Environmental science, engineering and technology Books

Book SynopsisIn Alchemy in the Rain Forest Jerry K. Jacka explores how the indigenous population of Papua New Guinea's Porgeran highlands struggle to create meaningful lives in the midst of the extreme social conflict and environmental degradation brought on by commercial gold mining.Trade Review"In sum, this book is a valuable addition to the specialist literature on mining and social change in Melanesia, but also written in a clear style that will be of great use in the classroom. I recommend Jacka’s accessible, straightforward ethnography to all readers." -- Alex Golub * Anthropology Book Forum *"[Alchemy in the Rain Forest] is an important contribution to environmental anthropology and political ecology. Jacka ultimately argues that the mine’s promises of development are as illusive as the alchemists’ quest for gold. What is unique about the book is not that ultimate assessment, but its exploration of the ways in which people who bear the greatest social and environmental harms of large-scale mining understand and navigate those changes." -- Jessica M. Smith * Journal of Anthropological Research *"Jacka provides a multifaceted examination of gold mining in Papua New Guinea and its social and cultural impacts during the second half of the twentieth century. While highlighting the important conflicts and tensions, the author firmly resists the temptation to embark on a morality tale of evil multinationals dispossessing people of their land and culture. On the contrary, he offers nuanced analysis based on both field-work interviews and historical archives." -- José Ramón Bertomeu Sánchez * Ambix *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction 1 Part I. The Making of a Resource Frontier 21 1. Resource Frontiers in the Montane Tropics 25 2. Colonialism, Mining, and Missionization 49 Part II. Indigenous Philosophies of Nature, Culture, and Place 77 3. Land: Yu 81 4. People: Wandakali 105 5. Spirits: Yama 129 Part III. Social-Ecological Perturbations and Human Responses 157 6. Ecological Perturbations and Human Responses 157 7. Social Dislocations: Work, Antiwork, and Highway Life 199 Conclusion: Development, Resilience, and the End of the Land 229 Notes 241 References 249 Index 269

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Book SynopsisIn Emergent Ecologies Eben Kirksey insists that we should turn our attention toward small-scale ecologies and search for hope in the efforts of individuals who are building new ecologies, and in the plants, animals, and fungi that are flourishing in unexpected places.Trade Review"Amid widespread environmental destruction, with radical changes taking place in ecosystems throughout the Americas, where can we find hope? Emergent Ecologies takes readers on an adventure through the Americas stopping over in ecosystems, laboratories, art exhibits, forests, and more in Panama, New York, Maine, Florida, Costa Rica to tell a story about the practices of worldmaking by ants, frogs, fungi, and other ontological amphibians. This is an exuberant and sensitively-written multispecies ethnography that is also a pleasure to read." -- Carla Nappi * New Books in Science, Technology and Society *"With an activist’s ardor, Kirksey urges us to acknowledge that ecology’s current emphasis on preservation is futile. Our desire to conserve ecosystems, he insists, will be constantly thwarted. Instead, he argues for an active and pragmatic project of future making. For Kirksey, the project is urgent. It must begin now." -- Jeffrey Jerome Cohen * Public Books *"More than ever before, fear drives the modern world. This book makes for a modern, sometimes terrifying, and a somewhat deep read. It is recommended for those interested in the 'new world' and its history. Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above; faculty and professionals." -- F. Huettmann * Choice *"Innovative, thoroughly researched, and well written – a labour of love. It is best at its most specific, when Kirksey’s infectious curiosity and freewheeling fieldwork reveal surprising connections across biological theory, political economy, and cultural history." -- Ashley Carse * Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute *Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 1. Parallax 8 2. Ontological Amphibians 17 3. Hope in the Reverted Zone 36 4. Happiness and Glass 52 5. Bubbles 72 6. Xenoecologies 86 7. Becoming Wild 105 8. Multispecies Families 134 9. Parasites of Capitalism 163 10. Possible Futures 190 Conclusion 217 Acknowledgments 221 Notes 227 Bibliography 269 Index 291

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Book SynopsisMoving away from a simplified food politics that is largely land based, Elspeth Probyn looks at food politics from an ocean-centric perspective by tracing the global movement of several marine species to explore the complex and entangled relationship between humans and fish.Trade Review"Elspeth Probyn wants to eat the ocean. I want to eat her book. It is one of the most profound works I have read on the sea, and the issues with which it presents us, in the 21st century, not least because it dares to digress and move into territories that other writers and academics have hitherto neglected." -- Philip Hoare * Times Higher Education *"Eloquently written, Probyn's vivid detail brings us along her journeys following (and eating many) oysters, swimming with tuna, covertly eating endangered bluefin tuna, and tracking the history of herring quines and women's roles in fishing. . . . I learned so much about the state of our oceans, where our seafood comes from, the danger in always choosing tuna and salmon, and the role of aquaculture (which provides more than half of all seafood consumed by humans!), but most importantly, I was encouraged to think differently about what 'sustainability' means, which I think is so important as a person who works in this sphere." -- Lisa Heinze * Sustainability with Style *"From a policy perspective, where queer and poststructuralist feminisms are completely absent from the framework, Probyn’s intervention is a much needed updating of sustainability discourses and food politics. As such, her account of herring wives and fish women is an important intervention into an environmental politics that either ignores women completely or that constructs them as virtuous consumers or vulnerable victims (105)." -- Reese Simpkins * Angelaki *"Eating the Ocean is fascinating in its emphasis on the interconnections and mutual influences among humans, ocean creatures and the ocean itself." -- Carol J. Pierce Colfer * Agriculture and Human Values *"This slender but ambitious volume offers an excellent overview and discussion of contemporary social science and humanities literature and theorising about the sea and human relations to it.... This is a useful contribution and a significantly better approach than some social science literature about the sea that uses it as a metaphor without proper material engagement." -- Penny McCall Howard * The Australian Journal of Anthropology *"This book is like a breath of fresh sea air, cool, briny, and gently laced with the scent of dead things.... In my experience, students love to learn about seafood. And this book provides a unique, and exciting overview of the topic. Meanwhile, it makes meaningful change to the politics of human-fish relations, and of gender in the social sciences more generally. Readers may also find the book an accessible introduction to fisheries research in the humanities, and to more-than-human ethologies in the social sciences." -- L. G. Brown * FoodAnthropology *"Eating the Ocean is a timely and masterfully judged intervention into debates in food studies." -- Laura Colebrooke * Cultural Geographies *"Consistently thought-provoking. . . . Displaying a sophisticated grasp of recent developments in marine biology and drawing on a wide range of perspectives encompassing constructivism, postmodernism, cultural studies, and eco-feminism, Elspeth Probyn develops arguments that reveal the limitations of many simple prescriptions for managing human uses of marine resources and demonstrates the rewards to be derived from diving deeper into the complex forces that govern interactions between a variety of human actors and the physical and biological components of marine systems." -- Oran Young * Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute *"This is not a book to be skimmed. Readers will need to work their way through the various connections Probyn draws and think through how they feel about her assumptions. But they will be well rewarded for the time and thinking they invest. . . . Eating the Ocean offers a provocative perspective on how we consume the ocean and how we can do better." -- Patricia M. Clay * American Ethnologist *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments vii Introduction. Relating Fish and Humans 1 1. An Oceanic Habitus 23 2. Following Oysters, Relating Taste 49 3. Swimming with Tuna 77 4. Mermaids, Fishwives, and Herring Quines: Gendering the More-than-Human 101 5. Little Fish: Eating with the Ocean 129 Conclusion. Reeling it In 159 Notes 165 References 169 Index 183

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Book SynopsisOver the past two decades, the world has witnessed alarming environmental degradationclimate change, the loss of biodiversity, and the pollution of natural resourcestogether with a failure to implement environmental policies and an ever-widening gap between rich and poor. As this new volume of his writings reveals, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew has continually proclaimed the primacy of spiritual values in determining environmental ethics and action. For him, the predicament we face is not primarily ecological but in fact spiritual: The ultimate aim is to see all things in God, and God in all things.On Earth as in Heaven demonstrates just why His All Holiness has been dubbed the Green Patriarch by former Vice President Al Gore (recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for his environmental activism) and the media.This third and final volume of the spiritual leader's selected writings showcases his statements on environmental degradation, global warming, and climate chTrade Review"The ecological conversation in the United States has become sorely degraded. The fundamental ethical issues-obligations of stewardship, responsibility, and justice-are almost lost in the increasingly strident claims that such concerns are simply stalking horses in a political street brawl. It is thus both urgent and timely that Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew's voice is being projected anew through this book. For decades now the Patriarch has led the way toward a more rigorous, grounded examination of our relationship to the Earth and the creation. His message is quite simple. 'The world is not ours to use for our own convenience. It is God's gift of love to us, and we must return His love by protecting it and all that is in it.' How simple. Yet how challenging. You can almost watch how most of our leaders, confronted with that message and asked how they were responding to it, would squirm in discomfort. As the Patriarch has said, time is short. We need to listen to the message of this book." -- -Carl Pope Chairman, The Sierra Club "Having had the privilege of being with His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew in the Arctic and New Orleans, even a low church evangelical Baptist like myself has come to appreciate what an incredible contribution he has made in leading the Christian community-indeed, the world community-in understanding that caring for God's creation and addressing climate change is a moral calling of the highest order that we all share. I'm so pleased that through this collection of his writings, many more can benefit from his wisdom as I have. Don't pass up this opportunity to delve more deeply into the true meaning of creation-care." -- -The Rev. Jim Ball, Ph.D. author, Global Warming and the Risen LORD: Christian Discipleship and Climate Change; Executive Vice-President "The Ecumenical Patriarch reminds us of a simple and profound moral truth: our imperative to live in harmony with our natural surroundings. While His All Holiness's leadership is rooted in his own spiritual calling, his message resonates with all who work in and study the world of public affairs, politics, and diplomacy." -- -Strobe Talbott President, The Brookings Institution

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Book SynopsisThis collection of essays examines the various intersections between philosophical hermeneutics and environmental philosophy. Adopting a broad and inclusive understanding of our relation with the environment, it investigates a number of important topics for contemporary environmental thought, including the self, history, ethics, culture, and narrative.Trade Review"This is a superb book, written with clarity, precision, and deep feeling for a better understanding of differing approaches to interpreting the wider natural world." -- -Mark Wallace Swarthmore College "... Interpreting Nature is engaging throughout and contributes to an important growth in environmental philosophy." -Environmental Values "Interpreting Nature is an excellent collection of essays. This collection is a very welcome addition to the literature and helps to move forward philosophical reflection on the idea of 'nature' and charts new and important ways to think about the task of an environmental ethics." -- -Charles Brown Emporia State UniversityTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction: Environmental Hermeneutics David Utsler, Forrest Clingerman, Martin Drenthen, and Brian Treanor Part I: Interpretation and the Task of Thinking Environmentally 1. Hermeneutics Deep in the Woods John van Buren 2. Morrow's Ants: E. O. Wilson and Gadamer's Critique of (Natural) Historicism Mick Smith 3. Layering: Body, Building, Biography Robert Mugerauer 4. Might Nature Be Interpreted as a "Saturated Phenomenon"? Christina M. Gschwandtner 5. Must Environmental Philosophy Relinquish the Concept of Nature? A Hermeneutic Reply to Steven Vogel W. S. K. Cameron Part II: Situating the Self 6. Environmental Hermeneutics and Environmental/Eco-Psychology: Explorations in Environmental Identity David Utsler 7. Environmental Hermeneutics With and For Others: Ricoeur's Ethics and the Ecological Self Nathan Bell 8. Bodily Moods and Unhomely Environments: The Hermeneutics of Agoraphobia and the Spirit of Place Dylan Trigg Part III: Narrativity and Image 9. Narrative and Nature: Appreciating and Understanding the Nonhuman World Brian Treanor 10. The Question Concerning Nature Sean McGrath 11. New Nature Narratives: Landscape Hermeneutics and Environmental Ethics Martin Drenthen Part IV: Environments, Place, and the Experience of Time 12. Memory, Imagination, and the Hermeneutics of Place Forrest Clingerman 13. The Betweenness of Monuments Janet Donohoe 14. My Place in the Sun David Wood 15. How Hermeneutics Might Save the Life of (Environmental) Ethics Paul Van Tongeren and Paulien Snellen Notes A Bibliographic Overview of Research in Environmental Hermeneutics List of Contributors Index

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Book SynopsisBoth philosophical and theological texts of antiquity argued that a “noetic” or contemplative understanding of nature is higher than the discursive rationality oriented toward domination and control. Studying poets, mystics, and nature writers, this book argues that restoring a sacred view of nature is urgently needed in Western thought.Trade Review"This splendid book makes an original and important contribution to environmental philosophy. It develops an argument the seeds for which were sown by the author's earlier work: that a fruitful approach to environmental ethics, or a proper understanding of 'the Good' with respect to nature, requires a deeper grounding in environmental aesthetics, or a clearer vision of 'the Beautiful,' which is itself ultimately rooted in an 'environmental theology.' With grace and conviction, Foltz shows that it is only by cultivating a sense of 'the Holy' that we can hope to restore a right relation to nature and to ourselves." -- -Christopher Dustin College of the Holy Cross "Bruce Foltz's book The Noetics of Nature: Environmental Philosophy and the Holy Beauty of the Visible is a tour de force, an intellectual and cultural history of nature in the West. Its original and in-depth scholarship re-centers environmental philosophy on the marginalized but crucial intersection of Hebrew and Greek thought in the West, viewed with continuity through the patristic and Byzantine eras and beyond into modern Russian philosophy, as an alternative to modern Western materialism." -- -Alfred Siewers Bucknell University "Bruce Foltz has written an original and compelling book that deserves wide attention. Drawing on Greek Patristic thought, recent environmental writers, Orthodox theology and aesthetics, and the wide sweep of philosophy from the ancient Greeks to today's phenomenology, Foltz opens multiple, fresh lines of insight and inquiry. The Noetics of Nature is an impressive achievement and a much-needed, new voice in current conversations on the healing of earth." -- -Norman Wirzba Duke Divinity SchoolTable of ContentsPreface Introduction: The Noetics of Nature 1. Whence the Depth of Deep Ecology? Natural Beauty and the Eclipse of the Holy 2. Nature's Other Side: The Demise of Nature and the Phenomenology of Givenness 3. Layers of Nature in Thomas Traherne and John Muir: Numinous Beauty, Onto-theology, and Polyphony of Tradition 4. Sailing to Byzantium: Nature and City in the Greek East 5. The Resurrection of Nature: Environmental Metaphysics in Sergei Bulgakov's Philosophy of Economy 6. The Iconic Earth: Nature Godly and Beautiful 7. Seeing Nature: Theoria Physike in the Thought of St. Maximus the Confessor 8. Seeing God in All Things: Nature and Divinity in Maximus, Florensky, and Ibn 'Arabi 9. The Glory of God Hidden in Creation: Eastern Views of Nature in Fyodor Dostoevsky and St Isaac the Syrian 10. Between Heaven and Earth: Did Christianity Cause Global Warming? 11. Nature and Other Modern Idolatries: Kosmos, Ktisis, and Chaos in Environmental Philosophy 12. Traces of Divine Fragrance, Droplets of Divine Love: the Beauty of Visible Creation in Byzantine Thought and Spirituality Notes Index

