Forensic science Books

Book SynopsisFRAUD AUDITING AND FORENSIC ACCOUNTING With the responsibility of detecting and preventing fraud falling heavily on the accounting profession, every accountant needs to recognize fraud and learn the tools and strategies necessary to catch it in time. Providing valuable information to those responsible for dealing with prevention and discovery of financial deception, Fraud Auditing and Forensic Accounting, Fourth Edition helps accountants develop an investigative eye toward both internal and external fraud and provides tips for coping with fraud when it is found to have occurred. Completely updated and revised, the new edition presents: Brand-new chapters devoted to fraud response as well as to the physiological aspects of the fraudster A closer look at how forensic accountants get their job done More about Computer-Assisted Audit Tools (CAATs) and digital forensics Technological aspects of fraud auditing and forensic accountingTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1: Background of Fraud Auditing and Forensic Accounting 1 Introduction 1 Brief History of Fraud and the Antifraud Profession 3 The Fraud Cycle 7 Review of Technical Literature 9 Forensic Accountant and Audits 11 Forensic Accountants 20 Fraud Auditors 25 Keys to Effective Fraud Investigation 31 The Antifraud Professional’s Career 33 Summary 36 Notes 37 Chapter 2: Fraud Principles 39 Introduction 39 Definition: What Is Fraud? 40 Synonyms: Fraud, Theft, and Embezzlement 42 Classic Fraud Research 42 Fraud Triangle 44 Scope of Fraud 47 Profile of Fraudsters 49 Who Is Victimized by Fraud Most Often? 53 Fraud Taxonomies 54 Fraud Tree 62 Evolution of a Typical Fraud 65 Summary 68 Notes 69 Chapter 3: Fraud Schemes 71 Introduction 71 ACFE Fraud Tree 73 Financial Statement Schemes 80 Corruption Schemes 83 Asset Misappropriation Schemes 84 Summary 94 Notes 94 Chapter 4: Red Flags 95 Introduction 95 Professional Standards 97 Common Red Flags 99 Specific Red Flags 101 Fraud Detection Model 110 Summary 111 Notes 112 Chapter 5: Fraud Risk Assessment 113 Introduction 113 Technical Literature and Risk Assessment 114 Risk Assessment Factors 115 Risk Assessment Best Practices 119 Risk Management Checklists and Documentation 125 Summary 129 Notes 129 Chapter 6: Fraud Prevention 131 Introduction 131 Prevention Environment 132 Perception of Detection 135 Classic Approaches 137 Other Prevention Measures 139 Accounting Cycles 141 Summary 143 Notes 143 Chapter 7: Fraud Detection 145 Introduction 145 Fraud Detection Axioms 146 Common Detection Methods 146 Specific Detection Methods 149 Summary 155 Appendix 7A: Beneish’s Ratios 156 Chapter 8: Fraud Response 157 Introduction 157 Fraud Policy 157 Fraud Response Team 160 Recovery 164 Summary 165 Notes 166 Appendix 8A: ACFE Sample Fraud Policy 167 Appendix 8B: Sample Fraud Policy Decision Matrix 172 Chapter 9: Computer Crime 175 Introduction 175 History and Evolution of Computer Crimes 176 Computer Crime Theories and Categorizations 179 Characteristics of the Computer Environment 182 Information Security (INFOSEC) 185 Profiling Internet Fraudsters 186 Summary 192 Notes 193 Chapter 10: Fraud and the Accounting Information System 195 Introduction 195 Accounting Concepts 196 Segregation of Duties 202 Accounting Information Systems 203 Key Personnel 204 Computer Hardware 208 Computer Software 210 New Forms of Media 211 Audit Trail Concept 211 Summary 212 Chapter 11: Gathering Evidence 213 Introduction 213 Rules of Evidence 213 Hearsay Exceptions 217 Other Rules of Evidence 218 Summary 223 Notes 223 Chapter 12: Cyber Forensics 225 Introduction 225 Expectation of Privacy 226 Types of Investigations 227 Sources of Digital Data 230 Types of Cyber Data 231 Cyber Forensics Investigation Process 234 Variety of Specialists in Cyber Forensics 236 Summary 237 Notes 237 Chapter 13: Obtaining and Evaluating Nonfinancial Evidence in a Fraud Examination 239 Introduction 239 Interviews 240 Body Language 242 Deception Cues 243 Eye Language 244 Statement Analysis 245 SCAN 246 Summary 247 Notes 247 Chapter 14: General Criteria and Standards for Establishing an Expert Witness’s Qualifications 249 Introduction 249 Credentials 250 Personal Qualities of the Expert 255 Sources for Locating Expert Witnesses 259 Distinguishing the Actual Area of Competence 261 Summary 261 Notes 262 Chapter 15: The Legal Role and Qualifications of an Expert Witness 263 Introduction 263 Role of a Forensic Accountant as a Witness in Court 264 Legal Qualifications for a Forensic Accountant as an Expert Witness 269 Qualification and Admissibility of Accounting Evidence 270 Expert’s Role in the Litigation Team 272 Pretestimony Activities 272 Summary 273 Notes 274 Appendix 15A: Transcript of Typical Court Testimony of Expert Witness 275 Chapter 16: Effective Tactics and Procedures for the Expert Witness in Court 277 Introduction 277 Effective Profile 278 Being a Credible Expert Witness 278 Expert’s Role in the Litigation Team 279 Pretestimony Activities 280 Trial and Testimony 281 Survival Techniques 288 Summary 290 Notes 290 Chapter 17: Fraud and the Public Accounting Profession 291 Introduction 291 History of Fraud and the Auditor: A Summary 291 Fraud and the Auditor’s Liability 302 Fraud and the Auditor’s Responsibility 303 Fraud and the Auditor’s Role 306 Summary 308 Note 308 About the Authors 311 Index 313

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Book SynopsisRecent catastrophic business failures have caused some to rethink the value of the audit, with many demanding that auditors take more responsibility for fraud detection. This book provides forensic accounting specialists?experts in uncovering fraud?with new coverage on the latest PCAOB Auditing Standards, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, options fraud, as well as fraud in China and its implications. Auditors are equipped with the necessary practical aids, case examples, and skills for identifying situations that call for extended fraud detection procedures.Table of ContentsPreface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Chapter 1 Fraud: An Introduction 1 Fraud: What is It? 2 Fraud: Prevalence, Impact, and Form 3 Fraud in Historical Perspective 4 Types of Fraud 5 Root Causes of Fraud 6 A Historical Account of the Auditor’s Role 7 Auditors Are Not Alone 14 Deterrence, Auditing, and Investigation 16 Conceptual Overview of the Fraud Deterrence Cycle 17 First Look Inside the Fraud Deterrence Cycle 19 Auditing and Investigation 22 Chapter 2 Psychology of the Fraudster 25 Calculating Criminals 26 Situation-Dependent Criminals 27 Power Brokers 28 Fraudsters Do Not Intend to Harm 28 Kinds of Rationalization 33 Auditors’ Need to Understand the Mind of the Fraudster 33 Conclusion 34 Chapter 3 The Roles of the Auditor and the Forensic Accounting Investigator 37 The Patrolman and the Detective 38 Complexity and Change 41 Auditor Roles in Perspective 42 Not All Good People 44 Each Company is Unique 45 Role of Company Culture 45 Estimates 46 Choices 49 What Auditors Do 50 Bedrock of an Effective Audit 55 SPADE 57 Auditing Standards Take a Risk-Based Approach to Fraud 58 Management Override 60 Regulatory Reaction to Fraud 60 Financial Benefits of Effective Fraud Management 61 Conclusion 61 Chapter 4 Auditor Responsibilities and the Law 63 Appendix: Summary of PCAOB Matters Involving Detection of Fraud 77 Chapter 5 When and Why to Call in Forensic Accounting Investigators 79 Today’s Auditors Are Not Forensic Accounting Investigators 80 Auditors Are Not Authenticators 80 Auditors Have Limited Exposure to Fraud 81 Auditors Are Not Guarantors 82 Historically, Audits May Have Been Predictable 83 Potential Trigger Points of Fraud 84 Reliance on Others 91 Conclusion 92 Chapter 6 Internal Audit: The Second Line of Defense 95 What Do Internal Auditors Do? 96 Internal Audit Scope of Services 98 The Handoff to Forensic Accounting Investigators and Legal Counsel 99 Perception Problem 101 Complex Corporate Fraud and the Internal Audit 102 WorldCom and the Thornburgh Report 102 Case Studies: The Internal Auditor Addresses Fraud 103 A Tragic Circumstance 105 Reporting Relationships: A Key to Empowering Fraud Detection 111 Tomorrow’s Internal Auditor, Tomorrow’s Management and Board 113 Chapter 7 Teaming with Forensic Accounting Investigators 115 Forensic Accounting Investigators’ Cooperation with Internal Auditors 117 Forensic Accounting Investigators’ Cooperation with External Auditors 120 Objectives of All Interested Parties 122 Forensic Accounting Investigators’ Objectives 122 Who Should Direct the Investigation and Why? 126 Ready When Needed 127 Where to Find Skilled Forensic Accounting Investigators 127 Chapter 8 Anonymous Communications 133 Typical Characteristics of Anonymous Tips 134 Federal Statutes Related to Anonymous Reporting and Whistle-Blower Protections 135 Receipt of an Anonymous Communication 139 Initial Understanding of Allegations 140 Determine Whether Any Allegation Requires Immediate Remedial Action 141 Development and Implementation of the Investigative Strategy 142 The Investigation Team 142 Disclosure Decisions 143 Prioritize the Allegations 144 Interviewing Employees 145 Follow-Up Tip 149 Conclusion 150 Chapter 9 Personal Privacy and Public Disclosure 151 Introduction 151 Data Privacy: Providing Context 152 Data Privacy in the United States 153 Data Privacy in the European Union 158 Navigating the Legal Differences Between the United States and the European Union 162 Elsewhere around the Globe 165 Public Disclosure 168 Conclusion 173 Chapter 10 Building a Case: Gathering and Documenting Evidence 175 Critical Steps in Gathering Evidence 176 Whose Evidence is It? 182 Evidence Created by the Forensic Accounting Investigator 183 What Evidence Should Be Gathered? 185 Important Considerations Regarding Documents and Working Papers 186 Conclusion 189 Chapter 11 Independence, Objectivity, Skepticism 191 Accountant’s Independence 192 SEC Final Rules for Strengthening Auditor Independence 192 SEC Regulation of Forensic Accounting Services 193 Consulting versus Attest Services 196 Integrity and Objectivity 198 Professional Skepticism 199 Trust but Verify: Exploring Further 203 Loose-Thread Theory of Auditing 207 Further Thoughts on the Loose-Thread Theory 210 Chapter 12 Potential Missteps: Considerations When Fraud is Suspected 213 Confronting Suspects 213 Dismissing the Target 216 Assumptions 217 The Small Stuff Could Be Important 221 Materiality: More on a Key Topic 223 Addressing Allegations 224 The Case of the Central American General Manager 225 Exercising Skepticism 228 Case Outcomes 229 Chapter 13 Potential Red Flags and Fraud Detection Techniques 231 Types of Fraud Revisited 232 Fraud Detection: Overview 233 Laying a Foundation for Detection 236 Interpreting Potential Red Flags 238 Importance of Professional Skepticism 240 Revisiting the Fraud Triangle 243 Identifying and Evaluating Risk Factors 248 Information Gathering 251 Analytic Procedures 254 Analytic Techniques 258 Assessing the Potential Impact of Fraud Risk Factors 260 Evaluating Controls 261 Unpredictable Audit Tests 263 Observation and Inspection 264 Financial Statement Fraud: Detection Techniques 266 Revenue Recognition 267 Corruption 268 Summary 269 Chapter 14 Investigative Techniques 271 Timing 271 Communication 272 Early Administrative Matters 272 Predication 273 What Should You Know before You Start? 275 A Word about Insurance 281 Exceptions and Other Considerations 282 Considerations on International Assignments 283 Accounting Issues 285 Data Analysis 286 Document Review 286 Conclusion 291 Chapter 15 Corporate Intelligence 293 Definition of Corporate Intelligence 293 Evolution of Corporate Intelligence 294 Today’s Business Need 297 Legal and Regulatory Drivers of Corporate Intelligence 297 Cost Drivers of Corporate Intelligence 301 Negotiation Drivers of Corporate Intelligence 303 Basic Deployment and Consumption of Corporate Intelligence 304 Customary Data Fields Necessary to Fulfill Corporate Intelligence Remits 306 Analysis and Reporting of Findings 307 Coordination and Selection of Management and External Advisors for Intelligence Gathering 307 Timing of Deployment 308 Limitations of and Inherent Barriers to Corporate Intelligence 308 Legal Parameters and Operating Constraints versus Enabling Ethical Debates Surrounding Corporate Intelligence 313 Summary 315 Chapter 16 The Art of the Interview 317 Difficulty and Value of Obtaining an Admission 318 Planning for the Interview 319 Types of Interviews 321 Others May Wish to Attend Interviews 325 Interview Process 326 Documenting the Interview 330 Use of Subterfuge 331 Summary 331 Chapter 17 Data Mining 333 Definition and Benefits of Data Mining 334 Structured versus Unstructured Data 335 Planning 335 Methods of Data Acquisition 340 Structured Data Analysis 341 Unstructured Data 352 Advanced Data Analysis Tools 358 Conclusion 360 Chapter 18 Report of Investigation 363 Types of Reports 364 Importance of Adequate Preparation 364 Standards of Reporting 365 Written Report of Expert Witness Opining for the Plaintiff on a Civil Fraud Claim 371 Affidavits 374 Informal Reports 374 Giving a Deposition 376 Mistakes to Avoid in Reporting 380 Working Papers 382 Relationship Review 384 Substantive Working Papers 384 Each Working Paper Should Stand on Its Own 384 Testimony Binder 386 Interview Memorandums 386 Chapter 19 Supporting a Criminal Prosecution 389 Key Considerations 390 Referral Considerations 393 Chapter 20 Working with Attorneys 399 In the Company of Lawyers 399 Confidentiality Requirements 400 Forming the Investigative Team 401 Documentation 407 Civil Litigation 408 Interviewing 408 External Audit Firm 409 Working for or Interacting with Law Enforcement or Government Agencies 412 Disagreements with Counsel 413 Conclusion 414 Chapter 21 Financial Reporting Fraud and the Capital Markets 417 Targets of Capital Market Fraud 418 Securities Investment Model 419 Some Observations on Financial Fraud 429 Summary 430 Chapter 22 Financial Statement Fraud: Revenue and Receivables 433 Improper Revenue Recognition 435 Revenue Recognition Detection Techniques 438 Analytical Procedures to Identify or Explore Potential Revenue Red Flags 440 Improper Allocation of Value in Multiple-Element Revenue Arrangements 450 Improper Accounting for Construction Contracts 452 Related-Party Transactions 453 Revenue and Receivable Misappropriation 455 Inflating the Value of Receivables 460 Extended Procedures 461 Round-Tripping 463 Improperly Holding Open the Books 464 Consignments and Demonstration Goods 465 Summary 466 Chapter 23 Financial Statement Fraud: Other Schemes and Misappropriations 467 Asset Misstatements 467 Understatement of Liabilities and Expenses 478 Backdating Share Options 479 Off-Balance-Sheet Transactions 480 Two Basic Accounting Models 481 Cookie Jar Reserves 482 Improper and Inadequate Disclosures 483 Materiality 484 Disbursement Schemes 485 Invoice Schemes 486 Check Tampering 489 Expense Reimbursement Schemes 490 Payroll Schemes 491 Fraud in an Economic Downturn 492 Unauthorized Trading 492 Mortgage Fraud 494 Chapter 24 Ponzi Schemes 495 Ponzi Scheme Origin and Development 495 Recent Spotlights 497 Insights into Ponzi Schemes: Passing Trend or Lasting Reality? 503 Accountant’s Challenges 507 Regulatory Bodies and Task Forces 508 Bankruptcy Implications 509 Summary 510 Chapter 25 Money Laundering 511 Relationship between Fraud and Money Laundering 511 Counter-Terrorist Financing 514 Varying Impact of Money Laundering on Companies 515 The Five-Point Program for AML-Regulated Businesses 516 Impact of Money Laundering on Financial Statements 520 AML and Forensic Accounting Investigation 521 Legal Arrangements Lending Themselves to Anonymity 523 Auditing and Money Laundering 524 Relationship between Fraud Investigation and AML 525 Chapter 26 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 527 Background 527 Recent Enforcement Trends 530 U.K. Bribery Act 2010 536 The Role of the Forensic Accountant 537 Red Flags 542 Reporting 545 Conclusion 546 Chapter 27 Construction Projects 547 The Nature of the Construction Industry 547 Contract Pricing Strategy 550 Standard Form Contracts 554 Issues in Analysis 559 Change Orders 560 Financial Damages 561 Underbid 567 Inflation 567 Analysis of Claims 567 Summary 569 Chapter 28 Contract Compliance 571 Effective Integrated Internal and External Contract Compliance Program 572 The Role of the Forensic Accountant 576 Government Contracting 578 Risk and Compliance 578 Recovery 579 Crisis Management and Litigation Support 581 Chapter 29 Other Dimensions of Forensic Accounting 585 Environmental Issues 586 Intellectual Property 586 Insurance and Business Interruption 587 Marital Dissolution 588 Shareholder Litigation 588 Business Valuation 589 Business Combinations 589 Cybercrime 590 Chapter 30 Corporate Remediation 593 What is Remediation? 593 What is Driving Corporate Remediation? 594 Why is Remediation Necessary? 597 How to Remediate 599 Role of the Forensic Accountant 603 Recent Cases 605 Remediation Going Forward 607 Index 611

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Book SynopsisWildlife Forensics: Methods and Applications provides an accessible and practical approach to the key areas involved in this developing subject. The book contains case studies throughout the text that take the reader from the field, to the lab analysis to the court room, giving a complete insight into the path of forensic evidence and demonstrating how current techniques can be applied to wildlife forensics. The book contains approaches that wildlife forensic investigators and laboratory technicians can employ in investigations and provides the direction and practical advice required by legal and police professionals seeking to gain the evidence needed to prosecute wildlife crimes. The book will bring together in one text various aspects of wildlife forensics, including statistics, toxicology, pathology, entomology, morphological identification, and DNA analysis. This book will be an invaluable reference and will provide investigators, laboratory technicTrade Review“This book is written in an easy to comprehend style and the concise chapters are full of information. Few books are specific to veterinary forensics and I would recommend this one for the library of anyone involved in this field.” (Doody’s, 24 August 2012) Table of ContentsDevelopments in Forensic Science xiii About the Editors xv List of Contributors xvii Foreword xxiii Acknowledgements xxv 1 Wildlife Ownership 1 Eric G. Roscoe and Michael McMaster Introduction 1 Ancient Rome and the Concept of Res Nullius 2 Common Law England: The King’s Ownership 3 The New World: Hunting for the Market 5 Management: The Property Right of States 8 Federal Law and the Regulatory State 10 Globalization: Working toward Worldwide Conservation Practices 11 Conclusion 13 Cases Cited 13 References 13 2 Society for Wildlife Forensic Science 15 DeeDee Hawk Introduction 15 Formation of the Society 19 The Code of Ethics 22 Membership of the Society 24 Member Labs 25 Proficiency Program 25 Scientific Working Group for Wildlife Forensic Sciences (SWGWILD) 29 Conclusion 32 References 33 3 The Application of Forensic Science to Wildlife Evidence 35 John R. Wallace and Jill C. Ross Introduction 35 Overview of Forensic Science 37 History of Wildlife Forensics 39 Enforcement of Wildlife Protection Policy 44 Development of Wildlife Forensic Laboratories 45 Current Perceptions 47 Conclusion 48 Acknowledgements 49 References 49 4 Defining a Crime Scene and Physical Evidence Collection 51 Jason H. Byrd and Lerah K. Sutton Introduction 51 Definition of a Crime Scene 51 Questions to Be Asked 52 Scene Priority 52 First Responding Officer 53 Securing the Scene 53 Chain of Custody 55 Processing the Scene 55 Initial Documentation 56 Scene Documentation 58 Remains in an Aquatic Environment 60 Collection of Evidence 61 Review of Scene Processing 62 Final Inspection 62 References 63 5 Forensic Evidence Collection and Cultural Motives for Animal Harvesting 65 Michelle D. Hamilton and Elizabeth M. Erhart Introduction 65 Wild Animals as Pharmacopeias 66 Trade in Wild Animals 67 Recovering Evidence at Poaching Scenes 68 Locating the Burial: Anomalies on the Surface 71 Acknowledgements 76 References 76 6 Forensic Entomology and Wildlife 81 Jeffery K. Tomberlin and Michelle R. Sanford Introduction 81 Application of Forensic Entomology to Wildlife Crimes 82 Arthropods Commonly Encountered 86 Diptera 88 Coleoptera 95 Sampling 98 Conclusion 100 Appendix 101 Acknowledgements 102 References 102 7 Wildlife Forensic Pathology and Toxicology in Wound Analysis and Pesticide Poisoning 109 Douglas E. Roscoe and William Stansley Introduction 109 Wound Analysis 109 Wildlife Poisoning by Insecticides 121 Wildlife Poisoning by Rodenticides 123 References 125 8 The Use of Hair Morphology in the Identification of Mammals 129 Lisa Knecht Introduction 129 Types of Hair 130 Hair Structure 131 Techniques for Studying Hair Structure 140 Conclusion 142 References 142 9 Plants and Wildlife Forensics 145 Christopher R. Hardy and David S. Martin Introduction 145 Plants as Trace Evidence 145 Poisonous Plants 149 The Basics of Collecting and Preserving Botanical Evidence 153 Finding a Forensic Botanist 156 Conclusion 156 Acknowledgements 157 References 157 10 Identification of Reptile Skin Products Using Scale Morphology 161 David L. Martin Introduction 161 International Trade in Reptile Skins 162 Challenges to Species Identification of Reptile Skin Products 166 Species and Products Represented in the Reptile Skin Trade 168 Reptile Scale Morphology Basics and Current Limitations 170 Identifying Features of Major Reptile Groups 178 Conclusion 194 Acknowledgements 195 References 195 11 Best Practices in Wildlife Forensic DNA 201 M. Katherine Moore and Irving L. Kornfield Introduction 201 The Need for Appropriate Standards 203 Wildlife Forensic DNA Best Practices 206 Standards and Guidelines for Wildlife Forensics 206 Training 208 Case File 209 Laboratory Facility (QA) 213 Validation 214 Laboratory Protocols 216 Data Analysis 218 Interpretation Guidelines 220 Vouchers/Reference Samples 221 Species Identification 224 Reporting 224 Contents of the Case Report 225 Review 226 Court Testimony 229 The Way Forward 230 Note 230 Acknowledgements 230 References 231 12 Statistics for Wildlife Forensic DNA 237 B.S. Weir Introduction 237 The Central Problem 238 Genetic Sampling 241 Lineage Markers 242 Relatedness 245 Inbreeding 247 Testing for Allele Independence 248 Assignment testing 250 Conclusion 251 References 252 13 Forensic DNA Analysis of Wildlife Evidence 253 Sabrina N. McGraw, Shamus P. Keeler, and Jane E. Huffman Introduction 253 DNA Isolation and Handling 254 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 255 Sample Speciation 256 Minisatellites (VNTRs) 256 Mitochondrial Markers (mtDNA) 257 Additional Genetic Speciation Methods 259 Limitations of Genetic Speciation 260 Sample Sexing 261 Sample Individualization 262 Sample Localization 263 Validation of Wildlife Forensic Techniques 264 Court Admissibility 266 Conclusion 266 Cases Cited 266 References 267 14 DNA Applications and Implementation 271 Robert Ogden Introduction 271 History 272 Questions and Techniques: Wildlife Crime Issues 272 Species Identification 273 Identification of Geographic Origin 275 Individual Identification 279 Exclusion 280 Practical Applications 282 Sample Types for DNA Analysis 282 Laboratory Models: Individual Facilities 283 Future Developments 287 Summary 288 References 289 15 Conservation Genetics and Wildlife Forensics of Birds 293 Rebecca N. Johnson Introduction 293 Avian Genetics 295 Avian Taxonomy, Legislation and Conservation 299 Avian Wildlife Forensics: A Range of Applications 302 Conservation Genetics and Wildlife Forensics: Identification Using DNA 307 Conclusion 315 References 317 16 Wildlife Forensics in Thailand: Utilization of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences 327 Suchitra Changtragoon Introduction 327 DNA Extraction and Amplification 327 DNA Sequencing 328 Origin Identification 328 Species and Subspecies Identification 328 Results of the Investigations 330 Conclusion 338 Acknowledgements 341 References 341 17 The Future of Wildlife Forensic Science 343 Edgard O. Espinoza, Jesica L. Espinoza, Pepper W. Trail, and Barry W. Baker Introduction 343 Technical Challenges 344 Enhancing Wildlife Protection by Integrating Forensic Science and the Law 350 The U.S. Endangered Species Act and the Limits of Science 351 The Future of Forensic Scientists and the Laboratories in which They Work 353 Conclusion 355 Acknowledgments 356 References 356 Index 359

