Evolution / Evolutionary biology Books

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Book SynopsisThis book sheds fascinating light on the most remarkable aspects of Darwin's life.Table of ContentsIntroduction * The Abyss of Time * The Abundance of Nature * Charles Darwin: Born a Naturalist * Edinburgh University * Cambridge University * The Voyage of the Beagle * Eastern South America * Don Carlos 'So Much of a Gaucho' * Fossil Discoveries * Tierra del Fuego and the Shock of the Savage * Western South America * The Galapagos: The True Story * Across the Pacific and Around the World * To Marry or Not to Marry? * Journal of Researches * Zoology of the Beagle * Geology of the Beagle * At Home with the Darwins * Barnacles * Putting the Puzzle Together * On the Origin of Species * The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution * Orchids * Variation * The Powers of Plants * The Descent of Man and The Expression of the Emotions * The Sage of Down and the Study of Worms * Darwin's Death and Legacy * Sources * Index * Further Reading.

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Book SynopsisThe unexpected diversity, beauty, and strangeness of life in ancient lakes?some millions of years old?and the remarkable insights the lakes are yielding about the causes of biodiversity.Most lakes are less than 10,000 years old and short-lived, but there is a much smaller number of ancient lakes, tectonic in origin and often millions of years old, that are scattered across every continent but Antarctica: Baikal, Tanganyika, Victoria, Titicaca, and Biwa, to name a few. Often these lakes are filled with a diversity of fish, crustaceans, snails, and other creatures found nowhere else in the world. In Our Ancient Lakes, Jeffrey McKinnon introduces the remarkable living diversity of these aquatic bodies to the general reader and explains the surprising, often controversial, findings that the study of their faunas is yielding about the formation and persistence of species.The first single-authored volume to synthesize studies of ancient lakes, Our Ancient Lakes provides an overview of the lakes and their distinctive geological origins; accounts of the evolutionary processes that have generated the incredible diversity found in the lakes and produced some of the fastest speciation rates known for vertebrates; the surprisingly important role of interspecies mating in the most rapid diversifications; the uniquely complete records of the creatures that inhabited the lakes, which are being extracted from deep lake sediments; the prospects for the lakes as we tumble into the Anthropocene; and much more.Shining a light on a class of biodiversity hot spot that is equivalent to coral reefs in the ocean or tropical rainforests on land, Our Ancient Lakes chronicles in a refreshingly personal and accessible way the often singular wonders of these venerable water bodies.The MIT Press gratefully acknowledges Furthermore: a program of the J.M. Kaplan Fund.

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Book SynopsisThere is now a considerable literature on chemical ecology, which had its beginnings in the study of insect pheromones. This beginning was possible only by combining the disciplines and techniques of biology and chemistry. For a biologist, it is difficult to understand the time frames of analytical and synthetic chemistry. A compound may take days to characterize and be available in minutes from a bottle on the shelf, or it may take years to characterize and synthesize. Chemists have a similar frustration: after an intense programme of work, the insect in question may not emerge for many months. study are, however, The rewards of integrated interdisciplinary considerable, because they allow us to understand many facets of insect behaviour and consequently to control that behaviour for our own ends. In this book, we have set out to explain the results of research from chemical andTable of ContentsPreface. Part One: Pheromones and Behavior; P.E. Howse. 1. Insect Semiochemicals and Communication. 2. The Role of Pheromones in Insect Behavior and Ecology. 3. Factors Controlling Responses of Insects to Pheromones. 4. Bioassay Methods. Part Two: Chemical Aspects of Pheromones; I.D.R. Stevens. 5. Chemical Structures and Diversity of Pheromones. 6. Isolation and Structure Determination. 7. Synthesis of Pheromones. 8. Structure and Species Specificity. Part Three: Practical Applications of Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals; O.T. Jones. 9. Pest Monitoring. 10. Mass Trapping. 11. Lure and Kill. 12. Mating Disruption. 13. Other Uses of Semiochemicals. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis important book provides a practical guide to the principles and practice of developing an integrated pest management (IPM) programme.Trade Review`This is an interesting and unusual book. Few books available deal so extensively with the organisational issues of IPM programs.' Parasitology Today `The main readership for this book will be people who are engaged in crop protection but anyone who is interested in greener forms of crop production, and the difficulties associated with this, will find something of interest here.' British Journal of Entomology and Natural History `... provides a practival guide to the principles and practice of developing an IPM programme.' SPORE `David Dent should be congratulated for his book. It will be an important addition to the book collections of researchers, universities and professionals involved in the area of crop protection.' Bulletin of Entomological ResearchTable of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Principles of integrated pest management. 3. Control measures. 4. Defining the problem. 5. Programme planning and management. 6. Techniques in systems analysis. 7. Experimental paradigms. 8. Implementation of an IPM system. 9. Integrated pest management in olives; M.P. Walton. 10. Integrated pest management in wheat; S.D. Wratten, N.C. Elliott, J.A. Farrell. 11. Integrated pest management in cotton; A.P. Gutierrez. 12. Integrated pest management in protected crops; J.C. van Lenteren. Index.

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Book SynopsisFrom Stone Age networks to Digital Age networking, this book explores the ancient origins of our social lives today.Trade Review'An important, provocative essay on human evolution, argued with great eloquence and skill' - Current Archaeology'A triumph of collaboration, as well as a gripping detective story' - New Statesman'A dramatic demolition of the “stones and bones” approach to archaeology' - New Scientist'Retains the Thames & Hudson tradition of thinking clearly, and writing well … You will not read a more important book this year' - Minerva'An important piece of work … anyone with an interest in early human and pre-human society should add to their reading list' - Popular Science Books blog'Compelling' - The Lady'‘An important piece of work … anyone with an interest in early human and pre-human society should add to their reading list' - Popular Science Books blogTable of ContentsPreface • 1. Psychology Meets Archaeology • 2. What It Means to Be Social • 3. Ancient Social Lives • 4. Ancestors With Small Brains • 5. Building the Human Niche: Three Crucial Skills • 6. Ancestors with Large Brains • 7. Living in Big Societies

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Book SynopsisIt has been realised for some time how game theory can model natural selection. Evolutionary game theory replaces the concept of rational players with the population dynamics of behavioural programmes and can be used to understand the strategic and genetic foundations of the endless chronicle of invasions and extinctions which punctuate evolution.Trade Review'… as a mathematical text on an important set of topics in theoretical biology, the book is superb. It is well organised and beautifully written. In choosing from the rich menu of mathematical topics broadly relevant to ecology, behaviour, evolution, and even theoretical immunology, it shows good taste.' The Times Higher Education Supplement'… [has] something for anyone interested in game models in organismal biology.' Marc Mangel, Nature'The book is a must for any mathematician economist, or biologist working in Evolutionary Game Theory.' C. Alos-Ferrer, International Mathematical News'This book can highly be recommended to mathematicians interested in applications in social sciences, biology, and population genetics.' Ethology'… an excellent publication that helps to bridge one of the gaps between biologists and mathematicians.' David Boukai, Folia GeobotanicaTable of ContentsIntroduction for game theorists; Introduction for biologists; Part I. Dynamical Systems And Lotka-Volterra Equations: 1. The logistic equation; 2. Lotka-Volterra for predator-prey systems; 3. Lotka-Volterra for two competitors; 4. Ecological equations for two species; 5. Lotka-Volterra for more than two populations; Part II. Game Dynamics And Replicator Equations: 6. Evolutionarily stable strategies; 7. Replicator equations; 8. Other game dynamics; 9. Adaptive dynamics; 10. Asymmetric conflicts; 11. More on bimatrix games; Part III. More On Lotka-Volterra And Replicator Dynamics: 12. Hypercircles and permanence; 13. Criteria for permanence; 14. Replicator networks; 15. Stability in n-species communities; 16. Some low-dimensional ecological systems; 17. Heteroclinic cycles and C-matrices; Part IV. Population Genetics: 18. Discrete dynamical systems in population genetics; 19. Continuous selection dynamics; 20. Mutation and recombination; 21. Fertility selection; 22. Game dynamics for Mendelian populations; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a comprehensive 2005 student textbook on dinosaurs that non-specialists will also find fascinating. It is the only comprehensive text that takes an explicitly phylogenetic approach to dinosaurs. The geological context of dinosaurs is also stressed, and dinosaurs are presented in the context of plate tectonic and climatic settings.Trade ReviewFrom reviews of the previous edition: 'The book amply fulfils its objective of providing an authoritative, stimulating and lively introduction to dinosaurs. There are not many textbooks to which the epithets 'lively' and 'entertaining' apply, and that are friendly enough for a general reader … I can also warmly recommend it to interested general readers as the best available and thoroughly accessible account of dinosaurs and how they fit in with current scientific thinking - with the bonus that it presents the facts in an exciting manner, while dispelling the hype.' Angela Milner, New ScientistFrom reviews of the previous edition: '… reflects the rigour of modern palaeontological research, and it will transmit the idea of method and testing to students, especially in terms of cladistic analysis of relationships, studies of macroevolution and of functional morphology. The book also conveys enthusiasm and excitement, two further principles of science that new generations of palaeontologists display in abundance … The presentation of the book is superb. The writing style is lively, and there are many amusing anecdotes and sidelines on popular attitudes to dinosaurs … There are even 14 colour plates, which is astounding in a textbook at this price.' Michael J. Benton, Trends in Ecology and Evolution'… superb … It's engagingly written, authoritative, up-to-date, well illustrated, and bursting with enthusiasm. … The book is written as a university level text, but could easily be used to develop modular material for teaching at any level. I hope it will be. Highly recommended.' Biologist'… it serves as an excellent primer on and about dinosaurs. … For the uninitiated this should prove to be a thoroughly good read …' Geological Magazine'There is much in The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs to appeal to the non-specialist and dinosaur enthusiast as well as to the student market. The book covers exactly what it says on the jacket, including important sections on systematics using cladistic methodology that shows how dinosaurs relate to each other and to other animals. It offers more in-depth coverage of dinosaurs than broader vertebrate palaeontology textbooks … very good value.' The Times Higher Education Supplement'… a fascinating and interesting book. Very well illustrated, it is of an easy understanding. Concise and clear …' Geobios'One of the real strong features of The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs are its line drawings by John Sibbick, one of the foremost dinosaur illustrators who excels here as a textbook illustrator as well. … a great achievement by the authors and a substantial improvement over the first edition. It must have been a real challenge to write an update of this rapidly moving field, but the book very well manages to convey the excitement of the ongoing research on dinosaurs.' Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary ResearchTable of ContentsPreface to the second edition; Part I. Setting the Stage: 1. Introduction; 2. Back to the past: the Mesozoic era; 3. Discovering order in the natural world; 4. Interrelationships of vertebrates; 5. The origin of Dinosauria; Part II. Ornithischia: Armored, Horned, and Duck-Billed Dinosaurs: 6. Stegosauria: hot plates; 7. Ankylosauria: mas and gas; 8. Pachycephalosauria: ramroads of the Cretaceous; 9. Ceratopsia: horns and all the frills; 10. Ornithopoda: the tuskers, antelopes, and 'mighty ducks' of the Mesozoic; Part III. Saurischia: Predators and Giants: 11. Sauropodomorpha: the big, the bizarre, and the majestic; 12. Theropoda I: nature red in tooth and claw; 13. Theropoda II: the origin of birds; 14. Theropoda III: the early evolution of birds; Part IV. Endothermy, Environments, and Extinction: 15. Dinosaur thermoregulation: some like it hot; 16. Patterns in dinosaur evolution; 17. Reconstructing extinctions: the art of science; 18. The Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction: the frill is gone; Glossary; Subject index; Generic index; Author index.