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Book SynopsisHow the famous and not-so-famous like-minded citizens all gave their time, expertise, and money to build a park legacy of incomparable benefitThe Palisades park and historic site system in New York and New Jersey is a significant anchor-point for the spread of national and state parks across the nation. The challenge to protect these treasures began with a brutal blast of dynamite in the late nineteenth century and continues to this day. Palisades: The People's Park presents the story of getting from zero protected acres to the rich tapestry that is today's Palisades park system, located in the nation's most densely populated metropolitan region. This is an account of huge determination, moments of crisis, caustic resistance to the very idea of conservation, glorious philanthropy, a steep learning curve, and responsibilities for guardianship passed with care from one generation to the next. Despite the involvement of men of great wealth and fame from its earliest beginnings, the PalisaTable of ContentsForeword by Barnabas McHenry | ix Foreword by Joshua Laird | xi 1 A Dynamite Park | 1 2 The Commission | 5 3 Upriver | 22 4 Harriman | 36 5 Legend and War | 51 6 Welch | 60 7 Bear Mountain | 71 8 Perkins | 91 9 Jolliffe | 111 10 Trail and Bridge | 128 11 Uncle Bennie | 143 12 Black Thursday | 156 13 The Compact | 173 14 The Palisades Parkway | 195 15 Storm King | 220 16 Minnewaska | 248 17 Sterling Forest | 282 18 Honor and Electronics | 332 Appendixes A. Palisades Interstate Park Commission Parks and Historic Sites | 351 B. The Public-Private Partnership to Save Sterling Forest | 353 Acknowledgments | 355 Sources | 357 Index | 387

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsForeword by Barnabas McHenry | ix Foreword by Joshua Laird | xi 1 A Dynamite Park | 1 2 The Commission | 5 3 Upriver | 22 4 Harriman | 36 5 Legend and War | 51 6 Welch | 60 7 Bear Mountain | 71 8 Perkins | 91 9 Jolliffe | 111 10 Trail and Bridge | 128 11 Uncle Bennie | 143 12 Black Thursday | 156 13 The Compact | 173 14 The Palisades Parkway | 195 15 Storm King | 220 16 Minnewaska | 248 17 Sterling Forest | 282 18 Honor and Electronics | 332 Appendixes A. Palisades Interstate Park Commission Parks and Historic Sites | 351 B. The Public-Private Partnership to Save Sterling Forest | 353 Acknowledgments | 355 Sources | 357 Index | 387

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Book SynopsisThe development of computer simulation models is an important growth area in both pure and applied ecology. The opportunity that mathematical models provide to integrate the components of an ecosystem, results in the ability to make quantitative predictions about the future behaviour of that system, or of elements within it. This means that they are powerful tools with wide applications and enormous potential for increasing our understanding of natural systems and our ability to use them in a sustainable way. This book is, almost uniquely, a complete account of one such model, the Hurley Pasture Model, a dynamic, deterministic, mechanistic simulation model for grassland, which has been developed by the author over some twenty years, in collaboration with scientists at several centres. Firstly, the rationale and theoretical elements of this type of model are described. An overview of the Hurley grassland simulator and the derivation and construction of its plant, animal, soil and litterTable of Contents1: Dynamic Models 2: Overview of the Pasture Model 3: Plant Submodel 4: Animal Submodel 5: Soil and Litter Submodel 6: Water Submodel 7: Environment and Management 8: Dynamic Simulations 9: Steady-state Simulations 10: The ACSL Program 11: Index

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Book SynopsisWorldwide climatic changes have been raising concerns about potential changes to crop yields and production systems. Such concerns include the ability to accommodate these uncertain effects in order to ensure an adequate food supply for an increasing population. Written by leading international experts, this book is the first comprehensive examination of the potential effect climate change, particularly greenhouse gases, will have on agroecosystems. It also reviews the effects such systems have on climate change itself.Table of ContentsPart 1: Introduction 1: Climate Change and Global Crop Productivity: An Overview, K R Reddy and H F Hodges Part 2: The Problem: Changing Biosphere 2: Climate Change and Variability, L O Mearns, National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA 3: Agricultural Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions, D C Reicoski, North Central Soil Conservation Lab, USA, et al. Part 3: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change 4: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change: Wheat, D W Lawlor IACR-Rothamsted, UK, et al. 5: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change: Rice, T Horie, Kyoto University, Japan, et al. 6: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change: Maize and Sorghum, K J Young University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA, et al. 7: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change: Soybean, L H Allen, Jr. USDA-Agricultural Research Service, University of Florida, USA, et al. 8: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change: Cotton, K R Reddy, et al. 9: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change: Root and Tuberous Crops, F Miglietta, Inst. Nazionale Analisi e Protezione Agro-ecosistemi, IATA-CNR, Italy, et al. 10: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change: Vegetable Crops, M M Peet, North Carolina State University, USA, et al. 11: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change: Tree Crops, I A Janssens, University of Antwerp, Belgium, et al. 12: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change: Productive Grasslands, J Nösberger and H Blum, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Switzerland, et al. 13: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change: Rangelands, H W Polley, Grassland, Soil & Water Research Laboratory, USA, et al. 14: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change: Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Crop, P S Nobel, University of California, USA 15: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change: Crop/Weed Interactions, J A Bunce USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USA, et al. 16: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change: Pests and Population Dynamics, A P Gutierrez, University of California, USA 17: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change: Soil Organic Matter Dynamics, G I Ågren, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden, et al. 18: Crop Ecosystem Responses to Climatic Change: Interactive Effects of Ozone, Ultraviolet-B Radiation, Sulphur Dioxide and Carbon Dioxide on Crops, J V Groth University of Minnesota, USA, et al. Part 4: Mitigation Strategies 19: Crop Breeding Strategies for the 21st Century, A E Hall, University of California, USA, et al. 20: Role of Biotechnology in Crop Productivity in a Changing Environment, N Cheikh, Monsanto Company, USA, et al. Part 5: Economic and Social Impacts 21: Global, Regional and Local Food Production and Trade in a Changing Environment, J Reilly, MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, USA, et al.

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Book SynopsisRapid urbanization has created a major challenge with regard to waste management and environmental protection. However, the problem can be ameliorated by turning organic waste into compost for use as an agricultural fertilizer in peri-urban areas. This is especially significant in less developed countries, where food security is also a key issue. This book addresses these subjects and is based on papers presented at a workshop held in Ghana by the International Board for Soil Research and Management (IBSRAM, now part of the International Water Management Institute) and FAO. Special reference is given to Sub-Saharan Africa, with acknowledgement to experiences from other parts of the world. Contributing authors are from several European, as well as African, countries.Table of Contents1: The potential use of waste stream products for soil amelioration in peri-urban interface agricultural production systems, P J C Harris, M Allison, H G Smith, H M Kindness and J Kelley 2: Economic, sociocultural, and environmental considerations 3: The economic viability of organic waste composting, R G Niemeyer, H Litterscheidt and S Sanders 4: Assessing farmers' perceptions of organic wastes as nutrient sources, P Drechsel, C Quansah, Kwame Nkrumah and S Asante-Mensah 5: Environmental concerns of urban and peri-urban agriculture: Case studies from Accra and Kumasi, E Mensah, P Amoah, R C Abaidoo and P Drechsel 6: Turning urban waste into fertilizer for urban and peri-urban farmers: Case studies from East and West Africa 7: Turning municipal waste into compost: The case of Ibadan, T Agbola 8: Urban vegetable production in Lagos and Ibadan, M A O Oladokun 9: Turning municipal waste into compost: The case of Accra, I Etuah-Jackson, W P Klaassen and J A Awuye 10: Farming systems and farming inputs in and around Kumasi, K Nsiah-Gyabaah and M Adam 11: An integrated waste management strategy for Kumasi, L Salifu 12: Linking (peri-)urban agriculture and organic waste management in Dar es Salaam, S Kiango and J Amend 13: Urban agriculture in Lomé, M E A Schreurs and H van Reuler 14: Adding value to compost from urban household and market refuse in Lomé, A Kessler and J Helbig 15: Optimizing nutrient recycling and urban waste management - new concepts from Northern Europe, J Magid, A Dalsgaard and M Henze 16: Modelling urban and peri-urban biomass and nutrient flows 17: Assessing the potential of organic waste recycling through the analysis of rural-urban carbon fluxes, C Binder and N Patzel 18: The potential of co-composting in Kumasi - quantification of the urban and peri-urban nutrient balance, C Leitzinger 19: Estimating rural-urban nutrient flows for mega-cities, J Færge, J Magid and F Penning de Vries 20: Monitoring nutrient flows and economic performance in African farming systems: The NUTMON approach and its applicability to peri-urban agriculture, H van den Bosch, D Eaton, M S van Wijk, J Vlaming and A de Jager 21: Definition and boundaries of the peri-urban interface: Patterns in the patchwork, M G Adam 22: Urban agriculture: International support and capacity building in Africa, C J Sawio, L Spies and D Doucouré

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Book SynopsisNitrate is ubiquitous. It is present in water, soil, plants and food, and is also a normal human metabolite. The main external sources of nitrate are vegetables and drinking water. This book examines the relationship between nitrates and human health. During the last 50 years or so, nitrate has been feared as the source of the rare condition called methaemoglobinaemia, or "blue baby syndrome", for young infants. Nitrate has also been implicated with causing cancer, through increased formation of carcinogenic compounds. Both claims are based on dubious evidence. This book sets out research results to disprove these assumptions, and goes on to explore the beneficial effects of nitrate in preventing infections, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. It is essential reading for researchers in medicine, and those in agriculture and food industries.Table of Contents1: The history of nitrates in medicine 2: Nitrate, the nitrogen cycle and the fertility of nature 3: The nitrogen cycle 4: The increasing fertility of nature 5: The metabolism of nitrate 6: The basic features 7: The two sources of nitrate: dietary intake and endogenous synthesis 8: The metabolic conversions of nitrate in the body and its fate 9: Nitrate excretion with saliva and its transformation to nitrite in the mouth 10: Nitrate and nitrite in the stomach 11: Nitrate metabolism: a summary 12: Nitrate in body fluids 13: Healthy humans 14: Pathological conditions 15: Conclusions 16: The case against nitrate - a critical examination 17: The risk of methaemoglobinaemia in infants 18: The risk of cancer 19: Other grievances 20: Conclusions 21: Nitrate regulations: presentation and discussion 22: Maximum nitrate levels in drinking water 23: Maximum nitrate levels in food 24: The acceptable daily intake and the reference dose for nitrate in man 25: Concluding comments 26: The beneficial effects of nitrate 27: The anti-infective effects of nitrate 28: Nitrate, blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases 29: Dietary nitrate and gastric cancer 30: Other beneficial effects 31: Conclusion 32: Summary and Conclusions

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a practical approach to applying statistics to a wide variety of studies or projects. It will help bring together the biophysical and socioeconomic aspects, that are increasingly seen as integral to successful natural resources management. The topics covered include types of study in NRM, planning, data management and analysis. The book has been written for advanced students and professionals in all disciplines in agriculture, forestry, rural development, environmental and related sciences.Table of ContentsPart 1: Introduction 1: What is Natural Resources Research? 2: At Least Read This… 3: Sidetracks Part 2: Planning 4: Introduction to Research Planning 5: Concepts Underlying Experiments 6: Sampling Concepts 7: Surveys and Studies of Human Subjects 8: Surveying Land and Natural Populations 9: Planning Effective Experiments Part 3: Data Management 10: Data Management Issues and Problems 11: Use of Spreadsheet Packages 12: The Role of a Database Package 13: Developing a Data Management Strategy 14: Use of Statistical Software Part 4: Analysis 15: Analysis - Aims and Approaches 16: The DIY Toolbox - General Ideas 17: Analysis of Survey Data 18: Analysis of Experimental Data 19: General Linear Models 20: The Craftsman's Toolbox 21: Informative Presentation of Tables, Graphs and Statistics Part 5: Where Next? 22: Current Trends and their Implications for Good Practice 23: Resources and Further Reading

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Book SynopsisIntegrated Resource and Environmental Management (IREM) can be defined as both a management process and a philosophy, that takes into account the many values associated with natural resources within a particular area.This book presents an overview and history of natural resource management, from a global perspective. It discusses the challenges facing IREM by examining issues such as conflict, property rights and the role of science in the management of natural resource. It also addresses the definition and application of IREM from several different contexts, including real-world applications, planning frameworks, and complex systems. It provides a comprehensive aid in natural resource decision-making within the context of the real world.Table of ContentsSection 1: Historical and Contemporary Foundations 1: Introduction 2: The Early History of Resource Management 3: Case Study – The Mayan Collapse, D Duke 4: Modern History of IREM 5: Case Study – The Folly Farm, Somerset, England, T Davies 6: The Driving Forces Underlying IREM 7: Case Study – Socio-Economic Turmoil in Resource-dependent Communities of Southeast Alaska, W Kessler Section 2: Theoretical Foundation 8: Environmental Conflict and Property Rights 9: Case Study – Stomping Grounds: IREM of the Mitchell River Watershed in Australia, A Carr 10: The Role of the Social Sciences in IREM 11: Case Study – Restoring the Rustbelt: Social Science to Support Calumet’s Ecological and Economic Revitalization, L Westphal 12: Power and Decision-Making in Natural Resource Management 13: Case Study – The Macal River Upper Storage Facility: Chalillo Dam, Belize, C RodriSection 3: Analytical, Conceptual and Procedural Models 14: The Theoretical Foundations of Natural Resource Management 15: Case Study – Kananaskis: Oil & Gas Exploration in Paradise, M Squires 16: Theoretical Framework for IREM 17: Case Study – Watershed Planning in Watersheds Dominated by Multiple, Largely-Private Owners: The Cache River of Southern Illinois, S Kraft, J Adams, T Loftus, C Lant, L Duram and J B Ruhl 18: IREM in a Complex World 19: Case Study – Loch Lomond and the Trossachs: Scotland’s First National Park, R Firth 20: Planning Framework for IREM 21: Case Study – Integrating Farming, Railway Safety, and Recreation in Wolfville, G Ness 22: Summary and Conclusions: Where Are We Going?