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Book Synopsis* Offers a unique mix of mathematics and statistics topics,specifically tailored to a forensic science undergraduatedegree. * All topics illustrated with examples from the forensic sciencediscipline. * Written in an accessible, student-friendly way to engageinterest and enhance learning and confidence.Trade Review"The book's main selling point is its pedagogical approach to make the contents relevant to the intended audience by using subject-specific examples. This is successful in the main, with examples originating from a wide variety of areas in forensic science, so that neither the forensic biologist nor the forensic chemist or physicist need to feel neglected. It is even more commendable that Craig Adams manages to find a forensic context for the development of essential skills, such as the computation of concentrations from spectrophotometric measurements and the plotting of standard curves for HPLC data." (Reviews, December 2010) Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Getting the basics right. Introduction: Why forensic science is a quantitative science. 1.1 Numbers, their representation and meaning. Self-assessment exercises and problems. 1.2 Units of measurement and their conversion. Self-assessment problems. 1.3 Uncertainties in measurement and how to deal with them. Self-assessment problems. 1.4 Basic chemical calculations. Self-assessment exercises and problems. Chapter summary. 2 Functions, formulae and equations. Introduction: Understanding and using functions, formulae and equations. 2.1 Algebraic manipulation of equations. Self-assessment exercises. 2.2 Applications involving the manipulation of formulae. Self-assessment exercises and problems. 2.3 Polynomial functions. Self-assessment exercises and problems. 2.4 The solution of linear simultaneous equations. Self-assessment exercises and problems. 2.5 Quadratic functions. Self-assessment problems. 2.6 Powers and indices. Self-assessment problems. Chapter summary. 3 The exponential and logarithmic functions and their applications. Introduction: Two special functions in forensic science. 3.1 Origin and definition of the exponential function. Self-assessment exercises. 3.2 Origin and definition of the logarithmic function. Self-assessment exercises and problems. Self-assessment exercises. 3.3 Application: the pH scale. Self-assessment exercises. 3.4 The "decaying" exponential. Self-assessment problems. 3.5 Application: post-mortem body cooling. Self-assessment problems. 3.6 Application: forensic pharmacokinetics. Self-assessment problems. Chapter summary. 4 Trigonometric methods in forensic science. Introduction: Why trigonometry is needed in forensic science. 4.1 Pythagoras’s theorem. Self-assessment exercises and problems. 4.2 The trigonometric functions. Self-assessment exercises and problems. 4.3 Trigonometric rules. Self-assessment exercises. 4.4 Application: heights and distances. Self-assessment problems. 4.5 Application: ricochet analysis. Self-assessment problems. 4.6 Application: aspects of ballistics. Self-assessment problems. 4.7 Suicide, accident or murder? Self-assessment problems. 4.8 Application: bloodstain shape. Self-assessment problems. 4.9 Bloodstain pattern analysis. Self-assessment problems. Chapter summary. 5 Graphs - their construction and interpretation. Introduction: Why graphs are important in forensic science. 5.1 Representing data using graphs. 5.2 Linearizing equations. Self-assessment exercises. 5.3 Linear regression. Self-assessment exercises. 5.4 Application: shotgun pellet patterns in firearms incidents. Self-assessment problem. 5.5 Application: bloodstain formation. Self-assessment problem. 5.6 Application: the persistence of hair, fibres and flints on clothing. Self-assessment problem. 5.7 Application: determining the time since death by fly egg hatching. 5.8 Application: determining age from bone or tooth material Self-assessment problem. 5.9 Application: kinetics of chemical reactions. Self-assessment problems. 5.10 Graphs for calibration. Self-assessment problems. 5.11 Excel and the construction of graphs. Chapter summary. 6 The statistical analysis of data. Introduction: Statistics and forensic science. 6.1 Describing a set of data. Self-assessment problems. 6.2 Frequency statistics. Self-assessment problems. 6.3 Probability density functions. Self-assessment problems. 6.4 Excel and basic statistics. Chapter summary. 7 Probability in forensic science. Introduction: Theoretical and empirical probabilities. 7.1 Calculating probabilities. Self-assessment problems. 7.2 Application: the matching of hair evidence. Self-assessment problems. 7.3 Conditional probability. Self-assessment problems. 7.4 Probability tree diagrams. Self-assessment problems. 7.5 Permutations and combinations. Self-assessment problems. 7.6 The binomial probability distribution. Self-assessment problems. Chapter summary. 8 Probability and infrequent events. Introduction: Dealing with infrequent events. 8.1 The Poisson probability distribution. Self-assessment exercises. 8.2 Probability and the uniqueness of fingerprints. Self-assessment problems. 8.3 Probability and human teeth marks. Self-assessment problems. 8.4 Probability and forensic genetics. 8.5 Worked problems of genotype and allele calculations. Self-assessment problems. 8.6 Genotype frequencies and subpopulations. Self-assessment problems. Chapter summary. 9 Statistics in the evaluation of experimental data: comparison and confidence. How can statistics help in the interpretation of experimental data? 9.1 The normal distribution. Self-assessment problems. 9.2 The normal distribution and frequency histograms. 9.3 The standard error in the mean. Self-assessment problems. 9.4 The t-distribution. Self-assessment exercises and problems. 9.5 Hypothesis testing. Self-assessment problems. 9.6 Comparing two datasets using the t-test. Self-assessment problems. 9.7 The t -test applied to paired measurements. Self-assessment problems. 9.8 Pearson's χ2 test. Self-assessment problems. Chapter summary. 10 Statistics in the evaluation of experimental data: computation and calibration. Introduction: What more can we do with statistics and uncertainty? 10.1 The propagation of uncertainty in calculations. Self-assessment exercises and problems. Self-assessment exercises and problems. 10.2 Application: physicochemical measurements. Self-assessment problems. 10.3 Measurement of density by Archimedes' upthrust. Self-assessment problems. 10.4 Application: bloodstain impact angle. Self-assessment problems. 10.5 Application: bloodstain formation. Self-assessment problems. 10.6 Statistical approaches to outliers. Self-assessment problems. 10.7 Introduction to robust statistics. Self-assessment problems. 10.8 Statistics and linear regression. Self-assessment problems. 10.9 Using linear calibration graphs and the calculation of standard error. Self-assessment problems. Chapter summary. 11 Statistics and the significance of evidence. Introduction: Where do we go from here? - Interpretation and significance. 11.1 A case study in the interpretation and significance of forensic evidence. 11.2 A probabilistic basis for interpreting evidence. Self-assessment problems. 11.3 Likelihood ratio, Bayes' rule and weight of evidence. Self-assessment problems. 11.4 Population data and interpretive databases. Self-assessment problems. 11.5 The probability of accepting the prosecution case - given the evidence. Self-assessment problems. 11.6 Likelihood ratios from continuous data. Self-assessment problems. 11.7 Likelihood ratio and transfer evidence. Self-assessment problems. 11.8 Application: double cot-death or double murder? Self-assessment problems. Chapter summary. References. Bibliography. Answers to self-assessment exercises and problems. Appendix I: The definitions of non-SI units and their relationship to the equivalent SI units. Appendix II: Constructing graphs using Microsoft Excel. Appendix III: Using Microsoft Excel for statistics calculations. Appendix IV: Cumulative z -probability table for the standard normal distribution. Appendix V: Student's t -test: tables of critical values for the t -statistic. Appendix VI: Chi squared χ2 test: table of critical values. Appendix VII: Some values of Qcrit for Dixon's Q test. Some values for Gcrit for Grubbs’ two-tailed test. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe official, Guidance Software-approved book on the newest EnCE exam! The EnCE exam tests that computer forensic analysts and examiners have thoroughly mastered computer investigation methodologies, as well as the use of Guidance Software''s EnCase Forensic 7. The only official Guidance-endorsed study guide on the topic, this book prepares you for the exam with extensive coverage of all exam topics, real-world scenarios, hands-on exercises, up-to-date legal information, and sample evidence files, flashcards, and more. Guides readers through preparation for the newest EnCase Certified Examiner (EnCE) exam Prepares candidates for both Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the exam, as well as for practical use of the certification Covers identifying and searching hardware and files systems, handling evidence on the scene, and acquiring digital evidence using EnCase Forensic 7 Includes hands-on exercises, practice questions, and up-to-date legal informTable of ContentsIntroduction xxi Assessment Test xxvii Chapter 1 Computer Hardware 1 Computer Hardware Components 2 The Boot Process 14 Partitions 20 File Systems 25 Summary 27 Exam Essentials 27 Review Questions 28 Chapter 2 File Systems 33 FAT Basics 34 The Physical Layout of FAT 36 Viewing Directory Entries Using EnCase 52 The Function of FAT 58 NTFS Basics 73 CD File Systems 77 exFAT 79 Summary 83 Exam Essentials 84 Review Questions 85 Chapter 3 First Response 89 Planning and Preparation 90 The Physical Location 91 Personnel 91 Computer Systems 92 What to Take with You Before You Leave 94 Search Authority 97 Handling Evidence at the Scene 98 Securing the Scene 98 Recording and Photographing the Scene 99 Seizing Computer Evidence 99 Bagging and Tagging 110 Summary 113 Exam Essentials 113 Review Questions 115 Chapter 4 Acquiring Digital Evidence 119 Creating EnCase Forensic Boot Disks 121 Booting a Computer Using the EnCase Boot Disk 124 Seeing Invisible HPA and DCO Data 125 Other Reasons for Using a DOS Boot 126 Steps for Using a DOS Boot 126 Drive-to-Drive DOS Acquisition 128 Steps for Drive-to-Drive DOS Acquisition 128 Supplemental Information About Drive-to-Drive DOS Acquisition 132 Network Acquisitions 135 Reasons to Use Network Acquisitions 135 Understanding Network Cables 136 Preparing an EnCase Network Boot Disk 137 Preparing an EnCase Network Boot CD 138 Steps for Network Acquisition 138 FastBloc/Tableau Acquisitions 151 Available FastBloc Models 151 FastBloc 2 Features 152 Steps for Tableau (FastBloc) Acquisition 154 FastBloc SE Acquisitions 163 About FastBloc SE 163 Steps for FastBloc SE Acquisitions 164 LinEn Acquisitions 168 Mounting a File System as Read-Only 168 Updating a Linux Boot CD with the Latest Version of LinEn 169 Running LinEn 171 Steps for LinEn Acquisition 173 Enterprise and FIM Acquisitions 176 EnCase Portable 180 Helpful Hints 188 Summary 189 Exam Essentials 192 Review Questions 194 Chapter 5 EnCase Concepts 199 EnCase Evidence File Format 200 CRC, MD5, and SHA-1 201 Evidence File Components and Function 202 New Evidence File Format 206 Evidence File Verification 207 Hashing Disks and Volumes 215 EnCase Case Files 217 EnCase Backup Utility 220 EnCase Configuration Files 227 Evidence Cache Folder 231 Summary 233 Exam Essentials 235 Review Questions 236 Chapter 6 EnCase Environment 241 Home Screen 242 EnCase Layout 246 Creating a Case 249 Tree Pane Navigation 255 Table Pane Navigation 266 Table View 266 Gallery View 275 Timeline View 277 Disk View 280 View Pane Navigation 284 Text View 284 Hex View 287 Picture View 288 Report View 289 Doc View 289 Transcript View 290 File Extents View 291 Permissions View 291 Decode View 292 Field View 294 Lock Option 294 Dixon Box 294 Navigation Data (GPS) 295 Find Feature 297 Other Views and Tools 298 Conditions and Filters 298 EnScript 299 Text Styles 299 Adjusting Panes 300 Other Views 306 Global Views and Settings 306 EnCase Options 310 Summary 318 Exam Essentials 320 Review Questions 321 Chapter 7 Understanding, Searching For, and Bookmarking Data 325 Understanding Data 327 Binary Numbers 327 Hexadecimal 333 Characters 336 ASCII 337 Unicode 338 EnCase Evidence Processor 340 Searching for Data 352 Creating Keywords 353 GREP Keywords 364 Starting a Search 373 Viewing Search Hits and Bookmarking Your Findings 376 Bookmarking 377 Summary 426 Exam Essentials 428 Review Questions 430 Chapter 8 File Signature Analysis and Hash Analysis 435 File Signature Analysis 436 Understanding Application Binding 437 Creating a New File Signature 438 Conducting a File Signature Analysis 442 Hash Analysis 449 MD5 Hash 449 Hash Sets and Hash Libraries 449 Hash Analysis 462 Summary 466 Exam Essentials 468 Review Questions 469 Chapter 9 Windows Operating System Artifacts 473 Dates and Times 475 Time Zones 475 Windows 64-Bit Time Stamp 476 Adjusting for Time Zone Offsets 481 Recycle Bin 487 Details of Recycle Bin Operation 488 The INFO2 File 488 Determining the Owner of Files in the Recycle Bin 493 Files Restored or Deleted from the Recycle Bin 494 Using an EnCase Evidence Processor to Determine the Status of Recycle Bin Files 496 Recycle Bin Bypass 498 Windows Vista/Windows 7 Recycle Bin 500 Link Files 504 Changing the Properties of a Shortcut 504 Forensic Importance of Link Files 505 Using the Link File Parser 509 Windows Folders 511 Recent Folder 515 Desktop Folder 516 My Documents/Documents 518 Send To Folder 518 Temp Folder 519 Favorites Folder 520 Windows Vista Low Folders 521 Cookies Folder 523 History Folder 526 Temporary Internet Files 532 Swap File 535 Hibernation File 536 Print Spooling 537 Legacy Operating System Artifacts 543 Windows Volume Shadow Copy 544 Windows Event Logs 549 Kinds of Information Available in Event Logs 549 Determining Levels of Auditing 552 Windows Vista/7 Event Logs 554 Using the Windows Event Log Parser 555 For More Information 558 Summary 559 Exam Essentials 564 Review Questions 566 Chapter 10 Advanced EnCase 571 Locating and Mounting Partitions 573 Mounting Files 588 Registry 595 Registry History 595 Registry Organization and Terminology 596 Using EnCase to Mount and View the Registry 601 Registry Research Techniques 605 EnScript and Filters 608 Running EnScripts 609 Filters and Conditions 611 Email 614 Base64 Encoding 619 EnCase Decryption Suite 622 Virtual File System (VFS) 629 Restoration 633 Physical Disk Emulator (PDE) 636 Putting It All Together 641 Summary 645 Exam Essentials 648 Review Questions 649 Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 653 Chapter 1: Computer Hardware 654 Chapter 2: File Systems 655 Chapter 3: First Response 657 Chapter 4: Acquiring Digital Evidence 658 Chapter 5: EnCase Concepts 659 Chapter 6: EnCase Environment 661 Chapter 7: Understanding, Searching For, and Bookmarking Data 662 Chapter 8: File Signature Analysis and Hash Analysis 663 Chapter 9: Windows Operating System Artifacts 664 Chapter 10: Advanced EnCase 665 Appendix B Creating Paperless Reports 667 Exporting the Web Page Report 669 Creating Your Container Report 671 Bookmarks and Hyperlinks 675 Burning the Report to CD or DVD 678 Appendix C About the Additional Study Tools 681 Additional Study Tools 682 Sybex Test Engine 682 Electronic Flashcards 682 PDF of Glossary of Terms 682 Adobe Reader 682 Additional Author Files 683 System Requirements 683 Using the Study Tools 683 Troubleshooting 683 Customer Care 684 Index 685

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Book SynopsisInvestigative computer forensics is playing an increasingly important role in the resolution of challenges, disputes, and conflicts of every kind and in every corner of the world. Yet, for many, there is still great apprehension when contemplating leveraging these emerging technologies, preventing them from making the most of investigative computer forensics and its extraordinary potential to dissect everything from common crime to sophisticated corporate fraud. Empowering you to make tough and informed decisions during an internal investigation, electronic discovery exercise, or while engaging the capabilities of a computer forensic professional, Investigative Computer Forensics explains the investigative computer forensic process in layman's terms that users of these services can easily digest. Computer forensic/e-discovery expert and cybercrime investigator Erik Laykin provides readers with a cross section of information gleaned from his broad experience, covering Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xv Author’s Note xvii Introduction Investigative Computer Forensics 1 Changes in Technology 1 Changes in the Role of the Investigator 2 What is Computer Forensics? 4 Chapter 1 The Glue 7 The Relevancy of Truth 8 Foundations of Digital Evidence 9 Investigative Objectives 11 The Investigative Process 11 Trust 13 Privacy 14 Chapter 2 A Primer on Computers and Networks 17 The Mechanics of Electronically Stored Information 19 Optical Drives 25 The Server 27 The Router 30 Application Data 32 Metadata 35 Databases 37 E-mail Mechanics 41 The IP Address 43 Computer Time Artifacts 45 Social Media 45 Tablets 48 Cellular Telephones and Smartphones 50 Audio and Video 52 The Global Nervous System: Worldwide Data 54 Fundamentals of Network Traffic 58 The Firewall 59 Data- and Traffic-Gathering Applications 61 Dynamic Data Capture 63 The Cloud 65 International Data Security and Privacy Issues 67 Chapter 3 Computer Forensic Fundamentals 69 The Establishment of the Computer Forensic Laboratory 69 Evidence and Access Controls 73 The Forensic Workstation 79 Current Tools and Services 86 Building a Team and a Process 94 Computer Forensic Certifications 98 The Human Quotient 98 The Devil is in the Details 124 Chapter 4 Investigative Fundamentals 127 The Investigative Mind-Set 127 Case Management 128 Fraud and Investigative Analysis 129 Information Sources and Records 130 Investigative Techniques 130 Surveillance and Interviewing 132 Trade Secret Theft and IP Investigations 133 Human Resources and Interpersonal Investigations 134 Reporting and Testifying 136 Chapter 5 The Underpinnings of Investigative Computer Forensics 139 Seizure and Examination of Digital Evidence 140 Data Classification and Records Management 140 Deleted Data 143 Backups and Systems Preservation 145 Computer Crime Analysis and Reconstruction 147 The Who, What, Where, How of Data 149 Contracts Agreements, Third Parties, and Other Headaches 154 Ethics and Management 155 Chapter 6 Tactical Objectives and Challenges in Investigative Computer Forensics 157 Preparing for the Attack 158 Early Case Assessment 159 Investigative Pacing, Timing, and Setting Expectations 160 Working with Multinational Teams 161 Collections of Electronic Data in the Cloud and in Social Media 162 Investigating Internet Service Provider Records 164 Bridging the Actual World with the Cyberworld 165 Packaging the Findings 165 Chapter 7 The Cyber-Firefighters 167 Incident Response Fundamentals 167 Data Breaches 170 Theft and Fraud 172 Systems Failures 172 Internal Investigations 173 The Real-Time Predicament 175 Building a Global Resource Network 175 Honeypots and Other Attractive Intel-Gathering Targets 176 Databases and Structured Data 178 Organized Crime in the Cyber-Underworld 178 The Cyber-Underworld in Various Regions 179 State-Sponsored Cybercrime 181 Identity Theft 182 Intellectual Property and Trade Secret Theft 183 Botnets, Malware, Trojans, and Phishing 184 Data Breach Vulnerabilities 185 Hackers and Their Environment 186 Chapter 8 E-Discovery Responsibilities 189 Data Identification 189 Electronic Discovery Reference Model 190 E-Discovery Stages 192 Common E-Discovery and Foreign Data Challenges 196 Tools, Services, and Technologies 199 Emerging E-Discovery Realities 202 European and Asian Observations 205 Digital Evidence in the Courtroom 207 Chapter 9 The Future 209 Privacy and the Data Ecosystem 209 Access Controls and the Evolution of Trust 211 Global Communications Systems in the Cloud 211 Nanotechnology and Cognitive Computing 212 Digital Demographics and the Emerging Global Citizen 212 Extra-National Investigative Networks and the Information Union 214 Zero Day Forensics 214 Concluding Thoughts 215 About the Author 217 Index 219