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Book SynopsisDuring 1867 Darwin intensified lines of research that were to result in two important publications, Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex and Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin circulated a questionnaire on human expression, asking his established contacts to pass it on to their acquaintances, with the result that he began to receive letters from an even more diverse and far-flung network of correspondents than had previously been the case. Convinced that human descent was strongly influenced by sexual selection, he also started to ask his correspondents about sexual differences in animals and birds. At the same time, he was working on the proof-sheets of another major work, Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, while negotiating almost weekly with French, German, and Russian translators. For information on the Charles Darwin Correspondence Project, see http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/Departments/Darwin.Trade Review'The most recent volumes of Darwin's correspondence shed new light on the complex question of the origin's reception and Darwin's responses to his critics … they allow us to see Darwin in his proper historical context … The story … is a more subtle complex and ultimately much more interesting one than those invented by the myth-makers … The letters also tell us so much about Victorian attitudes and society, and serve as a useful reminder that neither Darwin's story nor that of the Origin finishes in 1859, demonstrating why the eventual publication of all Darwin's correspondence is going to be so useful.' The Times Literary SupplementTable of ContentsList of illustrations; List of letters; Introduction; Acknowledgments; List of provenances; Note on editorial policy; Darwin/Wedgwood genealogy; Abbreviations and symbols; THE CORRESPONDENCE; Appendixes: I. Translations, II. Chronology, III. Diplomas, IV. Darwin's queries about expression; Manuscript alterations and comments; Biographical register and index to correspondents; Bibliography; Notes on manuscript sources; Index.

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Book SynopsisThough we have other distinguishing characteristics (bipedalism, relative hairlessness, etc.), the brain and the behavior it produces are what truly set us apart from the other apes and primates. How this three-pound organ composed of water, fat, and protein turned a mammal species into the dominant animal on earth is the story Allen tells.Trade ReviewAn extremely valuable addition to a topic which has attracted such attention and passionate debate. As both an anthropologist and a neuroanatomist, when Allen writes about the human brain he knows what he is writing about. -- Antonio Damasio, author of Descartes' Error, Looking for Spinoza, and The Feeling of What HappensLet me be short and sweet: this is a terrific book. There wasn't a chapter I didn't enjoy reading, or from which I did not learn something new. John Allen provides a fine, wide, and comprehensive sweep of all of the areas that concern a more thorough understanding of human brain evolution. -- Ralph L. Holloway, Professor of Anthropology, Columbia UniversityAn indispensable overview of the study of human brain evolution. -- Katerina Semendeferi, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of California-San DiegoAllen pieces together the puzzle of brain evolution. No stone is left unturned as Allen mines such fields as paleontology, anthropology, comparative anatomy and physiology, and the cognitive sciences. Allen's contribution is his interdisciplinary melding of theories, disclosing their strengths and weaknesses while squeezing them for evidence on brain evolution...His material on brain evolution is fascinating. -- Scott Vieira * Library Journal *A very good introduction to recent research on cognition, especially cognition and language. An antidote to many things you have read in Pinker. -- Tyler Cowen * marginalrevolution.com *The scope and scholarship of this book is impressive...There is much to learn, even by the experienced investigator, from reading this book, which is also a treat for any science-loving reader. -- Jon H. Kaas * Journal of Clinical Investigation *Allen's book is comprised of ten chapters that collectively fulfill the promise of the introductory chapter to provide the reader with an in-depth exploration of the current knowledge of the brain...Anyone who wanted to philosophize about mind should first spend a year studying the brain in a hands-on laboratory setting. If doing so is not possible then reading Allen's book is a good substitute...The Lives of the Brain provides the reader with a comprehensive picture of the state of the knowledge of brain evolution at the beginning of the twenty-first century. -- Bob Lane * Metapsychology *Allen, a neuroanatomist and anthropologist, has provided a lucidly comprehensive intellectual account of the human brain's developmental processes. -- J. N. Muzio * Choice *In The Lives of the Brain, John S. Allen explores the many influences that anatomy, molecular biology, aging, development and culture have on the evolution and functional organization of the human brain. He provides the perspective and foundation to start thinking about brain evolution in a more sophisticated, multidimensional fashion. -- Asif A. Ghazanfar * Times Literary Supplement *The Lives of the Brain is a wonderfully engaging book. Because of its wide scope, even experts in the field are certain to make new discoveries in its pages. Because it is written in a style that is accessible and does not presuppose a specialized background in neuroscience, it will also serve as an excellent entry point for the uninitiated reader who is interested in knowing more about the human brain and its evolutionary history. -- Chet C. Sherwood * American Journal of Physical Anthropology *Allen does a remarkable job in providing an insightful and a timely synthesis of current knowledge about brain evolution...He successfully highlights the controversies that surround the "big" issue of human brain evolution and manages to integrate findings across different levels and from various fields. The style of writing is clear and the book makes a comprehensible reading for anyone with an interest in brain evolution. -- Lambros Malafouris * American Journal of Human Biology *Table of Contents* Introduction * The Human Brain in Brief * Brain Size * The Functional Evolution of the Brain * The Plastic Brain * The Molecular Evolution of the Brain * The Evolution of Feeding Behavior * The Aging Brain * Language and Brain Evolution * Optimism and the Evolution of the Brain * References * Acknowledgments * Index

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Book SynopsisIn 1858, aged thirty-five, weak with malaria, isolated in the remote Spice Islands, Alfred Russel Wallace wrote to Charles Darwin: he had, he said excitedly, worked out a theory of natural selection. Darwin was aghast - his work of decades was about to be scooped. Within a fortnight, his outline and Wallace''s paper were presented jointly in London. A year later, with Wallace still at the opposite side of the world, On the Origin of Species was published. Wallace had none of Darwin''s advantages or connections. Born in Usk, Gwent, in 1823, he left school at fourteen and in his mid-twenties spent four years in the Amazon collecting for museums and wealthy patrons, only to lose all his finds in a shipboard fire in mid-Atlantic. He vowed never to travel again. Yet two years later he was off to the East Indies, beginning an eight-year trek over thousands of miles; here he discovered countless unknown species and identified for the first time the point of divide between Asian and Australian

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Book SynopsisHow is consciousness possible? What biological purpose does it serve? Why do we value it so highly? In Soul Dust the psychologist Nicholas Humphrey, a leading figure in consciousness research, returns to the front-line with a startling new theory. Consciousness, he argues, is nothing less than a magical-mystery show that we stage for ourselves inside our own heads. This self-made show lights up the world for us, making us feel special and transcendent. Tightly argued, intellectually gripping and a joy to read, Soul Dust is a keenly anticipated book that provides answers to the deepest questions. It dovetails the ''hard problem of consciousness'' with the matters that obsess us all - the fear of death, how life should be lived. Resting firmly on neuroscience and evolutionary theory, it is an uncompromising yet life-affirming work that never loses sight of the majesty and mystery of consciousness. Trade Review'His book is not only thoroughly enjoyable but genuinely instructive too ... he has some really interesting and original ideas about consciousness' Alison Gopnik. * Alison Gopnik *'I find the argument rather beautiful, and plausible ... it has the added merit of foregrounding the wonderfulness of the world' New Humanist. * New Humanist *'Humphrey has laid out a new agenda for consciousness research' Michael Proulx, Science. * Science *'A delightful and thought-provoking tour de force' Simon Blackburn. * Simon Blackburn *'A beautifully written and highly original essay ... Humphrey wears his learning lightly but Soul Dust introduces the reader to many of the dominant scientific and philosophical ideas about consciousness' Standpoint. * Standpoint *'It's exhilarating to see this crucial question about our existence answered with such intellectual breadth' Matt Ridley, Wall Street Journal. * Wall Street Journal *Table of ContentsInvitation. Coming-to Explained. Being 'Like Something'. Sentition. Looping the Loop. So What? Being There. The Enchanted World. So That Is Who I Am! Being Number One. Entering the Soul Niche. Dangerous Territory. Cheating Death. Envoi. Acknowledgments. Notes. Index.