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Book Synopsis* Comprehensive coverage, up--to--date, densely illustrated and fully referenced throughout. * Varied environmental concerns of different regions are represented by a broad geographical spread of examples. * Author is a distinguished engineering geologist with extensive international experience. .Table of ContentsIntroduction. Volcanic Activity. Earthquake Activity. Mass Movements. River Activity. Marine Activity. Arid And Semi-Arid Lands. Glacial And Periglacial Terrains. Water Resources. Soil Resources. Problem Soils. Rock Masses, Their Character, Problems And Uses. The Impact Of Mining On The Environment. Waste And Its Disposal. Environmental Geology And Health. Land Evaluation And Site Assessment

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Book SynopsisThis book consists of the latest in sustainable membrane technology for use in energy, water, and the environment.Trade ReviewReview copies sent out 6.4.12 THE ENVIRONMENTALIST BLOG SOCIETY AND NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY JOURNAL OF AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYTable of ContentsFOREWORD ix PREFACE xi CONTRIBUTORS xv PART I MEMBRANE MATERIAL AND MEMBRANE DEVELOPMENT 1 1 Spinning Effect of Polyethersulfone Hollow Fiber Membrane Prepared by Water or Polyvinylpyrrolidone in Ternary Formulation 3Nurmin Bolong, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, and Mohd Razman Salim 2 Effect of Inorganic Particle on the Performance of Polyethersulfone-Cellulose Acetate Ultrafi ltration Membranes 11Gangasalam Arthanareeswaran and Radhe Shyam Thakur 3 Characterizations of Newly Developed Bacterial Cellulose–Chitosan Membrane with Pyrroline 29Siti Nur Hidayah Mohamad, Norhayati Pa’e, Abdul Halim Mohammad Yusof, and Ida Idayu Muhamad 4 Effect of Posttreatment to Enhance the Performance of Nanofi ltration Asymmetric Membrane in Atrazine-Herbicide Removing Process 41Nora’aini Ali, Nurbaiti Abdul Hanid, Asmadi Ali, Ahmad Jusoh, and Marinah Ariffin 5 Polyacrylonitrile Nanofi ber Assembled by Electrospinning: Effect of Dope Concentrations on the Structural and Pore Characterizations 51Agung Mataram, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, and Takeshi Matsuura PART II APPLICATIONS IN GAS AND VAPOR TREATMENT 59 6 Polymer Structures and Carbon Dioxide Permeation Properties in Polymer Membranes 61Shinji Kanehashi, Shuichi Sato, and Kazukiyo Nagai 7 Gas Permeability and Electrical Properties of 6FDA-Based Polyimide Membranes 75Shuichi Sato, Sou Miyata, Shinji Kanehashi, and Kazukiyo Nagai 8 Polymeric Nanocomposite Membranes for Gas Separation 87Ghader Khanbabaei, Jamal Aalaei, and Ali Rahmatpour 9 Preparation of Perovskite Titania Ceramic Membrane by Sol-Gel Method 95Abdul Latif Ahmad, Sani N. A. Abdullah, and Sharif Hussein Sharif Zein PART III APPLICATIONS IN WATER TREATMENT 105 10 Fouling Characteristics and Cleaning Strategies of a PVDF Tubular Ultrafi ltration Membrane in Natural Rubber Skim Latex Concentration Process 107Devaraj Veerasamy and Zairossani Mohd Nor 11 Removal of Diethanolamine (DEA) from Wastewater Using Membrane Separation Processes 123Binyam Seyoum, Hilmi Mukhtar, and Kok Keong Lau 12 The Effect of Chitosan Membrane Preparation Parameters on Removal of Copper Ions 143Azadeh Ghaee, Mojtaba Shariaty-Niassar, and Jalal Barzin 13 Analysis of Fouling and Flux Behavior in Cross-Flow Microfi ltration of Nonalcoholic Beer by Ceramic Membrane 157Mehdi Yazdanshenas, Seyyed Ali Reza Tabatabaei Nejad, Mohammad Soltanieh, and Luc Fillaudeau 14 Comparison and Upgrading of Wastewater Treatment Plants for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse by Means of Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Technology 169Mahdi Khosravi, Gagik Badalians Gholikandi, and Hamid Reza Tashaouei PART IV APPLICATIONS IN ENVIRONMENT 179 15 Surface Treatment and Characterization of Polypropylene Hollow Fibers by Sol-Gel Method for Liquid Phase Microextraction 181Mohd Marsin Sanagi, Yanuardi Raharjo, Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim, Ahmedy Abu Naim, Syairah Salleh, and Mazidatulakmam Miskam 16 Effect of Different Additives on the Properties and Performance of Porous Polysulfone Hollow Fiber Membranes for CO2 Absorption 191Amir Mansourizadeh, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, and Mohammad Ali Aroon 17 Absorption of Carbon Dioxide through Flat-Sheet Membranes Using Various Aqueous Liquid Absorbents 203Abdul Latif Ahmad, Sunarti Abd Rahman, and W. James Noel Fernando 18 Preparation and Characterization of W/O Emulsion Liquid Membrane Containing Diethanolamine (DEA) for Carbon Dioxide Separation from Gas Mixtures 211Khairul Sozana Nor Kamarudin and Inamullah Bhatti 19 Removal of Dyes from Liquid Waste Solution: Study on Liquid Membrane Component Selection and Stability 221Norasikin Othman, Norlisa Mili, Ani Idris, and Siti Nazrah Zailani PART V APPLICATIONS IN ENERGY 231 20 Modeling and Analysis of Solar-Powered Membrane Distillation Unit for Seawater Desalination 233Fawzi Banat and Mohammed Al-Jarrah 21 Polystyrene Ionomers Functionalized with Partially Fluorinated Short Side-Chain Sulfonic Acid for Fuel Cell Membrane Applications 243Ying Chang and Chulsung Bae 22 Contribution of Nanoclays to the Barrier Properties of SPEEK/Cloisite15A® Nanocomposite Membrane for DMFC Application 251Juhana Jaafar and Ahmad Fauzi Ismail 23 Purification of Biogas Using Carbon Nanotubes Mixed Matrix Membrane: Effect of Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes Using Silane Agent 267Tutuk Joko Kusworo, Abdullah Busairi, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Azeman Mustafa, and Buiyono 24 Selectivity of Polymeric Solvent Resistant Nanofiltration Membranes for Biodiesel Separation 277Rahimah Othman, Abdul Wahab Mohammad, Manal Ismail, and Jumat Salimon PART VI OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 289 25 Pervaporation Performance of Methyl Tert Buthyl Ether/Methanol Mixtures through Natural Rubber/Polystyrene Interpenetrating Polymer Network Membranes 291Mohd Ghazali Mohd Nawawi, Nur Azrini Ramlee, and Fathie Ahmad Zakil 26 P-Xylene Separation from Ternary Xylene Mixture Over Silicalite-1 Membrane: Process Optimization 299Yin Fong Yeong, Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah, Abdul Latif Ahmad, and Subhash Bhatia 27 Ammonia Removal from Saline Water by Direct Contact Membrane Distillation 309Rosalam Sarbatly and Chel-Ken Chiam INDEX 319

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Book SynopsisHumans are exposed to harmful persistent organic pollutants (POPs) every day.Table of ContentsContributors vii 1. Introduction: Why Should We Care about Organic Chemicals and Human Health? 1 David O. Carpenter 2. Sources of Human Exposure 8 Martí Nadal and José L. Domingo 3. The Burden of Cancer from Organic Chemicals 26 Molly M. Jacobs, Rachel I. Massey, and Richard W. Clapp 4. Carcinogenicity and Mechanisms of Persistent Organic Pollutants 57 Gabriele Ludewig, Larry W. Robertson, and Howard P. Glauert 5. Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome 101 Duk-Hee Lee and David R. Jacobs, Jr. 6. Mechanistic Basis for Elevation in Risk of Diabetes Caused by Persistent Organic Pollutants 130 Jérôme Ruzzin 7. Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension 143 Marian Pavuk and Nina Dutton 8. Obesity 174 Eveline Dirinck, Adrian Covaci, Luc Van Gaal, and Stijn Verhulst 9. Effects and Predicted Consequences of Persistent and Bioactive Organic Pollutants on Thyroid Function 203 Stefanie Giera and R. Thomas Zoeller 10. An Overview of the Effects of Organic Compounds on Women’s Reproductive Health and Birth Outcomes 237 Susan R. Reutman and Juliana W. Meadows 11. Effects of Organic Chemicals on the Male Reproductive System 315 Lars Rylander and Anna Rignell-Hydbom 12. Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Substances on Bone and Joint 332 Chi-Hsien Chen and Yueliang Leon Guo 13. Organic Chemicals and the Immune System 362 David O. Carpenter 14. Exposures to Organic Pollutants and Respiratory Illnesses in Adults and Children 384 Krassi Rumchev, Jeff Spickett, and Janelle Graham 15. Cognitive Function 400 Lizbeth López-Carrillo and Mariano E. Cebrián 16. Intellectual Developmental Disability Syndromes and Organic Chemicals 421 David O. Carpenter 17. Mechanisms of the Neurotoxic Actions of Organic Chemicals 448 David O. Carpenter 18. Parkinson’s Disease 471 Samuel M. Goldman 19. Psychiatric Effects of Organic Chemical Exposure 514 James S. Brown, Jr. 20. Growth and Development 532 Lawrence M. Schell, Mia V. Gallo, and Kristopher K. Burnitz 21. How Much Human Disease Is Caused by Exposure to Organic Chemicals? 557 David O. Carpenter Index 570

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Book SynopsisBiomass is a renewable resource whose utilization has received great attention due to environmental considerations and the increasing demands of energy worldwide. This volume discusses the environmental impacts and social concerns of energy production in its various forms, offering comprehensive coverage of the many available biofuels.Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Fuels From Biomass 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Growth of Biofuels 3 1.2.1 Factors Spurring Growth in the Biofuels Market 4 1.2.2 Challenges to the Wide-Scale Use Of Biofuels 6 1.2.3 History of Biofuels Programs 7 1.2.4 Current Biofuel Production 8 1.3 Conventional Biomass Feedstocks 13 1.3.1 Fuels from Food Fiber and Feed Crops (1st Generation) 13 1.4 Challenges to Conventional Feedstocks 22 1.5 Fuels from Crop Residues, Wood and Dedicated Energy Crops 23 1.5.1 Characteristics of Cellulosic Biomass 24 1.5.2 Biomass Residues and Organic Wastes 26 1.5.3 Wood Residues 27 1.5.4 Crop Residues 28 1.5.5 Energy Crops 30 1.5.6 Micro-Algae 31 1.6 Technologies for Converting Biomass into Liquid Fuels 33 1.6.1 Thermochemical Conversion 33 1.6.2 Biochemical Conversion 35 1.6.3 Emerging Developments in Conversion Technology 36 1.7 The Biorefi nery Concept 38 1.8 Outlook for Cellulosic Liquid Fuels 42 1.9 Biofuels 43 1.9.1 Ethanol from Sugars 43 1.9.2 Ethanol from Starches 44 1.9.3 Fuel Ethanol 44 1.9.4 Lipid-Derived Biofuels 46 References 48 2 Environmental Aspects 53 2.1 Introduction 53 2.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 57 2.3 Life Cycle Considerations of Biofuels 59 2.3.1 Feedstock Production, Harvest, Processing, Transport 61 2.4 Refining Feedstocks Into Biofuels 68 2.4.1 Transport of Feedstocks and Fuel 70 2.4.2 Combustion 71 2.4.3 Results of Well-to-Wheel Analyses 73 2.4.4 Reducing the Climate Impact of Biofuels 74 2.5 Impact of Growing Biomass 77 2.5.1 Habitat Destruction 78 2.5.2 Minimizing Land-Use and Impact on Wildlife 81 2.5.3 Impact on Soil Quality 83 2.5.4 Impact on Water Resources 85 2.5.5 Impact on Air Quality 86 References 87 3 Biofuel Policies 93 3.1 Introduction 93 3.2 Regional, National and Local Policies 96 3.2.1 Africa 97 3.2.2 Asia and the Pacific 99 3.2.3 Latin America 102 3.2.4 Europe 105 3.2.5 North America 106 3.3 International Environmental Instruments 108 3.3.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 109 3.3.2 Other Emissions 110 3.4 Standards and Certifi cation Schemes 111 3.5 International Trade 115 References 121 4 The Biofuel Life Cycle 125 4.1 Introduction 125 4.2 Energy Balance and Energy Efficiency of Biofuels 126 4.3 Ethanol in SI Engines 132 4.4 Ethanol in CI Engines 134 4.5 Biodiesel Blends 136 4.6 Unblended Biodiesel 138 4.7 Other Biofuels 140 4.7.1 Vegetable Oil and Animal Fats 141 4.7.2 Dimethyl Ether 143 4.7.3 Biomass to Liquid 144 References 149 5 Social Aspects 153 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 Agricultural and Rural Development 157 5.3 Expanding Markets 159 5.4 Creating Employment 163 5.5 Subsidies 166 5.6 Biofuel Processing 167 5.7 Biofuels for Local Use 169 5.8 Food Versus Fuel Debate 170 5.9 Infrastructure Requirements 174 5.10 Transport, Storage and Delivery 175 5.11 Government Policies and Regulations 178 References 182 6 The Future of Biofuels 187 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Next Generation Biofuels 191 6.3 Integrated Refi ning Concepts – The Biorefinery 194 6.3.1 The Biorefinery Concept 196 6.3.2 Process Options 197 6.3.3 Anaerobic Digestion 201 6.3.4 Fermentation and Hydrolysis 202 6.3.5 Transesterifi cation 203 6.4 Strategies for Biofuel Use 204 6.5 Market Barriers of Biofuel 205 6.6 Managing Biofuel Production 207 6.6.1 Food or Fuel 208 6.6.2 Non-Food Feedstocks 209 6.6.3 Vegetable Oil 210 6.7 The Future 210 References 215 Conversion Factors 219 Glossary 221 Index 251