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Book SynopsisBayesian Networks This book should have a place on the bookshelf of every forensic scientist who cares about the science of evidence interpretation.Dr. Ian Evett, Principal Forensic Services Ltd, London, UK Bayesian Networksfor Probabilistic Inference and Decision Analysis in Forensic Science Second Edition Continuing developments in science and technology mean that the amounts of information forensic scientists are able to provide for criminal investigations is ever increasing. The commensurate increase in complexity creates diffculties for scientists and lawyers with regard to evaluation and interpretation, notably with respect to issues of inference and decision. Probability theory, implemented through graphical methods, and specifically Bayesian networks, provides powerful methods to deal with this complexity. Extensions of these methods to elements of decision theory provide further support and assistance to the judicial system. BayeTrade Review“The clear and accessible style of this second edition makes this book ideal for all forensic scientists, applied statisticians and graduate students wishing to evaluate forensic findings from the perspective of probability and decision analysis. It will also appeal to lawyers and other scientists and professionals interested in the evaluation and interpretation of forensic findings, including decision making based on scientific information.” (Zentralblatt MATH, 1 October 2014) Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface to the second edition xvii Preface to the first edition xxi 1 The logic of decision 1 1.1 Uncertainty and probability 1 1.1.1 Probability is not about numbers, it is about coherent reasoning under uncertainty 1 1.1.2 The first two laws of probability 2 1.1.3 Relevance and independence 3 1.1.4 The third law of probability 5 1.1.5 Extension of the conversation 6 1.1.6 Bayes’ theorem 6 1.1.7 Probability trees 7 1.1.8 Likelihood and probability 9 1.1.9 The calculus of (probable) truths 10 1.2 Reasoning under uncertainty 12 1.2.1 The Hound of the Baskervilles 12 1.2.2 Combination of background information and evidence 13 1.2.3 The odds form of Bayes’ theorem 15 1.2.4 Combination of evidence 16 1.2.5 Reasoning with total evidence 16 1.2.6 Reasoning with uncertain evidence 18 1.3 Population proportions, probabilities and induction 19 1.3.1 The statistical syllogism 19 1.3.2 Expectations and population proportions 21 1.3.3 Probabilistic explanations 22 1.3.4 Abduction and inference to the best explanation 25 1.3.5 Induction the Bayesian way 26 1.4 Decision making under uncertainty 28 1.4.1 Bookmakers in the Courtrooms? 28 1.4.2 Utility theory 29 1.4.3 The rule of maximizing expected utility 33 1.4.4 The loss function 34 1.4.5 Decision trees 35 1.4.6 The expected value of information 38 1.5 Further readings 42 2 The logic of Bayesian networks and influence diagrams 45 2.1 Reasoning with graphical models 45 2.1.1 Beyond detective stories 45 2.1.2 Bayesian networks 46 2.1.3 A graphical model for relevance 48 2.1.4 Conditional independence 50 2.1.5 Graphical models for conditional independence: d-separation 51 2.1.6 A decision rule for conditional independence 53 2.1.7 Networks for evidential reasoning 53 2.1.8 The Markov property 56 2.1.9 Influence diagrams 58 2.1.10 Conditional independence in influence diagrams 60 2.1.11 Relevance and causality 61 2.1.12 The Hound of the Baskervilles revisited 63 2.2 Reasoning with Bayesian networks and influence diagrams 65 2.2.1 Divide and conquer 66 2.2.2 From directed to triangulated graphs 67 2.2.3 From triangulated graphs to junction trees 69 2.2.4 Solving influence diagrams 71 2.2.5 Object-oriented Bayesian networks 74 2.2.6 Solving object-oriented Bayesian networks 79 2.3 Further readings 82 2.3.1 General 82 2.3.2 Bayesian networks and their predecessors in judicial contexts 83 3 Evaluation of scientific findings in forensic science 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 The value of scientific findings 86 3.3 Principles of forensic evaluation and relevant propositions 90 3.3.1 Source level propositions 92 3.3.2 Activity level propositions 94 3.3.3 Crime level propositions 97 3.4 Pre-assessment of the case 100 3.5 Evaluation using graphical models 103 3.5.1 Introduction 103 3.5.2 General aspects of the construction of Bayesian networks 103 3.5.3 Eliciting structural relationships 105 3.5.4 Level of detail of variables and quantification of influences 106 3.5.5 Deriving an alternative network structure 108 4 Evaluation given source level propositions 113 4.1 General considerations 113 4.2 Standard statistical distributions 115 4.3 Two stains, no putative source 117 4.3.1 Likelihood ratio for source inference when no putative source is available 117 4.3.2 Bayesian network for a two-trace case with no putative source 119 4.3.3 An alternative network structure for a two trace no putative source case 121 4.4 Multiple propositions 122 4.4.1 Form of the likelihood ratio 122 4.4.2 Bayesian networks for evaluation given multiple propositions 123 5 Evaluation given activity level propositions 129 5.1 Evaluation of transfer material given activity level propositions assuming a direct source relationship 130 5.1.1 Preliminaries 130 5.1.2 Derivation of a basic structure for a Bayesian network 131 5.1.3 Modifying the basic network 134 5.1.4 Further considerations about background presence 137 5.1.5 Background from different sources 139 5.1.6 An alternative description of the findings 142 5.1.7 Bayesian network for an alternative description of findings 145 5.1.8 Increasing the level of detail of selected propositions 147 5.1.9 Evaluation of the proposed model 149 5.2 Cross- or two-way transfer of trace material 150 5.3 Evaluation of transfer material given activity level propositions with uncertainty about the true source 154 5.3.1 Network structure 154 5.3.2 Evaluation of the network 154 5.3.3 Effect of varying assumptions about key factors 157 6 Evaluation given crime level propositions 159 6.1 Material found on a crime scene: A general approach 159 6.1.1 Generic network construction for single offender 159 6.1.2 Evaluation of the network 161 6.1.3 Extending the single-offender scenario 163 6.1.4 Multiple offenders 166 6.1.5 The role of the relevant population 168 6.2 Findings with more than one component: The example of marks 168 6.2.1 General considerations 168 6.2.2 Adding further propositions 169 6.2.3 Derivation of the likelihood ratio 170 6.2.4 Consideration of distinct components 172 6.2.5 An extension to firearm examinations 177 6.2.6 A note on the likelihood ratio 181 6.3 Scenarios with more than one trace: ‘Two stain-one offender’ cases 182 6.4 Material found on a person of interest 185 6.4.1 General form 185 6.4.2 Extending the numerator 187 6.4.3 Extending the denominator 189 6.4.4 Extended form of the likelihood ratio 190 6.4.5 Network construction and examples 190 7 Evaluation of DNA profiling results 196 7.1 DNA likelihood ratio 196 7.2 Network approaches to the DNA likelihood ratio 198 7.2.1 The ‘match’ approach 198 7.2.2 Representation of individual alleles 198 7.2.3 Alternative representation of a genotype 202 7.3 Missing suspect 203 7.4 Analysis when the alternative proposition is that a brother of the suspect left the crime stain 206 7.4.1 Revision of probabilities and networks 206 7.4.2 Further considerations on conditional genotype probabilities 212 7.5 Interpretation with more than two propositions 214 7.6 Evaluation with more than two propositions 217 7.7 Partially corresponding profiles 220 7.8 Mixtures 223 7.8.1 Considering multiple crime stain contributors 223 7.8.2 Bayesian network for a three-allele mixture scenario 225 7.9 Kinship analyses 227 7.9.1 A disputed paternity 227 7.9.2 An extended paternity scenario 230 7.9.3 A case of questioned maternity 232 7.10 Database search 234 7.10.1 Likelihood ratio after database searching 234 7.10.2 An analysis focussing on posterior probabilities 237 7.11 Probabilistic approaches to laboratory error 241 7.11.1 Implicit approach to typing error 241 7.11.2 Explicit approach to typing error 243 7.12 Further reading 246 7.12.1 A note on object-oriented Bayesian networks 246 7.12.2 Additional topics 246 8 Aspects of combining evidence 249 8.1 Introduction 249 8.2 A difficulty in combining evidence: The ‘problem of conjunction’ 250 8.3 Generic patterns of inference in combining evidence 252 8.3.1 Preliminaries 252 8.3.2 Dissonant evidence: Contradiction and conflict 252 8.3.3 Harmonious evidence: Corroboration and convergence 256 8.3.4 Drag coefficient 261 8.4 Examples of the combination of distinct items of evidence 262 8.4.1 Handwriting and fingermarks 262 8.4.2 Issues in DNA analyses 266 8.4.3 One offender and two corresponding traces 267 8.4.4 Firearms and gunshot residues 271 8.4.5 Comments 279 9 Networks for continuous models 281 9.1 Random variables and distribution functions 281 9.1.1 Normal distribution 283 9.1.2 Bivariate Normal distribution 287 9.1.3 Conditional expectation and variance 288 9.2 Samples and estimates 289 9.2.1 Summary statistics 289 9.2.2 The Bayesian paradigm 291 9.3 Continuous Bayesian networks 292 9.3.1 Propagation in a continuous Bayesian network 295 9.3.2 Background data 300 9.3.3 Intervals for a continuous entity 302 9.4 Mixed networks 306 9.4.1 Bayesian network for a continuous variable with a discrete parent 308 9.4.2 Bayesian network for a continuous variable with a continuous parent and a binary parent, unmarried 310 10 Pre-assessment 314 10.1 Introduction 314 10.2 General elements of pre-assessment 315 10.3 Pre-assessment in a fibre case: A worked through example 316 10.3.1 Preliminaries 316 10.3.2 Propositions and relevant events 317 10.3.3 Expected likelihood ratios 319 10.3.4 Construction of a Bayesian network 321 10.4 Pre-assessment in a cross-transfer scenario 321 10.4.1 Bidirectional transfer 321 10.4.2 A Bayesian network for a pre-assessment of a cross-transfer scenario 324 10.4.3 The value of the findings 325 10.5 Pre-assessment for consignment inspection 328 10.5.1 Inspecting small consignments 328 10.5.2 Bayesian network for inference about small consignments 330 10.5.3 Pre-assessment for inspection of small consignments 333 10.6 Pre-assessment for gunshot residue particles 335 10.6.1 Formation and deposition of gunshot residue particles 335 10.6.2 Bayesian network for grouped expected findings (GSR counts) 336 10.6.3 Examples for GSR count pre-assessment using a Bayesian network 339 11 Bayesian decision networks 343 11.1 Decision making in forensic science 343 11.2 Examples of forensic decision analyses 344 11.2.1 Deciding about whether or not to perform a DNA analysis 344 11.2.2 Probability assignment as a question of decision making 352 11.2.3 Decision analysis for consignment inspection 357 11.2.4 Decision after database searching 366 11.3 Further readings 368 12 Object-oriented networks 370 12.1 Object orientation 370 12.2 General elements of object-oriented networks 371 12.2.1 Static versus dynamic networks 371 12.2.2 Dynamic Bayesian networks as object-oriented networks 373 12.2.3 Refining internal class descriptions 374 12.3 Object-oriented networks for evaluating DNA profiling results 378 12.3.1 Basic disputed paternity case 378 12.3.2 Useful class networks for modelling kinship analyses 379 12.3.3 Object-oriented networks for kinship analyses 381 12.3.4 Object-oriented networks for inference of source 383 12.3.5 Refining internal class descriptions and further considerations 385 13 Qualitative, sensitivity and conflict analyses 388 13.1 Qualitative probability models 389 13.1.1 Qualitative influence 389 13.1.2 Additive synergy 392 13.1.3 Product synergy 394 13.1.4 Properties of qualitative relationships 396 13.1.5 Implications of qualitative graphical models 401 13.2 Sensitivity analyses 402 13.2.1 Preliminaries 402 13.2.2 Sensitivity to a single probability assignment 403 13.2.3 Sensitivity to two probability assignments 405 13.2.4 Sensitivity to prior distribution 408 13.3 Conflict analysis 410 13.3.1 Conflict detection 411 13.3.2 Tracing a conflict 414 13.3.3 Conflict resolution 415 References 419 Author index 433 Subject index 438

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Book SynopsisForensic Science in Court: The Role of the Expert Witness is a practical handbook aimed at forensic science students, to help them prepare as an expert witness when presenting their evidence in court. Written in a clear, accessible manner, the book guides the student through the legal process and shows them how to handle evidence, write reports without ambiguity through to the more practical aspects of what to do when appearing in court. The book also offers advice on what to expect when working with lawyers in a courtroom situation. An essential text for all students taking forensic science courses who are required to take modules on how to present their evidence in court. The bookis also an invaluable reference for any scientist requested to give an opinion in a legal context. Integrates law and science in an easy to understand format Inclusion of case studies throughout Includes straightforward statistics essential for the forensic science stTable of ContentsINTRODUCTION: Forensic science and the justice system. CHAPTER ONE: Where the law comes from: You don't mess about with The People. CHAPTER TWO: The legal system and how it works. The legal justification for expert witnesses. The structure of civil and criminal courts. Who sits and the correct form of address. The unusual: coroners courts, courts martial and human rights. CHAPTER THREE: Rules of evidence as they apply to expert witnesses. The expert as advocate. The expert as arbiter. Appointment of experts by disputing sides and by the court. CHAPTER FOUR: The first point of contact, dealing with solicitors. The written report, structure and content. CHAPTER FIVE: The expert in court. What makes an expert. What you will be expected to contribute to the of the court. How to make the most of your appearance in court. CHAPTER SIX: Statistics and statistical inferences. What traditional statistical methodology can and cannot tell us. The statistical nature of databases. Different types of databases: Anonymous and named. CHAPTER SEVEN: Ethical considerations for the forensic scientist. APPENDIX: Nomenclature for citing law reports. GLOSSARY OF COMMONLY USED TERMS AND PHRASES INDEX

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Book SynopsisAn essential foundation for the practice of forensic anthropology This text is the first of its level written in more than twenty years. It serves as a summary and guide to the core material that needs to be mastered and evaluated for the practice of forensic anthropology.Trade Review"I enthusiastically recommend Fundamentals of Forensic Anthropology as reading in upper level forensic anthropology courses…both strongly theoretical and practical. I also recommend it to all forensic-science professionals as a helpful reference to have at hand." (The Applied Anthropologist, Spring 2008, reviewed by Gabrielle Jones) "[The author] sets the standard for how textbooks should be engagingly written with clarity and humor." (reviewed by Jeri DeYoung, The Applied Anthropologist, Spring 2008) "…a valuable addition to the forensic science literature…essential." (CHOICE, June 2007) "...an important contribution from a well versed and experienced forensic anthropologist, and will serve as a useful summary of the state of the science today." (American Journal of Physical Anthropology, March 2007) "...the first of its level written in more than twenty years...an essential foundation for the practice of forensic anthropology." (SirReadaLot.org, August 2006)Table of ContentsPhoto Credits ix Acknowledgments xi Series Introduction xiii Part I Background Setting For Forensic Anthropology 1 Introduction 3 Overview of the Field 3 Education and Training 5 Overview of the Book 6 2 The Role of Forensic Anthropology in Historical Context 8 The Somewhat Difficult Birth of a Specialty 8 The Middle Years 11 Approaching Senescence? 15 Part II Towards Personal Identification 3 Initial Assessments of Skeletal Remains 19 Human or Not? 20 Number of Individuals Represented 22 4 Assignment of Sex 25 Criteria for Sex Attribution in the Adult Skeleton 25 Pelvic Traits 26 The Skull 28 Visual Assessment 30 Discriminant Function Analysis 31 The Appendicular Bones 33 Femur 33 Humerus 34 Other Appendicular Elements 35 Miscellaneous Axial Bones 36 Attribution of Sex from the Skeletons of Children 37 Figuring the Error Rate 39 5 Age Estimation 42 The Early Years 43 Dental Age 44 Bone Age 46 Long Bone Length 46 Union of Primary Ossification Centers 48 Epiphyseal Fusion 49 The Adult Years 53 Macroscopic Methods 53 Face of the Pubic Symphysis 53 Sternal Extremity of the Rib 55 The Auricular Surface 56 Cranial Suture Closure 57 Dental Methods 58 Microscopic Methods 60 Other Age Indicators 62 Concluding Remarks on Adult Age Estimation 63 6 Deciphering Ancestral Background 64 The Biological and the Cultural 64 The Biological Context 65 The Cultural Component 65 Skeletal Indicators 66 The Skull 66 The Postcranium 75 7 Stature Estimation 77 How Tall Are You, Really? 77 Estimation of Living Stature from Skeletal Remains 78 The Fully Method 79 Stature Estimation From Long Bone Length 80 Comparison of Methods 82 Reporting Stature Estimates 83 Correcting Stature Estimates for Older Adults 84 Secular Trend 86 Stature Estimates from Fragmentary Long Bones 86 Stature Estimation from Short Bone Length 87 Footwear and Foot Length 87 8 Skeletal Markers of Activity and Life History 89 Childbirth Indicators 90 Handedness 91 Other Activity Markers 92 Partial Medical History 94 Medical Radiology 96 Part III Principal Anthropological Roles In Medical–Legal Investigation 9 Trauma 101 Blunt Force Trauma 102 Cranial Fracture 102 Hyoid Fracture 105 Postcranial Fracture 106 Child Abuse 106 Penetrating and Perforating Trauma 109 Gunshot Wounds 109 Sharp Injuries 114 10 The Postmortem Period 117 Estimation of the Postmortem Interval 117 Postmortem Events 122 Carnivore Scavenging 123 Cremation 124 Has the Body Been Burned? 125 Fracturing 126 Bone Shrinkage 129 Dismemberment 129 Ritual Use of Skeletal Material 130 11 Professionalism, Ethics, and the Expert Witness 132 The Expert Witness 133 Standards and Credentials for Expert Testimony 134 Some Practical Issues 136 Ethics 137 Science in the Courtroom: Two Unfortunate Examples 139 When Good Science is not Presented 139 When Good Science is Ignored 143 12 Genetics and DNA 145 Serology and Mendelian Genetics 146 Forensic DNA Analysis 147, Legal Considerations 150 References 152 Index 175

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Book SynopsisThis book exposes the dangerously imperfect forensic evidence that we rely on for criminal convictions. That's not my fingerprint, your honor,said the defendant,after FBI experts reported a 100-percentidentification.The FBI was wrong. It is shocking how often they are. Autopsy of a Crime Lab is the first book to catalog the sources of error and the faulty science behind a range of well-known forensic evidence, from fingerprints and firearms to forensic algorithms. In this devastating forensic takedown, noted legal expert Brandon L. Garrett poses the questions that should be asked in courtrooms every day: Where are the studies that validatethe basic premises of widely accepted techniques such as fingerprinting? How can experts testify with 100-percentcertainty about a fingerprint, when there is no such thing as a 100 percentmatch? Where is the quality control at the crime scenes and in the laboratories? Should we so readily adopt powerful new technologies like facial recognition softwTrade Review“Autopsy of a Crime Lab forcefully reminds us that despite what we see on CSI, even airtight evidence must first be interpreted by boastful and fallible humans.” * Vanity Fair *"Garrett shatters illusions that forensics are always scientifically accurate, and that experts brought in to testify always know their subject. Autopsy of a Crime Lab provides resources to move forward and fix forensics, to ensure that human and scientific errors are kept to a minimum." * CHOICE *"Autopsy of a Crime Lab argues that judges should take their responsibility as gatekeepers of scientific and technical evidence more seriously." * Reason *“Autopsy of a Crime Lab offers in its form as well as its content a convincing argument against the current state of forensic science, as well as promising solutions for the way forward. This book would be an excellent resource for academics but would also be a great starting point for anyone who wants to learn more about the problems inherent within forensics.” * True Crime Index *"In Autopsy of a Crime Lab, Brandon Garrett has produced the best overview for a general audience to date of the legal-scientific problems at the heart of this controversy." * Law & Society Review *"Autopsy of a Crime Lab is an important first step in bringing the forensic system 'back to life' by tackling both the science itself, and how it should be understood and implemented in the criminal-legal system." * Criminal Law & Criminal Justice Books *"This book is a must-read for any person involved in justice at any level. Failure to understand the basic science behind forensics is to court miscarriage of justice on a grand scale. Judges and lawyers would be well advised to read this book and to keep it close at hand." * South Africa Law Review *"Its analysis of the shortcomings of most forensic sciences is nothing short of devastating." * Judicature *Table of ContentsPart I The Crisis in Forensics Introduction 1. The Bite Mark Case 2. The Crisis in Forensics Part II Flawed Forensics 3. False ID 4. Error Rates 5. Overstatement 6. Qualifications 7. Hidden Bias 8. The Gatekeepers Part III Failed Labs 9. Failed Quality Control 10. Crime Scene Contamination Part IV The Movement to Fix Forensics 11. The Rebirth of the Lab 12. Big Data Forensics 13. Fixing Forensics Acknowledgments Appendix Notes Index

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Book SynopsisThe mass graves from our long human history of genocide, massacres, and violent conflict form an underground map of atrocity that stretches across the planet''s surface. In the past few decades, due to rapidly developing technologies and a powerful global human rights movement, the scientific study of those graves has become a standard facet of post-conflict international assistance. Digging for the Disappeared provides readers with a window into this growing but little-understood form of human rights work, including the dangers and sometimes unexpected complications that arise as evidence is gathered and the dead are named.Adam Rosenblatt examines the ethical, political, and historical foundations of the rapidly growing field of forensic investigation, from the graves of the disappeared in Latin America to genocides in Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia to postSaddam Hussein Iraq. In the process, he illustrates how forensic teams strive to balance the needs of war crimeTrade Review"This scholarly, richly documented work is written with great compassion for victims of human rights abuses. Rosenblatt delineates the norms, ethical issues, and complex politics that are relevant when forensic teams investigate gravesites after mass violence has occurred . . . A template for international, multidisciplinary, and volunteer teams with norms of enhanced sensitivity to cultural and political realities has clearly emerged . . . Recommended." -- P.G. Conway * CHOICE *"Digging for the Disappeared is an easy to read text which takes you on a journey in forensic anthropology, archaeology, and human rights work from its insurgence in Latin America and growth in the field thanks to the influence of luminaries such as the late Clyde Snow and Bill Haglund . . . [I]t carries its weight when it comes to the contents, detailed discussion on various themes including the merging human rights movement, transitional governments, and tribunals." -- Keith K. Silica * Staffordshire University *"A work of heart and mind, Digging for the Disappeared is a fascinating, much-needed critique of international forensic ethics and human rights. Rosenblatt rightly calls for a more humanistic approach to the medico-legal examination and care of mortal remains in the wake of mass atrocities and disasters. Required reading for anyone interested in the promotion of justice and social reconstruction in post-war societies." -- Eric Stover * coauthor of The Graves: Srebrencia and Vukovar *"Digging for the Disappeared chronicles an unavoidable chapter in the contemporary struggle for human rights—the search for the remains of the victims of the heinous crime of forced 'disappearances' and the inspiring efforts to train new generations of forensic scientists. It is a moving, thoroughly researched, essential book." -- José Zalaquett * University of Chile *"Digging for the Disappeared opens up the world of forensic investigations of human rights violations to reveal its political, practical, and philosophical complexities. Moving from Argentina to Poland, former Yugoslavia to Rwanda and beyond, Rosenblatt invites us to consider the rights of the dead alongside the politics of the living. The result is a compassionate, compelling call to understand the logics underwriting efforts to recover and name the missing." -- Sarah Wagner * George Washington University *"This book is as bottomless and as urgent as the grief of those whose loved ones lie in mass graves." -- Elaine Scarry * Harvard University *"Adam Rosenblatt's compelling narrative and searing analysis ensure that this book is not only an essential addition to the shelf but also a thoroughly engaging read. His is a perfectly timed analysis of why forensic science is done and the questions that should always be asked, written with a depth of compassion that is unexpected. The simple and accessible approach in parts belies a fiery critical analysis and personalised knowledge . . . The narrative style is a model for forensic writing and analysis that should be highly prized going forward." -- Lucy Easthope and Stephanie Armstrong * Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences *"Despite dealing with subtle and challenging concepts, the book is engaging, self-reflective and surprisingly accessible; Rosenblatt's most significant achievement could, in fact, be the ability to make an academic book on a highly technical subject a page-turner for a broad readership The innovative scope of the book, the unique questions it raises and comprehensively addresses, and its accessibility make it a must-read for anyone interested in human rights, transitional justice, and post-conflict studies more broadly." -- Iosif Kovras * Human Rights Review *"To conclude, Adam Rosenblatt wrote a highly urgent book about the use of forensic science after atrocity. He clearly articulates the politics and contingencies of such humanitarian practices, and makes a persuasive argument for a holistic, victim and mourners centric approach. As such, the book does not necessarily articulate a new approach to forensic practice, yet Rosenblatt's contribution is that he is one of the first authors to eloquently pose the "big" moral, ethical and philosophical questions that human rights workers face during their work. In that sense, the book is an astonishing achievement and should become mandatory reading for anyone interested in human rights, transitional justice, victim identification operations after atrocity and disaster, or forensic science." -- Victor Toom * Journal of Human Rights *"Digging for the Disappeared is an informative, moving, and enriching read, well written and perceptive. This book will serve as a great student introduction to the politics and ethics of exhumation, as it manages to be highly readable and accessible, without glossing over the complexity of these investigations in the real world. It will also be helpful to scientific and forensic practitioners, offering a more reflective perspective than those standard case reports that emphasize protocol and best practice. For those working in dead-body politics, it is a key text, which will stimulate further debate." -- Layla Renshaw * Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_______________________________________________________________________ *Table of ContentsContents and Abstracts1The Stakeholders in International Forensic Investigations chapter abstractThis chapter analyzes the politics of mass graves through the lens of three major stakeholders: courts and war crimes tribunals, transitional governments, and families of the missing. It argues for the necessity of an international perspective based on common dynamics around mass gravesites, the global circulation of forensic experts, and the construction of ethics in the field. Mid-1990s exhumations in Bosnia and Kosovo are described as a "formative controversy" pitting the pressure to collect evidence quickly against the needs of families of the missing. The chapter also looks at two ways of framing the purposes of forensic investigations and the needs of stakeholders: creating a historical record backed by science and building capacity in post-conflict nations. The chapter concludes with a look at the process of identifying Chile's "disappeared," which illustrates how scientific and political realities can complicate simple narratives of collective memory and capacity-building. 2The Politics of Grief chapter abstractAn early and enduring objection to mass grave exhumation is that in offering "closure" to individuals, it undercuts political demands for justice. This perspective was voiced most famously by some of Argentina's famous human rights activists, the Madres de Plaza de Mayo, whose opposing views on exhumation eventually fueled a schism in their ranks. This chapter argues that the Madres' views must be understood within the context of Argentina's particular transitional justice history, as well as for their subsequent impact on families of the missing globally. In contrast to other scholarship, the chapter pays equal attention to the pro-exhumation perspective of the "Línea Fundadora" group of Madres, generally written off as more straightforward and less radical than their peers. Their stance, it argues, is founded on compelling views of the political impact of exhumations, duties to the children of the "disappeared," and the care of the dead. 3Forensics of the Sacred chapter abstractThis chapter examines another important reason some mass graves have not been exhumed: the belief that graves and dead bodies are sacred, and that to disturb them is a desecration. Using halted exhumations of Holocaust-era graves of Jews in Jedwabne, Poland and of massacred refugees in Congo as examples, it argues that the dynamics at these gravesites should not be viewed as clashes between international justice and "local culture" because the interests fueling religious objections are neither exclusively local nor solely religious. The chapter looks at recommendations that have been provided to forensic teams for handling these highly charged situations, and finds that they share a longstanding discomfort—present since the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—with how the idea of the sacred interacts with the language and imperatives of human rights in both theory and practice. 4Dead to Rights chapter abstractThe rights of the dead, rarely invoked by forensic experts, are a last frontier for a field that has already embraced new human rights to truth, knowledge, and even mourning. Yet this frontier of human rights is essential to understanding forensic teams as political communities, the ways their successes and failures are measured, and what role the dead themselves play in the global project of exhumation. This chapter argues that violence against the dead, unlike that directed towards the living, may render them permanently rightless—and that human rights are thus a poor way to understand what exhumation and identification do for the dead. The chapter begins a more modest, concrete description of the changes forensic experts make to dead bodies by detailing the three major types of violence inflicted upon the bodies in mass graves—destruction of identity, placement in an unchosen location, and deprivation of care. 5Caring for the Dead chapter abstractThis chapter offers a care perspective on international forensic investigations and a definition of care in the context of mass graves. It presents care ethics as a way of focusing on relationships and processes over abstract principles, and argues for their importance in describing the relationships between forensic experts, dead bodies, and mourners. Rather than a replacement for human rights or recipe for paternalism, care can also illuminate the dangers and delicate balances of forensic work. The chapter uses examples from memoirs and interviews to show how care and its absence are felt in the field—including in the relationships between forensic investigators. It ends with a call to combine the strands of science and humanism present in forensic investigation by seeing dead bodies as part of a wider landscape of "precious things" and of professions that have dedicated themselves to the repair and maintenance of those things. IntroductionBorn at the Graves: A Human Rights Movement Takes Shape chapter abstractThis chapter provides a historical overview of how forensic science came to be used in the service of human rights causes, beginning with the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo's request for help from American forensic experts to conduct scientific exhumations of Argentina's "disappeared" and aid in the search for their kidnapped grandchildren. It describes forensic investigations as an increasingly institutionalized part of the international response to conflict—a global project of unearthing the dead—which has challenged traditional notions of the purposes of forensic science and required significant adaptation to unforeseen conditions on the ground. The book introduces some of the disciplines involved in forensic investigation, and then outlines four ethical tenets shared by organizations that conduct these investigations through a human rights lens: science as a privileged form of truth, political autonomy, moral universalism, and a focus on the needs of victims and mourners.

