Joint SGS FDF.- Machine Learning for Principal Component Analysis & Transport.- Super Resolution Neural Network for Turbulent non-premixed Combustion.- ML in Thermoacoustics.- Concluding Remarks & Outlook.

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Book SynopsisFossil fuels in the UE in the era before Russian aggression in Ukraine.- Energy transformation challenges for the UE in the new economic and geopolitical environment.- Energy, Oil & Gas Sectors in the era of economic and geopolitical upheaval microeconomic perspective.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive introduction to scale management. Starting with an introduction to oilfield scale, including material on predicting the problem and evaluating treatment options, it then discusses various management and inhibition techniques before presenting squeeze treatments. In turn, it explores the automatic optimization of squeeze designs, the use of tracers to estimate scale inhibitor placement, and the mathematics of transport and adsorption in squeeze treatments, while also describing the treatment lifecycle in detail. Further, it presents all the steps involved in designing a cost-effective squeeze treatment for a real-world field case. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to researchers in the field of petroleum engineering, especially those specializing in flow assurance, transport in porous media, or the modelling and optimization of scale treatment designs. It also offers a valuable resource for engineers working in the oil industry, and for service companies providing scale management Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Scale Management.- Scale Inhibitors.- Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments.- Modelling Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments.- Life cycle of a Field Squeeze Treatment.- Reservoir Scale Management.- Optimisation of Oilfield Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments.

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Book SynopsisA fully updated edition of a popular textbook covering the four disciplines of chemical technology?featuring new developments in the field Clear and thorough throughout, this textbook covers the major sub-disciplines of modern chemical technology?chemistry, thermal and mechanical unit operations, chemical reaction engineering, and general chemical technology?alongside raw materials, energy sources and detailed descriptions of 24 important industrial processes and products. It brings information on energy and raw material consumption and production data of chemicals up to date and offers not just improved and extended chapters, but completely new ones as well. This new edition of Chemical Technology: From Principles to Products features a new chapter illustrating the global economic map and its development from the 15th century until today, and another on energy consumption in human history. Chemical key technologies for a future sustainable energy system such as power-to-X and hydrogen storage are now also examined. Chapters on inorganic products, material reserves, and water consumption and resources have been extended, while another presents environmental aspects of plastic pollution and handling of plastic waste. The book also adds four important processes to its pages: production of titanium dioxide, silicon, production and chemical recycling of polytetrafluoroethylene, and fermentative synthesis of amino acids. -Provides comprehensive coverage of chemical technology?from the fundamentals to 24 of the most important processes -Intertwines the four disciplines of chemical technology: chemistry, thermal and mechanical unit operations, chemical reaction engineering and general chemical technology -Fully updated with new content on: power-to-X and hydrogen storage; inorganic products, including metals, glass, and ceramics; water consumption and pollution; and additional industrial processes -Written by authors with extensive experience in teaching the topic and helping students understand the complex concepts Chemical Technology: From Principles to Products, Second Edition is an ideal textbook for advanced students of chemical technology and will appeal to anyone in chemical engineering. Table of ContentsPreface of First Edition (and Guidelines How to Use This Textbook) xvii Why a Second Edition? xviii Notation xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is Chemical Technology? 