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding Reproduction offers a broad perspective on the phenomena of sex and reproduction. Written in an accessible and easy to digest style and featuring an abundance of examples from animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms, this book will appeal to interested general readers, biologists, science educators, philosophers and medical doctors.Trade Review'Fusco and Minelli provide a very clear and accessible overview of the strange and wonderful diversity of reproductive strategies and mechanisms in animals, plants and other organisms. They explain key concepts, define important terms, and place reproductive modes within an ecological and evolutionary context. This book will be a useful reference for biologists, students and even curious non-specialists.' Russell Bonduriansky, University of New South Wales, Australia'As a plant biologist, I often find myself trying to explain reproduction in plants as though they are somehow an anomaly rather than just another way of reaching the same goal following first principles. This perception of anomaly comes from a pedagogical bias of teaching reproduction as 'sex in mammals'. This book ties together concepts regardless of organism, drawing clear lines between a complex diversity of patterns and their underlying reproductive processes.' Chelsea D. Specht, Barbara McClintock Professor in Plant Biology, Cornell University, USATable of Contents1. Individuals and Reproduction; 2. Reproduction in the Life Cycle; 3. Reproduction Without Sex; 4. Reproduction with Sex; 5. Two-Parent Sexual Reproduction; 6. One-Parent (or Nearly so) Sexual Reproduction; 7. Development of Sexual Traits; 8. Widening the View: Reproductive Strategies; Concluding Remarks: Difficult Boundaries.

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Book SynopsisChildren growing up in harsh environments may develop intact, or even enhanced, skills for solving problems in high-adversity contexts (i.e., 'hidden talents'). This Element proposes that stress-adapted skills represent a form of adaptive intelligence enabling individuals to function within the constraints of harsh environments.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Current Evidence for Hidden Talents; 3. Neural Plasticity Enables the Development of Hidden Talents; 4. Hidden Talents as Adaptive Intelligence; 5. Leveraging Hidden Talents in Education; 6. Incorporating Hidden Talents into Social Work Theory and Practice; 7. The Hidden Talents Approach Compared with Traditional Models of Resilience; 8. Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThe newly revised and thoroughly updated standard source for mastering the human fossil record. This new edition of The Human Lineage is the best and most current guide to the morphological, geological, paleontological, and archeological evidence for the story of human evolution. This comprehensive textbook presents the history, methods, and issues of paleoanthropology through detailed analyses of the major fossils of interest to practicing scientists in the field. It will help both advanced students and practicing professionals to become involved with the lively scholarly debates that mark the field of human-origins research. Its clear and engaging chapters contain concise explanatory text and hundreds of high-quality illustrations. This thoroughly revised second edition reflects the most recent fossil discoveries and scientific analyses, offering new sections on the locomotor adaptations of Miocene hominoids, the taxonomic distinctiveness of Homo heidelbergTable of ContentsForeword xi Preface to the First Edition xiii Preface to the Second Edition xvi Some Notes on Nomenclature xix About the Companion Website xxi 1 The Fossil Record 1 1.1 The Discovery of the Deep Past 1 Changing Ideas About the Changing Earth 1 Neptune vs. Vulcan 2 A Brief Guide to Sedimentology 3 Dating the Rocks 4 The Succession of Faunas 5 Radiation-Based Dating Techniques 7 Other Dating Techniques 9 Dating Based on the Cycles of the Earth 9 The Problem of Orogeny 11 Continental Drift 11 1.2 A Brief History of Life 12 Life: The First Three Billion Years 12 Multicellular Life 14 The Cambrian Revolution 15 Jaws, Fins, and Feet 16 The Reptilian Revolutions 18 The Two Great Extinctions 20 The Mammals Take Over 21 2 Analyzing Evolution 23 2.1 Darwin and Evolution 23 Parsimony and Pigeons 23 Darwin’s Theory 24 Improving on Darwin 27 2.2 The Origin of Species 30 What, if Anything, is a Species? 30 The Speciation Process 31 The Tempo of Speciation 32 Semispecies, Hybrids, and Isolating Mechanisms 33 2.3 Species Concepts and Classification 35 Races, Semispecies, and Taxonomy 35 Other Species Concepts 37 Morphospecies and Chronospecies 39 2.4 Microevolution and Macroevolution 40 Is Evolution Smooth or Jerky? 40 The Neo-Darwinian Synthesis 41 The Politics of Macroevolution 42 2.5 Reconstructing the Tree of Life 42 Phylogenetic Inference 42 Sources of Error in Phylogenetics 44 2.6 Taxonomy and Classification 47 Linnaean Systematics 47 Evolutionary Systematics 47 Phenetics and Cladistics 49 Pros and Cons of Phylogenetic Systematics 49 3 People as Primates 51 3.1 Primates as Mammals 51 The First Mammals 51 Allometry 57 Allometry and Early Mammals 58 Death and Molar Occlusion 59 Allometry, Motherhood, and Milk 60 Respiration and the Palate 60 The Tribosphenic Molar 62 Live Birth and Placentation 64 Jurassic and Cretaceous Mammals 65 3.2 The Order Primates 66 What is a Primate? 66 The Living Strepsirrhines 73 Anthropoid Apomorphies: Ears, Eyes, and Noses 74 Tarsiers 76 Platyrrhines: The New World Anthropoids 77 Cercopithecoids: The Old World Monkeys 78 Hominoids: The Living Apes 79 Pongids and Hominids 81 Bonobos and Chimpanzees 84 Humans vs. Apes: Skulls and Teeth 85 3.3 The Primate Fossil Record 88 Primate Origins: The Crown Group 88 Fossil Primates: The Stem Group 90 Ancestral Traits and Genetic Evidence 91 The First Euprimates 92 Eocene “Lemurs” and “Tarsiers” 94 The First Anthropoids 96 Anthropoid Radiations 98 Miocene Catarrhines 99 Ape Origins 103 Cercopithecoids 107 4 The Bipedal Ape 109 4.1 The Discovery of Australopithecus 109 Being Human vs. Becoming Human 109 The Taung Child 109 Australopithecus Grows Up 111 4.2 The Anatomy of Bipedality 115 Upright Posture and the Vertebral Column 115 Bipedality and the Pelvis 116 Bipedal Locomotion: Knees 118 Bipedal Locomotion: The Hip Joint 123 Bipedal Locomotion: Feet 124 4.3 More South African Finds 127 Australopithecus Stands Up 127 The Skull of Australopithecus africanus 128 Australopithecus robustus 129 Man-Apes, Just Plain Apes, or Weird Apes? 133 Postcranial Peculiarities 133 4.4 Louis Leakey and Olduvai Gorge 135 4.5 Mio-Pliocene Enigmas 139 Sahelanthropus: The Oldest Hominin? 139 Orrorin 140 Ardipithecus 141 The Burtele Foot 146 4.6 The Genus Australopithecus 146 Australopithecus anamensis? 146 Australopithecus afarensis? 148 Afarensis Skulls and Teeth 152 Australopithecus bahrelghazali? 153 Australopithecus deyiremeda? 153 Kenyanthropus platyops? 154 Early Australopithecus from South Africa 154 Australopithecus prometheus? 155 Australopithecus aethiopicus 156 Australopithecus garhi 158 Australopithecus sediba? 159 Australopithecus boisei 160 Australopithecus robustus: Postcranial Skeleton and Relationships 162 4.7 Australopithecine Phylogeny 163 Alpha Taxonomy and Cladograms 163 Getting Around Cladistics 166 4.8 The Australopithecine Postcranium 167 Down from the Trees – How Far, How Fast? 167 Australopithecine Shoulders 171 Arms vs. Legs 172 The Hominin Hand 173 Australopithecine Vertebrae 174 Hip and Femur 177 Early Hominin Feet 179 Postcranial Diversity in Early Hominins 181 4.9 Ecology and Behavior 183 The Facts Thus Far 183 What Did Australopithecines Eat? 183 Early Hominin Environments 186 Social Ecology 188 4.10 Major Issues: Explaining Hominin Origins 192 5 The Migrating Ape 197 5.1 The Spread of Hominins out of Africa 197 5.2 The Emergence of the Genus Homo 198 Homo habilis and the Habilines 198 Habiline Dates and Stratigraphy in East Africa 203 Habiline Skulls 204 Habiline Teeth and Diets 207 Habiline Postcranial Remains 208 Habiline Taxonomy: The Frustrations of Variation 210 Back to South Africa 211 Advanced Australopithecus or Early Homo? Phylogenetic Issues 212 Early Material Culture 214 A Summary of the Habilines in Eight Questions 215 5.3 Homo erectus 216 An Introduction to Homo erectus 216 A Brief History of Homo erectus: 1889–1950 218 Later Discoveries in Africa and Eurasia 220 Erectine Chronology and Geographic Distribution 222 Asian Homo erectus: The Neurocranium 224 Cranial Capacity and the Brain in Asian Erectines 229 Asian Homo erectus: Faces and Mandibles 230 The Asian Erectine Dentition 232 Asian Erectine Postcranial Remains 233 Early African Erectine Skulls and the Ergaster Question 233 Early African Erectine Postcranial Morphology 237 Early Erectine Adaptations: Anatomy and Physiology 242 Early Erectine Adaptations: The Archaeological Evidence 245 Patterns of Development and Evolutionary Change in Erectines 247 Early Erectine Radiations in Africa 248 Out of Africa I: The First Migration into Eurasia 250 Dmanisi – The First Eurasians 253 Indonesian Erectines and the Specter of “Meganthropus” 259 Chinese Erectines 261 The Initial Occupation of Europe 262 Gran Dolina 264 5.4 Peripheral Holdouts along the Continental Margins 267 Flores 267 Luzon 272 Dushan 272 Rising Star 273 5.5 Major Issues: Summing Up the Erectines 275 6 The Big-Brained Ape: Middle Pleistocene Variants and Trends 279 6.1 Homo “heidelbergensis” 279 Crossing the Rubicon? 279 “Archaic Homo sapiens” vs. “Homo heidelbergensis” 280 Brains and Tools in the Middle Pleistocene 282 6.2 Models of Later Human Evolution 284 Changing Origin Narratives 284 The Piltdown Fraud 285 RAO and MRE 287 6.3 Regional Variants in Europe and Africa 289 European Heidelbergs 289 Petralona 290 Bilzingsleben 293 Swanscombe 293 Steinheim 294 Mauer 295 Boxgrove 296 Ceprano 296 Arago (Tautavel) and Lazaret 297 Sima de los Huesos 298 Other European Heidelbergs 303 African Heidelbergs: Kabwe 304 Bodo and Ndutu 306 African Heidelberg Mandibles 307 Other African Heidelbergs 307 North Africans 308 6.4 Asian Heidelbergs? 308 Mugharet El-Zuttiyeh 308 Other West Asian Candidates 309 South Asia 309 East Asia 309 6.5 Australasia 311 Sambungmacan 311 Ngandong 312 6.6 Supraorbital Tori, Chins, and Projecting Faces 314 6.7 The African Transition to Modern Humans 316 Background and Dating 316 The African Transitional Group: Vault Morphology 319 The African Transitional Group: Facial Morphology 320 The African Transitional Group: Additional Bones, Archaeology, and Other Matters 321 6.8 East Asian Archaic Humans 322 Background and Context 322 Dali 324 Harbin 325 Other Chinese Finds 325 East Asian Archaics: Continuity or Someone New? 326 6.9 Major Issues: Speciation, Migration, and Regional Differentiation 327 7 Talking Apes: The Neandertals 333 7.1 Changing Ideas about Neandertals 333 Early Discoveries and Interpretations 335 Neandertals – From Boule to the Twenty-First Century 338 7.2 Neandertal Chronology and Distribution 340 7.3 The Neandertal Skull 346 Neandertal Braincases 346 Neandertal Faces 356 Neandertal Mandibles 359 Neandertal Teeth 362 Prognathism 364 7.4 The Neandertal Body 366 Body Size and Proportions 366 Neck and Upper Limb 369 Lower Vertebrae, Pelvis, and Lower Limb 371 7.5 Neandertal Life History and Demography 374 7.6 Genetics and Genomics 376 The Mitochondrial Genome 376 The Nuclear Genome 378 Genes, Dates, and Lineages 379 Denisovans 380 Ghosts in the Genes 382 7.7 Brains and Behavior 383 Neandertal Brains 383 Neandertal Technology 385 Symbolic Behavior 386 Neandertals and Language 389 Diets and Subsistence Behavior 393 7.8 Neandertal Populations 395 Early European Neandertals 395 Krapina 396 “Würm” Neandertals from Western Europe 398 Western and Central Asian Neandertals 399 Late Neandertals 402 7.9 Major Issues 406 8 The Symbolic Ape: The Origins of Modern Humans 411 8.1 Symbolic Behavior 411 Signs and Symbols 411 A “Creative Explosion”? 412 8.2 Modern Human Anatomy 414 The Modern Skull 414 Cranial Capacity 416 The Postcranial Skeleton 417 8.3 The Fossil Record of Modern Human Origins 418 Geochronology 418 Early Modern Humans: The East African Record 418 Out of (East) Africa: Early Modern People in North and South Africa 421 The First Modern People Outside Africa: The Near Eastern Evidence 424 African and Circum-Mediterranean Gene Flow and Modern Human Origins 430 Modern Human Origins in East Asia 432 The First Australians 437 Europe: A Late Frontier 443 The Initial Upper Paleolithic 444 The Aurignacian and its Makers 445 The Gravettian 450 The Late Entry into Europe 452 Europe: The Morphological Evidence for Continuity 453 8.4 Genetics and Modern Human Origins 455 Genes, Populations, and Migrations 455 Human Self-Domestication? 459 Ancient DNA in Early Modern Humans 460 8.5 Modern Human Origins: The Models vs. the Data 461 The Recent African Origin Model 461 Multiregional Evolution 462 Alternative Views: The Assimilation Model 463 Assimilation and Interactions Between Modern and Archaic Humans 466 Appendix: Cranial Measurements 471 Bibliography 477 Index 583