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Book SynopsisIncluding examples from a host of criminal cases and familiar figures, this book presents evidence that forensic science has a long way to go before it lives up to its potential and the public's expectations.Trade Review"Well-written and captivating—a fine book." -- Captain Robert L. Snow * author of Technology and Law Enforcement, Murder 101, Sex Crimes Investigation *"This scholarly and well-researched work shines a light on the dark side of forensic science to expose the enormous damage inflicted on the criminal justice system by rogue and dishonest forensic practitioners." -- Richard Saferstein, * author of Criminalists: An Introduction to Forensic Science *"Well-written and captivating—a fine book." -- Captain Robert L. Snow * author of Technology and Law Enforcement, Murder 101, Sex Crimes Investigation *"This scholarly and well-researched work shines a light on the dark side of forensic science to expose the enormous damage inflicted on the criminal justice system by rogue and dishonest forensic practitioners." -- Richard Saferstein, * author of Criminalists: An Introduction to Forensic Science *Table of ContentsForensic pathologists from hell : bungled autopsies, bad calls, and blown cases A question of credibility : bad reputations and the politics of death The sudden infant death debate Dr. Roy Meadow, Munchausen syndrome by proxy and Meadow's law Infants who can't breathe : illness or suffocation? Swollen brains and broken bones : disease or infanticide? Fingerprint identification : trouble in paradise Fingerprints never lie : except in Scotland Shoe print identification and foot morphology : the lay witness and the Cinderella analysis Bite mark identification : do teeth leave prints? Ear-mark identification : emerging science or bad evidence? Expert versus expert : the handwriting wars in the Ramsey case John Mark Karr : DNA Trumps the graphologists in the Ramsey case Hair and fiber identification : the inexact science DNA analysis : backlogs, sloppy work, and unqualified people Bullet identification : FBI style overselling the science The celebrity expert : Dr. Henry Lee

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Book SynopsisExplores the microscopic world in which the forensic scientist works by addressing the issues of what constitutes evidence; important methods of trace analysis, including spectroscopy and chromatography; human and animal hairs and what can be determined by examining them; and manufactured and natural fibers.

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Book SynopsisMost people are familiar with the common image of the forensic scientist as depicted in popular television programs like CSI and in the movies. This book includes a total of 82 job profiles in this field. It features appendixes which include education and training resources, certification program listings, professional associations, and more.

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Book SynopsisGathering the core topics of forensic science and providing an overview, this encyclopedia provides more than 12 essays that describe how forensic science relates to areas such as drug testing in sports, privacy concerns, misconceptions about forensic science, and the interface of forensic engineering and forensic science.

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Book SynopsisA powerful new tool for all forensic accountants, or anyone who analyzes data that may have been altered Benford''s Law gives the expected patterns of the digits in the numbers in tabulated data such as town and city populations or Madoff''s fictitious portfolio returns. Those digits, in unaltered data, will not occur in equal proportions; there is a large bias towards the lower digits, so much so that nearly one-half of all numbers are expected to start with the digits 1 or 2. These patterns were originally discovered by physicist Frank Benford in the early 1930s, and have since been found to apply to all tabulated data. Mark J. Nigrini has been a pioneer in applying Benford''s Law to auditing and forensic accounting, even before his groundbreaking 1999 Journal of Accountancy article introducing this useful tool to the accounting world. In Benford''s Law, Nigrini shows the widespread applicability of Benford''s Law and its practical uses to detect fraud, errors, and other aTable of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii About the Author xix Chapter 1: Introduction and Mathematical Foundations 1 Benford’s Expected Digit Frequencies 5 Defining the First and First-Two Digits 6 Digit Patterns of U.S. Census Data 8 Logging on to Benford’s Law 10 General Significant Digit Law 13 Log and Behold, the Census Data 13 Love at First Sight 15 Mantissa Test and Census Data 19 Number of Records and Benford’s Law Tests 20 When Should Data Conform to Benford’s Law? 21 Conclusions 23 Chapter 2: Theorems, Truisms, and a Little Trivia 25 Digits of Corporate Payments Data 26 Digits of Lake Data 28 Scale Invariance Theorem 31 Mean Absolute Deviation 34 Scale Invariance and Census Data 34 Scale Invariance and Corporate Payments 35 Scale Invariance and Lake Data 36 A Level Playing Field Becomes Benford 38 Multiplication by 1/X 42 All Distributions Lead to Benford 43 Getting a Gripf on Benford and Zipf 46 Conclusions 50 Chapter 3: More Formulas and Facts, and a Little Fibonacci 51 Fibonacci Numbers 51 Lucas Numbers 53 Back to Square One 55 3n+1 Problem 58 Ultimate Uniform Distribution 60 Benford Embraces Other Bases 62 Nigrini’s Second Last Theorem 65 Conclusions 69 Chapter 4: Primary Benford’s Law Tests 71 Corporate Payments Data 72 Data Profile 72 First Come, First Served 74 Playing Second Fiddle 75 First-Two Digits Test 78 Running the Digit Tests in Excel 80 Running the Digit Tests in Access 83 Conclusions 87 Chapter 5: Advanced Benford’s Law Tests 89 Summation Test 90 Running the Summation Test in Excel 94 Running the Summation Test in Access 95 Second-Order Test 97 An Analysis of Payments Data 102 An Analysis of Journal Entry Data 104 An Analysis of Census Data 107 Running the Second-Order Test in Excel 108 Excel, Thanks a Million(s) 110 Scale Invariance and the Second-Order Test 113 Conclusions 114 Chapter 6: Associated Benford’s Law Tests 117 Number Duplication Test 117 An Analysis of Payments Data 119 An Analysis of Census Data 121 Running the Number Duplication Test in Excel 122 Running the Number Duplication Test in Access 126 Last-Two Digits Test 129 An Analysis of Payments Data 130 An Analysis of Census Data 131 An Analysis of Election Results 132 Running the Last-Two Digits Test in Excel 135 Running the Last-Two Digits Test in Access 136 Distortion Factor Model 138 Distortion and the Census Data 145 Conclusions 146 Chapter 7: Assessing Conformity to Benford’s Law 149 Z-Statistic 150 Chi-Square Test 153 Kolmogorov-Smirnoff Test 157 Mean Absolute Deviation Test 158 The Logarithmic Basis of Benford’s Law 160 Creating a Perfect Synthetic Benford Set 163 Mantissa Arc Test 165 Conclusions 169 Chapter 8: Examples of Fraudulent Data 171 The Inside Story 172 The Vendor Who Never Was 174 Not Paying Attention 175 Funny Money 177 The Heart of the Matter 181 Going the Extra Mile 182 Laugh All the Way to the Bank 184 Culture Shock 187 Having a Bad Hair Day 189 An Unclean Bill of Health 191 Turning the Table on Tax Evasion 193 Conclusions 196 Chapter 9: Fraudulent Financial Statements, Part I 199 Number Crunching 200 Wrong Numbers 205 A Look at Enron’s and AIG’s Numbers 207 Figuring Out the Controllers 210 Conclusions 213 Chapter 10: Fraudulent Financial Statements, Part II 215 Digital Yoga by Absaroka 216 Can’t See the Forest for the Trees 218 Digit a Little Deeper into Papua New Guinea 221 The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly 227 Dig a Little Deeper 233 There Are More Questions than Answers 237 Conclusions 244 Chapter 11: Madoff and Other Ponzi Schemes 247 The Madoff Claims 248 Don’t Bank on Kaupthing 249 The Whole Ball of Waxenberg 252 General Motors Demoted to Private 253 Chrysler Unable to Dodge Bankruptcy 255 Discussion of the Claims Results 258 A Review of the Madoff Returns 259 Apple, Dell, Berkshire, and Benford 262 Discussion of the Returns Results 265 Chapter 12: Earth Science and Income Tax Applications 267 Still Waters Run Deep 268 The Lay of the Lake 274 For a Few Dollars Less 281 A Clean Bill of Clinton 286 Conclusions 290 Chapter 13: Future Directions and Conclusions 293 My Law 295 Insights into Number Invention 300 Lehman’s Charitable Gifts 306 The Bottom Line 310 Glossary of Selected Terms 315 References 323 Index 327

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Book SynopsisDigital forensics and multimedia forensics are rapidly growing disciplines whereby electronic information is extracted and interpreted for use in a court of law.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Foreword xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxvii PART ONE MULTIMEDIA EVIDENCE HANDLING 1 Digital Forensics Laboratories in Operation: How Are Multimedia Data and Devices Handled? 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Digital and Electronics Forensic Service, Metropolitan Police Service, UK 4 1.3 Digital Forensics Team (Including Affiliated AV Team), Surrey Police, UK 17 1.4 Shanghai Stars Digital Forensic Centre, Third Research Institute of China’s Ministry of Public Security 23 1.5 Discussions 28 1.6 Summary 32 1.A Appendix: Questionnaires for Interviewing Surrey Police and Shanghai Stars Digital Forensic Centre 32 References 34 2 Standards and Best Practices in Digital and Multimedia Forensics 38 2.1 Introduction 38 2.2 Overview 39 2.3 Electronic Evidence and Digital Forensics 48 2.4 Multimedia Evidence and Multimedia Forensics 70 2.5 Digital Forensics Laboratory Accreditation 77 2.6 General Quality Assurance (Management) 79 2.7 Training, Education and Certification on Digital and Multimedia Forensics 81 2.8 Conclusions 84 Acknowledgements 86 References 86 3 A Machine Learning-Based Approach to Digital Triage 94 3.1 Introduction 94 3.2 Related Work on Digital Triage 96 3.3 A Machine Learning-Based Digital Triage Framework 100 3.4 A Child Pornography Exchange Case Study 110 3.5 Conclusion 128 3.6 Challenges and Future Directions for the Digital Forensics Community 128 Acknowledgements 130 References 130 4 Forensic Authentication of Digital Audio and Video Files 133 4.1 Introduction 133 4.2 Examination Requests and Submitted Evidence 134 4.3 Laboratory Space 138 4.4 Laboratory Software and Equipment 138 4.5 Audio/Video Authentication Examinations 147 4.6 Preparation of Work Notes and Laboratory Reports 171 4.7 Expert Testimony 172 4.8 Case Examples 173 4.9 Discussion 177 References 178 PART TWO DIGITAL EVIDENCE EXTRACTION 5 Photogrammetry in Digital Forensics 185 5.1 Introduction 185 5.2 Different Methods 188 5.3 Measurement Uncertainty 194 5.4 Case Studies 195 5.5 3D Modelling/Scenario Testing 212 5.6 Summary 217 References 217 6 Advanced Multimedia File Carving 219 6.1 Introduction 219 6.2 Digtal Data Storage 220 6.3 File Carving of Binary Data 225 6.4 Multimedia Data Structures 226 6.5 File Carving of Multimedia Data 232 6.6 Content Identification 241 6.7 File Carving Frameworks 253 6.8 Conclusions 264 Acknowledgements 265 References 265 7 On Forensic Use of Biometrics 270 7.1 Introduction 270 7.2 Biometrics Performance Metrics 273 7.3 Face: The Natural Means for Human Recognition 274 7.4 Ears as a Means of Forensic Identification 283 7.5 Conclusions 299 References 299 8 Multimedia Analytics for Image Collection Forensics 305 8.1 Introduction 305 8.2 Data and Tasks 308 8.3 Multimedia Analysis 309 8.4 Visual Analytics Processes 312 8.5 ChronoBrowser 313 8.6 MediaTable 320 8.7 An Example Scenario 323 8.8 Future Outlook 325 References 326 PART THREE MULTIMEDIA DEVICE AND SOURCE FORENSICS 9 Forensic Camera Model Identification 331 9.1 Introduction 331 9.2 Forensic Source Identification 333 9.3 Digital Camera Model Identification 337 9.4 Benchmarking Camera Model Identification Algorithms 339 9.5 Model-Specific Characteristics of Digital Camera Components 341 9.6 Black Box Camera Model Identification 351 9.7 Camera Model Identification in Open Sets 364 9.8 Model-Specific Characteristics in Device-Level Identification 366 9.9 Open Challenges Towards Practical Applications 368 References 370 10 Printer and Scanner Forensics 375 10.1 Introduction 375 10.2 Printer Forensics 379 10.3 Scanner Forensics 386 10.4 Photocopier Identification 389 10.5 Forgery Detection for Printed and Scanned Documents 391 10.6 Sample Algorithms with Case Studies 396 10.7 Open Problems and Challenges 406 10.8 Conclusions 408 Acknowledgements 408 References 408 11 Microphone Forensics 411 11.1 Introduction 411 11.2 Pattern Recognition for Microphone Forensics 414 11.3 Guidelines for Microphone Registration 421 11.4 Case Studies 423 11.5 Chapter Summary 435 Acknowledgements 436 References 437 12 Forensic Identification of Printed Documents 442 12.1 Introduction 442 12.2 Special Materials 449 12.3 Substrate Forensics 450 12.4 Print Forensics 455 12.5 Real World Example: Currency Protection 473 12.6 Summary and Ecosystem Considerations 475 References 478 PART FOUR MULTIMEDIA CONTENT FORENSICS 13 Digital Image Forensics with Statistical Analysis 483 13.1 Introduction 483 13.2 Detecting Region Duplication 488 13.3 Exposing Splicing Forgery 500 13.4 Case Studies 508 13.5 Other Applications 512 13.6 Summary 515 References 517 14 Camera-Based Image Forgery Detection 522 14.1 Introduction 522 14.2 Camera Structure 524 14.3 Camera-Based Forgery Detection Methods 535 14.4 Forgery Detection Based on PFA: A Case Study 548 14.5 Conclusion 564 References 565 15 Image and Video Processing History Recovery 572 15.1 Introduction 572 15.2 Coding Artefacts 573 15.3 Editing Artefacts 586 15.4 Estimation of Processing Parameters 590 15.5 Case Studies 601 15.6 Conclusions 605 References 607 16 Anti-Forensics of Multimedia Data and Countermeasures 612 16.1 Introduction 612 16.2 Anti-forensic Approaches Proposed in the Literature 613 16.3 Case Study: JPEG Image Forensics 623 16.4 Trade-off between Forensics and Anti-forensics 644 16.5 Conclusions 647 References 647 Index 653

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Book SynopsisForensic archaeology is mostly defined as the use of archaeological methods and principles within a legal context. However, such a definition only covers one aspect of forensic archaeology and misses the full potential this discipline has to offer.Table of ContentsBiographies of editors ix Biographies of contributors xi Foreword by Clyde Collins Snow xxvii Foreword by Jeremy Sarkin xxxv Foreword by Colin Hope xli Preface by W.J. Mike Groen xliii Acknowledgments xlv Glossary of abbreviations xlvii Introduction liW.J. Mike Groen Nicholas Márquez-Grant and Robert C. Janaway Part 1 Europe 1 Forensic archaeology and anthropology in Austria 3Fabian Kanz and Jan Cemper-Kiesslich 2 DVI Belgium: victim identification and necrosearch 9Birgit Van Denhouwe and Eline M.J. Schotsmans 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina: forensic archaeology in support of national and international organisations undertaking criminal investigations and identifying the missing from 1996 to 2013 19Ian Hanson Adnan Rizviç and Thomas J. Parsons 4 Forensic archaeology in Bulgaria – problems and perspectives 33Ilian Boyanov 5 Croatia (Hrvatska): from WWII and the 1991 war to contemporary forensic cases 39Mario Šlaus and Anja Petaros 6 Forensic archaeology in the Czech Republic 47Petr Velemínský Miluše Dobisíková Eliška Maxová and Jana Velemínská 7 Forensic archaeology in Denmark 55Marie Louise Jørkov and Niels Lynnerup 8 Forensic archaeology in the French context: the role of the Forensic Sciences Institute of the French National Gendarmerie 59Yves Schuliar Patrice Georges Florent Ducrettet Franck Nolot and Jean Richebé 9 The Working Group ‘Forensic Archaeology’ at the German Bundeskriminalamt 67Ralf Neumann Karsten Klenke and Andrea Fischer 10 Forensic archaeology in Greece 77Konstantinos Moraitis and Constantine Eliopoulos 11 Forensic archaeology and anthropology in Hungary: current trends and future perspectives 83Éva Susa Kinga Éry László Kovács Mátyás Szo″ke and Mária Molnos 12 Forensic archaeology in Italy: the difficult birth of a discipline 91Matteo Borrini 13 Forensic archaeology in Lithuania 99Rimantas Jankauskas 14 Forensic archaeology in the Netherlands: uncovering buried and scattered evidence 109Roosje de Leeuwe and W.J. Mike Groen 15 Forensic archaeology in Poland: theory and practice 121Maciej Trzcinìski and Tomasz Borkowski 16 Forensic archaeology in Romania: present and future of a new discipline 129Annamaria Diana 17 Forensic archaeology in the Russian Federation 139Alexey Abramov Elizaveta Veselovskaya Alexey Dolgov Asya V. Engovatova Maria B. Mednikova Sergey Nikitin and Azrat Safarov 18 Forensic archaeology in Serbia: from exhumation to excavation 149Marija Djuric ìand Andrej Starovic ì 19 Forensic archaeology in the Slovak Republic 159Soňa Masnicová Radoslav Beňuš and Zuzana Obertová 20 Inclusion of archaeology in criminal investigations – Slovenia 165Pavel Jamnik 21 The use of archaeology in the criminal and medico-legal context in Spain 173Nicholas Márquez-Grant Miguel Ángel Vázquez Díaz and Raquel Meléndez González 22 Forensic archaeology and anthropology in Switzerland 183Sandra Lösch Christian Jackowski and Christian Zingg 23 Introduction to forensic archaeology in the United Kingdom 189John Hunter and Cecily Cropper 24 Forensic archaeology in the United Kingdom and quality assurance 197Robert C. Janaway 25 Forensic archaeology: the European collaboration 207W.J. Mike Groen Part 2 The Americas 26 Forensic archaeology and anthropology in Brazil 215Marco Aurelio Guimarães Raffaela Arrabaça Francisco Rafael de Abreu e Souza and Martin Paul Evison 27 Canadian forensic archaeology: a Mari Usque ad Mare ad hoc 223Derek Congram 28 A brief account of the past and present circumstances of forensic archaeology in Costa Rica 231Roxana Ferllini 29 Forensic archaeology in Mexico: the intermittent and unfinished application of the forensic archaeological techniques and methods 239Carlos Jácome Hernández and Lilia Escorcia Hernández 30 Forensic scientific practice in Panama 247Ann H. Ross and José Vicente Pachar Lucio 31 Forensic archaeology in the United States 255Luis L. Cabo and Dennis C. Dirkmaat 32 Forensic archaeology and the recovery of human remains in Venezuela 271Livia Margarita Muñoz Andrade Part 3 Africa Asia and Oceania 33 The use of (forensic) archaeology in Australia in the search and recovery of buried evidence: a review 279Soren Blau and Jon Sterenberg 34 Forensic archaeology: an Indian perspective 287Anil Aggrawal 35 Forensic archaeology in Lebanon 293Lynn Maalouf and Rita Clovis Maalouf 36 Forensic sciences in Libya and mass grave investigation 301Amin Attia Alemam 37 Forensic archaeology in Nepal 309Susan Appleyard 38 The current status of forensic archaeology in New Zealand 319Edward Ashby and Beatrice Hudson 39 The archaeological investigation of crime scenes and humanitarian cases that involve graves and human remains in South Africa 327W. Coen Nienaber 40 Anthropology module of Mass ID Manager (MIM) in the Republic of Korea: potential for forensic archaeology 337Nak-Eun Chung Yi-Suk Kim and U-Young Lee 41 Forensic archaeology: an introduction from the United Arab Emirates 349Khudooma Saeed Al Naimi 42 The heroic and the hidden dead: Zimbabwe and exhumations 359Shari Eppel Part 4 (Non-) Governmental Organisations 43 Forensic archaeology: the Argentinian way 369Luis Fondebrider and Vivian Scheinsohn 44 Forensic archaeology and the Australian war dead 379Denise Donlon Anthony Lowe and Brian Manns 45 Forensic archaeology in Chile: the contribution of the Chilean state to our memory truth and justice 389Marisol Intriago Leiva Joyce Stockins Ramírez and Claudia Garrido Varas 46 The role of forensic archaeology in revealing the truth of Colombia’s armed conflict: a critical perspective 399Ana Carolina Guatame García Carolina Puerto Valdivieso and Eileen Buitrago Pérez 47 Forensic archaeology and the independent commission for the location of victims’ remains 407Niamh A. McCullagh and Geoffrey C. Knupfer 48 Forensic archaeology and the International Commission on Missing Persons: setting standards in an integrated process 415Ian Hanson 49 Forensic archaeology in humanitarian contexts; ICRC action and recommendations 427Morris V. Tidball-Binz and Ute Hofmeister 50 The Inforce Foundation 439Roland Wessling 51 Forensic archaeology underwater: JPAC’s inventory investigation and recovery of US casualties of war from submerged sites 453Andrew T. Pietruszka 52 Forensic archaeology in Peru: between science and human rights activism 463José Pablo Baraybar and Franco Mora 53 Physicians for human rights: the role of forensic archaeology in transitional justice contexts 471Stefan Schmitt Amanda Sozer Gillian Fowler and Dallas Mazoori 54 Recovering memories of the Portuguese Colonial War through forensic anthropology 479Eugénia Cunha Maria Teresa Ferreira Sónia Codinha Gonçalo Carnim Carina Marques and Cláudia Umbelino 55 Contemporary exhumations in Spain: recovering the missing from the Spanish Civil War 489Francisco Etxeberria Lourdes Herrasti Fernando Serrulla and Nicholas Márquez-Grant 56 The development of forensic archaeology and anthropology by the Uruguayan Forensic Anthropology Team 499José M. López Mazz and Alicia Lusiardo 57 The Returning Casualty: the excavation of a communist re-education camp cemetery at Lang Da Yen Bai Province Vietnam 507Julie Martin Part 5 Concluding Remarks Concluding remarks 517W.J. Mike Groen Nicholas Márquez-Grant and Robert C. Janaway Index 537