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Book SynopsisCompiling research from the last two decades, Nanomaterials for Environmental Protection provides an interdisciplinary approach to applying nanomaterials to disinfect water, air, and soil while addressing possible environmental risks associated with nanoparticles.Table of ContentsPreface ix LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv Part I Remediation with use of metals, metal oxides, complexes and composites 1 1 Groundwater Water Remediation by Static Diffusion Using Nano-Zero Valent Metals (Fe0, Cu0, Al0), n-FeHn+, n-Fe(OH)x, n-FeOOH, n-Fe-[OxHy](n+/−) 3 David D.J. Antia 2 Nanostructured Metal Oxides for Wastewater Disinfection 27 Erick R. Bandala, Marco Antonio Quiroz Alfaro, Mónica Cerro-López, and Miguel A. Méndez-Rojas 3 Cu2O-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Protection: Relationship between Structure and Photocatalytic Activity, Application, and Mechanism 41 Liangbin Xiong, Huaqing Yu, Xin Ba, Wenpei Zhang, and Ying Yu 4 Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Environmental Remediation 71 Suying Wei, Jiahua Zhu, Hongbo Gu, Huige Wei, Xingru Yan, Yudong Huang, and Zhanhu Guo 5 Nanomaterials for the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from Aqueous Solutions 85 Amro El Badawy and Hafiz H.M. Salih 6 Hybrid Metal Nanoparticle-Containing Polymer Nanofibers for Environmental Applications 95 Yunpeng Huang, Shige Wang, Mingwu Shen, and Xiangyang Shi 7 Nanomaterials on the Basis of Chelating Agents, Metal Complexes, and Organometallics for Environmental Purposes 109 Boris I. Kharisov, Oxana V. Kharissova, and Ubaldo Ortiz Méndez Part II Remediation with use of carbon nanotubes 125 8 Carbon Nanotubes: Next-Generation Nanomaterials for Clean Water Technologies 127 Yit Thai Ong, Kian Fei Yee, Qian Wen Yeang, Sharif Hussein Sharif Zein, and Soon Huat Tan Part III Photo catalytical remediation 143 9 New Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis for Treatment of Toxic Metals and Arsenic 145 Marta I. Litter and Natalia Quici 10 Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide for Photocatalytic Water Treatment 169 David G. Rickerby 11 Destruction of Chloroorganic Compounds with Nanophotocatalysts 183Rashid A. Khaydarov, Renat R. Khaydarov, and Olga Gapurova 12 Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Organic Dye Degradation and Hydrogen Production via Photocatalysis 193 Leticia M. Torres-Martínez, Isaías Juárez-Ramírez, and Mayra Z. Figueroa-Torres Part IV Nanoadsorbents and Nanofiltration 205 13 Advanced Oxidation Processes, Nanofiltration, and Application of Bubble Column Reactor 207 Sukanchan Palit 14 Carbon Nanomaterials as Adsorbents for Environmental Analysis 217 Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 15 Application of Nanoadsorbents in Water Treatment 237 Amit Bhatnagar and Mika Sillanpää 16 Organo-Clay Nanohybrid Adsorbents in the Removal of Toxic Metal Ions 249 Peng Liu Part V Membranes on nanomaterials basis 269 17 Water Remediation Using Nanoparticle and Nanocomposite Membranes 271 Kian Fei Yee, Qian Wen Yeang, Yit Thai Ong, Vel Murugan Vadivelu, and Soon Huat Tan Part VI Green methods in nanomaterials synthesis 293 18 Green Methodologies in the Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 295 Aniruddha B. Patil and Bhalchandra M. Bhanage 19 An Environmentally Friendly and Green Approach for Synthesis and Applications of Silver Nanoparticles 313 Muniyandi Jeyaraj, Muralidharan Murugan, Kevin John Pulikotil Anthony, and Sangiliyandi Gurunathan 20 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials Using Biological Routes 329 Rajesh Ramanathan, Ravi Shukla, Suresh K. Bhargava, and Vipul Bansal Part VII CO2 adsorption 349 21 Nanomaterials for Carbon Dioxide Adsorption 351 Luis Ángel Garza Rodríguez and Elsa Nadia Aguilera González Part VIII Intelligent nanomaterials 373 22 Development of Intelligent Nanomaterials as a Strategy to Solve Environmental Problems 375 Jose Ruben Morones-Ramírez Part IX Desalination 387 23 Engineered Nanomaterials for Purification and Desalination of Palatable Water 389 Vijay C. Verma, Swechha Anand, Mayank Gangwar, and Santosh K. Singh Part X Nanocatalysis 401 24 Nanocatalytic Wastewater Treatment System for the Removal of Toxic Organic Compounds 403 Sodeh Sadjadi 25 Catalyst Design Based on Nano-Sized Inorganic Core of Enzymes: Design of Environmentally Friendly Catalysts 429 Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour Part XI Nanosensors 443 26 Neutron-Fluence Nanosensors Based on Boron-Containing Materials 445 Levan Chkhartishvili Part XII Nanoreservoirs for hydrogen storage 451 27 Hydrogen Nanoreservoirs made of Boron Nitride 453 Levan Chkhartishvili Part XIII Fuel cells on nanomaterials basis 469 28 Fuel Cells with Nanomaterials for Ecologically Pure Transport 471 Gennady Gerasimov Part XIV Remediation of radionuclides 483 29 Humic Functional Derivatives and Nanocoatings for Remediation of Actinide-Contaminated Environments 485 Irina V. Perminova, Stepan N. Kalmykov, Natalia S. Shcherbina, Sergey A. Ponomarenko, Vladimir A. Kholodov, Alexander P. Novikov, Richard G. Haire, and Kirk Hatfield Part XV Environmental risks and toxicity 503 30 Environmental Risks of Nanotechnology: Evaluating the Ecotoxicity of Nanomaterials 505 Miguel A. Méndez-Rojas, José Luis Sánchez-Salas, Aracely Angulo-Molina, and Teresa de Jesús Palacios-Hernández 31 Environmental Risk, Human Health, and Toxic Effects of Nanoparticles 523 Jamuna Bai A. and Ravishankar Rai V. 32 Implications of the Use of Nanomaterials for Environmental Protection: Challenges in Designing Environmentally Relevant Toxicological Experiments 537 Rute F. Domingos and José P. Pinheiro Concluding Remarks 551 Author Index 555 Subject Index 559