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Book SynopsisOriginally published in 1921, this book by Major Leonard Darwin (18501943), a son of Charles Darwin, presents a personal perspective on evolution, produced in the hope of inducing 'some competent biologist to write a book suitable for the general reader in which recent changes of opinion in regard to organic evolution are clearly discussed and wisely criticised'.Table of ContentsPreface; 1. The selection of infrequent mutations and the inheritance of acquired characters could not alone account for evolution; 2. To admit the selection of small and frequent mutations amongst the explanations of evolution demands the solution of several unsolved problems; 3. The existence of a system of mutations due to imperfect segregation is suggested as one of the possible explanations; 4. The problems to be solved include the appearance of new forms and the bifurcation of species; 5. Infertility between species and facts connected with pure lines have also to be explained; 6. In experiments designed to test this hypothesis natural conditions should be imitated as far as possible.

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Book SynopsisThe first book to discuss milk from a comparative and evolutionary perspective, Power and Schulkin's masterpiece reveals the rich biological story of the common thread that connects all mammals.Trade ReviewThe book provides a unique lens for understanding milk and the processes involved in producing milk. It is well written and highly readable. It will be of value both to experts in the field as well as to novices looking for an encompassing overview.—The Quarterly Review of BiologyTable of ContentsPrefaceIntroductionPart I. The Birth of MilkChapter 1. Feeding Off springChapter 2. OriginsChapter 3. The Molecules of MilkChapter 4. Prolactin and OxytocinPart II. Milk as a FoodChapter 5. Not Quite PerfectionChapter 6. The Milk SpectrumChapter 7. Lactation StrategiesPart III. More Than Food8. Milk ProtectsChapter 9. Milk GuidesChapter 10. Milk RegulatesChapter 11. Developmental Origins of Health and DiseasePart IV. Our Mother's MilkChapter 12. Milk and Human EvolutionChapter 13. Breastfeeding, History, and HealthReferencesIndex

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Book SynopsisRachel spent 11 years studying and teaching philosophy at the universities of London and Oxford before joining Usborne. Since then she has written books on subjects ranging from knights, to food, to philosophy, as well as retelling folk stories, and writing children's versions of numerous novels.

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Book SynopsisOn the Origin of Species outlines Charles Darwin's world-changing theory that life on Earth had not been brought into being by a creator, but had arisen from a single common ancestor and had evolved over time through the process of natural selection. This beautiful Macmillan Collector's Library edition of On the Origin of Species is complete and unabridged, and features an afterword by Oliver Francis. Designed to appeal to the booklover, the Macmillan Collector's Library is a series of beautiful gift editions of much loved classic titles. Macmillan Collector's Library are books to love and treasure.Received with both enthusiasm and hostility on its publication, it triggered a seismic shift in our understanding of humanity's place in the natural world. It is not only a brilliant work of science but also a clear, vivid, sometimes moving piece of popular writing that reflects both Darwin's genius and his boundless enthusiasm for our planet and its species.

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Book SynopsisPublished by Sinauer Associates, an imprint of Oxford University Press. Phylogenetic Trees Made Easy, Fifth Edition helps the reader get started in creating phylogenetic trees from protein or nucleic acid sequence data. Although aimed at molecular and cell biologists, who may not be familiar with phylogenetic or evolutionary theory, it also serves students who have a theoretical understanding of phylogenetics but need guidance in transitioning to a practical application of the methodology. The reader is led, step by step, through identifying and acquiring the sequences to be included in a tree, aligning the sequences, estimating the tree by one of several methods, and drawing the tree for presentation to an intended audience. Learn More boxes present background on the various concepts and methods.