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Book SynopsisCommunication in Investigative and Legal Contexts Despite a number of research studies, there remain significant differences of opinion among psychologists, linguists and other practitioners on how best to describe particular types of questions and communicate most effectively in forensic contexts. Communication in Investigative and Legal Contexts brings clarity to the subject by providing readers with in-depth coverage of the complex area of communication in forensic settings, for example during investigative interviewing of victims, witnesses and suspects/high-interest groups, during discourse in courtrooms, and via legal intermediaries and interpreters. Drawing on knowledge from forensic psychology, linguistics and law enforcement worldwide, the text is unique in bridging the gap between these fields in a definitive guide to best practice, with chapters written by teams bringing together expertise and specialties from each field. Part of the Wiley Series iTable of ContentsNotes on Editors ix Notes on Contributors xi Series Preface xxiii 1 Communication in Investigative and Legal Settings: Introduction and Contexts 1Gavin Oxburgh, Trond Myklebust, Tim Grant and Rebecca Milne SECTION I: Communication, Language and Memory 15 2 Exploring Types and Functions of Questions in Police Interviews 17Tim Grant, Jennifer Taylor, Gavin Oxburgh and Trond Myklebust 3 Recall, Verbatim Memory and Remembered Narratives 39James Ost, Alan Scoboria, Tim Grant and Gary Pankhurst SECTION II: Communicating with Victims and Witnesses 55 4 Interviewing Child Witnesses 57David La Rooy, Georgina Heydon, Julia Korkman and Trond Myklebust 5 Interviewing Adult Witnesses and Victims 79Coral J. Dando, R. Edward Geiselman, Nicci MacLeod and Andy Griffiths 6 The Role of Initial Witness Accounts within the Investigative Process 107Fiona Gabbert, Lorraine Hope, Elisabeth Carter, Roel Boon and Ronald Fisher SECTION III: Communicating with Suspects 133 7 Interviewing Suspected Offenders 135Gavin Oxburgh, Ivar Fahsing, Kate Haworth and J. Pete Blair 8 A (Nearly) 360° Perspective of the Interrogation Process: Communicating with High]Value Targets 159Fadia M. Narchet, Melissa B. Russano, Steven M. Kleinman and Christian A. Meissner SECTION IV: Communicating in the Courtroom 179 9 Courtroom Questioning and Discourse 181Emily Henderson, Christopher Heffer and Mark Kebbell 10 Expert Witness Communication 209Lorna Fadden and Lawrence M. Solan SECTION v: Specific Communicative Tasks 229 11 Hostage and Crisis Negotiation, Perspectives on an Interactive Process 231Ole Andre Braten, Michel St]Yves, Terry D. Royce and Marty Laforest 12 Verbal Lie Detection 259Aldert Vrij, Paul Taylor and Isabel Picornell 13 Vulnerable Individuals, Intermediaries and Justice 287Brendan M. O’Mahony, Ruth Marchant and Lorna Fadden 14 The Interpreter]Mediated Police Interview 315Yvonne Fowler, Martin Vaughan and Jacqueline Wheatcroft SECTION vi: Conclusions and Future 335 15 Improving Communicative Practice: Beyond the Cognitive Interview for Adult Eyewitnesses 337Nina J. Westera and Martine Powell 16 Communication in Forensic Contexts: Future Directions and Conclusions 359Trond Myklebust, Gavin Oxburgh, Tim Grant and Rebecca Milne Index 367

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Book SynopsisThe interpretation and evaluation of scientific evidence and its presentation in a court of law is central both to the role of the forensic scientist as an expert witness and to the interests of justice. This book aims to provide a thorough and detailed discussion of the principles and practice of evidence interpretation and evaluation by using real cases by way of illustration. The presentation is appropriate for students of forensic science or related disciplines at advanced undergraduate and master''s level or for practitioners engaged in continuing professional development activity. The book is structured in three sections. The first sets the scene by describing and debating the issues around the admissibility and reliability of scientific evidence presented to the court. In the second section, the principles underpinning interpretation and evaluation are explained, including discussion of those formal statistical methods founded on Bayesian inference. The following chaptTable of ContentsPreface xvi Part 1 1 1 An Introduction to the Admissibility of Expert Scientific Opinion 3 1.1 Admissibility, Reliability and Scientific Evidence 3 1.2 The Impact of the DNA Revolution 5 1.3 The Miscarriage of Justice 6 1.3.1 The United Kingdom 7 1.3.2 The United States 8 1.3.3 Canada 8 1.3.4 Australia 9 1.4 DNA Reveals Wrongful Convictions 9 1.5 The Causes of Wrongful Conviction 10 1.6 Unreliable Scientific Evidence 11 1.6.1 The Status and Expertise of the Expert Witness 11 1.6.2 The Expert is not Impartial 12 1.6.3 The Evidence was Wrong 13 1.6.4 Exaggerated Evaluation by the Expert 13 1.6.5 Unethical Behaviour 14 1.6.6 Human Error 14 1.6.7 Non-validated Methodology 15 1.6.8 Overconfidence in New Techniques 15 1.7 The Scientist and the Laboratory 16 1.8 Conclusions 17 References 17 Further Reading 18 2 Admissibility from the Legal Perspective 20 2.1 Admissibility, Relevance and Reliability of Evidence 20 2.2 Admissibility in the United States 22 2.2.1 Reliability and the Frye Test 22 2.2.2 Meeting the Frye Criterion: US v Stifel 1970 23 2.2.3 Admissibility and the Gatekeeper Role: The Daubert Test 23 2.2.4 The Daubert Trilogy 25 2.2.5 General Electric v Joiner 1997 25 2.2.6 Kumo Tire Company v Patrick Carmichael 1999 26 2.2.7 Post]Daubert Hearings: US v Dennis Mooney 2002 26 2.3 Admissibility in Canada 27 2.3.1 R v Mohan 1994 27 2.3.2 R v Abbey 2009 29 2.3.3 R v Trochym 2007 29 2.4 Admissibility in Australia 30 2.4.1 R v Bonython 1984 30 2.4.2 Makita v Sprowles 2001 31 2.4.3 Dasreef Pty Limited v Hawchar 2011 31 2.5 Admissibility in England and Wales 32 2.5.1 R v Turner 1975 33 2.5.2 R v Gilfoyle 2001 33 2.5.3 R v Luttrell 2004 34 2.6 Conclusions on Admissibility 35 2.6.1 Relevance and Expertise 35 2.6.2 The Scientific Basis of the Opinion 35 2.6.3 Weight of Evidence 37 References 37 Further Reading 38 3 Forensic Science and the Law: The Path Forward 39 3.1 National and Legal Developments in the United States 39 3.1.1 Federal Rules of Evidence 40 3.1.2 Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States 2009 41 3.1.3 US Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence 43 3.2 National and Legal Developments in Canada 44 3.2.1 Legal Enquiries into Miscarriages of Justice 44 3.2.2 The Science Manual for Canadian Judges 45 3.3 National and Legal Developments in Australia 46 3.3.1 The Uniform Rules of Evidence 47 3.4 National and Legal Developments in England and Wales 48 3.4.1 Forensic Science on Trial 2005 49 3.4.2 The Law Commission Report 2011 49 3.4.3 The Royal Statistical Society Guides 51 3.4.4 HCSTSC Report Forensic Science 2013 52 3.4.5 UK Government Response (2013) to the Law Commission Report 52 3.5 Conclusions 53 References 53 Further Reading 54 4 Scientific Opinion and the Law in Practice 56 4.1 Scientific Opinion and the Judicial System 56 4.1.1 Adversarial and Inquisitorial Systems of Justice 56 4.1.2 Scientific Evidence Within the Inquisitorial System 57 4.1.3 Inquisitorial Versus Adversarial 57 4.2 The Scientist in Court 58 4.3 The Role and Duties of the Scientific Expert Witness 59 4.3.1 Definitions of the Role 59 4.3.2 Duties and Responsibilities of the Expert Witness 60 4.4 Quality Control of Analysis and Opinion 61 4.4.1 An Australian Standard for Forensic Analysis 61 4.4.2 Regulation of Forensic Science in the United Kingdom 62 4.4.3 Codes of Conduct and Practice 62 4.4.4 Accreditation of the Expert 63 4.5 Conclusion 63 References 64 Further Reading 64 Part 2 65 5 Fundamentals of the Interpretation and Evaluation of Scientific Evidence 67 5.1 Analysis, Interpretation and Evaluation 67 5.2 The Role and Outcomes of Forensic Investigation 68 5.2.1 Investigative Forensic Science 68 5.2.2 Evaluative Forensic Science 69 5.3 Fact and Opinion 69 5.3.1 Categorisation of Opinions 70 5.3.2 Factual Opinion 70 5.3.3 Investigative Opinion 70 5.4 Expert Opinion and the Forensic Science Paradigm 70 5.4.1 Categorical Opinion 71 5.4.2 Posterior Probabilities 72 5.4.3 Explanations 73 5.4.4 Where Does this Take Us? 74 5.5 What are Propositions? 74 5.5.1 The Hierarchy of Propositions 74 5.5.2 The Importance of Activity Level 75 5.6 Competing Propositions in the Court 76 References 77 Further Reading 77 6 Case Studies in Expert Opinion 78 6.1 Case Study 1: Facial Comparison Evidence 78 6.1.1 The Crime and Conviction 78 6.1.2 Expert Evidence and Opinion 79 6.1.3 Opinion in Atkins 80 6.2 Case Study 2: Ear]mark Identification 81 6.2.1 The Crime and the Evidence 81 6.2.2 Interpreting the Evidence and Challenges to the Opinion 81 6.2.3 The Conclusion of the Appeal 83 6.2.4 Opinion in Dallagher 83 6.3 Case Study 3: Glass and Gunshot Residue 84 6.3.1 The Crime and Trial 84 6.3.2 Analysis and Interpretation of the Scientific Evidence 84 6.3.3 Propositions for Evaluation 85 6.3.4 Evaluative Opinion: Glass 86 6.3.5 Evaluative Opinion: GSR 86 6.3.6 Opinion in Bowden 88 6.4 Conclusions 88 References 88 Further Reading 89 7 Formal Methods for Logical Evaluation 90 7.1 Frequentist and Bayesian Approaches to Evaluation 90 7.1.1 The Frequentist Approach to Formulating Opinion 90 7.1.2 The Logical Evaluation of Evidence 91 7.1.3 The Debate on Formulating Opinion 92 7.2 The Likelihood Ratio Method 92 7.3 Expressing Opinion Through Likelihood Ratio 93 7.3.1 Statements of Evaluative Opinion 93 7.3.2 Likelihood Ratio and Verbal Equivalent Statements 94 7.4 Evaluation and Bayes’ Theorem 94 7.4.1 Bayes’ Theorem: Prior and Posterior Odds 95 7.4.2 Combining Likelihood Ratios 97 7.5 Prior Odds 97 7.6 Posterior Probabilities 99 7.6.1 Opinion and Posterior Probabilities 99 7.6.2 The Prosecutor’s Fallacy 99 7.7 Working Out Conditional Probabilities and Likelihood Ratio 100 7.7.1 Likelihood Ratio at Source Level 100 7.7.2 Likelihood Ratio at Activity Level 101 7.8 Conclusions 102 References 102 Further Reading 103 8 Case Studies in Probabilistic Opinion 104 8.1 People v Collins 1968 104 8.2 R v Michael Shirley 2003 105 8.2.1 A Logical Evaluation of Scientific Evidence 106 8.2.2 The Outcome of the Appeal 108 8.3 R v D J Adams 1996, 1998 108 8.3.1 The Crime and the Evidence 109 8.3.2 A Probabilistic Analysis of the Evidence: Prior Odds 109 8.3.3 The Non]Scientific Evidence 110 8.3.4 The Scientific Evidence 111 8.3.5 Total Likelihood Ratio and Posterior Odds 112 8.3.6 The Appeals 113 8.3.7 Review of the Issues in R v D J Adams 114 8.4 The Defendant’s Fallacy: R v J 2009 115 8.5 Conclusion 116 References 116 Further Reading 116 9 Cognitive Bias and Expert Opinion 117 9.1 Cognitive Bias 117 9.2 Contextual Bias 118 9.2.1 Confirmation Bias 119 9.2.2 Expectation Bias 119 9.2.3 Motivational Bias 119 9.2.4 Anchoring 120 9.3 Other Sources of Bias 120 9.4 Fingerprint Examination: A Case Study in Bias 120 9.4.1 The Review of the Brandon Mayfield Case 2004 120 9.4.2 The Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland 2009 121 9.4.3 Bias Within Fingerprint Examination 121 9.5 Mitigating Bias 122 9.6 Mitigating Bias Versus Research on Traces 123 9.7 Conclusions 124 References 124 Further Reading 125 Part 3 127 10 The Evaluation of DNA Profile Evidence 129 10.1 DNA Profiling Techniques – A Brief History 130 10.2 Databases in DNA Profiling 131 10.2.1 Allele Frequency Databases 131 10.2.2 Identification Databases 131 10.3 Interpretation and Evaluation of Conventional DNA Profiles 131 10.3.1 Combined Probability of Inclusion (CPI) or Exclusion (CPE) 132 10.3.2 Random Match Probability (RMP) 132 10.3.3 Likelihood Ratio 133 10.4 Suspect Identification from a DNA Database 133 10.4.1 The Frequentist Interpretation 133 10.4.2 The Likelihood Ratio Approach 134 10.4.3 Database Search Evidence in Court 134 10.5 Case Studies of DNA in the Court 135 10.5.1 R v Andrew Philip Deen 1994 135 10.5.2 Issues Raised by Expert Opinion in R v Deen 136 10.5.3 R v Alan Doheny 1996 138 10.5.4 The Doheny Trial 138 10.5.5 The Doheny Appeal 139 10.5.6 R v Gary Adams 1996 140 10.5.7 Challenges to the Interpretation of DNA Profiles: US v Shea 1997 141 10.6 Current Practice for Evaluating DNA Profile Evidence 142 10.6.1 The Impact of Doheny and Adams in the United Kingdom 142 10.6.2 Current Practice in the United Kingdom 144 10.6.3 Current Practice in Australia 145 10.7 DNA – The Only Evidence 146 10.8 Errors and Mistakes in Forensic DNA Analysis 147 10.8.1 Adam Scott 2012 147 10.8.2 R v S 2013 148 10.8.3 Laboratory Error Rates Versus the RMP 148 10.9 Conclusions 149 References 149 Further Reading 150 11 Low Template DNA 151 11.1 Technical Issues 151 11.1.1 Terminology 151 11.1.2 Samples 152 11.1.3 Technical Issues in Interpretation 152 11.1.4 Quantitative Evaluation in LTDNA Profiles 153 11.2 Importance of the Chain of Custody: Queen v Sean Hoey 2007 154 11.3 The Caddy Report 2008 155 11.4 Case Studies in LTDNA opinion in the UK Courts 156 11.4.1 Partial Profiles 156 11.4.2 Quantities of DNA; Interpretive Issues on Transfer 157 11.4.3 Very Low Quantities of DNA 159 11.4.4 Opinion Without Statistics 160 11.4.5 Experts Differ in Opinion 162 11.5 LTDNA in Jurisdictions Outside the United Kingdom 163 11.5.1 United States 164 11.5.2 Australia 165 11.6 Conclusions 167 References 167 Further Reading 168 12 Footwear Marks in Court 169 12.1 The Analysis and Interpretation of Footwear Marks 169 12.2 Match Opinion: R v D S Hall 2004 170 12.2.1 The Crime and the Evidence 170 12.2.2 Footwear Mark Evidence and Opinion 171 12.2.3 Review of Expert Opinion in R v Hall 172 12.3 The Likelihood Ratio Approach to Evaluation of Footwear Marks 172 12.4 Standardising Scales for Expert Opinion 173 12.4.1 SWGTREAD Scales of Opinion 173 12.4.2 ENFSI Scales of Opinion 175 12.5 Challenges to Opinion on Footwear Evidence: R v T 2010 175 12.5.1 Outline of the Footwear Mark Evidence in R v T 176 12.5.2 The Expert Witness’ Notes 177 12.5.3 Evaluation Using an Alternative Database 179 12.5.4 The Summary by the Appeal Court Judge 179 12.6 Discussion of R v T 180 12.6.1 Terminology, Probabilities and Statistical Methodology 180 12.6.2 Footwear Databases 181 12.6.3 Was the Jury Told the Basis of the Expert Opinion? 182 12.6.4 The Appeal Court Ruling: Bayes, Mathematics and Formulae 183 12.7 Footwear Mark Evidence After R v T: R v South 2011 184 12.7.1 The Crime and Evidence 184 12.7.2 Evaluation of the Footwear Evidence 184 12.7.3 Review of the Expert Opinion 185 12.8 ENFSI Recommendations on Logical Evaluation 2015 186 12.9 Conclusions 187 References 187 Further Reading 188 13 Fingerprints and Finger]Marks – Identifying Individuals? 189 13.1 Fingerprint Identification on Trial 189 13.2 ACE]V: A Scientific Method? 190 13.3 Evaluation Criteria 191 13.3.1 Thresholds for Categorical Evaluation 191 13.3.2 The Balthazard Model 192 13.3.3 Identification Thresholds and the Points Standard in the United Kingdom 192 13.3.4 The Basis of the Non]Numeric (Holistic) Approach 193 13.3.5 Identification Thresholds in Other Jurisdictions 194 13.3.6 R v Buckley 1999 194 13.4 Evolution of the Basis of Fingerprint Opinion in the Court 196 13.5 A Critical Summary of Fingerprint Identification 198 13.6 Challenges to Fingerprint Testimony 198 13.6.1 R v P K Smith 2011 198 13.6.2 Shirley McKie and the Scottish Fingerprint Inquiry 1997–2011 200 13.7 Identifying a Mark from a Database 202 13.7.1 AFIS Versus Manual Systems 202 13.7.2 The Madrid Bombing Case (Brandon Mayfield) 2004 203 13.8 Admissibility of Fingerprint Evidence 204 13.8.1 US v Byron Mitchell 2004 204 13.8.2 US v Llera Plaza 2002 205 13.9 Towards a Probabilistic Evaluation of Fingerprint Evidence 206 13.10 Conclusions 208 References 208 Further Reading 209 14 Trace Evidence, Databases and Evaluation 210 14.1 Analytical Methodologies for Glass, Fibres and GSR 210 14.1.1 Glass Analysis 211 14.1.2 Fibre Analysis 211 14.1.3 GSR Analysis 211 14.2 Databases for Source and Activity Levels 212 14.2.1 Source Level 212 14.2.2 Activity Level 212 14.2.3 Glass 213 14.2.4 Fibres 213 14.2.5 GSR 213 14.2.6 Statistical Models and Case Pre]Assessment 214 14.3 Glass Evidence in Court 214 14.3.1 R v Abadom 1983 214 14.3.2 R v Lewis]Barnes 2014 215 14.3.3 R v L and Others 2010 216 14.3.4 People v Smith 2012 216 14.3.5 Review of the Evaluation of Trace Glass Evidence 217 14.4 Fibre Evidence in Court: R v Dobson 2011, R v Norris 2013 218 14.4.1 Fibre Evidence: Dobson 219 14.4.2 Fibre Evidence: Norris 220 14.4.3 Review of the Evaluation of the Fibre Evidence 221 14.5 Gunshot Residue (GSR) Evidence in Court 222 14.5.1 R v Wooton and Others 2012 222 14.5.2 R v Gjikokaj 2014 224 14.5.3 Review of the Evaluation of GSR Evidence 225 14.5.4 R v George 2007 226 14.6 Conclusions 227 References 227 Further Reading 227 15 Firearm and Tool]Mark Evidence 229 15.1 Pattern Matching of Mechanical Damage 229 15.2 The Interpretation and Evaluation of Tool]Mark Evidence 230 15.2.1 US Opinion 230 15.2.2 UK Opinion 232 15.3 Critical Review of Tool]Mark Evaluation 232 15.4 Consecutive Matching Striations 234 15.5 Databases 234 15.6 Tool]Marks and Evaluation by Likelihood Ratio 235 15.7 Firearms Evidence in the US Courts 236 15.7.1 United States v Hicks 2004 236 15.7.2 United States v Darryl Green et al. 2005 237 15.7.3 US v Glynn 2008 240 15.8 Concluding Comments on Firearms Cases 241 References 241 Further Reading 242 16 Expert Opinion and Evidence of Human Identity 243 16.1 Introduction to Ear]Marks 243 16.2 R v Kempster 2003, 2008 244 16.2.1 The First Appeal 2003 245 16.2.2 The Second Appeal 2008 245 16.2.3 Conclusions From R v Kempster 246 16.3 State v Kunze 1999 247 16.3.1 The Frye Hearing 247 16.3.2 The Trial 248 16.3.3 The Appeal 249 16.4 Review of Ear]Mark Cases 249 16.5 Introduction to Bite]Mark Evidence 250 16.6 The ABFO Guidelines and Expert Opinion 250 16.7 Bite]Mark Cases in the United States 251 16.7.1 People v Marx 1975 252 16.7.2 The Appeal 252 16.7.3 State v Garrison 1978 253 16.7.4 State v Stinson 1986 254 16.7.5 Bite]Mark Testimony in the Courts 255 16.8 Body Biometrics: Facial Mapping and Gait 255 16.8.1 R v Hookway 1999 255 16.8.2 R v Otway 2011 256 16.9 Conclusion 257 References 257 Further Reading 258 17 Questioned Documents 259 17.1 Handwriting and Signature Comparison – A Scientific Methodology? 260 17.2 Scales of Expert Opinion 261 17.3 Jarrold v Isajul and Others 2013 263 17.3.1 Dr Strach’s Testimony 264 17.3.2 Mr Holland’s Testimony 264 17.3.3 Mr Lacroix’s Testimony 265 17.3.4 The Appeal Court Judge’s Conclusion 265 17.4 Gale v Gale 2010 266 17.4.1 ESDA Analysis 267 17.4.2 Signature Analysis 267 17.5 The Bridgewater Four (R v Hickey and Others) 1997 268 17.5.1 Molloy’s ‘Confession’ 269 17.6 R v Previte 2005 270 17.7 Admissibility and Other Issues in Handwriting and Signature Evidence 271 17.8 Admissibility and Evaluation in the US Courts 272 17.8.1 US v Starzecpyzel 1995 272 17.8.2 US v Velasquez 1995 274 17.9 Conclusions 275 References 275 Further Reading 276 18 Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 277 18.1 The Nature of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence 277 18.2 Issues for BPA Expert Opinion in the Courts 278 18.2.1 The Scientific Basis of BPA 278 18.2.2 Who is the Expert? 279 18.2.3 The Courts’ and Lawyers’ Knowledge of BPA 280 18.2.4 The Evaluation and Significance of BPA Evidence 280 18.3 The Scientific Basis of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: The Murder of Marilyn Sheppard 281 18.4 Three Approaches to the Presentation of Blood Evidence 282 18.4.1 Activity and Propositions: R v Thompson 2013 283 18.4.2 No Expert Testimony: R v White 1998 283 18.4.3 Reconstructing Activity as a Narrative: R v Hall 2010 284 18.5 The Problem of Expirated Blood 285 18.5.1 R v O’Grady 1995, 1999 286 18.5.2 R v Jenkins: The Trial and First Appeal 1999 287 18.5.3 R v Jenkins: The Second Appeal (2004) and Two More Retrials 289 18.6 Experts in Disagreement: R v Perlett 2006 289 18.7 Conclusions 291 References 291 Further Reading 292 19 Conflicting Expert Opinion: SIDS and the Medical Expert Witness 293 19.1 Eminent Experts: Issues and Conflicts 293 19.2 R v Clark 2000, 2003 294 19.2.1 The Testimony of Meadow 295 19.2.2 The Second Appeal 2003 297 19.3 A Bayesian Analysis: Murder or SIDS? 298 19.3.1 Pr(H2) – The Probability of Two SIDS Deaths in the Same Family 298 19.3.2 Pr(H1) – The Probability of Two Murdered Infants in the Same Family 299 19.3.3 The Posterior Odds 299 19.4 R v Cannings 2004 300 19.5 Trupti Patel 2003 302 19.5.1 The Rib Fracture Evidence 302 19.5.2 The Judge’s Summing Up 303 19.6 Conclusions 304 References 304 Further Reading 305 Appendix: Some Legal Terminology 306 Index of Cases, Individuals and Inquiry Reports 307 General Index 309