1 1.2 The Chemical Industry 2 1.3 The Changing Global Economic Map 6 2 Chemical Aspects of Industrial Chemistry 19 2.1 Stability and Reactivity of Chemical Bonds 19 2.1.1 Factors that Influence the Electronic Nature of Bonds and Atoms 19 2.1.2 Steric Effects 20 2.1.3 Classification of Reagents 21 2.2 General Classification of Reactions 21 2.2.1 Acid–Base-Catalyzed Reactions 22 2.2.2 Reactions via Free Radicals 23 2.2.3 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions 24 2.2.4 Reactions via Carbocations 24 2.2.5 Electrophilic Substitution Reactions at Aromatic Compounds 25 2.2.6 Electrophilic Addition Reactions 27 2.2.7 Nucleophilic Addition Reactions 27 2.2.8 Asymmetric Synthesis 28 2.3 Catalysis 30 2.3.1 Introduction and General Aspects 30 2.3.2 Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Biocatalysis 35 2.3.3 Production and Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts 38 2.3.4 Deactivation of Catalysts 41 2.3.5 Future Trends in Catalysis Research 43 3 Thermal and Mechanical Unit Operations 45 3.1 Properties of Gases and Liquids 46 3.1.1 Ideal and Real Gas 46 3.1.2 Heat Capacities and the Joule–Thomson Effect 50 3.1.3 Physical Transformations of Pure Substances: Vaporization and Melting 53 3.1.4 Transport Properties (Diffusivity, Viscosity, Heat Conduction) 58 3.2 Heat and Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering 69 3.2.1 Heat Transport 69 3.2.2 Mass Transport 86 3.3 Thermal Unit Operations 93 3.3.1 Heat Exchangers (Recuperators and Regenerators) 94 3.3.2 Distillation 99 3.3.3 Absorption (Gas Scrubbing) 110 3.3.4 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 118 3.3.5 Adsorption 122 3.3.6 Fluid–Solid Extraction 136 3.3.7 Crystallization 139 3.3.8 Separation by Membranes 141 3.4 Mechanical Unit Operations 149 3.4.1 Conveyance of Fluids 149 3.4.2 Contacting and Mixing of Fluids 159 3.4.3 Crushing and Screening of Solids 160 3.4.4 Separation of Solids from Fluids 164 4 Chemical Reaction Engineering 171 4.1 Main Aspects and Basic Definitions of Chemical Reaction Engineering 171 4.1.1 Design Aspects and Scale-up Dimensions of Chemical Reactors 172 4.1.2 Speed of Chemical and Biochemical Reactions 172 4.1.3 Influence of Reactor Type on Productivity 174 4.1.4 Terms Used to Characterize the Composition of a Reaction Mixture 174 4.1.5 Terms Used to Quantify the Result of a Chemical Conversion 175 4.1.6 Reaction Time and Residence Time 175 4.1.7 Space Velocity and Space–Time Yield 176 4.2 Chemical Thermodynamics 177 4.2.1 Introduction and Perfect Gas Equilibria 177 4.2.2 Real Gas Equilibria 184 4.2.3 Equilibrium of Liquid–Liquid Reactions 186 4.2.4 Equilibrium of Gas–Solid Reactions 188 4.2.5 Calculation of Simultaneous Equilibria 190 4.3 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions 192 4.3.1 Rate Equation: Influence of Temperature and Reaction Order 192 4.3.2 Parallel Reactions and Reactions in Series 197 4.3.3 Reversible Reactions 200 4.3.4 Reactions with Varying Volume (for the Example of a Batch Reactor) 203 4.4 Kinetics of Fluid–Fluid Reactions 204 4.4.1 Mass Transfer at a Gas–Liquid Interface (Two-Film Theory) 205 4.4.2 Mass Transfer with (Slow) Homogeneous Reaction in the Bulk Phase 207 4.4.3 Mass Transfer with Fast or Instantaneous Reaction near or at the Interface 208 4.5 Kinetics of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 213 4.5.1 Spectrum of Factors Influencing the Rate of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 213 4.5.2 Chemical Reaction Rate: Surface Kinetics 217 4.5.3 Reaction on a Solid Catalyst and Interfacial Transport of Mass and Heat 222 4.5.4 Chemical Reaction and Internal Transport of Mass and Heat 232 4.5.5 Simultaneous Occurrence of Interfacial and InternalMass Transport Effects 240 4.5.6 Influence of External and Internal Mass Transfer on Selectivity 245 4.6 Kinetics of Gas–Solid Reactions 253 4.6.1 Spectrum of Factors Influencing the Rate of Gas–Solid Reactions 254 4.6.2 Reaction of a Gas with a Nonporous Solid 255 4.6.3 Reaction of a Gas with a Porous Solid 260 4.7 Criteria Used