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Book Synopsis'A great journalist with a whip-like satirical prose style… Wolfe’s great gift is to make the heavy seem light and this book is such an entertaining polemic that I read it in a day and immediately wanted to read it again.' - Bryan Appleyard, Sunday Times Tom Wolfe, whose legend began in journalism, takes us on an eye-opening journey through language. The Kingdom of Speech is a paradigm-shifting argument that speech - not evolution - is responsible for humanity's complex societies and achievements.From Alfred Russel Wallace, the Englishman who beat Darwin to the theory of natural selection but later renounced it, and through the controversial work of modern-day anthropologist Daniel Everett, who defies the current wisdom that language is hard-wired in humans, Wolfe examines the solemn, long-faced, laugh-out-loud zig-zags of Darwinism, old and Neo, and finds it irrelevant here in our Kingdom of Speech.Trade ReviewA great journalist with a whip-like satirical prose style… Wolfe’s great gift is to make the heavy seem light and this book is such an entertaining polemic that I read it in a day and immediately wanted to read it again. -- Bryan Appleyard * Sunday Times *You’re in the hands of a master who has never written a dull word in his life. Tom Wolfe, America’s greatest man of letters, is 85 and still fizzing with energy and insight… Wolfe packs a lot in it, [The Kingdom of Speech] writing with the fluency and vigour of a man one-third his age. -- James Delingpole * Mail on Sunday *The style is instantly recognisable, and the book hurtles on for 160 pages of wicked, opinionated, high-velocity prose. -- Alun Anderson * New Scientist *A marvelous mix of gleeful energy and whip-around-the-neck control, and his book is a gas to read. -- Charles Mann * Wall Street Journal (Europe) *It is clear how much we have missed him… The wonder of his book is its point of view. He is a polemicist, a slayer of reputation and pretension… It is wonderful to have him back. -- Philip Delves Broughton * Financial Times *

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Book SynopsisIn 1859 Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species. In this bedrock of biology books Darwin carved a new origin-story for all life: evolution rather than creation. In his new biography J. David Archibald describes and analyses Darwin’s prodigious body of work, as well as his equally productive home life – he lived with his wife and seven children in the hectic environs of Down House, south of London. There among his family and friends Darwin continued to experiment and write many more books on orchids, sex, emotions, and earthworms until his death in 1882, when he was honoured with burial at Westminster Abbey. This is a fresh, up-to-date account of the life and work of a most remarkable man.Trade ReviewDon’t let the slender stature of this book fool you. This is a powerful and authoritative guide to the complex and often misrepresented life and work of Charles Darwin. J. David Archibald has mastered the sources and takes his readers on an extraordinary journey. – John van Wyhe, historian of science, Director of Darwin Online

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Book SynopsisLandscapes of Human Evolution is an edited volume in honour of John Gowlett. John has a wide range of research interests primarily focused on the human genus Homo, and is a world leader in understanding the cognitive and behavioural preconditions necessary for the emergence of complex behaviours such as language and art. John is also a leader in investigating the early history of fire use and control in relation to social action and hominin communication. Landscapes of Human Evolution seeks to mirror John’s research profile and explores some of the most recent thinking regarding human evolution from the biological and cognitive development of our human ancestors, to the behavioural adaptations necessary to survive changing Pleistocene landscapes and environments. Specifically, Landscapes of Human Evolution focuses on the development of large hominin brains and bipedal locomotion; hominin interactions with landscape; and the amplification of complex hominin behaviours and social structures from the control of fire through to changing lithic technologies. Such an overview of the development of human ancestral species from a biological, cognitive, social, and behavioural perspective is particularly timely given the many recent advances in our understanding of the complexities of human evolution.Trade Review'... some excellent contributions and a worthy homage to the continuing career of one of the discipline’s true 'master craftsmen'. - Dave Underhill (2020): Azania: Archaeological Research in AfricaTable of ContentsForeword - James Cole, John McNabb, Matt Grove and Rob Hosfield ; A Good Man in Africa: John Gowlett’s Writings on Africa and its Hominin Archaeology from the late 1970s to the early 2000s - John McNabb ; Brain Size Evolution in the Hominin Clade - Andrew Du and Bernard Wood ; Australopithecus or Homo? The postcranial evidence - Robin H. Crompton ; Evolutionary Diversity and Adaptation in Early Homo - Alan Bilsborough and Bernard Wood ; Rift Dynamics and Archaeological Sites: Acheulean Land Use in Geologically Unstable Settings - Simon Kübler, Geoff Bailey, Stephen Rucina, Maud Devès and Geoffrey C.P. King ; How many handaxes make an Acheulean? A case study from the SHK-Annexe site, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania - Ignacio de la Torre and Rafael Mora ; An Acheulian Balancing Act: A Multivariate Examination of Size and Shape in Handaxes from Amanzi Springs, Eastern Cape, South Africa - Matthew V. Caruana and Andy I. R. Herries ; Reflections on Possible Zoomorphic Acheulean bifaces from Southwestern Algeria - Thomas Wynn, Mohamed Sahnouni, Tony Berlant and Claude Douce ; Variable cognition in the evolution of Homo: biology and behaviour in the African Middle Stone Age - Robert A. Foley and Marta Mirazón Lahr ; Initial source evaluation of archaeological obsidian from Middle Stone Age site Kilombe GqJ h3 West 200, Kenya, East Africa - Sally Hoare, Stephen Rucina and John A.J. Gowlett ; The eternal triangle of human evolution - Clive Gamble ; Climate, Fire and the Biogeography of Palaeohominins (Robin I.M. Dunbar) [Open Access: Download] ; Fire, the Hearth (ocak) and Social Life: examples from an Alevi community in Anatolia - David Shankland ; From Specialty to Specialist: a citation analysis of Evolutionary Anthropology, Palaeolithic Archaeology and the work of John Gowlett 1970-2018 - Anthony Sinclair

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Book SynopsisConversations in Human Evolution is an ongoing science communication initiative seeking to explore the breadth and interdisciplinarity of human evolution studies. This volume reports twenty interviews (referred to as ‘conversations’ as they are informal in style) with scholars at the forefront of human evolution research, covering the broad scientific themes of quaternary and archaeological science, Palaeolithic archaeology, biological anthropology and palaeoanthropology, primatology and evolutionary anthropology and evolutionary genetics. This project features academics at various different stages in their careers and from all over the world; in this volume alone, researchers are based at institutions in seven different countries (namely the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States of America, Germany, Denmark, India, and China), covering four continents. Having arisen at the start of the COVID19 pandemic, Conversations in Human Evolution aims to encourage engagement with both human evolutionary studies and the broader socio-political issues that persist within academia, the latter of which is particularly pertinent during this time of global uncertainty. The conversations delve deeply into the study of our species’ evolutionary history through the lens of each sub-discipline, as well as detailing some of the most current advances in research, theory and methods. Overall, Conversations in Human Evolution seeks to bridge the gap between the research and researcher through contextualisation of the science with personal experience and historical reflection.Table of ContentsConversations in Human Evolution – Lucy Timbrell ; Part 1: Quaternary and Archaeological Science ; Enrico Crema ; Felix Riede ; Ben Marwick ; Chris Hunt ; Andy Herries ; Part 2: Palaeolithic Archaeology ; Shanti Pappu ; Michael Petraglia ; Shi-Xia Yang ; John Gowlett ; Eleanor Scerri ; Rob Davies ; Part 3: Biological Anthropology and Palaeoanthropology ; Emma Pomeroy ; Chris Stringer ; Katerina Harvati ; Bernard Wood ; Part 4: Primatology and Evolutionary Anthropology ; Susana Carvalho ; Isabelle Winder ; Fiona Jordan ; Part 5: Evolutionary Genetics ; Eske Willerslev ; Pontus Skoglund

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Book SynopsisOn his death, Arthur Boucot (1924–2017) left an unfinished manuscript in which he surveyed the skeletal, behavioural, and cultural changes that have characterized Homo from its first recognition in the Late Pliocene to the present. The subjects he treated were as varied as the preparation of food for infants, the length of intestines, hafting, plastering, use of flint and metals, the domestication of grains and animals, and the prevalence of parasitic diseases. His text repeatedly notes the difficulties imposed by the enormous gaps in both fossil and archaeological records. Boucot deduced a continuity in basic human behaviours from the Oldowan and Acheulian into modern forms, and made a point of including Neandertals and Denisovans. But he also pointed out that morphological changes in successive species of Homo do not coincide in time with major changes in lithic technologies. Boucot concluded that a quantum evolutionary gap separates hominins from the great apes: that members of our line were sapient and had been using language long before they became sapiens. In his text he also indicates his concern for changes to the environment wrought by human activities. The results of this late-life effort, edited after his death, provide a heavily referenced sourcebook for future workers in diverse fields.Table of ContentsPreface ; Introduction ; Thesis ; First Appearance of ‘New’ Behaviors or New Technologies? ; Taxonomy ; Quantum Evolution ; Data ; Summary ; Skeletal Features ; Soft-Tissue Evidence with Some Skeletal Basis ; Soft-Tissue Evidence Supported by Molecular Information ; Soft Tissue Variables with No Skeletal Evidence ; Behavioral Features ; Physiological Features ; Food Processing ; Sources of Food ; Evidence for Cultivation ; Cooking ; Gathering and Processing Fruits, Seeds, and other Edible Plant Parts ; Hunting and Fishing ; Farming ; Water Resources ; Human-Waste Disposal, Rubbish Disposal, Baths, and Drainage ; Behavioral–Technological Innovations ; Tools and Materials ; Warfare and Interpersonal Violence ; Textiles, Clothing, Basketry, Matting, Wooden Containers ; Property ; Trading and Transport of Materials ; Transportation ; Fire ; Architecture ; Measurements and Numbers ; Scales, Balances, Weights ; Religion ; Care of the Handicapped ; Communication ; Art ; Conclusions ; Bibliography