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Book SynopsisThe number-one guide, internationally, to all aspects of forensic isotope analysis, thoroughly updated and revised and featuring many new case studies This edition of the internationally acclaimed guide to forensic stable isotope analysis uses real-world examples to bridge discussions of the basic science, instrumentation and analytical techniques underlying forensic isotope profiling and its various technical applications. Case studies describe an array of applications, many of which were developed by the author himself. They include cases in which isotope profiling was used in murder, and drugs-related crime investigations, as well as for pharmaceutical and food authenticity control studies. Updated with coverage of exciting advances occurring in the field since the publication of the 1st edition, this 2nd edition explores innovative new techniques and applications in forensic isotope profiling, as well as key findings from originaTable of ContentsSeries Foreword xi Foreword: Dame Sue Black xiii Foreword: Mark Harrison xv Foreword to the 1st Edition xvii Book Endorsements xix Preface to the 2nd Edition xxi List of Abbreviations xxv About the Companion Website xxvii Introduction: Stable Isotope ‘Profiling’ or Chemical ‘DNA’: A New Dawn for Forensic Chemistry? xxix I How it Works 1 I.1 What are Stable Isotopes? 2 I.2 Natural Abundance Variation of Stable Isotopes 4 I.3 Chemically Identical and Yet Not the Same 12 I.4 Isotope Effects, Mass Discrimination and Isotopic Fractionation 15 I.4.1 Physical Chemistry Background 15 I.4.2 Fractionation Factor α and Enrichment Factor ε 17 I.4.3 Isotopic Fractionation in Rayleigh Processes 19 I.4.3.1 Isotopic Fractionation Summary 20 I.5 Stable Isotopic Distribution and Isotopic Fractionation of Light Elements in Nature 22 I.5.1 Hydrogen 22 I.5.2 Oxygen 26 I.5.3 Carbon 27 I.5.4 Nitrogen 30 I.5.5 Sulfur 32 I.5.6 Isoscapes 35 I.6 Stable Isotope Forensics in Everyday Life 40 I.6.1 “Food Forensics” 42 I.6.1.1 Authenticity and Provenance of Single-Seed Vegetable Oils 42 I.6.1.2 Authenticity and Provenance of Beverages 45 I.6.1.3 Caveats 49 I.6.2 Authenticity and Provenance of other Premium Products 53 I.6.3 Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals 54 I.6.4 Environmental Forensics 59 I.6.5 Wildlife Forensics 61 I.6.6 Anti-Doping Control 62 I.7 Summary of Part I 65 References Part I 67 II Instrumentation, Analytical Techniques and Data Quality 81 II.1 Mass Spectrometry versus Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry 82 II.1.1 Stability, Isotopic Linearity and Isotopic Calibration 85 II.2 Instrumentation for Stable Isotope Analysis 90 II.2.1 Dual-Inlet IRMS Systems 92 II.2.2 Continuous-Flow IRMS Systems 93 II.2.3 Bulk Material Stable Isotope Analysis 94 II.2.3.1 13C, 15N and 34S 94 II.2.3.2 2H and 18O 96 II.2.4 Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds 98 II.2.4.1 Compound-Specific 13C or 15N Analysis by GC/C-IRMS 98 II.2.4.2 Compound-Specific 2H or 18O Analysis by GC/HTC-IRMS 100 II.2.4.3 Position-Specific Isotope Analysis 101 II.2.5 Compound-Specific 13C/15N Analysis of Polar, Non-Volatile Organic Compounds by LC-IRMS 101 II.2.6 Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis and Forensic Compound Identification 103 II.3 Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Continuous-Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry 106 II.3.1 Compliance with IUPAC Guidelines is a Prerequisite not a Luxury 106 II.3.2 The Identical Treatment Principle 111 II.3.3 The Importance of Scale Normalization 112 II.3.3.1 Scale Normalization of Measured δ2H Values to VSMOW 114 II.3.3.2 Scale Normalization of Measured δ13C Values to VPDB 120 II.3.3.3 Scale Normalization of Measured δ18O Values to VSMOW 122 II.3.3.4 Scale Normalization of Measured δ15N Values to Air 126 II.3.3.5 Scale Normalization of Measured δ34S Values to VCDT 127 II.4 Points of Note for Stable Isotope Analysis 128 II.4.1 Preparing for Analysis 128 II.4.2 Generic Considerations for BSIA 131 II.4.2.1 Scale Normalization of BSIA 132 II.4.2.2 Keeping Your Powder Dry 134 II.4.2.3 Isobaric Interference 135 II.4.2.4 Ionization Quench Effect 137 II.4.3 Particular Considerations for BSIA 140 II.4.3.1 Bulk 15N Analysis of Nitrates 140 II.4.3.2 Bulk 2H Analysis of Nitrogen-Rich Compounds 141 II.4.3.3 Total δ2H versus True δ2H Values 141 II.4.3.4 Organic Compounds with Exchangeable Hydrogen and Implications for 2H Abundance Analysis 144 II.4.3.4.1 Chemical and Biochemical Considerations – Example: Hair 152 II.4.3.5 2H Analysis of Human Hair 158 II.4.3.5.1 Two-Point Equilibration with Water at Ambient Temperature 161 II.4.3.5.2 Two-Point End-Member Comparative Equilibration 166 II.4.3.5.3 On-Line Two-Point End-Member Comparative Steam Equilibration 170 II.4.4 Points of Note for CSIA 172 II.4.4.1 Scale Normalization of GC-IRMS Analyses 172 II.4.4.2 Isotope Effects in GC-IRMS during Sample Injection 175 II.4.4.3 The Chromatographic Isotope Effect in GC-IRMS 176 II.4.4.4 Derivatization of Polar Compounds for GC-IRMS 178 II.4.4.5 Compound-Specific 2H Analysis of N- or Cl-Rich Compounds 181 II.5 Statistical Analysis of Stable Isotope Data within a Forensic Context 183 II.5.1 Chemometric Analysis 183 II.5.2 Bayesian Analysis 185 II.6 Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Forensic Stable Isotope Analysis 194 II.6.1 Accreditation to ISO 17025 195 II.6.1.1 Who Assesses the Assessors? 197 II.6.2 The Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Network 205 II.7 Summary of Part II 207 II.A How to Set Up a Laboratory for Continuous-Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry 209 II.A.1 Pre-Installation Requirements 210 II.A.2 Laboratory Location 210 II.A.3 Temperature Control 211 II.A.4 Power Supply 212 II.A.5 Gas Supply 213 II.A.6 Forensic Laboratory Considerations 216 II.A.7 Finishing Touches 217 II.B Sources of International Reference Materials and Tertiary Standards 219 II.C Selected Sample Preparation Protocols 220 II.C.1 Derivatization of Amino Acids for Compound Specific Isotope Analysis by GC-IRMS 220 II.C.2 Acid Digest of Carbonate from Bio-apatite for 13C and 18O Analysis 223 II.C.3 Preparing Silver Phosphate from Bio-apatite for 18O Analysis 225 II.C.4 Two-Point Water Equilibration Protocol for Determination of Non-ex δ2H Values of Human Hair 227 II.D Internet Sources of Guidance and Policy Documents 231 References Part II 233 III Stable Isotope Forensics: Case Studies and Current Research 247 III.1 Forensic Context 248 III.1.1 Legal Context 249 III.2 Distinguishing Drugs 255 III.2.1 Natural and Semisynthetic Drugs 255 III.2.1.1 Marijuana 255 III.2.1.2 Morphine and Heroin 257 III.2.1.3 Cocaine 259 III.2.2 Synthetic Drugs 263 III.2.2.1 Amphetamines 263 III.2.2.2 Methamphetamine: Synthesis and Isotopic Signature 264 III.2.2.2.1 Two Different Synthetic Routes – Clandestine Conditions 268 III.2.2.3 MDMA: Synthesis and Isotopic Signature 270 III.2.2.3.1 Three Different Synthetic Routes – Controlled Conditions 273 III.2.2.3.2 One Synthetic Route – Variable Conditions 279 III.2.3 “Legal Highs” and “Designer Drugs” 284 III.2.3.1 Mephedrone 284 III.2.3.2 Piperazines 287 III.2.4 Excipients 291 III.2.5 Conclusions 293 III.3 Elucidating Explosives 296 III.3.1 Stable Isotope Analysis of Explosives and Precursors 297 III.3.1.1 Ammonium Nitrate (AN) 298 III.3.1.2 Hexamine, RDX, C4 and Semtex 300 III.3.1.3 Isotopic Product/Precursor Relationship 305 III.3.1.3.1 RDX and HMX 305 III.3.1.3.2 HMTD and TATP 309 III.3.1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide 315 III.3.2 Potential Pitfalls 321 III.3.3 Conclusions 323 III.4 Matching Matchsticks 324 III.4.1 13C-Bulk Isotope Analysis 325 III.4.2 18O-Bulk Isotope Analysis 326 III.4.3 2H-Bulk Isotope Analysis 328 III.4.4 Matching Matches from Fire Scenes 330 III.4.5 Conclusions 331 III.5 Provenancing People 333 III.5.1 Stable Isotope Abundance Variation in Human Tissue 336 III.5.1.1 Hair and Nails 338 III.5.1.1.1 Characteristics of Hair 340 III.5.1.1.2 Characteristics of Nails 342 III.5.1.1.3 Diagenetic Changes of Keratin 342 III.5.1.1.4 2H Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail 343 III.5.1.1.5 18O Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail 345 III.5.1.1.6 13C Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail 346 III.5.1.1.7 15N Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail 347 III.5.1.2 Bone and Teeth 350 III.5.1.2.1 Chemical Composition of Bone and Teeth 351 III.5.1.2.2 Static versus Remodelling Tissue Compartments 352 III.5.1.2.3 Diagenetic Changes of Bone and Teeth Mineral 354 III.5.1.2.4 Diagenetic Changes of Type I Collagen 356 III.5.1.2.5 18O Isotopic Record in Carbonate and Phosphate from Bio-apatite 357 III.5.1.2.6 13C Isotopic Record in Carbonate from Bio-apatite 363 III.5.1.2.7 Isotopic Record in Type I Collagen 364 III.5.1.3 Trophic Level Shift Effect on Stable Isotope Abundance Values in Human Tissue 365 III.5.2 Case Examples 370 III.5.2.1 The Skull from the Sea 371 III.5.2.2 A Human Life Recorded in Hair 375 III.5.2.3 Found in Newfoundland 379 III.5.2.4 The Case of “The Scissor Sisters” 384 III.5.2.5 Too Short a Life 390 III.5.2.6 Saltair Sally 393 III.5.2.7 A Tale of Two Cultures 394 III.5.3 Conclusions and Caveats 397 III.6 Stable Isotope Forensics of Other Physical Evidence 401 III.6.1 Microbial Isotope Forensics 402 III.6.2 Toxins and Poisons 404 III.6.3 Paper, Plastic (Bags) and Parcel Tape 404 III.6.3.1 Paper 404 III.6.3.2 Plastic and Plastic Bags 407 III.6.3.3 Parcel Tape 408 III.6.4 Conclusions 412 III.7 Evaluative Interpretation of Forensic Stable Isotope Data 413 III.7.1 Not Scale Referenced δ-Values 415 III.7.2 Unresolved Contradictory Data 418 III.7.2.1 Example: “Geographic Provenance of a Murder Victim” 418 III.7.2.2 Example: “Manslaughter due to Negligence” 420 III.7.3 Foregone Conclusions 422 III.7.4 Logical Fallacies 424 III.7.5 Untested Assumptions 426 III.7.6 Conclusion 428 III.8 Summary of Part III 430 III.A An Abridged List of Forensic Stable Isotope Laboratories Worldwide 432 References Part III 434 Recommended Reading 453 Author’s Biography 459 Acknowledgements 461 Index 463

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of Analytical Toxicology is an integrated introduction to the analysis of drugs, poisons, and other foreign compounds in biological and related specimens. Assuming only basic knowledge of analytical chemistry, this invaluable guide helps trainee analytical toxicologists understand the principles and practical skills involved in detecting, identifying, and measuring a broad range of compounds in various biological samples. Clear, easy-to-read chapters provide detailed information on topics including sample collection and preparation, spectrophotometric and luminescence techniques, liquid and gas-liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry including hyphenated techniques. This new edition contains thoroughly revised content that reflects contemporary practices and advances in analytical methods. Expanding the scope of the 1995 World Health Organization (WHO) basic analytical toxicology manual, the text includes coverage of separation science, essential pharTable of ContentsPreface xxiii Health and Safety xxv Nomenclature, Symbols, and Conventions xxvii Uniform Resource Locators xxix Amount Concentration and Mass Concentration xxxi Acknowledgements xxxiii List of Abbreviations xxxv Section A The Basics 1 1 Analytical Toxicology: Overview 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Modern analytical toxicology 4 1.3 Provision of analytical toxicology services 10 1.4 Applications of analytical toxicology 15 1.5 Summary 21 References 21 2 Sample Collection, Transport, and Storage 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Clinical samples and sampling 23 2.3 Guidelines for sample collection for analytical toxicology 32 2.4 Sample transport, storage, and disposal 45 2.5 Common interferences 47 2.6 Summary 48 References 48 3 Basic Laboratory Operations 52 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Aspects of quantitative analysis 58 3.3 Use of internal standards 74 3.4 Method comparison 78 3.5 Non-parametric statistics 80 3.6 Quality control and quality assessment 84 3.7 Operational considerations 89 3.8 Summary 91 References 91 4 Aspects of Sample Preparation 94 4.1 Introduction 94 4.2 Modes of sample preparation 97 4.3 Plasma protein binding 112 4.4 Hydrolysis of conjugated metabolites 115 4.5 Extraction of drugs from tissues 117 4.6 Summary 117 References 118 5 Colour Tests, and Spectrophotometric and Luminescence Techniques 120 5.1 Introduction 120 5.2 Colour tests in toxicology 120 5.3 Colour tests for pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs 122 5.4 UV/Visible spectrophotometry 123 5.5 Fluorescence and phosphorescence 134 5.6 Chemiluminescence 138 5.7 Infrared and Raman spectroscopy 141 5.8 Summary 143 References 143 6 Immunoassays and Related Assays 145 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Basic principles of competitive binding assays 145 6.3 Heterogeneous immunoassays 151 6.4 Homogenous immunoassays 155 6.5 Microparticulate and turbidimetric immunoassays 159 6.6 Assay calibration, quality control, and quality assessment 160 6.7 Interferences and assay failures 162 6.8 Aptamer-based assays 163 6.9 Enzyme-based assays 163 6.10 Summary 165 References 166 Section B Separation Science 167 7 Separation Science: Theoretical Aspects 169 7.1 General introduction 169 7.2 Theoretical aspects of chromatography 170 7.3 Measurement of analyte retention 179 7.4 Summary 181 References 181 8 Planar Chromatography 182 8.1 Introduction 182 8.2 Qualitative thin-layer chromatography 183 8.3 Quantitative thin-layer chromatography 190 8.4 Summary 192 References 192 9 Gas Chromatography 193 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Instrumentation 194 9.3 Columns and column packings 203 9.4 Headspace and ‘purge and trap’ analysis 210 9.5 Formation of artefacts in gas chromatography 213 9.6 Derivatization for gas chromatography 213 9.7 Chiral separations 217 9.8 Summary 219 References 220 10 Liquid Chromatography 223 10.1 Introduction 223 10.2 General considerations 224 10.3 Detection in liquid chromatography 232 10.4 Columns and column packings 240 10.5 Modes of liquid chromatography 245 10.6 Chiral separations 250 10.7 Derivatives for liquid chromatography 255 10.8 Use of liquid chromatography in analytical toxicology 256 10.9 Summary 261 References 262 11 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 264 11.1 Introduction 264 11.2 General considerations 267 11.3 Detection in supercritical fluid chromatography 269 11.4 Columns and column packings 269 11.5 Chiral separations 270 11.6 Toxicological and forensic applications 272 11.7 Summary 273 References 273 12 Capillary Electrophoretic Techniques 275 12.1 Introduction 275 12.2 Theoretical aspects 276 12.3 Sample injection in capillary electrophoresis 280 12.4 Detection in capillary electrophoresis 281 12.5 Other capillary electrokinetic modes 282 12.6 Capillary electrophoretic techniques in analytical toxicology 285 12.7 Summary 287 References 287 13 Mass Spectrometry 289 13.1 Introduction 289 13.2 Instrumentation 291 13.3 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 299 13.4 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 304 13.5 Supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry 308 13.6 Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry 309 13.7 Direct introduction mass spectrometry 310 13.8 Presentation of mass spectral data 315 13.9 Interpretation of mass spectra 317 13.10 Quantitative mass spectrometry 320 13.11 Mass spectrometry imaging 324 13.12 Summary 325 References 325 14 Ion Mobility Spectrometry 329 14.1 Introduction 329 14.2 Theoretical aspects 331 14.3 Types of ion mobility spectrometry 332 14.4 Resolving power 336 14.5 Interfacing ion mobility spectrometry 336 14.6 Applications of ion mobility spectrometry in analytical toxicology 339 14.7 Summary 342 References 342 Section C Essential Pharmacokinetics 345 15 Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Xenobiotics 347 15.1 Introduction 347 15.2 Movement of drugs and other xenobiotics around the body 347 15.3 Routes of administration 351 15.4 Distribution 355 15.5 Metabolism 357 15.6 Excretion 371 15.7 Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics 373 15.8 Summary 376 References 377 16 Pharmacokinetics 379 16.1 Introduction 379 16.2 Fundamental concepts 379 16.3 Absorption and elimination 382 16.4 Drug accumulation 384 16.5 Sustained-release preparations 386 16.6 Non-linear pharmacokinetics 387 16.7 Multi-compartment models 390 16.8 Non-compartmental methods 392 16.9 Factors affecting pharmacokinetic parameters 393 16.10 Disease 396 16.11 Pharmacokinetics and the interpretation of results 397 16.12 Summary 402 References 402 Section D Analytical Toxicology 405 17 Toxicology Testing at the Point of Contact 407 17.1 Introduction 407 17.2 Use of point of contact testing 408 17.3 Toxicology testing at the point of contact 412 17.4 Interferences and adulterants 418 17.5 Quality assessment 419 17.6 Summary 419 References 419 18 Laboratory Testing for Substance Misuse 422 18.1 Introduction 422 18.2 Urine testing 425 18.3 Oral fluid testing 433 18.4 Blood testing 437 18.5 Hair testing 438 18.6 Breath testing 445 18.7 Sweat testing 446 18.8 Summary 446 References 447 19 General Analytical Toxicology 452 19.1 Introduction 452 19.2 Gas chromatography 453 19.3 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry 456 19.4 Liquid chromatography 464 19.5 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 464 19.6 Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry 469 19.7 Summary 473 References 475 20 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 479 20.1 Introduction 479 20.2 Sample collection 480 20.3 Sample types 481 20.4 Analytical methods 483 20.5 Factors affecting interpretation of results 485 20.6 Gazetteer 486 20.7 Summary 499 References 499 21 Trace Elements and Toxic Metals 505 21.1 Introduction 505 21.2 Sample collection and storage 505 21.3 Sample preparation 507 21.4 Atomic spectrometry 509 21.5 Colorimetry and fluorimetry 520 21.6 Electrochemical methods 521 21.7 Catalytic methods 523 21.8 Neutron activation analysis 523 21.9 Chromatographic methods 524 21.10 Quality assessment 525 21.11 Summary 525 References 525 22 Clinical Interpretation of Analytical Results 527 22.1 Introduction 527 22.2 Clinical toxicology 529 22.3 Forensic toxicology 533 22.4 Gazetteer 539 22.5 Sources of further information 574 22.6 Summary 576 References 576 Index 587