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xix About the Authors xxi Acknowledgements xxiii About the Companion Website xxv 1 Introduction to Urban Stormwater and Green Stormwater Infrastructure 1 1.1 Population and Urban Infrastructure 1 1.2 Impacts of Urbanization 2 1.3 The US Regulatory Environment 7 1.4 Urban Stormwater Management 12 1.4.1 Flood Control 12 1.4.2 Peak Flow Control 13 1.4.3 Watershed Approach to Peak Flow 14 1.4.4 Water-Quality Control 14 1.5 Climate Change and Stationarity 15 1.6 Green Stormwater Infrastructure 15 1.7 Stormwater Control Measures 17 1.8 Stormwater Infrastructure and Equity 17 References 18 Problems 19 2 Precipitation: The Stormwater Driver 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 The Urban Hydrologic Cycle 21 2.3 Precipitation 23 2.4 Precipitation Depths 24 2.5 Rainfall Patterns 26 2.6 Inter-event Interval 27 2.7 Extreme Event Precipitation 27 2.8 Introducing the Rainfall–Runoff Relationship 29 2.9 Precipitation and Water Quality 30 2.10 Climate Change 31 References 31 Problems 31 3 Water Quality 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Designated Water Uses 33 3.3 Water-Quality Parameters and Measures 34 3.4 Temperature 34 3.5 pH 35 3.6 Dissolved Oxygen 35 3.7 Turbidity and Particulate Matter 37 3.8 Biodegradable Organic Matter or “Oxygen Demand” 40 3.9 Nitrogen 41 3.9.1 Nitrate 41 3.9.2 Nitrite 42 3.9.3 Ammonium 42 3.9.4 Organic Nitrogen 43 3.9.5 Nitrogen Measurements 43 3.10 Phosphorus 44 3.11 Heavy Metals 46 3.12 Hydrocarbons and Other Organic Pollutants 46 3.12.1 Hydrocarbons 46 3.12.2 Pesticides and Other Organic Chemicals 47 3.13 Pathogens 48 3.14 Dissolved Solids and Conductivity 49 3.15 Trash 50 References 50 Problems 50 4 Ecosystem Services 53 4.1 What Are Ecosystem Services? 53 4.2 Ecosystem Services and Stormwater Management 56 4.3 Stormwater Wetlands and Ecosystem Services 56 4.4 Regulation Services 56 4.4.1 Water Treatment 56 4.4.2 Hydrologic Regulation 56 4.4.3 Climate Regulation 57 4.4.4 Air Quality Regulation 57 4.5 Habitat Services 58 4.6 Production Services 59 4.7 Information Services 60 4.8 Designing SCMs for Ecosystem Services 61 References 61 Problems 63 5 Stormwater Quality 65 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Event Mean Concentrations 66 5.3 Urban Runoff Pollutant Concentrations 68 5.3.1 Particulate Matter and Particle Size Distributions 70 5.3.2 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Speciation 71 5.3.3 Phosphorus and Phosphorus Speciation 72 5.3.4 Heavy Metals Concentrations and Speciation 73 5.3.5 PAH and PCBs 74 5.4 Urban Stormwater Pollutant Sources 74 5.5 Pollutant Buildup and Wash Off 76 5.5.1 Pollutographs 76 5.5.2 First Flush 76 5.6 Annual Pollutant Loads 83 5.7 Sampling and Measurements 84 5.8 A Note about Stormwater Quality 84 References 84 Problems 87 6 Watershed Hydrology 89 6.1 Introduction 89 6.2 Precipitation 90 6.2.1 Design Storms 91 6.2.2 Continuous Simulation 97 6.3 Watershed Hydrology 98 6.3.1 Drainage Area Delineation 98 6.3.2 Interception and Depression Storage 99 6.3.3 The Simple Method 100 6.3.4 NRCS Curve Number Method 101 6.3.5 NRCS “Time of Concentration” 106 6.3.6 NRCS Unit Hydrograph 108 6.3.7 Creating the Storm Hydrograph 112 6.4 Peak Flow Methods 113 6.4.1 The Rational Method 113 6.4.2 The NRCS Unit Hydrograph Method 115 6.5 Watershed and SCM Hydraulics 115 6.5.1 Open Channel Flow 115 6.5.2 Orifices 117 6.5.3 Weirs 118 References 120 Problems 121 7 SCM Hydrologic Unit Processes 127 7.1 Introduction 127 7.2 SCM Soil Physics and Infiltration 128 7.2.1 Soil Texture 129 7.2.2 Soil–Water Interactions 130 7.2.3 Soil Hydraulic Properties 134 7.2.4 Green and Ampt Model 137 7.2.5 Karst Areas 140 7.3 Evapotranspiration 141 7.4 Soil Moisture Accounting 147 7.5 Storage Indication Routing 148 7.6 Computer-Based Stormwater Models 148 References 149 Problems 150 8 Unit Processes for Stormwater Quality Mitigation 153 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Reactions, Reactors, and Reactor Engineering 154 8.3 Removal of Particulate Matter 158 8.3.1 Sedimentation 158 8.3.2 Filtration 161 8.4 Removal of Dissolved Pollutants: Adsorption 163 8.4.1 Adsorption Equilibrium Models 164 8.4.2 Batch Adsorption 165 8.4.3 Adsorption Column Dynamics 168 8.4.4 Adsorption of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds 169 8.4.5 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 170 8.4.6 Adsorption of Phosphorus 170 8.4.7 Adsorption of Ammonium 171 8.5 Leaching Processes 171 8.6 Microbiological Processes 171 8.6.1 Microbial/Pathogen Survival 172 8.6.2 Organic Matter Degradation 172 8.6.3 Nitrification 173 8.6.4 Denitrification 174 8.7 Phytobiological Processes 175 8.8 Heat Transfer 176 References 177 Problems 178 9 Stormwater Performance Measures and Metrics 183 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Reference Conditions and Defining Thresholds 184 9.3 Volume Control 184 9.3.1 Runoff Depth 184 9.3.2 Curve Number Reduction 185 9.4 Peak Flow, Flow, and Geomorphology 186 9.5 Pollutant Percent Removal 189 9.6 Chesapeake Bay Retrofit Curves 190 9.7 Target Effluent Concentrations 190 9.8 Annual Mass Load 192 9.9 Probability and Exceedance 193 9.10 Pollutant Durations 195 References 198 Problems 199 10 Preventing Runoff and Stormwater Pollution 201 10.1 Introduction 201 10.2 Site Design and Low Impact Development 201 10.3 Compacted Urban Surfaces 203 10.3.1 Avoiding Compaction and Promoting Infiltration 204 10.3.2 Soil Restoration 204 10.3.3 De-paving 205 10.3.4 Removing Abandoned Housing 205 10.4 Street Trees 206 10.5 Disconnecting Impervious Surfaces 207 10.5.1 Defining Disconnected Impervious Surface 208 10.5.2 Calculating the Benefit of Disconnecting Imperviousness 208 10.5.3 Design 210 10.5.4 Water-Quality Benefits 212 10.5.5 Performance Results 212 10.6 Pollution Prevention 213 10.6.1 Street Sweeping 213 10.6.2 Product Prohibition 216 10.7 Education 217 References 217 Problems 218 11 Green Infrastructure Stormwater Control 221 11.1 Introduction 221 11.2 Fundamentals of Stormwater Control Measures 221 11.3 Designing to Climate and the Watershed 222 11.4 Types of Stormwater Control Measures 223 11.5 Nonvegetated Stormwater Control Measures 224 11.5.1 Infiltration Basins and Rock Beds 224 11.5.2 Permeable Pavements 224 11.5.3 Cisterns and Rain Barrels 225 11.5.4 Sand Filters 225 11.6 Vegetated Stormwater Control Measures 225 11.6.1 Vegetation Challenges 227 11.6.2 Green Roofs 229 11.6.3 Bioretention 230 11.6.4 Vegetated Swales and Filter Strips 230 11.6.5 Stormwater Wetlands 230 11.7 Selecting the SCM Site 230 11.8 Stormwater Treatment Media 231 11.8.1 Rock, Gravel, and Coarse Sand 232 11.8.2 Silts and Clays 232 11.8.3 Organic Media 232 11.9 Volumetric Storage 233 11.10 Drains and Underdrains 234 11.11 “Irreducible Concentrations” 235 References 237 Problems 238 12 Inlets, Bypasses, Pretreatment, and Proprietary Devices 239 12.1 Introduction 239 12.2 Inlets 239 12.3 Stormwater Bypass 240 12.4 Catch Basin and Inlet Filters 241 12.5 Pretreatment 242 12.6 Forebays 242 12.6.1 Forebay Design 243 12.6.2 Forebay Maintenance 245 12.7 Proprietary Devices 246 12.8 Accumulated Trash and Sediment 248 References 249 Problems 249 13 Green Roofs 251 13.1 Introduction 251 13.2 Climate and Green Roofs 251 13.3 Types of Roofs 252 13.3.1 Green Roofs 252 13.3.2 Blue Roofs 253 13.4 Extensive Green Roof Components 256 13.5 Hydrologic Design Strategies 259 13.5.1 Rainfall Capture 259 13.5.2 Evapotranspiration 262 13.6 Water Quality Design 264 13.6.1 Phosphorus 265 13.6.2 Nitrogen 266 13.6.3 Metals 266 13.7 Inspection and Maintenance 266 13.8 Other Green Roof Benefits 266 References 267 Problems 268 14 Rainwater Harvesting 271 14.1 Introduction 271 14.2 Potential as a Water Resource 272 14.3 Harvested Roof Water Quality 273 14.4 Rain Barrels 274 14.5 Rainwater Harvesting Regulations 275 14.5.1 Non-stormwater Regulations 276 14.5.2 Stormwater Regulations 276 14.6 Designing Rainwater Harvesting Systems 277 14.6.1 General Characteristics and Purpose 277 13.6.2 Rainwater Storage Sizing Techniques 278 14.6.3 Design 279 14.7 Designing for Enhanced Stormwater Performance 282 14.7.1 Passive Release Mechanism 282 14.7.2 Active Release Mechanism 284 14.7.3 Alternative Approaches for Irrigation-based Systems 285 14.7.4 Designing an Infiltration or Filtration Area 286 14.8 Treatment for High-quality Use 288 14.9 Inspection and Maintenance 289 References 289 Problems 290 15 Permeable Pavement 293 15.1 Introduction 293 15.2 Types of Permeable Pavements 295 15.3 Permeable Pavement Installation 298 15.4 Designing for Infiltration and Percolation 298 15.4.1 Surface Infiltration 299 15.4.2 Run-on Ratio 299 15.4.3 Depth/Volume of Storage Layer 301 15.4.4 Underdrain Need 301 15.4.5 Underdrain Configuration 301 15.4.6 In Situ Soils 302 15.5 Permeable Pavement Hydrologic Design Strategies 302 15.6 Permeable Pavement Hydrology 305 15.6.1 Hydrographs 305 15.6.2 Curve Numbers and Storage 306 15.6.3 Evaporation 307 15.7 Water Quality Design 307 15.7.1 Particulate Matter 308 15.7.2 Metals 308 15.7.3 Nutrients 308 15.7.4 Hydrocarbons 309 15.7.5 pH 309 15.7.6 Thermal Pollution (Temperature) 310 15.7.7 Pollutant Loads 310 15.7.8 Long-term Pollutant Fate 311 15.8 Maintenance 312 15.9 Design Summary 312 15.10 Permeable Pavement Cost Factors 312 15.11 Permeable Friction Course 314 References 315 Problems 317 16 Infiltration Trenches and Infiltration Basins 319 16.1 Introduction 319 16.2 Types of Basins 319 16.3 Mechanisms of Treatment 321 16.4 Infiltration 323 16.5 Surface Infiltration Basins 323 16.6 Infiltration Trench and Subsurface Infiltration Basin Design 326 16.7 Infiltration Trench and Basin Performance 327 16.8 Inspection and Maintenance 328 References 329 Problems 329 17 Sand Filters 331 17.1 Introduction 331 17.2 Basic Sand Filter Operation 331 17.3 Sand Filter Options and Configurations 331 17.4 Sand Filter Design 333 17.5 Water Quality Performance 335 17.5.1 Particulate Matter Removal 335 17.5.2 Dissolved Pollutant Removal 336 17.6 Sand Filter Headloss 336 17.7 Solids Accumulation and Clogging 337 17.8 Sorptive and Reactive Media 339 17.9 Geotextile Filters 339 17.10 Inspection and Maintenance 340 References 340 Problems 341 18 Bioretention 343 18.1 Introduction 343 18.2 Bioretention Classifications 344 18.3 Bioretention Components 345 18.4 Siting and Configuration 346 18.5 Bioretention Flow Entrances, Inlets, and Forebays 348 18.6 Storage Bowl 350 18.7 Bioretention Design: Static Storage and Hydrologic Performance 351 18.8 Dynamic Storage 353 18.9 The Media 354 18.9.1 Rain Gardens 354 18.9.2 Standard Media 354 18.9.3 Surface Mulch Layer 354 18.10 Evapotranspiration 355 18.11 The Media and Particulate Matter Removal 356 18.12 The Media and Heavy Metals Removal 358 18.13 The Media and Organic Pollutants Removal 359 18.14 The Media and Phosphorus Removal 360 18.14.1 Phosphorus Removal in Bioretention 361 18.14.2 Quantifying Phosphorus Removal 362 18.14.3 Media Enhancements for Phosphorus Removal 363 18.15 The Media and Nitrogen Removal 366 18.15.1 Nitrogen Processing in Standard Bioretention Systems 366 18.15.2 Enhanced Nitrogen Removal 368 18.15.3 Biological Nitrogen Transformations 368 18.16 The Media and Bacteria Removal 370 18.17 Vegetation 370 18.18 The Underdrain and Subsurface Storage 373 18.19 Internal Water Storage and Nitrogen Removal 376 18.20 Bioretention Pollutant Load Reductions 377 18.21 Bioretention Exfiltration and Groundwater 380 18.22 Inspection and Maintenance 380 References 381 Problems 386 19 Swales, Filter Strips, and Level Spreaders 393 19.1 Introduction 393 19.2 Characteristics 393 19.2.1 Swales 393 19.2.2 Filter Strips and Level Spreaders 393 19.3 Swale Design 394 19.3.1 Configurations 396 19.3.2 Hydraulic Design 396 19.4 Filter Strip Design 399 19.4.1 Configurations 399 19.4.2 Flow Conveyance 399 19.5 Filter Strips Conveying to Swales 400 19.6 Water Quality Considerations 402 19.6.1 Designing for Pollutant Capture: Length of Swale 402 19.6.2 Designing for Particulate Matter Removal 402 19.6.3 Designing for Particulate Matter Removal with Particle-size Distribution Available 405 19.6.4 Designing for Metals Removal 406 19.6.5 Filtration through Swales and Filter Strips 408 19.6.6 Check Dams 409 19.7 Swale Performance 410 19.7.1 Hydrologic Considerations 410 19.7.2 Water Quality Considerations 412 19.8 Construction, Inspection, and Maintenance 414 19.9 Summary 414 References 415 Problems 416 20 Stormwater Wetlands 421 20.1 Introduction 421 20.2 Sizing Stormwater Wetlands 422 20.3 Stormwater Wetland Features and Design 423 20.3.1 Zone I—Deep Pools 424 20.3.2 Zone II—Deep to Shallow Water Transition Zone (Transition Zone) 426 20.3.3 Zone III—Shallow Water Zone 426 20.3.4 Zone IV—Temporary Inundation Zone 427 20.3.5 Zone V—Upper Bank 428 20.4 Wetland Vegetation 428 20.5 Wetland Soils and Vegetation Growth Media 430 20.6 Wetland Outlet Configuration 431 20.7 Wetland Construction 437 20.8 Wetland Variations 437 20.8.1 Wetland Design for Cold Water Species (Salmonids) 437 20.8.2 Off-line Stormwater Wetlands 437 20.8.3 Wetlands with High Flow Bypass 438 20.9 Water Quality Improvements in Stormwater Wetlands 439 20.10 Other Stormwater Wetland Designs 442 20.10.1 Submerged Gravel Wetlands 442 20.10.2 Ponds Transitioning to Wetlands 443 20.10.3 Floating Wetlands 444 20.11 Inspection and Maintenance 447 References 447 Problems 449 21 Putting It All Together 451 21.1 Introduction 451 21.2 SCM Hydrologic Performance Summary 451 21.3 SCM Water Quality Performance Summary 453 21.3.1 Green Roofs and Water Harvesting 453 21.3.2 Permeable Pavements 453 21.3.3 Infiltration Basins 454 21.3.4 Sand Filters 454 21.3.5 Bioretention 454 21.3.6 Vegetated Swales 455 21.3.7 Stormwater Wetlands 455 21.4 Treatment Trains 455 21.5 SCM Treatment Train Examples 456 21.5.1 Treatment Trains within Individual SCMs 456 21.5.2 Incorporating Treatment Trains in Traditional SCMs 457 21.5.3 SCMs in Series 457 21.6 Quantifying Performance in SCM Treatment Trains 462 21.7 Real Time Controls 463 21.8 Designing for Climate Change 464 21.9 Greener Infrastructure: What Does the Future Hold? 466 References 467 Problems 469 Appendix A 471 Index 473

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Book SynopsisThe Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) disaster that occurred in Ukraine on April 26, 1986, was one of the most devastating in human history. Using this as a case study, the AGU monograph Groundwater Vulnerability: Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster is devoted to the problem of groundwater vulnerability, where the results of long-term field and modeling investigations of radionuclide transport in soil and groundwater, within the Ukrainian part of the Dnieper River basin (Kyiv region of Ukraine), are discussed. The authors provide a comprehensive review of existing literature on the assessment of groundwater vulnerability and then describe an improved methodology, which is developed based on integration of the methods of hydrogeological zonation and modeling of anomalously fast migration of radioactive contaminants from the land surface toward groundwater. This volume also includes the evaluation of the effect of preferential and episodic flow on transport of radionuclides toward theTable of ContentsAbstract v Introduction: Importance of Lessons Learned from Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability at Chernobyl vii 1. Methods of Groundwater Vulnerability and Protectability Assessment 1 1.1. Method of hydrogeological zoning 2 1.2. Index methods 3 1.3. Parametric methods 9 1.4. Modeling methods 19 2. Chernobyl-Born Radionuclides in Geological Environment 25 3.Preferential Flow and Migration Zones in Geological Environment 39 3.1. State of problem study 39 3.2. PFMz classification and occurrence 41 3.3. Methodological approaches of PFMZ study 47 3.4. Indicators of PFMZ activity in depressions 53 3.5. Preliminary evaluations of PFMZ influence on upper groundwater 57 3.6. Practical importance of PFMZ 60 4. Methodology of Groundwater Vulnerability and Protectability Assessment 65 4.1. General consideration 65 4.2. Vulnerability and protectability assessment for upper groundwater (Unconfined Aquifer) 70 4.3. Vulnerability and protectability assessment for confined aquifers 73 5. Groundwater Vulnerability and Protectability to Chernobyl-Born Radionuclide 81 5.1. Upper groundwater 81 5.2. Confined aquifers 93 6. Summary 101 References 105 Index 115