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Book SynopsisConversations in Human Evolution is an ongoing science communication initiative seeking to explore the breadth and interdisciplinarity of human evolution studies. This volume reports another twenty interviews (referred to as ‘conversations’ as they are informal in style) with scholars at the forefront of human evolution research, covering the broad scientific themes of Palaeolithic archaeology, palaeoanthropology and biological anthropology, earth science and palaeoclimatic change, evolutionary anthropology and primatology, and human disease co-evolution. This project features academics at various different stages in their careers and from all over the world; in this volume alone, researchers are based at institutions in eleven different countries (namely Iran, India, the United Kingdom, Greece, Australia, South Africa, the United States of America, the Netherlands, Germany, France and Israel), covering five continents. Having arisen at the start of the COVID19 pandemic, Conversations in Human Evolution aims to encourage engagement with both human evolutionary studies and the broader socio-political issues that persist within academia, the latter of which is particularly pertinent during this time of global uncertainty. The conversations delve deeply into the study of our species’ evolutionary history through the lens of each sub-discipline, as well as detailing some of the most current advances in research, theory and methods. Overall, Conversations in Human Evolution seeks to bridge the gap between the research and researcher through contextualisation of the science with personal experience and historical reflection.Table of ContentsConversations in Human Evolution – Lucy Timbrell ; Part 1: Palaeolithic Archaeology ; Sonia Shidrang ; Ravi Korisettar ; Jennifer French ; Rebecca Wragg Sykes ; Nena Galanidou ; Part 2: Palaeoanthropology and biological anthropology ; Rainer Grün ; Briana Pobiner ; Mirriam Tawane ; Trish Biers ; Tanya Smith ; Rebecca Ackermann ; Part 3: Earth science and palaeoclimatic change ; Rick Potts ; Mark Maslin ; Yoshi Maezumi ; Part 4: Evolutionary anthropology and primatology ; Duncan Stibbard Hawkes ; Ammie Kalan ; Lynne Isbell ; Part 5: Human-disease evolution ; Hila May ; Simon Underdown ; Lluis Quintana-Murci

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Book SynopsisThis book traces the history of life-concepts, with a focus on the vegetable souls of Aristotle, investigating how they were interpreted and eventually replaced by evolutionary biology. Philosophers have long struggled with the relationship between physics, physiology, and psychology, asking questions of organization, purpose, and agency. For two millennia, the vegetable soul, nutrition, and reproduction were commonly used to understand basic life and connect it to “higher” animal and vegetable life. Cartesian dualism and mechanism destroyed this bridge and left biology without an organizing principle until Darwin. Modern biology parallels Aristotelian vegetable life-concepts, but remains incompatible with the animal, rational, subjective, and spiritual life-concepts that developed through the centuries. Recent discoveries call for a second look at Aristotle’s ideas – though not their medieval descendants. Life remains an active, chemical process whose cause, identity, and purpose is self-perpetuation.Trade Review“Life Concepts, Mix (Harvard) provides a comprehensive treatise of the soul, emphasizing nutritive or vegetable souls, from the concept's beginnings with Homer and pre-Socratic philosophers to significant development of the disparate views of Plato and Aristotle. … As a philosophical and theological work, Mix provides a meaningful and engaging account of a deep, enduring subject.” (Z. B. Johnson, Choice, Vol. 56 (8), April, 2019)​Table of Contents1. Vegetable Souls? 2. Greek Life – Psyche and Early Life-Concepts 3. Strangely Moved – Appetitive Souls in Plato 4. Three Causes in One – Biological Explanation in Aristotle 5. Life in Action – Nutritive Souls in Aristotle 6. Plants versus Animals in Hellenistic Thought 7. The Breath of Life – Nephesh in Hebrew Scriptures 8. Life after Life – Spiritual Life in Christianity 9. Invisible Seeds – Life-Concepts in Augustine 10. Aristotle Returns – A Second Medieval Synthesis 11. Life Divided – Vegetable Life in Aquinas 12. Mechanism Displaces the Soul 13. Divided Hopes – Physics versus Metaphysics 14. Ghosts in the Machine – Vitalism 15. The Same and Different – Early Theories of Evolution 16. Vegetable Significance – Evolution by Natural Selection 17. “Vegetables” versus Modern Plants 18. Counting Lives- Regulators and Replicators 19. What Can Be Revived (and What Cannot)

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Book SynopsisIn the context of life sciences, we are constantly confronted with information that possesses precise semantic values and appears essentially immersed in a specific evolutionary trend. In such a framework, Nature appears, in Monod’s words, as a tinkerer characterized by the presence of precise principles of self-organization. However, while Monod was obliged to incorporate his brilliant intuitions into the framework of first-order cybernetics and a theory of information with an exclusively syntactic character such as that defined by Shannon, research advances in recent decades have led not only to the definition of a second-order cybernetics but also to an exploration of the boundaries of semantic information. As H. Atlan states, on a biological level "the function self-organizes together with its meaning". Hence the need to refer to a conceptual theory of complexity and to a theory of self-organization characterized in an intentional sense. There is also a need to introduce, at the genetic level, a distinction between coder and ruler as well as the opportunity to define a real software space for natural evolution. The recourse to non-standard model theory, the opening to a new general semantics, and the innovative definition of the relationship between coder and ruler can be considered, today, among the most powerful theoretical tools at our disposal in order to correctly define the contours of that new conceptual revolution increasingly referred to as metabiology. This book focuses on identifying and investigating the role played by these particular theoretical tools in the development of this new scientific paradigm. Nature "speaks" by means of mathematical forms: we can observe these forms, but they are, at the same time, inside us as they populate our organs of cognition. In this context, the volume highlights how metabiology appears primarily to refer to the growth itself of our instruments of participatory knowledge of the world.Table of ContentsChapter 1: On the verge of life: Looking for a new scientific paradigm.- Chapter 2: Drawing a software space for natural evolution.- Chapter 3: Non-standard models and the "construction" of life.- Chapter 4: Regulatory logic, algorithmic information and general semantics.- Chapter 5: The roots of morphogenesis: notes for a new tale.

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Book SynopsisOther animals are driven to spend essentially their whole lives just trying to get fed, stay alive, and get laid. That’s about it. The same was true for our proto-human ancestors. And modern humans of course also require a Survival Drive and a Sex Drive in order to leave descendants. But today we spend most of our lives mainly just trying to convince ourselves that our existence is not absurd. In What We Are, Queen’s University biologist, Lonnie Aarssen, traces how our biocultural evolution has shaped Homo sapiens into the only creature that refuses to be what it is — the only creature preoccupied with a deeply ingrained, and absurd sentiment: I have a distinct ‘mental life’—an ‘inner self’—that exists separately and apart from ‘material life’, and so, unlike the latter, need not come to an end. This delusion conceivably gave our distant ancestors some wishful thinking for finding some measure of relief from the terrifying, uniquely human knowledge of the eventual loss of corporeal survival. But this came with an impulsive, nagging doubt — an obsessive underlying uncertainty: ‘self-impermanence anxiety’. Biocultural evolution, however, was not finished. It also gave us two additional, uniquely human, primal drives, both serving to help quell the burden of this anxiety. Legacy Drive generates delusional cultural domains for ‘extension’ of self; and Leisure Drive generates pleasurable cultural domains for distraction – ‘escape’ – from self. Legacy Drive and Leisure Drive, Aarssen argues, represent two of the most profound consequences of human cognitive and cultural evolution. What We Are advances propositions regarding how a visceral susceptibility to self-impermanence anxiety has — paradoxically — played a pivotal role in rewarding the reproductive success of our ancestors, and has thus been a driving force in shaping fundamental motivations and cultural norms of modern humans. More than any other milestone in the evolution of human minds, self-impermanence anxiety, and its mitigating Drives for Legacy and Leisure, account for not just the advance of civilization over the past many thousands of years, but also now, its impending collapse. Effective management of this crisis, Aarssen insists, will require a deeper and more broadly public understanding of its Darwinian evolutionary roots — as laid out in What We Are.Table of ContentsChapter 1 What Have We Done? Chapter 2 A Primer on Evolutionary Roots Chapter 3 Becoming Human Chapter 4 Discovery of Self Chapter 5 The March of Progress Chapter 6 Whispering Genes Chapter 7 The Mating Machine Chapter 8 Staying Alive Chapter 9 Escape From Self Chapter 10 Extension of Self Chapter 11 The Big Four Human Drives Chapter 12 Becoming The Solution