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Book SynopsisThe analysis of plants, insects, soil and other particulates from scenes of crime can be vital in proving or excluding contact between a suspect and a scene, targeting search areas, and establishing a time and place of death.Table of ContentsAbout the Editors ix List of Contributors xi Series Foreword xiii Professor Niamh Nic Da´eid Foreword xv Jonathan Smith Foreword xvii Richard T. Shepherd 1 Introduction 1 Nicholas M´arquez-Grant and Julie Roberts References 4 2 Aspects of crime scene management 7 Ruth Buckley and Andy Langley 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Professionals within the investigation 7 2.3 Crime scene principles 12 2.4 Records and documentation 14 2.5 Crime scene attendance 16 2.6 Expectations 19 2.7 Conclusion 19 Acknowledgements 20 References 20 3 Forensic archaeology 23 Stephen Litherland, Nicholas M´arquez-Grant and Julie Roberts 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Forensic archaeology at a crime scene 25 3.3 Pre-scene attendance 28 3.4 Scene attendance 29 3.5 Case studies 40 3.6 Reporting and court testimony 42 3.7 Conclusion 44 References 45 4 Forensic anthropology 49 Julie Roberts and Nicholas M´arquez-Grant 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 The role of the Forensic Anthropologist in criminal investigation 49 4.3 Pre-scene attendance 52 4.4 Scene attendance 53 4.5 In the mortuary 56 4.6 Positive identification 60 4.7 Production of an Expert Witness Statement and court attendance 61 4.8 Conclusion 64 References 65 5 Forensic radiography 69 Mark Viner 5.1 Introduction and current state of the discipline 69 5.2 Application of radiology to the analysis and identification of human remains 70 5.3 Conclusion 79 References 80 6 DNA analysis for victim identification 85 Michael Walbank and Andrew McDonald 6.1 Introduction 85 6.2 Taking DNA samples from the deceased 85 6.3 Collection of reference samples for victim identification 90 6.4 DNA laboratory analysis 91 6.5 Common DNA profiling tests 94 6.6 Conclusion 98 References 98 7 Other scientific methods related to victim identification 99 7.1 Introduction 99 Nicholas M´arquez-Grant and Julie Roberts 7.2 Dating of human remains 100 Gordon Cook References 105 7.3 Other analytical techniques 107 Sophie Beckett References 109 8 Forensic entomology 111 Martin Hall, Amoret Whitaker and Cameron Richards 8.1 Introduction and current state of the discipline 111 8.2 Applications 114 8.3 Pre-scene attendance 115 8.4 Scene attendance 117 8.5 Mortuary attendance 125 8.6 Laboratory analysis 125 8.7 Reporting and court appearance 130 8.8 Conclusion 131 References 131 9 Diatoms and forensic science 141 Eileen J. Cox 9.1 Introduction 141 9.2 Applications 144 9.3 Pre-scene attendance 145 9.4 Scene attendance and sampling 145 9.5 Preparation and treatment of samples in the laboratory 146 9.6 Analysis of samples 147 9.7 Reporting and court appearance 148 References 149 10 Forensic palynology 153 Beverley Adams-Groom 10.1 Introduction and current state of the discipline 153 10.2 Pollen 154 10.3 Applications 158 10.4 Pre-scene attendance 160 10.5 Scene attendance 161 10.6 Mortuary attendance 165 10.7 Laboratory analysis 165 10.8 Reporting and court appearance 166 References 167 11 Forensic botany 169 Heather Miller Coyle, Peter Massey and Peter Valentin 11.1 Introduction 169 11.2 Applications 169 11.3 Pre-scene attendance 170 11.4 Scene attendance 171 11.5 Mortuary attendance 174 11.6 Laboratory analysis 175 11.7 Reporting and court appearance 177 11.8 Conclusion 179 References 179 12 Forensic geology and soils 183 Duncan Pirrie and Alastair Ruffell 12.1 Introduction and current state of the discipline 183 12.2 Applications for forensic geology 186 12.3 Pre-scene attendance 189 12.4 Scene attendance and sampling 190 12.5 Sampling and preparation in the laboratory 195 12.6 Laboratory analysis 197 12.7 Reporting and court appearance 199 Acknowledgements 200 References 200 13 Exhibits 203 Chris Webster 13.1 Introduction 203 13.2 Exhibit principles 204 13.3 Recovery procedures 205 13.4 Labelling exhibits 206 13.5 Key exhibit principles 209 13.6 Practical guidelines for exhibit handling 213 13.7 Splitting exhibits 216 13.8 Long-term sporadic seizures of exhibits 217 13.9 Unsealing and resealing exhibits for examination 218 13.10 Conclusion 219 References 220 14 Forensic photography 221 John Yoward 14.1 Introduction 221 14.2 Basic elements of photography 222 14.3 Security of images 228 14.4 The forensic photographer and the crime scene 229 14.5 The forensic photographer at the mortuary 230 14.6 Conclusion 231 References 231 Index 233

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Book SynopsisBiomechanics is the application of mechanical principles to living organisms, and it is one of the most exciting and fastest growing research areas. In forensic science, it is biomechanics that explains trauma to the body at a crime scene or the fracture of fibers and textiles, and helps interpret blood spatter.Trade Review“Forensic Biomechanics, although only 164 pages in length, succeeds in providing the reader a basic understanding of the biomechanical principles central to several pertinent areas of forensic biology. . . . It provides an excellent view of the areas that should be mastered in order for those new to this field to claim it as their own.” (Journal of Forensic Sciences, 8 January 2014)Table of ContentsSeries Foreword ix Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1Jules Kieser 2 Basic principles of biomechanics 7Jules Kieser 2.1 Forces and motion 9 2.2 Stress and strain 12 2.3 Basics of biomechanical behaviour 17 2.4 Biomaterials and viscoelasticity 21 2.5 Acceleration and impact 25 2.6 Fracture behaviour 26 2.7 Ballistic biomechanics 29 3 Biomechanics of bone and bony trauma 35Jules Kieser 3.1 Composition of bone 37 3.2 Types of bone 38 3.3 Biomechanical properties of bone 39 3.4 Compressive and tensile fracture patterns 45 3.5 Blunt and sharp force trauma 50 3.6 Ballistic trauma 54 3.7 Living versus postmortem fracture 62 3.8 Bone fracture in infants 64 4 Biomechanics of skin and soft tissue trauma 71Jules Kieser 4.1 Structure of skin 73 4.2 Mechanical properties of skin 75 4.3 Effect of age 78 4.4 Wounding 80 4.5 Sharp force trauma 81 4.6 Blunt force trauma 85 4.7 Ballistic trauma 88 4.8 Bitemarks 92 5 The mechanics of bloodstain pattern formation 99Mark Jermy and Michael Taylor 5.1 Introduction to bloodstain pattern analysis 101 5.2 Forces acting on fluids 104 5.3 Dimensionless numbers 114 5.4 Fluid properties of blood 116 5.5 The creation of droplets 118 5.6 Droplet flight 126 5.7 Droplet impact: bloodstain formation 128 6 Fibres and textiles 137Debra Carr 6.1 Introduction 139 6.2 Fabric layers 143 6.3 Fabric degradation 144 6.4 Ballistic impacts 144 6.5 Sharp impacts 146 6.6 Blunt impacts 149 6.7 Tearing 151 Acknowledgements 153 Index 159

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive review of the latest fingerprint development and imaging techniques With contributions from leading experts in the field, Fingerprint Development Techniques offers a comprehensive review of the key techniques used in the development and imaging of fingerprints. It includes a review of the properties of fingerprints, the surfaces that fingerprints are deposited on, and the interactions that can occur between fingerprints, surfaces and environments. Comprehensive in scope, the text explores the history of each process, the theory behind the way fingerprints are either developed or imaged, and information about the role of each of the chemical constituents in recommended formulations. The authors explain the methodology employed for carrying out comparisons of effectiveness of various development techniques that clearly demonstrate how to select the most effective approaches. The text also explores how techniques can be used in sequence and wTable of ContentsSeries Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1Stephen M. Bleay and Marcel de Puit References 102 Formation of fingermarks 11 Stephen M. Bleay and Marcel de Puit 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Initial contact 12 2.3 Interaction outcomes 13 2.4 The finger 17 2.5 The surface 24 2.6 Removal of the finger from the surface 30 2.7 Summary of the initial contact 32 References 33 3 Composition and properties of fingermarks 35Ruth S. Croxton, Stephen M. Bleay and Marcel de Puit 3.1 Chemical composition of fingermarks 35 3.2 Biological properties of fingermarks 55 3.3 Physical properties of fingermarks 57 References 62 4 Ageing of fingermarks 69Stephen M. Bleay and Marcel de Puit 4.1 The ‘triangle of interaction’ 69 4.2 The fingermark 70 4.3 The surface 70 4.4 The environment 78 4.5 Interactions 81 4.6 Time 94 References 96 5 Initial examination and the selection of fingermark enhancement processes 99Stephen M. Bleay 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Processing options 100 5.3 Process selection 103 5.4 The processing environment 105 References 109 6 Optical detection and enhancement techniques 111Stephen M. Bleay 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Current operational use 116 6.3 Visual examination 117 6.4 Fluorescence examination 125 6.5 Ultraviolet reflection 138 6.6 Infrared reflection 141 6.7 Colour filtration and monochromatic illumination 144 6.8 Multispectral imaging 149 References 151 Further reading 153 7 Vapour phase techniques 155Stephen M. Bleay and Marcel de Puit 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 Current operational use 156 7.3 Superglue/cyanoacrylate fuming 158 7.4 Vacuum metal deposition 172 7.5 Iodine fuming 181 7.6 Radioactive sulphur dioxide 185 7.7 Other fuming techniques 189 References 193 Further reading 196 8 Solid phase selective deposition techniques 199Stephen M. Bleay 8.1 Introduction 199 8.2 Current operational use 200 8.3 Powders 201 8.4 ESDA 213 8.5 Nanoparticle powders 216 References 219 9 Amino acid reagents 221Stephen M. Bleay 9.1 Introduction 221 9.2 Current operational use 223 9.3 Ninhydrin 224 9.4 1,8‐Diazafluoren‐9‐one 231 9.5 1,2‐Indandione 237 9.6 Ninhydrin analogues 242 9.7 Fluorescamine 246 9.8 o‐Phthalaldehyde 250 9.9 Genipin 252 9.10 Lawsone 256 9.11 Alloxan 259 9.12 4‐Chloro‐7‐nitrobenzofuran chloride 260 9.13 Dansyl chloride 262 9.14 Dimethylaminocinnemaldehyde and dimethylaminobenzaldehyde 263 References 268 Further reading 272 10 Reagents for other eccrine constituents 275Stephen M. Bleay 10.1 Introduction 275 10.2 Current operational use 276 10.3 4‐Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde 277 10.4 Silver nitrate 279 References 281 Further reading 282 11 Lipid reagents 283Stephen M. Bleay 11.1 Introduction 283 11.2 Current operational use 285 11.3 Solvent Black 3 (Sudan Black) 286 11.4 Basic Violet 3 (Gentian Violet, Crystal Violet) 290 11.5 Oil Red O (Solvent Red 27) 295 11.6 Iodine solution 297 11.7 Ruthenium tetroxide 299 11.8 Osmium tetroxide 301 11.9 Europium chelate 302 11.10 Natural Yellow 3 (curcumin) 305 11.11 Nile Red and Nile Blue A 308 11.12 Basic Violet 2 311 11.13 Rubeanic acid–copper acetate 313 11.14 Phosphomolybdic acid 315 References 317 Further reading 320 12 Liquid phase selective deposition techniques 321Stephen M. Bleay 12.1 Introduction 321 12.2 Current operational use 323 12.3 Small particle reagent 326 12.4 Powder suspensions 330 12.5 Physical developer 336 12.6 Multi‐metal deposition 345 References 352 Further reading 355 13 Enhancement processes for marks in blood 357Stephen M. Bleay 13.1 Introduction 357 13.2 Current operational use 361 13.3 Protein stains 363 13.4 Peroxidase reagents 369 References 380 Further reading 381 14 Electrical and electrochemical processes 383Stephen M. Bleay 14.1 Introduction 383 14.2 Current operational use 385 14.3 Etching 386 14.4 Corrosion visualisation 388 14.5 Electrodeposition 392 References 397 Further reading 399 15 Miscellaneous processes: lifting and specialist imaging 401Stephen M. Bleay 15.1 Introduction 401 15.2 Current operational use 403 15.3 Lifting 404 15.4 Scanning electron microscopy 407 15.5 X‐ray fluorescence (and X‐ray imaging) 410 15.6 Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) 413 15.7 Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) 414 15.8 Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR) 415 References 417 Further reading 419 16 Evaluation and comparison of fingermark enhancement processes 421Stephen M. Bleay 16.1 Introduction 421 16.2 Technology Readiness Level 3: Proof of concept 423 16.3 Technology Readiness Level 4: Process optimisation 425 16.4 Technology Readiness Level 5: Laboratory trials 427 16.5 Technology Readiness Level 6: Pseudo‐operational trials 437 16.6 Technology Readiness Level 7: Operational trials 439 16.7 Technology Readiness Level 8: Standard operating procedures 439 16.8 Technology Readiness Level 9: Ongoing monitoring 440 References 440 17 Sequential processing and impact on other forensic evidence 443Stephen M. Bleay and Marcel de Puit 17.1 Sequential processing of fingermarks 443 17.2 Test methodologies for developing processing sequences 449 17.3 Integrated sequential forensic processing 453 References 466 18 Interpreting the results of fingermark enhancement 469Stephen M. Bleay 18.1 Introduction 469 18.2 Location of the mark 471 18.3 Type of substrate 473 18.4 Constituents of the mark 478 18.5 Enhancement process 480 18.6 The environment 482 18.7 Image processing 483 18.8 Image capture 484 References 487 Index 489

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Book SynopsisIt is a must-read for forensic scientists, historians, and true crime devotees alike.Trade Review... A meticulously researched introduction to an important subject. VERDICT: Thoroughly readable with extensive source notes, this succinct exploration of the subject will appeal to academic and lay readers alike. Library Journal A profile of a CSI investigator reveals a calm, focused observer who is not influenced by the sensationalism of the crime. This book is primarily for those with a serious interest in the mechanics of forensics and crime-solving, and wish to seek detailed knowledge of this fascinating field. Aficionados of crime and mystery literature will also find this an entertaining read. Recommended. Choice A profile of a CSI investigator reveals a calm, focused observer who is not influenced by the sensationalism of the crime. This book is primarily for those with a serious interest in the mechanics of forensics and crime-solving, and wish to seek detailed knowledge of this fascinating field. Aficionados of crime and mystery literature will also find this an entertaining read. Recomended. ChoiceTable of ContentsIntroduction1. The Origins of Crime Scene Investigation2. Crime Scenes before CSI3. Murder at "the Crumbles"4. Celebrity Pathology and the Spectacle of Murder Investigation5. CSI in English Translation6. Forensic Pathology in the Landscape of CSI7. Interrogating "the House of Murder"EpilogueAcknowledgmentsNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisProvides essential information to psychologists conducting evidence-based forensic consultation and other professionals who deal with sexual harassment cases in the era of #MeToo. The book presents a method for comprehensively evaluating sexual harassment claims and providing a science-based approach to causation and credibility.Trade ReviewFoote and Goodman-Delahunty have authored a remarkably useful text. This updated edition provides detailed coverage of clinical and legal considerations, along with a practical model for conducting (and assessing the quality of) forensic evaluations in sexual harassment cases. -- Patricia A. Zapf, PhD, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, Clinical Forensic Psychologist, and Fellow of the American Psychological AssociationIn this volume the authors lay out the broader social context in which sexual harassment takes place, the law and legal process, the social science that informs us about perpetrators and those they harass, and the investigation and evaluation processes. Mental health professionals, attorneys, human resources professionals, and others will find value in this book. -- Randy K. Otto, PhD, ABPP, Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, University of South Florida, TampaI recommend this book to forensic clinicians practicing in this area. The authors are respected experts in their specialties—one a social scientist/lawyer and the other a forensic clinician—and their review of the social science research and legal evolution of the area is deep and current, giving readers perspective and context. -- Philip H. Witt, PhD, ABPP, Somerset Psychological Group, P.A., Somerville, NJTable of ContentsList of Tables and Figures Acknowledgments Introduction: A Guide to This Book Intended Audience The Five-Stage Model: A Brief Introduction Overview of This Volume 1. Foundations: History, Definitions, Theories, and the Prevalence of Workplace Sexual Harassment A Concise History of the Term Sexual Harassment The #MeToo Revolution Definitions of Sexual Harassment Theoretical Formulations of Sexual Harassment Application of Social Science Research to Forensic Assessment Conclusion 2. The Legal Framework in Sexual Harassment Cases The Development of Sexual Harassment Law in Federal Cases Legal Theories of Sexual Harassment Legal Standards for Evaluating Employer Liability for Sexual Harassment Legal Prohibitions Against Reprisal and Retaliation Legal Relief, Compensatory Damages, and Punitive Damages Expert Evidence in Sexual Harassment Cases Topics of Expert Evidence in Sexual Harassment Cases Conclusion 3. The Three Components of Sexual Harassment: Harassers, Targets, and Workplaces Harassers Victims and Targets of Workplace Sexual Harassment Workplace Harassment Contexts Conclusion 4. What You See Depends on Where You Stand: Perception, Welcomeness, and Reasonableness in Sexual Harassment Cases Perceptions of Sexual Harassment Welcomeness: The Target’s Perspective Reasonableness: The Jury’s Perspective Conclusion 5. The Impact of Sexual Harassment Target Responses and Strategies to Cope With Workplace Sexual Harassment The Psychological Impact of Workplace Sexual Harassment Health-Related Problems Work-Related Problems Impact of Same-Sex Harassment on Men Conclusion 6. Evaluating Sexual Harassment Claimants Using the Five-Stage Model The Need for an Assessment Model Overview of the Five-Stage Model Conclusion 7. Alternate Dispute Resolution of Sexual Harassment Claims: Neutral Fact-Finding, Mediation, and Arbitration Trajectory of Sexual Harassment Cases Suitability of Sexual Harassment Cases to Informal Third-Party Intervention Internal Avenues of Redress for Sexual Harassment External Avenues of Redress for Sexual Harassment Conclusion 8. Conclusion and Recommendations The Viability of Legal Resolution of Sexual Harassment Complaints Recommendations Appendix A: Legal Sources of Protection Against Sexual Harassment Appendix B: Sample Expert Report References Index About the Authors

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Book SynopsisWinner, 2021-2022 AES Senior Book Prize, awarded by the American Ethnological SocietyHonorable Mention, Senior Book Prize of the Association for Feminist AnthropologyUncovers how the process of sexual assault adjudication reinforces inequality and becomes a public spectacle of violenceFor victims in sexual assault cases, trials rarely result in justice. Instead, the courts drag defendants, victims, and their friends and family through a confusing and protracted public spectacle. Along the way, forensic scientists, sexual assault nurse examiners, and police officers provide their insight and expertise, shaping the story that emerges for the judge and jury. These expert narratives intersect with the stories of victims, witnesses, and their communities to reproduce our cultural understandings of sexual violence, but too often this process results in reinscribing racial, gendered, and class inequalities. Bodies in Evidence draws on observations of over 680 court appearances in Milwaukee CoTrade ReviewEmotionally evocative and theoretically multifaceted . . . Bodies in Evidence is a hallmark of legal anthropology that leaves the reader with a deeper understanding of both the criminal justice system and the possibilities for anthropological studies to inform systemic improvements for a more just and safe society. -- Jennifer Wies, Associate Provost for Academic Programs and Professor of Anthropology, Eastern Kentucky UniversityIn this beautifully written ethnography, Hlavka and Mulla peel away the dominant cultural veil that depicts US courts as ‘objective’ arbiters of justice that draw on sophisticated forensic technology to arrive at ‘the truth.’. . . It provides a powerful debunking of the all-too-popular fiction of the ‘courtroom drama. -- Claire Renzetti, Judi Conway Patton Endowed Chair for Studies of Violence against Women, University of KentuckyThe text's most significant contribution is a focus on the holistic nature of the criminal justice system informed by multiple social institutions: the legal system, human rights discourse and practice, gendered private and public domains, the medical system, and histories of race and racism. Readers will come away with a nuanced account of the ways gender-based violence is a costly human activity in its own right. * Choice *Hlavka and Mulla make a monumental contribution to the study of gendered violence and its racialized adjudication. They demonstrate how, through the marshaling of various forms of authoritative knowledge, the justice system reproduces normative narratives of gendered violence that expose and make spectacle of victims’ bodies and leave untouched victimizing bodies. -- Samantha Leonard * Sociology of Race and Ethnicity *Bodies in Evidence contributes to an already impressive set of literature surrounding topics of adversarial court systems, intersectional feminism, abolitionist feminism, and more. The book is an analytic exploration of the culminating step in the prolonged and arduous criminal legal process that survivors navigate. * Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology *Hlavka and Mulla draw on observations of over 680 court appearances in felony sexual assault matters in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, as well as interviews with judges, attorneys, forensic scientists, jurors, sexual assault nurse examiners, and victim advocates. * Law and Social Inquiry *Heather Hlavka and Sameena Mulla present a powerful examination of sexual assault adjudication in the United States. Their elegantly written and poignant analysis reveals the ‘human costs’ of court processes that promise, but rarely deliver, justice. * Gender and Society *

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Book SynopsisWinner, 2021-2022 AES Senior Book Prize, awarded by the American Ethnological SocietyHonorable Mention, Senior Book Prize of the Association for Feminist AnthropologyUncovers how the process of sexual assault adjudication reinforces inequality and becomes a public spectacle of violenceFor victims in sexual assault cases, trials rarely result in justice. Instead, the courts drag defendants, victims, and their friends and family through a confusing and protracted public spectacle. Along the way, forensic scientists, sexual assault nurse examiners, and police officers provide their insight and expertise, shaping the story that emerges for the judge and jury. These expert narratives intersect with the stories of victims, witnesses, and their communities to reproduce our cultural understandings of sexual violence, but too often this process results in reinscribing racial, gendered, and class inequalities. Bodies in Evidence draws on observations of over 680 court appearances in Milwaukee CoTrade Review"Emotionally evocative and theoretically multifaceted . . . Bodies in Evidence is a hallmark of legal anthropology that leaves the reader with a deeper understanding of both the criminal justice system and the possibilities for anthropological studies to inform systemic improvements for a more just and safe society." -- Jennifer Wies, Associate Provost for Academic Programs and Professor of Anthropology, Eastern Kentucky University"In this beautifully written ethnography, Hlavka and Mulla peel away the dominant cultural veil that depicts US courts as ‘objective’ arbiters of justice that draw on sophisticated forensic technology to arrive at ‘the truth.’. . . It provides a powerful debunking of the all-too-popular fiction of the ‘courtroom drama." -- Claire Renzetti, Judi Conway Patton Endowed Chair for Studies of Violence against Women, University of Kentucky"The text's most significant contribution is a focus on the holistic nature of the criminal justice system informed by multiple social institutions: the legal system, human rights discourse and practice, gendered private and public domains, the medical system, and histories of race and racism. Readers will come away with a nuanced account of the ways gender-based violence is a costly human activity in its own right." * Choice *"Hlavka and Mulla make a monumental contribution to the study of gendered violence and its racialized adjudication. They demonstrate how, through the marshaling of various forms of authoritative knowledge, the justice system reproduces normative narratives of gendered violence that expose and make spectacle of victims’ bodies and leave untouched victimizing bodies." -- Samantha Leonard * Sociology of Race and Ethnicity *"Bodies in Evidence contributes to an already impressive set of literature surrounding topics of adversarial court systems, intersectional feminism, abolitionist feminism, and more. The book is an analytic exploration of the culminating step in the prolonged and arduous criminal legal process that survivors navigate." * Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology *"Hlavka and Mulla draw on observations of over 680 court appearances in felony sexual assault matters in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, as well as interviews with judges, attorneys, forensic scientists, jurors, sexual assault nurse examiners, and victim advocates." * Law and Social Inquiry *"Heather Hlavka and Sameena Mulla present a powerful examination of sexual assault adjudication in the United States. Their elegantly written and poignant analysis reveals the ‘human costs’ of court processes that promise, but rarely deliver, justice." * Gender and Society *