to Exclude Interphase and Intraparticle Mass and Heat Transport Limitations in Gas–Solid Reactions and Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 265 4.7.1 External Mass Transfer Through Boundary Layer 265 4.7.2 External Heat Transfer 266 4.7.3 Internal Mass Transfer 266 4.7.4 Internal Heat Transfer 266 4.8 Kinetics of Homogeneously or Enzyme-catalyzed Reactions 269 4.8.1 Homogeneous and Enzyme Catalysis in a Single-Phase System 269 4.8.2 Homogeneous Two-Phase Catalysis 271 4.9 Kinetics of Gas–Liquid Reactions on Solid Catalysts 273 4.9.1 Introduction 273 4.9.2 High Concentration of Liquid Reactant B (or Pure B) and Slightly Soluble Gas 275 4.9.3 Low Concentration of Liquid Reactant B and Highly Soluble Gas and/or High Pressure 275 4.10 Chemical Reactors 276 4.10.1 Overview of Reactor Types and Their Characteristics 277 4.10.2 Ideal Isothermal Reactors 284 4.10.3 Non-isothermal Ideal Reactors and Criteria for Prevention of Thermal Runaway 294 4.10.4 Non-ideal Flow and Residence Time Distribution 310 4.10.5 Tanks-in-Series Model 313 4.10.6 Dispersion Model 315 4.10.7 Modeling of Fixed Bed Reactors 325 4.10.8 Novel Developments in Reactor Technology 336 4.11 Measurement and Evaluation of Kinetic Data 344 4.11.1 Principal Methods for Determining Kinetic Data 345 4.11.2 Evaluation of Kinetic Data (Reaction Orders, Rate Constants) 347 4.11.3 Laboratory-Scale Reactors for Kinetic Measurements 350 4.11.4 Transport Limitations in Experimental Catalytic Reactors 351 4.11.5 Case Studies for the Evaluation of Kinetic Data 356 5 Raw Materials, Products, Environmental Aspects, and Costs of Chemical Technology 371 5.1 Raw Materials of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Energy Sources 372 5.1.1 Energy Consumption, Reserves, and Resources of Fossil Fuels and Renewables 373 5.1.2 Composition of Fossil Fuels and Routes for the Production of Synthetic Fuels 403 5.1.3 Natural Gas and Other Technical Gases 403 5.1.4 Crude Oil and Refinery Products 410 5.1.5 Coal and Coal Products 418 5.1.6 Renewable Raw Materials 422 5.1.7 Energy Consumption in Human History 429 5.1.8 Power-to-X and Hydrogen Storage Technologies 434 5.2 Inorganic Products and Raw Materials 448 5.2.1 Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials 448 5.2.2 Metals 453 5.3 Organic Intermediates and Final Products 469 5.3.1 Alkanes and Syngas 469 5.3.2 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Hydrocarbons 472 5.3.3 Organic Intermediates Functionalized with Oxygen, Nitrogen, or Halogens 479 5.3.4 Polymers 495 5.3.5 Detergents and Surfactants 503 5.3.6 Fine Chemicals 507 5.4 Environmental Aspects of Chemical Technology 512 5.4.1 Air Pollution 512 5.4.2 Water Consumption and Water Footprint 515 5.4.3 Plastic Production, Pollution, and Recycling of Plastic Waste 523 5.4.4 “Green Chemistry” and Quantifying the Environmental Impact of Chemical Processes 527 5.5 Production Costs of Fuels and Chemicals Manufacturing 530 5.5.1 Price of Chemical Products 530 5.5.2 Investment Costs 530 5.5.3 Variable Costs 532 5.5.4 Operating Costs (Fixed and Variable Costs) 533 6 Examples of Industrial Processes 537 6.1 Ammonia Synthesis 537 6.1.1 Historical Development of Haber–Bosch Process 537 6.1.2 Thermodynamics of Ammonia Synthesis 539 6.1.3 Kinetics and Mechanism of Ammonia Synthesis 540 6.1.4 Technical Ammonia Process and Synthesis Reactors 542 6.2 Syngas and Hydrogen 547 6.2.1 Options to Produce Syngas and Hydrogen (Overview) 547 6.2.2 Syngas from Solid Fuels (Coal, Biomass) 551 6.2.3 Syngas by Partial Oxidation of Heavy Oils 560 6.2.4 Syngas by Steam Reforming of Natural Gas 562 6.3 Sulfuric Acid 565 6.3.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics of Sulfuric Acid Production 565 6.3.2 Production of SO2 566 6.3.3 SO2 Conversion into SO3 567 6.3.4 Sulfuric Acid Process 572 6.4 Nitric Acid 573 6.4.