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Book SynopsisAn authoritative overview of the ecological activities of microbes in the biosphere Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecologypresents a broad overview of microbial activity and microbes' interactions with their environments and communities. Adopting an integrative approach, this text covers both conventional ecological issues as well as cross-disciplinary investigations that combine facets of microbiology, ecology, environmental science and engineering, molecular biology, and biochemistry. Focusing primarily on single-cell forms of prokaryotes and cellular forms of algae, fungi, and protozoans this book enables readers to gain insight into the fundamental methodologies for the characterization of microorganisms in the biosphere. The authors draw from decades of experience to examine the environmental processes mediated by microorganisms and explore the interactions between microorganisms and higher life forms. Highly relevant to modern readers, this book examines topics incTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Introduction to Microorganisms and Their Activities 1 1.1 Central Themes of Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology 1 1.2 Are the Terms Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes Relevant? 1 1.2.1 Intracellular Membranes in Prokaryotes 2 1.2.2 Compartmentalized Heterotrophic Bacterial Cells 3 1.2.3 The Universal Tree of Life: Rooted or Unrooted 4 1.2.4 What About the Giant Viruses? 4 1.3 Major Approach to Study Microorganisms 5 1.3.1 Application of Genomics, Metagenomics, and Proteomics 6 1.3.2 Biochemical and Physiological Analysis 7 1.4 The Impact of Horizontal Gene Transfer Between Microorganisms 7 1.4.1 Genetic Islands 9 1.4.2 Risks from Genetically Modified Organisms 10 1.4.3 Microbial Viruses and Gene Transfer Agents 10 1.5 What Determines Which Microorganisms are Present? 12 1.5.1 Metabolism as a Basis of Selection 13 1.5.2 Is Persistence of Microorganisms Dependent Only on Spore Production? 14 1.6 Is the Size and Shape of a Prokaryotic Cell Important? 19 1.6.1 Nanobacteria 19 1.6.2 Ultramicroscopic Bacteria 21 1.6.3 Very Large Bacteria 21 1.6.4 Influence of Diffusion on Bacterial Cell Form 22 1.6.5 Features of a Specific Cell Form 22 1.6.5.1 Coccus Form 22 1.6.5.2 Rod Form 22 1.6.5.3 Curved Rod or Spirochete Form 23 1.6.5.4 Unusual Forms 23 1.7 Microbial Predation 23 1.7.1 Bacteria as Prey 23 1.7.2 Bacteria as Trackers and Predators 24 1.8 Summary 25 Discussion Questions 25 References 26 Further Reading 31 2 Microbes in the Biosphere: Examination, Cultivation, and Communities 33 2.1 Overview and Focus 33 2.2 Microscopy to Study Environmental Microbes 33 2.2.1 Light Supported Microscopy 34 2.2.2 Fluorescence Microscopy 35 2.2.3 Scanning Confocal Laser Microscopy 37 2.2.4 High Resolution by Electron Microscopy 37 2.3 Internal Structures in Prokaryotes 41 2.3.1 Gas Vacuoles 41 2.3.2 Sulfur Globules 41 2.3.3 Polymeric Carbon Reserves 42 2.3.4 Polyphosphate Granules 43 2.3.5 Metallic Nanoparticles 43 2.4 Strategies for Culturing Microorganisms 44 2.4.1 Overview 44 2.4.2 Approaches for Isolation of Microorganisms 45 2.4.3 Establishing Microbial Communities 45 2.4.4 The iChip and Growing Uncultured Bacteria 46 2.5 Molecular Detection 49 2.5.1 Characterization of Microorganisms Using Genomics and Metagenomics 49 2.5.2 Physiological Analysis Using Metatranscriptomics and Metaproteomics 53 2.5.3 Lipid Biomarker Profiles 54 2.6 Examining Bacteria that Do Not Grow as Pure Cultures in the Laboratory 56 2.6.1 Host‐dependent Microorganisms 56 2.6.1.1 Bacteria as Obligate Pathogens 56 2.6.1.2 Bacteria as Endosymbionts 57 2.6.1.3 The Nanoarchaeum–Ignicoccus Relationship 58 2.6.2 Molecular Analysis of Uncultivable Bacteria 58 2.7 Microbial Community Structures 59 2.7.1 Primary Production and Microbial Communities 59 2.7.2 Biofilms 62 2.7.3 Role of Quorum Sensing 64 2.8 Summary 67 Discussion Questions 68 References 68 Further Reading 75 3 Terrestrial Systems: Soil and Subsurface Environments 77 3.1 Overview and Focus 77 3.2 Soil: An Environment for Microorganisms 77 3.2.1 Soil Horizons 78 3.2.2 Soil Organic Matter (SOM) 78 3.3 Soil Microbiology 80 3.3.1 Soil Prokaryotes 80 3.3.2 Soil Fungi 82 3.3.3 Soil Crusts 83 3.3.4 Soil Invertebrates and Burrowing Animals 83 3.3.5 The Rhizosphere and Associated Bacteria 83 3.4 Understanding Soil Ecosystems 85 3.4.1 The Carbon : Nitrogen Ratio 85 3.4.2 The Fungi : Bacteria Ratio 85 3.4.3 SOM and Soil Food Webs 86 3.4.4 Influence of Agricultural Management on the Soil Microbe Community 89 3.4.5 Impact of Viruses on the Soil Microbiota 90 3.5 Subsurface Microbiology 90 3.5.1 Groundwater 90 3.5.2 Cave Water 92 3.5.3 Deep Subsurface Aquifers 92 3.5.3.1 Aquifer in a Coal‐bearing Basin 92 3.5.3.2 Deep Granitic Aquifer 93 3.5.3.3 Anaerobic, Alkaline Aquifer 94 3.5.3.4 Saline Hydrothermal Aquifer 94 3.6 Deep Subsurface Microbiology 95 3.6.1 Marine Sediment Microbiology 96 3.6.2 Deep Mines and Boreholes 97 3.6.3 Deep Subsea Floor 98 3.6.4 Deep Subsurface Storage Sites 98 3.6.4.1 Storage of Nuclear Fuel Waste 98 3.6.4.2 Underground Storage for H 2 and CH 4 100 3.6.4.3 Underground Storage for CO 2 101 3.6.4.4 Geothermal Energy Production 102 3.6.5 Endolithic Microorganisms 102 3.7 Life in Deep Subsurfaces 103 3.7.1 Adjusting to a Subsurface Diet 103 3.7.2 Energy Sources in the Deep Biosphere 103 3.7.3 The Benefit of Living Together 105 3.8 Geomicrobiology 106 3.8.1 Rock and Mineral Weathering 106 3.8.2 Mineral Transformations 107 3.8.3 Microbial Metal Binding 109 3.8.4 Microbiota of Subsurface Crystals 109 3.9 Summary 110 Discussion Questions 111 References 111 Further Reading 116 4 Aquatic Surface Environments: Freshwater, Marine, and Wastewater 117 4.1 Overview and Focus 117 4.2 Water as Relevant to Microbial Growth 117 4.2.1 Water Activity 118 4.3 Marine Environments and Associated Microbiomes 119 4.3.1 Marine Primary Productivity 120 4.3.2 Marine Heterotrophs 122 4.3.3 Bacterial Symbionts and Marine Hosts 123 4.3.4 Microbial EPSs, Marine Snow, and Marine Gel Particles 125 4.3.5 Brackish Water and Intertidal Zones 127 4.3.6 Coral Reefs 128 4.4 Freshwater Environments and Associated Microbiomes 131 4.4.1 Lakes and Rivers 132 4.4.2 Wetlands 137 4.4.3 The Snow and Glacier Ice Ecosystems 139 4.4.4 Microbiota of Cold and Hot Springs 140 4.4.5 Microbial Mats 142 4.5 Maintaining Populations in Low Nutrient Environments 144 4.6 Aquaculture Wastewater 148 4.7 Hormone Degradation in Fresh Water 149 4.8 Human Activities and Influence on Microbial Ecology 150 4.9 Drinking Water 151 4.10 Municipal Water Treatment 151 4.11 Wastewater Treatment Systems 152 4.11.1 Septic Tanks 152 4.11.2 Municipal Wastewater Treatment 152 4.11.2.1 Primary Treatment 153 4.11.2.2 Secondary Treatment 153 4.12 Alternative Approaches for Wastewater Treatment 154 4.13 Coliforms and Other Indicator Organisms 155 4.14 Viruses in Aquatic Environments: Diversity and Activity 156 4.15 Summary 158 Discussion Questions 159 References 159 Further Reading 166 5 Life in Extreme Environments 167 5.1 Overview 167 5.2 Sampling in Extreme Environments 168 5.3 Extreme Temperature Environments 173 5.3.1 Psychrophiles 174 5.3.2 Thermophiles 176 5.3.2.1 Alpine Environment – Yellowstone National Park 176 5.3.2.2 Hydrothermal Vent Communities 179 5.3.2.3 The Guaymas Basin 180 5.4 Xerophiles 180 5.5 Piezophiles 182 5.6 Acidophiles 183 5.7 Alkaliphiles 187 5.8 Halophiles and Chaophiles 189 5.9 Radioresistant Microorganisms 194 5.10 Membrane Adaptations to Extreme Conditions 195 5.10.1 Low Temperatures 195 5.10.2 High Temperatures 196 5.10.3 pH Extremes: Low and High 196 5.11 Astrobiology 197 5.12 Nutrient Limited Environments 198 5.13 Volcanic Surfaces 200 5.14 Summary 202 Discussion Questions 202 References 202 Further Reading 209 6 Mutualism: Microorganisms and Terrestrial Plants 211 6.1 Overview and Focus 211 6.2 Cyanobacteria and the Chloroplast Ancestor 211 6.3 Lichens: Cyanobacteria/Algae–Fungi Mutualism 217 6.3.1 Distribution and Organization 217 6.3.2 Natural Products of Lichens 219 6.4 Mutualisms with Cyanobacteria as Intracellular or Epiphytic Organisms 220 6.4.1 Bryophytes 220 6.4.2 Mosses 221 6.4.3 Azolla 221 6.4.4 Gunnera 222 6.4.5 Cycads 222 6.4.6 Geosiphon 222 6.4.7 Diatoms 224 6.5 Rhizobia–Legume Symbiosis 224 6.5.1 Bacterial Species Involved 224 6.5.2 Rhizospheric Rhizobia 225 6.5.3 The Root Nodulation Process 226 6.5.4 Nodules on Plant Stems 230 6.6 Frankia and the Non‐legume Nitrogen‐fixing Nodule 231 6.7 Mycorrhizae 233 6.7.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM) 235 6.7.2 Ectomycorrhiza (EcM) 236 6.8 Patterns of Regulation for Plant–Microbe Mutualism 237 6.9 Bacterial‐Fungal Interactions 238 6.9.1 Direct Effects 238 6.9.2 Plant Growth‐promoting Bacteria 239 6.9.3 Systemic Induction of Plant Immunity 239 6.10 Endophytic Microorganisms 240 6.11 Microbiology of the Phyllosphere 241 6.12 Summary 242 Discussion Questions 243 References 243 Further Reading 247 7 Mutualism: Microorganisms and Animals 249 7.1 Overview and Focus 249 7.2 Building a Microbial Community – The Role of the Host 249 7.2.1 Microbiology and Innate Immunity 249 7.2.2 Microbiology and Adaptive Immunity 250 7.3 Host Models to Study Parasite Relationships 251 7.3.1 Germ‐free Animals 251 7.3.2 Caenorhabditis elegans 251 7.3.3 Drosophila melanogaster 252 7.3.4 Galleria mellonella 252 7.4 Digestive Tract Environment 252 7.4.1 Omnivores 253 7.4.2 Carnivores 254 7.4.3 Herbivores 255 7.4.3.1 Bacteria and Archaea 257 7.4.3.2 Anaerobic Protozoa 257 7.4.3.3 Anaerobic Fungi 258 7.4.3.4 Probiotics and Methane Mitigation Strategies 260 7.5 The Human Microbiome 260 7.5.1 Skin 260 7.5.2 Oral Microorganisms 261 7.5.3 Intestinal Microbiome 263 7.5.3.1 Establishment of Intestinal Flora 263 7.5.3.2 The Healthy Gut 264 7.5.3.3 Influence of the Intestine on Human Health 265 7.5.3.4 Obesity, Diabetes, and Health Issues 266 7.5.3.5 Probiotics 269 7.6 Gut Microbiota across the Animal World 269 7.6.1 Systems of Maternal Transmission 270 7.6.2 Microbiota of Ruminates and Hindgut Fermenters 270 7.6.3 Gut Microbiota of Bears 275 7.6.4 Microbiota of Birds 275 7.6.5 Intestinal Bacteria of Fish 278 7.7 Insect–Fungus Symbiosis 279 7.7.1 Scale Insects and Septobasidium 279 7.7.2 Attine Ant–Fungus Symbiosis 279 7.7.3 Woodwasp–Fungus Symbiosis 280 7.7.4 Ambrosia Beetles–Fungus 281 7.7.5 Termite–Fungus 281 7.8 Mutualisms Involving Insects and Bacteria 282 7.8.1 Aphids–Buchnera and Endosymbionts 282 7.8.2 Wolbachia–Insects 283 7.8.3 Mealybug–Bacteria 283 7.8.4 Termite Gut–Bacteria 284 7.9 Mutualisms Involving Invertebrates 285 7.9.1 Microbiome of Marine Worms 285 7.9.2 Squid (Euprymna)–Vibrio fischeri Symbiosis 286 7.9.3 Medicinal Leech–Aeromonas sp. and Rikenella‐like Bacteria 287 7.9.4 Nematode–Bacteria 288 7.10 Summary 288 Discussion Questions 289 References 290 Further Reading 295 8 Microbes Driving the Nutrient Cycles 297 8.1 Overview and Focus 297 8.2 Nutrient Cycles and What Drives Them 297 8.3 The Aerobic Environment 299 8.3.1 The “Great Oxidation Event” 299 8.3.2 Oxygen Cycle 300 8.3.3 Hydrogen Peroxide and ROS 303 8.4 Carbon – A Renewable Resource 304 8.4.1 Carbon Dioxide Fixation and Carbonate Reduction 305 8.4.2 Methanogenesis, Methanotrophy, and Methylotrophy 306 8.4.3 Mineralization of Carbon Compounds 308 8.4.4 Production and Utilization of CO 311 8.4.5 Production and Utilization of Hydrogen Cyanide 312 8.5 Nitrogen for Biosynthesis and Energy 312 8.5.1 Nitrification 314 8.5.2 Denitrification 314 8.5.3 Nitrate Reduction 315 8.5.4 Nitrite Reductase 316 8.5.5 Metabolism of NO and N 2 O 316 8.5.6 Production of NO by NOS 317 8.5.7 Respiratory Ammonification 317 8.5.8 Anammox Reaction 318 8.5.9 Assimilation of Nitrogen 318 8.5.10 Dinitrogen Fixation 318 8.6 Sulfur Cycling 319 8.6.1 Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide 320 8.6.2 Oxidation of Elemental Sulfur 321 8.6.3 Dissimilative S 0 Reduction 321 8.6.4 Dissimilative Sulfate Reduction 322 8.6.5 Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction 322 8.6.6 Production of H 2 S and Dimethyl Sulfide 322 8.6.6.1 Hydrogen Sulfide 322 8.6.6.2 Dimethyl Sulfide 323 8.7 Cycling of Trace Elements 324 8.7.1 Iron 324 8.7.2 Manganese 326 8.8 Phosphorus Cycling 328 8.9 Selenium Cycling 330 8.10 Cycling Toxic Elements 331 8.10.1 Mercury 331 8.10.2 Arsenic 332 8.11 Summary 335 Discussion Questions 335 References 336 Further Reading 340 9 Bioremediation Using Microorganisms 341 9.1 Overview and Focus 341 9.2 Microbial Bioremediation: Strategies and Applications 341 9.2.1 Biostimulation 343 9.2.2 Bioaugmentation 344 9.2.2.1 Indigenous Bacteria 344 9.2.2.2 Genetically Modified Organisms 344 9.2.3 Intrinsic Bioremediation 345 9.2.4 Microbial Consortium 345 9.2.5 Co‐metabolism 346 9.3 Organic Compounds and Xenobiotics Degraded 347 9.3.1 Pesticides 347 9.3.2 Chlorinated Organic Compounds 348 9.3.2.1 Chloroethylenes 349 9.3.2.2 Chloromethanes 350 9.3.2.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyl Compounds 351 9.3.3 Population Dynamics in Degradation of Hydrocarbons 352 9.3.3.1 Oil Spills 352 9.3.3.2 Fuel Hydrocarbons 353 9.3.3.3 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons 355 9.3.3.4 Azo Dyes 357 9.3.4 Explosives 357 9.3.4.1 Trinitrotoluene 357 9.3.4.2 RDX and HMX 359 9.3.4.3 Perchlorate 359 9.3.5 Bioremediation and Detoxification of Metal(loid)s 359 9.3.5.1 Dissimilatory Metal(loid) Reduction 360 9.3.5.2 Methylation Reactions 361 9.4 Design of Systems for Bioremediation 362 9.4.1 In Situ vs Ex Situ 362 9.4.2 Bioreactors 363 9.4.3 Biofarming 363 9.4.4 Permeable Reactive Barriers 363 9.4.5 Groundwater and Lagoon Treatment 363 9.4.6 Bioventing 364 9.5 Summary 364 Discussion Questions 364 References 365 Further Reading 370 10 Biocorrosion and Geomicrobiology 371 10.1 Overview and Focus 371 10.2 Microbially Influenced Corrosion (MIC) of Ferrous Metals 371 10.2.1 Current Theories of Biocorrosion 371 10.2.1.1 Emic 373 10.2.1.2 Cmic 374 10.2.1.3 Iron Sulfide Crusts 374 10.2.1.4 Biofilms and Extracellular Matrix 374 10.2.2 Biocorrosion of Nonferrous Materials 375 10.2.3 Control of Biocorrosion 376 10.3 Bioalteration of Rocks, Monuments, and Other Surfaces 376 10.3.1 Biofilms on Rocks and Buildings 376 10.3.2 Biodegradation of Art Objects 377 10.3.2.1 Marble Statues in Italy 377 10.3.2.2 Paintings in the Lascaux Cave in France 377 10.3.2.3 Mogao Grottoes in China 378 10.3.2.4 Damage to Frescoes 378 10.3.3 Biotechnology for Restoration of Artworks and Historic Stones 378 10.4 Biodeterioration of Concrete 380 10.5 Mineral Interaction and Biomineralization 382 10.5.1 Iron Hydroxides 382 10.5.2 Magnetic Mineral Crystals 383 10.5.3 Manganese Oxides 383 10.5.4 Carbonates 384 10.5.5 Phosphates 384 10.5.6 Sulfates 385 10.5.7 Sulfides 385 10.5.8 Clays 385 10.5.9 Uranium Precipitate and Crystals 386 10.5.10 Gold Grains 386 10.6 Interactions with Transition and Rare Earth Elements 387 10.6.1 Transition Elements 387 10.6.2 Rare Earth Elements 388 10.7 Toxic Elements 389 10.7.1 Mercury 389 10.7.2 Chromium 389 10.7.3 Arsenic 390 10.7.4 Selenium 390 10.8 Metallic and Metalloid Nanoparticles of Microbial Origin 391 10.9 Summary 393 Discussion Questions 393 References 394 Further Reading 398 11 Microbial Communities and Metabolic Networks 399 11.1 Overview and Focus 399 11.2 Examples of Succession of Populations 399 11.2.1 Development of Coral Black Band Disease 400 11.2.2 Population Succession in Production of Dairy Products 400 11.2.3 Population Dynamics in Fermentation of Non‐dairy Foods 401 11.2.3.1 Kimchi 401 11.2.3.2 Coffee 401 11.2.3.3 Cocoa 402 11.2.3.4 Chinese Soy Sauce 402 11.2.4 Composting Plant Material 403 11.3 Impact of Climate Change on Microorganisms 403 11.3.1 Marine Environment 403 11.3.2 Soil Environment 404 11.4 Syntrophy and Co‐metabolism 406 11.5 Ecosystem Created by Hydraulic Fracturing in Shale 408 11.6 Extracellular Electron Transport 408 11.6.1 Membrane‐bound Proteins 409 11.6.2 Electron Shuttling 409 11.6.3 Nanowires 410 11.6.4 Extracellular Electron Movement in Biofilms 410 11.7 Cross‐talk: Interkingdom Signaling 410 11.7.1 Microbial Endocrinology 411 11.7.2 Cross‐signaling in Nonhuman Systems 412 11.8 Evolving Systems of Interest 412 11.8.1 Polyploidy in Bacteria 412 11.8.2 Impact of Viruses and CRISPR‐cas Systems 414 11.8.3 Impact of Outer Membrane Vesicles 416 11.8.4 Atmospheric Microbiology 420 11.8.5 Long‐distance Electron Transfer 423 11.9 Summary 424 Discussion Questions 425 References 425 Further Reading 433 Index 435