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Book SynopsisThis illustrated guide to the role of the forensic anthropologist in investigating child abuse is an essential resource in one of the most contentious areas of forensic pathology. Not only does it supply a review of the literature in this field, but it illustrates the material with photographs from real cases investigated by the Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, which serves a population of four million people. Broken down into body regions and skeletal elements for ease of reference, the atlas facilitates the vital work performed by forensic anthropologists, who bring to the autopsy table a store of specialist knowledge that can turn a case.Despite the frequency of child fatalities (in America, 2.3per 100,000) attributed to physical abuse, merely recognizing the offense is a major forensic challenge. The tell-tale signatures of non-accidental injury can be very subtle, making it difficult to differentiate between accidental and non-accidental injury. Yet successful adjudication of a child abuse case often rests on the correct interpretation of skeletal injury.In this volume the authors guide the reader through published data regarding the mechanics and interpretation of injuries,including the agencies they indicate. The material includes discussion of the limitations faced in interpreting some injuries, where making a judgment on cause is tricky. In addition, a chapter on natural diseases affecting the bones provides a good overview of several conditions that are often invoked as 'mimics' of child abuse. Finally, this publication evinces the value of collaboration between the pathologist and the anthropologist.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The atlas is a detailed guide to the role of the forensic anthropologist in the investigation of skeletal injuries. … Not only does the book give a good overview of the relevant literature on the topic, it also provides many excellent images of cases, both in situ and after processing. … very informative for both forensic pathologists and forensic anthropologists, especially in regions where the disciplines do not work together in cases of fatal child abuse, which is the case in most European countries.” (Saskia S. Guddat, Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology, April, 2013)Table of ContentsSkeletal Examination Method.- Skull Fractures.- Rib Fractures.- Fractures of the Vertebral Column, Sternum, Scapulae, and Clavicles.- Long Bone Fractures.- Healing and Interpretation.- Natural Disease May Mimic Child Abuse

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Book SynopsisAs our understanding of genetics increases, its application to criminal justice becomes more significant. This timely book examines the use of genetic information both in criminal investigations and during the trial process. It discusses current scientific understanding and considers some potential legal, ethical and sociological issues with the use of genetic information.The author draws together debates from scientists, ethicists, sociologists and lawyers in order to understand how the criminal justice system currently reacts, and ought to react, to the new challenges presented by genetic evidence. She asks the important question of where priorities should lie: whether with society's desire to be protected from crime, or with an individual's desire to be protected from an unwanted intrusion into his or her genome. Topics include rights of privacy and consent in obtaining DNA samples, evidentiary issues in court, the impact of genetic evidence on punishment theory and sentencing, and genetic discrimination.This book will be of use to criminal and medical law students, along with academics, practitioners and policymakers interested in exploring the various criminal law issues in relation to genetics. It will also be of interest to criminal justice, philosophy, ethics, sociology and psychology students and academics looking explore the legal issues involved in such a topic.Trade Review'Genetics, Crime and Justice is a work of significance. This book enlightens its readers? ? to the debate revolving around human genetics and criminal justice, and provokes thought on? ?how to address the competing interests of society and the individual. Overall, the book presents? ?to its readers, those new to the field or its? ? followers, a comprehensive understanding of the role? ?of genetics in relation to criminality and the judicial system along with the myriad of issues?? surrounding them.?' -- Midhat Farzeen, ?International Social Science Review‘For a reader who is new to the area, Genetics, Crime and Justice provides a useful overview of the legal, ethical and social issues pertaining to the broad area encapsulated by the book. The reader who is familiar with some sections of the book’s scope will likely gain something of interest from the other connected topics Wilson considers. There is significant merit in such a work — one that brings together this diverse but thematically connected body of knowledge.’ -- Current Issues in Criminal JusticeTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1. Introduction, 2. History of Genetics and Criminal Justice, 3. Use of Genetics in Criminal Investigations 4. The “Criminal Gene”, 5. The “Criminal Gene” Argument in the Courts 6. The Impact of a ‘Criminal Gene’ Argument on Punishment Theory 7. Introduction to Ethical Issues 8. Concluding Thoughts Index

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses the intense practical and theoretical challenges of forensic science evidence and the pivotal role it plays in modern criminal proceedings. A global team of prominent scholars and practitioners explores the contemporary challenges of forensic science evidence and expert witness testimony from a variety of theoretical, practical and jurisdictional perspectives.Both the methodological integrity and the reliability of forensic science have been questioned in recent official reports and inquiries. The wide-ranging contributions to this book offer thorough and far-reaching explorations of the institutional organisation of forensic science, its epistemological and methodological foundations, and its procedural regulation, applications and evaluation in jurisdictions across Europe and beyond. The development and reform of expert evidence law and procedural regulation are reconsidered from a range of legal and scientific perspectives. Brimming with comparative and interdisciplinary insight, this book also explores the transnational dimensions of contemporary forensic science, assessing its value and appropriate uses as expert evidence in criminal investigations, prosecutions and trials.This contemporary book will be essential reading for scholars, advanced students, practitioners and policymakers concerned with the role of forensic science in the administration of criminal justice.Contributors include: S. Carr, E. Cunliffe, G. Edmond, S. Farrar, A. Gallop, R. Graham, L. Heffernan, E.J. Imwinkelried, A. Jackson, A.C. McCartney, M.M. Muhamad, E. Piasecki, P. Roberts, M. Stockdale, G. Tully, J. Vuille, T. Ward, T.J. WilsonTrade Review'As courts struggle to assimilate scientific evidence, so scientists struggle to justify its reliability. These excellent essays written by lawyers, scientists and regulators canvass the institutional responses to these struggles in various adversarial and non-adversarial jurisdictions, vividly providing up-to-date, critical and valuable insights into the myriad of problems faced.' --Andrew Ligertwood, The University of Adelaide, Australia'Such is the importance of scientific evidence in criminal trials and civil suits that this edited collection should be required reading for law practitioners and expert witnesses alike. Significant and thought-provoking insights are offered in each of the 13 chapters, with contributions from forensic scientists and legal scholars.' --Pamela Ferguson, University of Dundee, UKTable of ContentsContents: Introduction: Forensic Science, Evidential Reliability and Institutional Reform Paul Roberts and Michael Stockdale 1. Making Sense of Forensic Science Evidence Paul Roberts 2. Re-assessing Reliability Gary Edmond 3. Admissibility, Reliability and Common Law Epistemology Tony Ward 4. Regulating Forensic Science Gillian Tully 5. Clarifying the ‘Reliability’ Continuum and Testing its Limits: Biometric (Fingerprint and DNA) Expert Evidence Sophie Carr, Angela Gallop, Emma Piasecki, Gillian Tully, and Tim J Wilson 6. Re-examining the ‘Reliability’ of Forensic Pathology Evidence Tim J Wilson, Adam Jackson, Angela Gallop and Emma Piasecki 7. Reliability by Procedural Rule Reform? Expert Evidence and the Civil-Criminal-Family Procedure Rules Trichotomy Michael Stockdale 8. Expert Evidence Law Reform in Ireland Liz Heffernan 9. Regulating Expert Evidence in US Courts: Measuring Daubert’s Legacy Edward J Imwinkelried 10. A New Canadian Paradigm? Judicial Gatekeeping and the Reliability of Expert Evidence Emma Cunliffe 11. Reliability and Reform of Expert Evidence in Malaysia’s Developmental State: Putting the Cart before the Horse? Salim Farrar and Mohd Munzil Bin Muhamad 12. Forensic Science Evidence in Non-adversary Criminal Justice Systems Joëlle Vuille 13. ‘All We Need to Know’? Questioning Transnational Scientific Evidence Carole McCartney and Rick Graham Index

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Book SynopsisBuilt on a large body of research relating specifically to forensic psychologists and prison life more generally, this book examines how this professional discipline has become central to life within the modern prison. Exploring a number of themes, it takes the reader behind the scenes of forensic psychological practice in Her Majesty's prisons.

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Book SynopsisThe fifth edition of the best-selling Principles in Forensic Toxicology continues in the tradition of excellence in academic publishing. With over 10 years of classroom-tested and continually updated content, the new edition contains significant updates and 7 new chapters on new topics including drug-facilitated crimes, derivatization, quantitation, measurement uncertainty/traceability, statistics, oral fluid testing, and drugs in embalmed specimens. Part One covers the major sub-disciplines of forensic toxicology in addition to pharmacological concepts. Part Two addresses specimen preparation, laboratory testing and instrumental analysis, while Part Three discusses common analytes including cocaine, opioids, alcohol, and marijuana. Adopted for courses in many of the top universities for forensic science and used by respected medical examiner’s offices and crime laboratories worldwide, Principles of Forensic Toxicology prepares the next generation of forensic toxicologists and continues to be an important reference in professional practice.Table of ContentsPart 1: Introduction.- Post Mortem Forensic Toxicology.- Human Performance Toxicology.- Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault.- Forensic Drug Testing.- Performance enhancing Drug Testing.- Drug Testing in Pain Management.- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics.- Part II. Specimen Preparation.- Spectrophotometry.- Chromatography.- Derivatization.- Immunoassy.- Mass Spectrometry.- Quantitation.- Method Validation.- Measurement Uncertainty and Traceability.- Statistics in Forensic Toxicology.- Part III Analytes.- Alcohol.- Benzodiazapines.- Gammahydroxybutyric acid,- Miscellaneous Central Nervous System Depressants.- Opioids.- Cocanie.- Cannabis.- Amphetamines-Sympathomimetic Amines,- Hallucinogens and Psychedelics.- Antidepressants and Neuroleptics.- Miscellaneous Therapeutic Drugs.- Carbon Monoxide/Cyanide.- Inhalants.- Metals.- Part III Special Topics.- Stability of Drugs of Abuse in Biological Systems.- Postmortem Redistribution of Drugs.- Postmortem Clinical Testing.- Pharmacogenomics.- Hair Drug Testing.- Oral Fluid Testing.- Meconium Drug Testing.- Drugs in Embalmed Tissues.

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Book SynopsisBayes Factors for Forensic Decision Analyses with R provides a self-contained introduction to computational Bayesian statistics using R. With its primary focus on Bayes factors supported by data sets, this book features an operational perspective, practical relevance, and applicability—keeping theoretical and philosophical justifications limited. It offers a balanced approach to three naturally interrelated topics:Probabilistic Inference - Relies on the core concept of Bayesian inferential statistics, to help practicing forensic scientists in the logical and balanced evaluation of the weight of evidence.Decision Making - Features how Bayes factors are interpreted in practical applications to help address questions of decision analysis involving the use of forensic science in the law.Operational Relevance - Combines inference and decision, backed up with practical examples and complete sample code in R, including sensitivity analyses and discussion on how to interpret results in context.Over the past decades, probabilistic methods have established a firm position as a reference approach for the management of uncertainty in virtually all areas of science, including forensic science, with Bayes' theorem providing the fundamental logical tenet for assessing how new information—scientific evidence—ought to be weighed. Central to this approach is the Bayes factor, which clarifies the evidential meaning of new information, by providing a measure of the change in the odds in favor of a proposition of interest, when going from the prior to the posterior distribution. Bayes factors should guide the scientist's thinking about the value of scientific evidence and form the basis of logical and balanced reporting practices, thus representing essential foundations for rational decision making under uncertainty.This book would be relevant to students, practitioners, and applied statisticians interested in inference and decision analyses in the critical field of forensic science. It could be used to support practical courses on Bayesian statistics and decision theory at both undergraduate and graduate levels, and will be of equal interest to forensic scientists and practitioners of Bayesian statistics for driving their evaluations and the use of R for their purposes.This book is Open Access.Table of ContentsPart I - Introduction to the Bayes Factor (Likelihood Ratio)Presents the principal statistic discussed throughout this book: the Bayes factor, in the context of forensic science, more often known as the likelihood ratio. Subsections of this part: clarify the different roles (known as, respectively, the ‘investigative’ and ‘evaluative’ role) that forensic scientists may assume in their daily work articulate the reasons why forensic scientists should adhere to a Bayesian framework of inference in order to ensure coherence in their inferential and decision-making tasks formally describe what the Bayes factor is and how it relates to coherent decision analysis describe the advantages that Bayes factors offer in assessing, articulating and communicating the value of scientific evidence in general, and in legal proceedings in particular Part II - Bayes Factor for Investigative PurposesDeals with a peculiar task of the forensic scientist, known as the ‘investigative mode’ (i.e., one of the two main modes of functioning introduced in Part I). That is, in forensic settings, it may well be the case that a potential source (i.e., a suspect) is not available for comparative purposes, in particular in early stages of the legal process. Notwithstanding, data and measurements on recovered material (e.g., seized on a crime scene) can be used for an investigative purpose. In this mode of working, scientists can offer to investigative authorities (or, in a more general perspective, mandating parties) information to help discriminate between general propositions concerning, for instance, the characterizing features of the source that left the recovered material (e.g., gender, externally visible traits such as hair and eye color, handedness, etc.). At this stage in the process, the scientist tries to help answer questions such as ‘what happened?’ in the case under investigation, or ‘what can we infer about the offender?’. In this context, the Bayes factor can be used as a statistic to measure and help decide how to classify, for example, objects and substances on which measurements have been made. This use of the Bayes factor will be explained through practical examples involving topics such as handwriting characteristics, toner from printers in questioned document examination, drugs of abuse, toxicology, forensic anthropology and forensic DNA profiling (listing is not exhaustive and may evolve during the writing of the book). Both univariate and multivariate data will be considered, with or without replicates, and involving different statistical distributions (i.e. Binomial, Poisson, Normal, etc.). The examples refer to realistic forensic applications as they may be encountered in judicial contexts and the forensic practitioner’s own field of activity. Data will be selected from published literature or from the author’s own records. R sample code will be specified and explanations will be included on how to interpret results in context and convey their meaning appropriately.Part III - Bayes Factor for Evaluative PurposesFocuses on the scientist’s role in a more advanced stage of the legal process. That is, situations in which the evaluation of scientific findings will take into account a potential source of the recovered material (e.g., a suspect or an object/tool). This kind of reporting is typically required when scientists need to communicate their results for use at trial. It is of utmost importance at this juncture that scientists express the value of the observed data and findings under competing hypotheses, focusing on a potential (i.e., known) source versus an alternative source (e.g., propositions such as ‘the recovered item comes from the same source as the control material’, and ‘the recovered item is from a source that is different from that of the control material’). The Bayes factor is the central inferential concept for such expressions of weight of evidence. In this part of the book, too, examples will be chosen with the intention to reflect realistic scenarios as they may arise in current judicial practice. In particular, the outline will consider uni- and multi­-variate data from scenarios related to microtraces (e.g., glass and paint fragments), handwriting and drugs of abuse. Besides computational R code, this chapter will also include (i) sensitivity analyses to provide readers with a means to further investigate the properties of the proposed evaluative procedures based on the Bayes factor, and (ii) decision theoretic extensions to outline how to interface expressions of weight of evidence with the broader perspective of coherent decision-making. Part IV - ConclusionSummarizes the key messages developed throughout this book, emphasizing (i) the contribution of an extended use of the Bayes factor in a normative decision framework, and (ii) the role of the Bayes factor as the relevant statistic for both investigative and evaluative tasks that characterize current forensic science.

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Book SynopsisThis open access handbook presents a trustable craniofacial superimposition methodological framework. It includes detailed technical and practical overviews, and discussions about the latest tools and open problems, covering the educational, technical, ethical, and security aspects of this forensic identification technique. The book will be of particular interest to researchers and practitioners in forensic anthropology and forensic ID, and also researchers in computational intelligence.It is the final result of a European project, New Methodologies and Protocols of Forensic Identification by Craniofacial Superimposition (MEPROCS). The project collaborators who contributed to this handbook are: S. Damas, O. Ibáñez, M.I. Huete, T. Kahana, C. Wilkinson, E. Ferguson, C. Erolin, C. Cattaneo, P.T. Jayaprakash, R. Jankauskas, F. Cavalli, K. Imaizumi, R. Vicente, D. Navega, E. Cunha, A.H. Ross, E. Veselovskaya, A. Abramov, P. Lestón, F. Molinero, E. Ruiz, F. Navarro, J. Cardoso, F. Viegas, D. Humpire, R. Hardiman, J. Clement, A. Valsecchi, B.R. Campomanes-Alvarez, C. Campomanes-Alvarez, A.S. Çağdır, T. Briers, M. Steyn, M. Viniero, D.N. Vieira, and O. Cordón.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Craniofacial Superimposition.- Importance of Craniofacial Superimposition in Forensic Identification: Historical Perspective.- Relationships Between the Skull and the Face in the Forensic Realm.- Craniofacial Superimposition Techniques.- Craniofacial Superimposition: The State of the Art.- Ethical and Legal Issues in Craniofacial Superimposition.- Experimental Study of Methodologies, Tools and Criteria.- MEPROCS Craniofacial Superimposition Framework.- MEPROCS Framework Validation.- Conclusions.- Appendices.- References.

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Book SynopsisThis handbook covers tested and proven DNA forensic testing methodologies, forensic bioinformatics techniques, case studies and current forensic legal framework for investigation of variety of crimes and provides a clinching evidence for speedy justice. DNA testing is widely used for forensic purposes and is changing the paradigm of (crime) investigation. The book contains chapters on usage of ultramodern DNA collection kits, presents era evidence collection and preservation, high-end DNA sample analysis in laboratory, DNA legislation, expert evidences, challenging and successful case studies, data generation and application of AI and IoT techniques for DNA data analysis, DNA databanks and training manpower to facilitate timely reporting to the requesting agencies. This handbook equips and enables police, investigators and crime analysis laboratories with knowhow of high-end tools, procedures and techniques to link or exclude a criminal to a crime. It is expected that this will be used by first responders, police, forensic analysts, judiciaries, evidence handlers and students and scholars of criminology and forensic sciences worldwide. The intention to write this handbook is to make DNA technology and its importance reach every common man and professional for correctly using it as a tool as and when required. This is quite evident that awareness of DNA technology has increased at a reasonable pace. Courts and investigating agencies are convinced and confident with its accuracy, reliability and unmatched peace delivered by various techniques of DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling.Table of ContentsThe Master Molecule in Witness Box (With some Case Studies) Collection, Preservation, retention, safety and Handling of DNA Evidences Chain of Custody – Dos and Don’ts Extraction and Analysis of DNA Samples in Laboratory Handling Mixed DNA Samples with the help of Forensic Bioinformatics Maintaining Standards and Calibration of DNA Testing Equipment DNA Based Identification in Mass Disaster Cases Using DNA Technologies in Sexual Offenses DNA Legislations – Challenges and Opportunities Developing DNA Databases and revolutionizing the Forensic Investigation Modernization of Police DNA Forensics Wing DNA Forensic Trainings for Police and Law enforcement Agencies Next Generation Technologies – Forensic Bioinformatics, LIMS, RFID, Biometrics, AI and IOT in modernising Crime Laboratories. Rapid DNA Identification and Best Practices

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Book SynopsisComprehensively addresses ethics in forensics beyond the laboratory. This title presents case studies to illustrate ethical dilemmas. It places forensic ethics within the canons of the legal and medical systems.Trade Review"Downs, a medical examiner and consultant, and Swienton, a forensic attorney and consultant, provide forensic and criminal justice practitioners, crime scene investigators and photographers, law enforcement training centers, police academies and local agencies, and forensic consultants and scientists with a guide to ethics in forensic science. It contains 17 chapters by forensic science, law, and other specialists from the US who discuss the history of ethics, provide brief synopses of major theorists, and address topics like the religious perspective of applied ethics in forensics; general ethical dilemmas; codes of ethics in forensic science societies and other organizations (education, business, religion, medicine, etc.); the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner model; teaching ethics; criminal investigation, crime lab and crime scene, and judicial ethics; the post-conviction process; whistleblowers; and ethics in law enforcement, for child abuse prosecutors and defense attorneys, in testimony of forensic practitioners, and in media." --Reference and Research Book News, Inc. "This book attempts to answer the question: "When is ethical, ethical, and when is it not?" Its contributors write on topics such as general forensic ethical dilemmas; codes of ethics as spelled out by forensic science societies; ethics in SANE practice; how to teach ethics; ethics in law enforcement, criminal investigations, crime laboratories, and crime scene investigations; and ethics for attorneys, prosecutors, and expert witnesses." --Evidence Technology Magazine, July-August 2012Table of Contents1. A Brief History of Ethics Jennifer Downs 2. The Forensic Practitioner’s Quest for Truth Fr. William Willoughby, III, Sister Elena Thompson, and J.C. Upshaw Downs 3. General Forensic Ethical Dilemmas Jay A. Siegel 4. Codes of Ethics in Forensic Science Societies: The Organizational Parameters of Morality and Conduct Kenneth E. Melson 5. Ethical Foundations for SANE Practice Linda E. Ledray and Susan Chasson 6. Ethics Codes in Other Organizations: Structures and Enforcement J.C. Upshaw Downs and Anjali Ranadive Swienton 7. Teaching Ethics Max M. Houck and Robin T. Bowen 8. Ethics in Law Enforcement; Defining the Thin Blue Line Fred E. Stephens 9. Criminal Investigational Ethics James Markey 10. Ethics in the Crime Laboratory and in Crime Scene Investigations Barry A.J. Fisher 11. Ethics for Child Abuse Prosecutors – A Call to Leadership Rachelle L. Carnesale 12. Ethical Duties of Attorneys and Experts in Cases Involving Forensic Evidence, from the Perspective of the Defense Andrea Roth 13. Ethics in Testimony Joseph P. Bono, Anjali Ranadive Swienton and J.C. Upshaw Downs 14. Judicial Ethics Haskell M. Pitluck 15. Ethics, Forensics, and the Post-Conviction Process Jules Epstein 16. Whistle Blowers J.C. Upshaw Downs 17. Ethics in Media Anjali Ranadive Swienton and J.C. Upshaw Downs

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Table of Contents1. Introduction2. Ignitable Liquid Products3. ASTM E16184. General Production Processes of Ignitable Liquid Products5. Fire Debris Analysis Methods6. Interferences in Identification of Ignitable Liquid Products7. Guidance for the Identification of Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThis book details several important medicinal plants, their occurrence, plant compounds and their chemical structures, and pharmacological properties against various human diseases. It also gives information on isolation and structural elucidation of phytocompounds, bio-assays, metabolomic studies, and therapeutical applications of plant compounds.Table of ContentsSection 1: Medicinal plants. Gloriosa Superba, A Source Of The Bioactive Alkaloid Colchicine: Chemistry, Biosynthesis And Commercial Production. Botany, Phytochemistry And Pharmacological Activities Of Leea Species. Centella Asiatica (L.) Urb., an endowment from traditional medicine. The Importance Of Iranian Borage (Echium Amoenum Fisch. Mey): A Critical Review. Section 2: Plant metabolites and bioactive compounds. Plant Metabolites As New Leads To Drug Discovery- Approaches And Challenges. Introduction To Herbs And Their Therapeutical Potential: Recent Trends. Curcumin As A Potential Therapeutic For Alzheimer's Disease: A Multi-Targeted Approach. Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa L.): Bioactive Compounds And Health Benefits. Indian Tropical Fruits And Role Of Their Bioactive Compounds Against Human Diseases. Plant Alkaloids: Classification, Isolation And Drug Development. The Role Of Phytocompounds In Cosmeceutical Applications. Rosmarinic Acid: Sources, Properties, Applications And Biotechnological Production. Section 3: Bioactive potential of medicinal plants and treatment against diseases. Scientific Validation Of The Usefulness Of Withania Somnifera Dunal In The Prevention Of Diseases. Plant Essential Oils And Anticancer Properties: An Update. Isolation, Extraction, Preclinical And Clinical Studies On Major Anticancer Compounds Of Natural Origin. Anticancer Properties Of Medicinal Plants Listed In The Herbal Pharmacopoeia Of The United Mexican States.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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