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics of Nitric Acid Production 574 6.4.2 Kinetics of Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia 576 6.4.3 NO Oxidation 587 6.4.4 Nitric Acid Processes 588 6.5 Coke and Steel 591 6.5.1 Steel Production (Overview) 591 6.5.2 Production of Blast Furnace Coke 593 6.5.3 Production of Pig Iron in a Blast Furnace 599 6.6 Basic Chemicals by Steam Cracking 609 6.6.1 General and Mechanistic Aspects 609 6.6.2 Factors that Influence the Product Distribution 612 6.6.3 Industrial Steam Cracker Process 613 6.6.4 Economic Aspects of the Steam Cracker Process 617 6.7 Liquid Fuels by Cracking of Heavy Oils 618 6.7.1 Thermal Cracking (Delayed Coking) 619 6.7.2 Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC Process) 622 6.8 Clean Liquid Fuels by Hydrotreating 625 6.8.1 History, Current Status, and Perspective of Hydrotreating 625 6.8.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) 626 6.8.3 Hydrodesulfurization Process and Reaction Engineering Aspects 629 6.9 High-Octane Gasoline by Catalytic Reforming 633 6.9.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics of Catalytic Reforming 633 6.9.2 Reforming Catalyst 635 6.9.3 Process of Catalytic Reforming 635 6.9.4 Deactivation and Regeneration of a Reforming Catalyst 638 6.10 Refinery Alkylation 649 6.10.1 Reaction and Reaction Mechanism of Refinery Alkylation 649 6.10.2 Alkylation Feedstock and Products 651 6.10.3 Process Variables 651 6.10.4 Commercial Alkylation Processes 652 6.11 Fuels and Chemicals from Syngas: Methanol and Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 657 6.11.1 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 658 6.11.2 Methanol Synthesis 676 6.12 Ethylene and Propylene Oxide 685 6.12.1 Commercial Production of Ethylene Oxide 685 6.12.2 Commercial Production of Propylene Oxide 689 6.13 Catalytic Oxidation of o-Xylene to Phthalic Acid Anhydride 694 6.13.1 Production and Use of Phthalic Anhydride (Overview) 694 6.13.2 Design and Simulation of a Multi-tubular Reactor for Oxidation of o-Xylene to PA 695 6.14 Hydroformylation (Oxosynthesis) 701 6.14.1 Industrial Relevance of Hydroformylation 701 6.14.2 Hydroformylation Catalysis 703 6.14.3 Current Hydroformylation Catalyst and Process Technologies 706 6.14.4 Advanced Catalyst Immobilization Technologies for Hydroformylation Catalysis 714 6.15 Acetic Acid 721 6.15.1 Acetic Acid Synthesis via Acetaldehyde Oxidation 722 6.15.2 Acetic Acid Synthesis via Butane or Naphtha Oxidation 723 6.15.3 Acetic Acid Synthesis via Methanol Carbonylation 724 6.15.4 Other Technologies for the Commercial Production of Acetic Acid 728 6.16 Ethylene Oligomerization Processes for Linear 1-Alkene Production 729 6.16.1 Industrial Relevance of 1-Olefins 729 6.16.2 Aluminum-Alkyl-Based “Aufbaureaktion” (Growth Reaction) 730 6.16.3 Nickel-Catalyzed Oligomerization: Shell Higher Olefin Process (SHOP) 733 6.16.4 Metallacycle Mechanism for Selective Ethylene Oligomerization 735 6.17 Production of Fine Chemicals (ExampleMenthol) 740 6.17.1 Menthol and Menthol Production (Overview) 740 6.17.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Epimerization of Menthol Isomers 741 6.17.3 Influence of Mass Transfer on the Epimerization of Menthol Isomers 744 6.17.4 Epimerization of Menthol Isomers in Technical Reactors 748 6.18 Treatment of Exhaust Gases from Mobile and Stationary Sources 750 6.18.1 Automotive Emission Control 750 6.18.2 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of NOx from Flue Gas from Power Plants 756 6.19 Industrial Electrolysis 763 6.19.1 Electrochemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics 763 6.19.2 Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide 768 6.19.3 Electrolysis of Water 773 6.19.4 Electrometallurgy (Purification of Metals by Electrorefining) 778 6.20 Polyethene Production 782 6.20.1 Polyethene Classification and Industrial Use 782 6.20.2 General Characteristics of PE Production Processes 783 6.20.3 Reaction Mechanism and Process Equipment for the Production of LDPE 784 6.20.4 Catalysts for the Production of HDPE and LLDPE 787 6.20.5 Production Processes for HDPE and LLDPE 789 6.20.6 PE Production Economics and Modern Developments in PE Production 792 6.21 Titanium Dioxide 793 6.21.1 Production and Use of Titanium Dioxide (Overview) 793 6.21.2 Sulfate Process for Production of Titanium Dioxide 793 6.21.3 Chloride Process for Production of Titanium Dioxide 795 6.22 Silicon 796 6.22.1 Production and Use of Silicon (Overview) 796 6.22.2 Carbothermic Reduction of Silica 797 6.22.3 Refining, Casting, and Crushing of Metallurgical Grade Silicon 798 6.22.4 Economics of the Metallurgical Grade Silicon Production 798 6.22.5 Production of Photovoltaic Grade Silicon by Purification of Metallurgical Grade Silicon 798 6.23 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 801 6.23.1 Production and Use of PTFE (Overview) 801 6.23.2 Process for Production of PTFE 802 6.23.3 Treatment of PTFE Waste 802 6.24 Production of Amino Acids by Fermentation 807 6.24.1 General Aspects 807 6.24.2 Overview of the Methods Applied for Industrial Amino Acid Production 807 6.24.3 Amino Acid Fermentation 810 References 815 Index 841