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Book SynopsisThis volume describes features of autonomy and integrates them into the recent discussion of factors in evolution. In recent years ideas about major transitions in evolution are undergoing a revolutionary change. They include questions about the origin of evolutionary innovation, their genetic and epigenetic background, the role of the phenotype and of changes in ontogenetic pathways. In the present book, it is argued that it is likewise necessary to question the properties of these innovations and what was qualitatively generated during the macroevolutionary transitions.The author states that a recurring central aspect of macroevolutionary innovations is an increase in individual organismal autonomy whereby it is emancipated from the environment with changes in its capacity for flexibility, self-regulation and self-control of behavior.The first chapters define the concept of autonomy and examine its history and its epistemological context. Later chapters demonstrate how changes in autonomy took place during the major evolutionary transitions and investigate the generation of organs and physiological systems. They synthesize material from various disciplines including zoology, comparative physiology, morphology, molecular biology, neurobiology and ethology. It is argued that the concept is also relevant for understanding the relation of the biological evolution of man to his cultural abilities.Finally the relation of autonomy to adaptation, niche construction, phenotypic plasticity and other factors and patterns in evolution is discussed. The text has a clear perspective from the context of systems biology, arguing that the generation of biological autonomy must be interpreted within an integrative systems approach.Trade Review“The core of Rosslenbroich’s book is a series of chapters examining the evolutionary trajectory of autonomy in more detail, through the lenses of history and function. The depth of the treatment of evidence is remarkable, his command of principles and facts of anatomy and physiology enviable.” (Daniel W. McShea, Biology & Philosophy, Vol. 30 (3), May, 2015)“The volume explores the nature of biological autonomy and its application to understanding major evolutionary trends. … this is an important book that deserves to play a role in the reforming of an updated evolutionary synthesis; it will appeal to evolutionary biologists, philosophers of science, and even zoologists who will accordingly reconsider morphological, anatomical, physiological, and behavioral features of animal life in a new, dynamic context.” (Mark Riegner, The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol. 90 (1), March, 2015)“I recommend the book as a fine blend of thought-provoking holism, built around a conscientious survey of the deeper implications of dynamic systems and process thinking, essential to revise our still-too-static view of biology, and incorporate a mature understanding of autonomy.” (Martin Lockley, Acta Biotheoretica, August, 2014)Table of ContentsWhat is the outcome of evolution?.- The problem of macroevolutionary trends.- The concept of biological autonomy.- The major transitions in early evolution.- The Cambrian explosion and thereafter.- Fluid management in animals.- Reproduction.- Nervous systems and the flexibility of movements.- Endothermy.- The evolution of brains and behavior: is there a trend?.- The evolution of man.- Conclusion and implications.

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Book SynopsisSpontaneous self-cloning or clonality is a widespread phenomenon in the plant kingdom, and has a wide array of ecological and evolutionary implications. This volume is the outcome of an international workshop on clonal plant biology aimed at illustrating current progress and recent developments in the scientific study of clonality in plants. The first section of this book includes a collection of original research articles which demonstrate the wide variety of approaches and scientific challenges linked to clonality in plants. The topics covered in this section include ecological and evolutionary implications of sexual versus asexual propagation, including life-history evolution and sex-ratio dynamics, the importance of internal resource transport and remobilization of storage products for the invasiveness and competitiveness of clonal plants, a survey of clonal growth forms in grassland communities, and studies on the interactions between clonal plants and animals and fungi. The approaches used range from experimental studies on a broad variety of systems to mathematical modeling of clonal growth and its consequences. The second part features discussion and review papers on a diverse array of subjects, ranging from developmental considerations of clonality, principles of selection and evolution in clonal plants, a survey of clonality in algae, to potential implications of clonality for plant mating, and beyond. This part of the volume aims at presenting novel ideas and hypotheses, and at summarizing existing knowledge in previously under-researched areas, thereby providing directions for future research initiatives. This book captures ongoing cutting-edge research in the field of clonal plant ecology and evolution. It is directed to anyone from the undergraduate to specialist level who is interested in the biology of the intriguing phenomenon of asexual propagation in plants. Table of ContentsIntroduction. Local sex-ratio dynamics and sexual reproduction: a model for the dioecious liverwort Marchantia inflexa; D.N. McLetchie, et al. Relative contributions of sexual and asexual regeneration strategies in Populus nigra and Salix alba during the first years of establishment on a braided gravel bed river; N. Barsoum. The role of vegetative spread and seed dispersal for optimal life histories of clonal plants: a simulation study; E. Winkler, M. Fischer. Clonal integration enhances survival and performance of Potentilla anserina, suffering from partial sand burial on Ordos plateau, China; F. Yu, et al. Fragmentation of clones: how does it influence dispersal and competitive ability? B. Oborny, Á. Kun. Seasonal patterns of partitioning and remobilization of 14C in the invasive rhizomatous perennial Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene); E.A.C. Price, et al. The effects of mowing and fertilization on carbohydrate reserves and regrowth of grasses: do they promote plant coexistence in species-rich meadows? L. Klimes, J. Klimesová. Classifying clonal growth forms based on vegetative mobility and ramet longevity: a whole community analysis; A. Tamm, et al. A simulation study of the effects of architectural constraints and resource translocation on population structure and competition in clonal plants; T. Herben, J.-I. Suzuki. The developmental ecology of mycorrhizal associations in mayapple, Podophyllum peltatum, Berberidaceae; M.A. Watson, et al. Age- and stage-based bud demography of Salix arctica under contrasting muskox grazing pressure in the High Arctic; A. Tolvanen, et al. The influence of position on genet growth: a simulation of a population of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) genets undergrazing; C.P.D. Birch. Developmental processes and the evolution of plant clonality; T. Sachs. The loss of sex in clonal plants; C.G. Eckert. Consequences of clonal growth for plant mating; A. Charpentier. Clonal architecture in marine macroalgae: ecological and evolutionary perspectives; L. Collado-Vides. Investigating the community consequences of competition among clonal plants; L. Gough, et al. On the evolution of clonal plant life histories; M. Fischer, M. van Kleunen. Fitness and evolution in clonal plants: the impact of clonal growth; J.J. Pan, J.S. Price.

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Book SynopsisComparison of closely related species is a powerful D. melanogaster. In D. melanogaster, microsatel- approach to understanding the changes that have oc- lites reveal that West African popUlations are more curred since their divergence from a common ancestor. closely related to non-African populations than to The sibling species Drosophila melanogaster and D. East African popUlations. East African populations are simulans are probably the species pair for which the more variable than West African or non-African popu- most genetic data are available. A workshop held at lations, suggesting that East African populations may 1 Gif/Yvette in January 2002 reviewed and discussed more closely reflect African ancestral variability. comparisons between these species, from their ecol- Ecophysiology, popUlation dynamics and popula- tion structure are also important to understanding the ogy and biogeography to their behavior and DNA evolution of the two species. Genetic diversity (8) polymorphism. is higher in D. simulans (S. Mousset and R. Singh).Table of ContentsPreface; P. Capy, P. Gibert, I. Boussy. 1. Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila simulans: so similar yet so different; P. Capy, P. Gibert. Biogegraphy and population structure: past and present. 2. How two Afrotropical endemics made two cosmopolitan human commensals: the Drosophila melanogaster-D. simulans palaeogeographic riddle; D. Lachaise, J.F. Silvain. 3. Mitochondrial DNA in the Drosophila melanogaster complex; M. Solignac. 4. Wolbachia infections in Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans: Polymorphism and levels of cytoplasmic incompatibility; H. Mercot, S. Charlat. 5. Historicity and the population genetics in Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans; M. Veuille, E. Baudry, M. Cobb, N. Derome, E. Gravot. 6. Patterns of microsatellite variability in the Drosophila melanogaster complex; B. Harr, C. Schlötterer. 7. Molecular polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans: What have we learned from recent studies? S. Mousset, N. Derome. 8. The Sex-Ratio trait and its evolution in Drosophila simulans: a comparative approach; D. Jutier, N. Derome, C. Montchamp-Moreau. 9. A reanalysis of protein polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, D. sechellia, and D. mauritiana: effect of population size and selection; R.A. Morton, M. Choudhary, M.-L. Cariou, R.S. Singh. Transposable elements and chromosomes. 10. Transposable element dynamics in two sibling species: Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans; C. Viera, C. Biémont. 11. Wanderings of hobo: a transposon in Drosophila melanogaster and its close relatives; L.A. Boussy, M. Itoh. 12. Mitotic and polytene chromosomes:comparisons between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans; S. Aulard, L. Monti, N. Chaminade, F. Lemeunier. Geographical variability and adaptation. 13. Comparative life histories and ecophysiology of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans; J.R. David, R. Allemand, P. Capy, M. Chakir, P. Gibert, G. Pétavy, B. Moreteau. 14. Comparative analysis of morphological traits among Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans: genetic variability, clines and phenotypic plasticity; P. Gibert, P. Capy, A. Imasheva, B. Moreteau, J.P. Morin, G. Pétavy, J.R. David. 15. Ecological and genetic interactions in Drosophila-parasitoids communities: a case study with D. melanogaster, D. simulans and their common Leptopilina parasitoids in South-Eastern France; F. Fleury, N. Ris, R. Allemand, P. Fouillet, Y. Carton, M. Boulétreau. 16. Relations between cuticular hydrocarbon polymorphism, resistance against desiccation and breeding temperature: a model for their evolution in Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans.J. Rouault, C. Marican, C. Wicker-Thomas, J.-M. Jallon. 17. Molecular analysis of circadian clocks in Drosophila simulans; A.S. Rogers, E. Rosato, R. Costa, C.P. Kyriacou. 18. Mutation in Drosophila simulans that lengthens the circadian period of locomotor activity; A.S. Rogers, A.E. Stefan, C. Pasetto, E. Rosato, R. Costa, C.P. Kyriacou. 19. Sperm size evolution in Drosophila: inter- and intraspecific analysis; D. Joly, A. Korol, E. Nevo. Speciation: pre and post zygotic isolation. 20. The nature of genetic variation in sex and reproduction-related genes among sibling species of the Drosophila melanogaster complex; R.J. Kulathinal, R.S. Singh. 21. Genetics of