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Book SynopsisIs zero waste engineering possible? This book outlines how to achieve zero waste engineering, following natural pathways that are truly sustainable. Using methods that have been developed in various areas for sustainability purposes, such as new mathematical models, recyclable material selection, and renewable energy, the authors probe the principles of zero waste engineering and how it can be applied to construction, energy production, and many other areas of engineering. This groundbreaking new volume: Explores new scientific principles on which sustainability and zero waste engineering can be based Presents new models for energy efficiency, cooling processes, and natural chemical and material selection in industrial applications and business Explains how green buildings and green homes can be efficiently built and operated with zero waste Offers case histories and successful experiments in sustainability and zeroTable of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The Deficiency of Current Engineering Practices 8 1.3 The Zero-Waste Approach 17 1.4 Scope of the Book 17 1.5 Organization of the Book 19 2 A Delinearized History of Time and Its Impact on Scientific Cognition 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 The Importance of The Continuous Long-Term History 28 2.3 Delinearized History of Time and Knowledge 32 2.4 Role of Water, Air, Clay and Fire in Scientific Characterization 52 2.5 A Reflection on the Purposes of Sciences 70 2.6 Role of Intention in Technology Development 86 2.7 Cyclic Nature of Civilization 90 2.8 About the “New Science” of Time and Motion 98 2.9 What is New Versus what is Permitted: Science and the Establishment? 117 2.10 The Nature-Science Approach 127 2.11 Conclusions 134 3 Towards Modeling of Zero-Waste Engineering Processes with Inherent Sustainability 137 3.1 Introduction 137 3.2 Development of a Sustainable Model 139 3.3 Problem with the Current Model: The Case of Electricity 140 3.4 How Could We Have Averted the Downturn? 161 3.4.1 Violation of Characteristic Time 167 3.5 Observation of Nature: Importance of Intangibles 169 3.6 Analogy of Physical Phenomena 173 3.7 Intangible Cause to Tangible Consequence 174 3.8 Removable Discontinuities: Phases and Renewability of Materials 175 3.9 Rebalancing Mass and Energy 176 3.10 ENERGY — The Existing Model 178 3.11 Conclusions 181 4 The Formulation of a Comprehensive Mass and Energy Balance Equation 183 4.1 Introduction 183 4.2 The Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy 188 4.3 Continuity of Matter and Phase Transition 189 4.4 The Science of Water and Oil 205 4.5 From Natural Energy to Natural Mass 230 4.6 The Avalanche Theory of Mass and Energy 256 4.7 Aims of Modeling Natural Phenomena 262 4.8 Simultaneous Characterization of Matter and Energy 264 4.9 Consequences of Nature-Science for Classical Set Theory and Conventional Notions of Mensuration 269 4.10 Conclusions 271 5 Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) and Honey Sugar Saccharine Aspartame (HSSA) Degradation in Modern Engineering 273 5.1 Introduction 273 5.2 Background 274 5.3 The Need for the Science of Intangibles 275 5.4 The Need for Multidimensional Study 284 5.5 Assessing the Overall Performance of a Process 290 5.6 Facts about Honey and the Science of Intangibles 295 5.7 CCD In Relation to Science of Tangibles 303 5.8 Possible Causes of CCD 311 5.9 The HSS®A® (Honey → Sugar → Saccharin® → Aspartame®) Pathway 322 5.10 Honey and Cancer 344 5.11 The Sugar Culture and Beyond 362 5.12 The Culture of the Artificial Sweetener 368 5.13 The Honey-Sugar-Saccharin-Aspartame Degradation in Everything 406 5.14 The Nature Science Approach 411 5.15 A New Approach to Product Characterization 413 5.16 A Discussion 416 5.17 Conclusions 419 6 Zero-Waste Lifestyle with Inherently Sustainable Technologies 421 6.1 Introduction 421 6.2 Energy from Kitchen Waste (KW) and Sewage 425 6.3 Utilization of Produced Waste in a Desalination Plant 432 6.4 Solar Aquatic Process to Purify Desalinated/Waste Water 438 6.5 Direct Use of Solar Energy 445 6.6 Sustainability Analysis 451 7 A Novel Sustainable Combined Heating/Cooling/Refrigeration System 455 7.1 Introduction 455 7.2 Einstein Refrigeration Cycle 458 7.3 Thermodynamic Model and its Cycle’s Energy Requirement 460 7.4 Solar Cooler and Heat Engine 463 7.5 Actual Coefficient of Performance (COP) Calculation 464 7.6 Absorption Refrigeration System 466 7.7 Calculation of Global Efficiency 468 7.8 Solar Energy Utilization in the Refrigeration Cycle 475 7.9 The New System 476 7.8 Pathway Analysis 478 7.9 Sustainability Analysis 482 7.10 Conclusions 484 8 A Zero-Waste Design for Direct Usage of Solar Energy 487 8.1 Introduction 487 8.2 The prototype 491 8.3 Results and Discussion of Parabolic Solar Technology 495 8.4 Conclusions 502 9 Investigation of Vegetable Oil as The Thermal Fluid in A Parabolic Solar Collector 503 9.1 Introduction 503 9.2 Experimental Setup and Procedures 507 9.3 Experimental Procedure 511 9.4 Results and Discussion 511 9.5 Conclusions 515 10 The Potential of Biogas in Zero-Waste Mode of a Cold-Climate Environment 517 10.1 Introduction 517 10.2 Background 518 10.3 Biogas Fermentation 520 10.4 Factors Involved in Anaerobic Digestion 521 10.5 Heath and Environmental Issue 526 10.6 Digesters in Cold Countries 528 10.7 Experimental Setup and Procedures 529 10.8 Discussion 532 10.9 Conclusions 536 11 The New Synthesis: Application of All Natural Materials for Engineering Applications 537 11.1 Introduction 537 11.2 Metal Waste Removal with Natural Materials 538 11.3 Natural Materials as Bonding Agents 544 12 Economic Assessment of Zero-Waste Engineering 569 12.1 Introduction 569 12.2 Delinearized History of the Modern Era 570 12.3 Insufficiency of Conventional Economic Models 581 12.4 The New Synthesis 584 12.5 The New Investment Model, Conforming to the Information Age 587 12.6 The Most Important Research Questions in the Information Age 590 12.7 Future Engineering Projects 594 12.8 Economics of Zero-Waste Engineering Projects 595 12.9 Quality of Energy 605 12.10 Conclusions 607 13 General Conclusions and Recommendations 609 13.1 Summary 609 13.2 Conclusions 613 13.3 Recommendations 615 13.4 Future Projects 616 References and Bibliography 619 Index 665