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Book SynopsisIn this volume, Professor He and his coworkers summarize polyethylene glycol (PEG)-promoted CO2 chemistry on the basis of understanding about phase behavior of PEG/CO2 system and reaction mechanism at molecular level. As PEG could be utilized as a green replacement for organic solvents, phase-transfer catalyst, surfactant, support in various reaction systems, significantly promoting catalytic activity and recovering expensive metal catalysts, particularly regarded as a CO2-philic material, the authors focus on special applications of PEG in CO2 capture and utilization, including PEG-functionalized catalysts for efficient transformation of CO2 and PEG-functionalized absorbents for efficient CO2 capture. Furthermore, they describe carbon capture and utilization strategy as an alternative approach to address the energy penalty problem in carbon capture and storage. Interestingly, the authors also discuss PEG radical chemistry in dense CO2 as rather creative and unusual use of PEG, presumably serves as a reaction medium and a radical initiator for radical chemistry.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Phase Behavior of PEG/CO2 System.- PEG / scCO2 Biphasic Solvent System.- CO2 Capture with PEG.- Functionalized-PEG as Catalysts for CO2 Conversion.- CO2 Capture, Activation and Subsequent Conversion with PEG.

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Book SynopsisThis book primarily focuses on the principles and applications of electric logging, sonic logging, nuclear logging, production logging and NMR logging, especially LWD tools, Sondex production logging tools and other advanced image logging techniques, such as ECLIPS 5700, EXCELL 2000 etc. that have been developed and used in the last two decades. Moreover, it examines the fundamentals of rock mechanics, which contribute to applications concerning the stability of borehole sidewall, safety density window of drilling fluid, fracturing etc. As such, the book offers a valuable resource for a wide range of readers, including students majoring in petrophysics, geophysics, geology and seismology, and engineers working in well logging and exploitation.Table of ContentsElectrical Logging.- Sonic Logs.- Nuclear Logs.- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.- Production Logging(PL).- Logging While Drilling(LWD).- The Advanced Well Logging Technology.- Rock Mechanics.- Integrated Interpretation of Well Logging Data.

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers selected papers from the 8th International Field Exploration and Development Conference (IFEDC 2018) and addresses a broad range of topics, including: Reservoir Surveillance and Management, Reservoir Evaluation and Dynamic Description, Reservoir Production Stimulation and EOR, Ultra-Tight Reservoirs, Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources Technology, Oil and Gas Well Production Testing, and Geomechanics. In brief, the papers introduce readers to upstream technologies used in oil & gas development, the main principles of the process, and various related design technologies. The conference not only provided a platform to exchange experiences, but also promoted the advancement of scientific research in oil & gas exploration and production. The book is chiefly intended for industry experts, professors, researchers, senior engineers, and enterprise managers.Table of ContentsReservoir Surveillance and Management.- Reservoir Evaluation and Dynamic Description.- Reservoir Production Stimulation and EOR.- Ultra-Tight Reservoir.- Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources Technology.- Oil and Gas Well Production Testing.- Geomechanics.