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Book SynopsisFrom guppies to Galapagos finches and from adaptive landscapes to haldanes, this compilation of contributed works provides reviews, perspectives, theoretical models, statistical developments, and empirical demonstrations exploring the tempo and mode of microevolution on contemporary to geological time scales. New developments, and reviews, of classic and novel empirical systems demonstrate the strength and diversity of evolutionary processes producing biodiversity within species. Perspectives and theoretical insights expand these empirical observations to explore patterns and mechanisms of microevolution, methods for its quantification, and implications for the evolution of biodiversity on other scales. This diverse assemblage of manuscripts is aimed at professionals, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates who desire a timely synthesis of current knowledge, an illustration of exciting new directions, and a springboard for future investigations in the study of microevolution in the wild.Table of ContentsAn introduction to microevolution: rate, pattern, process; A.P. Hendry, M.T. Kinnison. The adaptive landscape as a conceptual bridge between micro- and macroevolution; S.J. Arnold, et al. Possible consequences of genes of major effect: transient changes in the G-matrix; A.F. Agrawal, et al. Toward a new synthesis: population genetics and evolutionary developmental biology; N.A. Johnson, A.H. Porter. Epistasis, complex traits, and mapping genes; M.J. Wade. Population structure inhibits evolutionary diversification under competition for resources; T. Day. Variation, selection and evolution of function-valued traits; J.G. Kingsolver, et al. Why the null matters: statistical tests, random walks and evolution; H.D. Sheets, C.E. Mitchell. Rates of evolution on the time scale of the evolutionary process; P.D. Gingerich. The pace of modern life II: from rates of contemporary microevolution to pattern and process; M.T. Kinnison, A.P. Hendry. Trends and rates of microevolution in plants; E. Bone, A. Farres. The population ecology of contemporary adaptations: what empirical studies reveal about the conditions that promote adaptive evolution; D.N. Reznick, C.K. Ghalambor. Explaining stasis: microevolutionary studies in natural populations; J. Merilä, et al. Ring species as bridges between microevolution and speciation; D.E. Irwin, et al. Microevolution in island rodents; O.R.W. Pergams, M.V. Ashley. Genetic architecture of adaptive differentiation in evolving host races of the soapberry bug, Jadera haematoloma; S.P. Carroll, et al. Rapid evolution of wing size clines in Drosophila subobscura; G.W. Gilchrist, et al. Insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens: what have we learnedabout adaptation? M. Raymond, et al. High gene flow levels lead to gamete wastage in a desert spider system; S.E. Riechert, et al. Integrating genetic and environmental forces that shape the evolution of geographic variation in a marine snail; G.C. Trussell, R.J. Etter. On morphological clocks and paleophylogeography: towards a timescale for Sorex hybrid zones; P.D. Polly. A population founded by a single pair of individuals: establishment, expansion, and evolution; P.R. Grant, et al. Refugial isolation versus ecological gradients; T.B. Smith, et al. Experimental studies of adaptive differentiation in Bahamian Anolis lizards; J.B. Losos, et al. Runaway social games, genetic cycles driven by alternative male and female strategies, and the origin of morphs; B. Sinervo. Mechanisms of rapid sympatric speciation by sex reversal and sexual selection in cichlid fish; R. Lande, et al. Lateral plate evolution in the threespine stickelback: getting nowhere fast; M.A. Bell. Sexual conflict and evolution in Trinidadian guppies; A.E. Magurran. A century of life-history evolution in grayling; T.O. Haugen, L.A. Vøllestad. Evolution of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations in New Zealand: pattern, rate, and process; T.P. Quinn, et al. Adaptive divergence and the evolution of reproductive isolation in the wild: an empirical demonstration using introduced sockeye salmon; A.P. Hendry. Authors index.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThis book written by Professor Chi Yen of Sichuan Agricultural University in Chinese was published by China Agriculture Press (ISBN 978-7-109-22791-0). It describes a new theory on the constitution of organs of the higher plants based on experimental evidence, the multiple secondary axis theory. This theory states that all organs of the higher plants are the constitution of multiple secondary axes. The primary axis extends bipolarly to initiate the above- and the below-ground parts of a plant, from which secondary axes develop. Leaves are split, expanded upper ends of terminal secondary axes. Stems are merged lower ends of the secondary axes, Vascular bundles are secondary structures developed within the axes which interconnect with each other to form the central core of the stem and branches and the veins in the leaves. Roots form through the downward extension of the lower ends of the axes toward or within the underground and branch roots are unsplit secondary axes. All new axes emerge from the inner side of existing, split axes. All floral organs including fruits, seeds and vegetative reproduction organs such as bulbils and plantlets, are deformed axes. This theory is significant in guiding the scientific design of the ideotype of crops to optimize the development of the economically important organ(s) of a crop.Table of Contents Chapter 1. The two contrary theories about organogenesis in morphology of the higher plants.-chapter 2. Saunders’ Leaf-skin Theory of Stem.- Chapter 3. Leaves are split axes.- Chapter 4. Re-evaluation of the evidences for the Telome Theory.- Chapter 5. What do hooded-awn barley, bitter bamboo, tortoise shell bamboo, paspalum and crabgrass show us?.- Chapter 6. The ontogenesis of higher plants.- Chapter 7. The organogenesis of higher plants.- Chapter 8. Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisInformation Theory and Evolution discusses the phenomenon of life, including its origin and evolution (and also human cultural evolution), against the background of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and information theory. Among the central themes is the seeming contradiction between the second law of thermodynamics and the high degree of order and complexity produced by living systems. This paradox has its resolution in the information content of the Gibbs free energy that enters the biosphere from outside sources, as the author will show. The role of information in human cultural evolution is another focus of the book.The first edition of Information Theory and Evolution made a strong impact on thought in the field by bringing together results from many disciplines. The new second edition offers updated results based on reports of important new research in several areas, including exciting new studies of the human mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal DNA. Another extensive discussion featured in the second edition is contained in a new appendix devoted to the relationship of entropy and Gibbs free energy to economics. This appendix includes a review of the ideas of Alfred Lotka, Frederick Soddy, Nicholas Georgiescu-Roegen and Herman E. Daly, and discusses the relevance of these ideas to the current economic crisis.The new edition discusses current research on the origin of life, the distinction between thermodynamic information and cybernetic information, new DNA research and human prehistory, developments in current information technology, and the relationship between entropy and economics.Table of ContentsPioneers of Evolutionary Thought; Charles Darwin's Life and Work; Molecular Biology and Evolution; Statistical Mechanics and Information; Information Flow in Biology; Cultural Evolution and Information; Information Technology; Bioinformation Technology; Looking Towards the Future; Appendix A: Entropy and Information; Appendix B: Biosemiotics; Appendix C: Entropy and Economics.

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Book SynopsisThe emergence into a New Era, into the Age of the Lily, without religions, without priests and

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Book SynopsisThe most up-to-date and authoritative resource on the biology and evolution of solitary bees which draws on new research to provide a comprehensive and authoritative overview of solitary bee biology, offering an unparalleled look at these remarkable insects.Trade Review"Winner of the PROSE Award in Single Volume Reference/Biological Science, Association of American Publishers""This is a brilliant, important and useful new text." * Bees for Development *"In the many vignettes and case studies throughout the text, the wonders of solitary bees are revealed. . . . I expect to return to this book to learn more about the truly incredible world of bees for a long time to come."---Stephen Fleming, Bee Craft"This book . . . is an extremely thorough reference work that should amply imform the serious researcher about a specific topic being explored. However, it is also a highly entertaining and enlightening tome for the curious naturalist, allowing one to dip in and out at any point in the chapters lured by imaginative titling, and come away feeling enthralled and educated in the most beguiling manner."---Adrian Knowles, British Journal of Entomology and Natural History"A wonderful book full of extraordinary information and research." * An Beachaire *"This book is a comprehensive most up-to-date resource on the biology and evolution of solitary bees. . . . People reading this book will likely further educate their friends, children or colleagues by sharing stories about the interesting natural history of solitary bees they learnt by reading across this book. By doing this, an increasing numberof people will ultimately contribute to protect nature and biodiversity."---Alexandra-Maria Klein, Basic and Applied Ecology"For us, this book reinvigorated the pleasure of discovery, natural history and love for nature."---James D. Crall and Ignasi Bartomeus, Evolution"There is something astonishing on every page."---Richard Jones, Discover Wildlife"The Solitary Bees is an excellent book that gives an up-to-date overview of this amazing group of insects. It presents the newest knowledge on modern phylogeny and evolution, as well as on the biology and life cycle (including mating, nest architecture, foraging, and provisioning behavior) of solitary wild bees." * Conservation Biology *

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