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Book SynopsisThis book gathers the proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Coal Combustion, held in Qingdao, China in July 2019. It provides the latest research results on techniques for pulverized coal combustion and fluidized bed combustion, low-carbon energy and emission controls, and industrial applications. Highlighting research areas that are of great importance in promoting collaboration between related subjects and the technical development of coal-related fields, the book offers a valuable reference guide for researchers and engineers alike. Table of ContentsBasic Coal Quality & Combustion.- Pulverized Coal Combustion.- Fluidized Bed Combustion.- Low Carbon Energy.- Emission Controls.- Design and Operating Experiences.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a compilation of selected papers from the 5th International Petroleum and Petrochemical Technology Conference (IPPTC 2021). The work focuses on petroleum & petrochemical technologies and practical challenges in the field. It creates a platform to bridge the knowledge gap between China and the world. The conference not only provides a platform to exchanges experience but also promotes the development of scientific research in petroleum & petrochemical technologies. The book will benefit a broad readership, including industry experts, researchers, educators, senior engineers and managers.Table of ContentsOffshore Oil & Gas Exploration and Development.- Drilling & Production Technology and Oilfield Chemistry.- Petroleum Refining and Chemical Engineering.- Environmental Monitoring and Management.- Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation.- Pipeline Monitoring and Management.

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Book SynopsisThis book is in the field of Engineering Thermophysics. It first introduces the authors’ academic thoughts of photo-thermal energy cascade conversion in the fuel combustion. Afterward, a series of thermal radiation theories and models have been developed based on the aim of radiative energy utilization, including spectral radiation available energy theory, gas radiation model under complex combustion conditions, and calculation model of radiation available energy transfer in combustion medium. Based on simulation and experimental results, the radiative energy characteristics of different fuel combustion are introduced. This book develops the radiation theory of the combustion process from a new perspective, integrating theories, models, and experimental results. This book can be used as a reference for scientists, engineers, and graduate students engaged in energy environment, combustion, and thermal radiation.Table of ContentsChapter1. Introduction.- Chapter2 Spectral Radiation Thermodynamic Theory for Combustion.- Chapter3 Gas Radiation Model under Complex Combustion Conditions.- Chapter4. Thermodynamic Calculation of Radiative Energy in Combustion Medium.- Chapter5. Radiative Energy Characteristics of Solid Fuel Combustion.- Chapter6. Outlook.

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Book SynopsisThis is an open access book. This book presents new theory and methods on compiling lithofacies paleogeographic maps as a key tool for guiding geological survey on shale gas. The fundamental goal of the shale gas geological survey is to find the ‘dessert’ area. It is therefore suggested that the lithofacies paleogeographic study and the technique of mapping should be a solid scientific basis for shale gas exploration. It takes Ordovician Wufeng-Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its adjacent area as an example to illustrate how to find the ‘dessert’ area of shale gas in geological survey phase by compiling lithofacies paleogeographic map. It’s a valuable reference for both scientific research and teaching courses in the fields of sedimentary lithofacies, paleogeography, stratigraphy, and oil and gas.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Analysis of factors controlling shale gas enrichment.- Shale Gas Geological Survey.- Examples—Taking the Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Southern Sichuan and its periphery as an example.- Hirnantian Glaciation.

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Book SynopsisDirect alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs), such as methanol and ethanol ones, are very promising advanced power systems that may considerably reduce dependence on fossil fuels and are, therefore, attracting increased attention worldwide. Nanostructured materials can improve the performance of the cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes of DAFCs. This book focuses on the most recent advances in the science and technology of nanostructured materials for direct alcohol fuel cells, including novel non-noble or low noble metal catalysts deposited on the graphene layer and metal-free doped carbon black for oxygen electroreduction reaction, Sn-based bimetallic and trimetallic nanoparticles for alcohol electro-oxidation reaction, and novel nanomaterials for promoting proton transfer in electrolytes. In addition, the book includes chapters from not only experimentalists but also computational chemists who have worked in the development of advanced power systems for decades.Illustrated throughout with excellent figures, this multidisciplinary work is not just a reference for researchers in chemistry and materials science, but a handy textbook for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students in nanoscience- and nanotechnology-related courses, especially those with an interest in developing novel materials for advanced power systems.Table of ContentsAdvanced Anode Catalysts for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells Multimetallic Nanocatalysts for Anodic Reaction in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cell. Understanding Electrocatalytic Activity Enhancement of Bimetallic Nanoparticles to Ethanol Electro-oxidation Reaction. Theoretical Aspects of Gold Nanoparticles for Ethanol and Glucose Oxidation. Proton Transport and Design of Proton Electrolyte Membranes for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells. Nanomaterials for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR). Advances in Understanding the Effects on the Ethanol Electro-oxidation Reaction.

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