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Book SynopsisThis proceedings contains a collection of 20 papers from the following five 2014 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T''14) symposia: Materials Issues in Nuclear Waste Management in the 21st Century Green Technologies for Materials Manufacturing and Processing V Nanotechnology for Energy, Healthcare and Industry Materials for Processes for CO2 Capture, Conversion, and Sequestration Materials Development for Nuclear Applications and Extreme Environments Table of ContentsPreface ix MATERIALS ISSUES IN NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT Uptake of Uranium by Tungstic Acid 3Hamed Albusaidi, Cory K. Perkins, and Allen W. Apblett Electrical Conductivity Method for Monitoring Accumulation of Crystals 13Matthew K. Edwards, Josef Matyáš, Jarrod V. Crum, Charles C. Bonham, and Michael J. Schweiger Crystallization in High Level Waste (HLW) Glass Melters: Savannah River Site Operational Experience 23Kevin M. Fox, David K. Peeler, and Albert A. Kruger Scoping Melting Studies of High Alumina Waste Glass Compositions 37Jared O. Kroll, Michael J. Schweiger, John D. Vienna Research-Scale Melter: An Experimental Platform for Evaluating Crystal Accumulation in High-Level Waste Glasses 49Josef Matyáš, Gary J. Sevigny, Michael J. Schweiger, and Albert A. Kruger Characterization of High Level Nuclear Waste Glass Samples Following Extended Melter Idling 59David K. Peeler, Kevin M. Fox, and Albert A. Kruger Synthesis of Mineral Matrices Based on Enriched Zirconium Pyrochlore for Immobilization of Actinide-Containing Waste 73K. Podbolotov and T. Barinova Corrosion Evaluation of Melter Materials for Radioactive Waste Vitrification 83Marissa M. Reigel, Ken J. Imrich, and Carol M. Jantzen GREEN TECHNOLOGIES FOR MATERIALS MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING Green Flame Retardant Based on a Ceramic Precursor 99Bhawani Regmi and Allen W. Apblett Single-Source Precursor Approach to Barium Dimolybdate 109Ahmed Moneeb Allen W. Apblett, Abdullah Al-Abdulrahman, and Abdulaziz Bagabas Effects on Biomass Char Addition on Combustion Process of Pulverized Coal 117Yi-ran Liu, Yingli , and Bingchang Li A Comparative Analysis for Charpy Impact Energy in Polyester Composites Reinforced with Malva, Ramie and Curaua Fibers 127Frederico Muylaert Margem, André Raeli Gomes, Luiz Gustavo Xavier Borges, and Sergio Neves Monteiro Research on Simultaneous Injection of Waste Tires with Pulverized Coal for Blast Furnace 135Bingji Yan, Jianliang Zhang, Hongwei Guo, and Feng Liu Research on using Blast Furnace Slag to Produce Building Stone 145Bingji Yan, Jianliang Zhang, Hongwei Guo, Zhiwen Shi, and Feng Liu A Green Leaching Method of Decomposing Synthetic CaWO4 by HCl-H3PO4 in Tungsten Producing Process 157Liang Liu and Jilai Xue NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENERGY, HEALTHCARE AND INDUSTRY Synthesis of Coated Nano Calcium Carbonate Particles and their Characterization 169S. E. Benjamin and Farah Mustafa Synthesis of TiO2 Nanostructures via Hydrothermal Method 177Nursev Bilgin, Lutfi Agartan, Jongee Park, and Abdullah Ozturk Carbon Nanotube-Based Impedimetric Biosensors for Bone Marker Detection 187Mitali Patil, Madhumati Ramanathan, Vesselin Shanov, and Prashant N. Kumta MATERIALS AND PROCESSES FOR CO2 CAPTURE, CONVERSION, AND SEQUESTRATION High CO2 Permeation Flux Enabled by Al2O3 Modifier and In-Situ Infiltration of Molten Carbonate into Gd-Doped CeO2 as a CO2 Separation Membrane 197Jingjing Tong, Zachary Bills, Lingling Zhang, Jie Fang, Minfang Han, and Kevin Huang MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS Superplasticity in Ceramics at High Temperature 207Michael Opoku, Raghunath Kanakala, and Indrajit Charit Author Index 219

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Book SynopsisThis proceedings volume contains a collection of 20 papers from the following symposia held during the 2015 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T ''15) meeting: 7th International Symposium on Green and Sustainable Technologies for Materials Manufacturing Processing Materials for Nuclear Applications and Extreme Environments Materials Issues in Nuclear Waste Management in the 21st Century Nanotechnology for Energy, Healthcare and Industry Materials for Processes for CO2 Capture, Conversion and Sequestration Hybrid Organic Inorganic Materials for Alternative Energy Table of ContentsPreface ix GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES FOR MATERIALS MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING "Commonization" of Materials: Guilty by Association 3Marsha S. Bischel, Amy A. Costello, and Tawnya R. Hultgren Experimental Research and Application of Copper Oxide Flotation using the Combined Collectors of Benzohydroxamic Acid and Butyl Xanthate 13Daixiong Chen, Jun Xiao, Chunming He, and Xiaodong Li Investigation of the Microstructural Evolution between Pellet and Sinter under the Conditions of an Oxygen Blast Furnace 27Wentao Guo, Qingguo Xue, Long Chen, Yingli Liu, Xuefeng She, and Jingsong Wang Novel Engineered Cementitious Materials by using Class C Fly Ash as a Cementitious Phase 35M. F. Riyad, M. Fuka, R. Lofthus, Q. Li, N. M. Patel, and S. Gupta Effects of Composition Changes on the Sintering Properties of Novel Steel Slag Ceramics 45Lihua Zhao, Yu Li, Feng Jiang, and Daqiang Cang Efficiency Gains in Powertrain Components by Molybdenum-Alloyed Special Steels 53Hardy Mohrbacher Niobium Carbide—An Innovative and Sustainable High-Performance Material for Tooling, Friction and Wear Applications 67Hardy Mohrbacher, Mathias Woydt, Jef Vleugels, and Shuigen Huang MATERIALS FOR NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS Microstructure of Yttria Doped Ceria as a Function of Oxalate Co-Precipitation Synthesis Conditions 83Laurent Brissonneau, Aurore Mathieu, Brigitte Tormos, and Anna Martin-Garin High Temperature Corrosion of Structural Alloys in Molten Li2BeF4 (FLiBe) Salt 93Guiqiu Zheng, David Carpenter, Lin-Wen Hu, and Kumar Sridharan Crack Initiation due to Liquid Metal Embrittlement for the Steel T91 and Two ODS Steels in Liquid Lead 103L. Rozumová, F. Di Gabriele, A. Hojná, and H. Hadraba NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, ELECTRONICS, AND INDUSTRY Stabilization of Nano-Scale Nickel Electro-Catalysts at High Temperature 115David R. Driscoll and Stephen W. Sofie Nanotechnology Advancements and Applications 125Stephen Miranda The Sensing Properties of Fuzzy Carbon Nanotube Based Silica Fibers 139M. Radeti , P. Cortes, G. Kubas, Jim Cook, Ravi Chandra Reddy Gade, and T. Oder Nanomodified Low-Cost Biological Material for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions 147L. Rozumová, J. Seidlerova, and I. Safarik MATERIALS ISSUES IN NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY Effects of Al2O3, B2O3, Li2O, Na2O, and SiO2 on Nepheline Crystallization in Hanford High Level Waste Glasses 161Jared O. Kroll, John D. Vienna, and Michael J. Schweiger Evolution of Repository, Container, Waste Form Characterization and Design at the Proposed US Disposal System in Volcanic Tuff 171Rob P. Rechard Effect of Hydration Heat on Iodine Distriution in Gypsum-Additive Calcium Aluminate Cement 185Tomofumi Sakuragi, Yu Yamashita, and Shigeto Kikuchi MATERIALS AND PROCESSES FOR CO2 CAPTURE, CONVERSION, AND SEQUESTRATION Porphyrin-Based Chemistry for Carbon Capture and Sequestration 201Lawrence P. Cook, Winnie Wong-Ng, and Greg Brewer Thermal Stability of Novel Multilayer Lanthanum Zirconate Based Thermal Barrier Coatings 223Xingye Guo, Zhe Lu, Yeon-Gil Jung, Li Li, James Knapp, and Jing Zhang HYBRID ORGANIC-INORGANIC MATERIALS FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY Electrochemical Properties of Melting Gel Coatings 235L. C. Klein, A. Degnah, K. Al-Marzoki, G. Rodriguez, A. Jitianu, J. Mosa, and M. Aparicio Author Index 243

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Book SynopsisMicroplastics in Urban Water Management Enables readers to understand the true occurrence and fate of microplastics in drinking water, wastewater and sludge, and receiving water Microplastics in Urban Water Management focuses on the occurrence, fate, effect, and removal of microplastics in the urban water management systems, summarizing relevant methods for enhancing microplastics removal and degradation, providing comprehensive data from source to sink (including occurrence and fate of microplastics in urban water management), and covering practical applications, which are expected to provide some theoretical guidance for controlling or mitigating microplastics pollution and its environmental risks. The work also includes detailed multidisciplinary information on the way in which microplastics behave in urban water management, plus recent advances of nanoplastics, i.e., nano-sized microplastics, in the aquatic environment. In Microplastics in Urban Water Management, readers can expectTable of ContentsNotes of Contributors xiii Preface xvii 1 Techniques for Microplastics Detection in Urban Water Systems 1 Xiaowei Li, Man Li, Lulu Liu, and Xiang Huang 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Sample Collection and Separation 1 1.2.1 Freshwater Samples 1 1.2.2 Freshwater Sediments 5 1.2.3 Wastewater Samples 9 1.2.4 Sludge Samples 12 1.2.5 Drinking Water Samples 14 1.3 Sample Purification 16 1.3.1 Wet Peroxidation 16 1.3.2 Enzymatic Degradation 17 1.3.3 Alkaline and Acid Treatment 18 1.3.4 Influence of Chemical Purification on Microplastic Property 20 1.4 Sample Identification 25 1.4.1 Visual Identification 25 1.4.2 Microscopic Identification 26 1.4.3 Spectroscopic Identification 27 1.4.4 Thermal Analysis 29 1.5 Quantitative Analysis 32 1.5.1 LD Method 33 1.5.2 DLS Method 34 1.5.3 NTA Method 34 1.5.4 Challenges in Particle Size Analysis 35 1.6 Quality Control 36 1.6.1 Internal Deviation 36 1.6.2 Judgment Error 37 1.7 Summary and Future Outlooks 37 References 37 2 Occurrence and Removal of Microplastics in Drinking Water Systems 53 Junyeol Kim, Yongli Z. Wager, Carol Miller, and John Norton 2.1 Introduction 53 2.2 What Are Microplastics? 55 2.2.1 Primary and Secondary Microplastics 56 2.3 The Emergence of Microplastic 57 2.3.1 Sources 57 2.3.2 Transformation 59 2.4 Occurrence of Microplastics in Drinking Water Systems 61 2.4.1 Abundance 61 2.4.2 Distribution 64 2.4.2.1 Size Distribution 65 2.4.2.2 Morphological Distribution 66 2.4.3 Composition 67 2.5 Removal of Microplastics in Drinking Water Systems 68 2.5.1 Water Treatment Plant 69 2.5.1.1 Removal of Microplastics by the Overall Process of Water Treatment 69 2.5.1.2 Removal Rate of Microplastics Depending on the Size 70 2.5.1.3 Removal Rate Depending on the Type of Microplastics 73 2.5.1.4 Removal Efficiency Depending on the Composition of Microplastics 74 2.5.1.5 Removal of Microplastics by Coagulation, Flocculation, and Sedimentation 75 2.5.1.6 Removal of Microplastics by Filtration 76 2.5.1.7 Removal of Microplastics by Ozonation 77 2.5.2 Microplastic Removal in Lab-scale Studies 78 2.6 Summary and Prospects 80 References 82 3 Occurrence of Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants 91 Kang Song and Lu li 3.1 Introduction 91 3.2 The Abundance and Removal Performance of Microplastics in WWTPs 92 3.3 The Microplastics Composition in WWTPs 102 3.3.1 Microplastics Size Distribution 102 3.3.2 Microplastic Shapes 103 3.3.3 Microplastic Materials 104 3.3.4 Microplastic Color 105 3.4 Removal of Microplastics in WWTPs and Contribution of Each Process 106 3.4.1 Primary Treatment 106 3.4.2 Secondary Treatment 108 3.4.3 Tertiary Treatment 108 3.5 Summary and Future Outlooks 109 References 110 4 Effects of Microplastics on Wastewater Treatment Processes 119 Yan Laam Cheng, Tsz Ching Tse, Ziying Li, Yuguang Wang, and Yiu Fai Tsang 4.1 Biological Treatment Processes 119 4.1.1 Conventional Unit Operations and Processes 119 4.1.1.1 Suspended-Growth Processes 120 4.1.1.2 Attached-Growth Processes 122 4.1.1.3 Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes 122 4.2 Interactions Between Sludge and Microplastics 123 4.2.1 Activated Sludge 126 4.2.2 Aerobic Granular Sludge 126 4.2.3 Anaerobic Granular Sludge 127 4.3 Effects of Microplastics on Microorganisms and Key Enzymes 128 4.3.1 Heterotrophic Bacteria 128 4.3.2 Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria 129 4.3.3 Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria 132 4.3.4 Key Enzymes 132 4.4 Effects on Sludge Stabilization and Dewatering 134 4.4.1 Aerobic Digestion 134 4.4.2 Dewatering 136 4.5 Perspectives 137 4.6 Conclusion 139 Acknowledgments 140 References 140 5 Microplastics in Sewage Sludge of Wastewater Treatment 147 Wei Wei, Xingdong Shi, Yu-Ting Zhang, Chen Wang, Yun Wang, and Bing-Jie Ni 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 Occurrence 149 5.2.1 Primary Sludge 150 5.2.2 Waste-Activated Sludge 152 5.2.3 Dewatered Sludge 153 5.3 Effects of Microplastics on Sludge Anaerobic Treatment 155 5.3.1 Methane 155 5.3.2 Short-Chain Fatty Acid 156 5.3.3 Hydrogen 158 5.3.4 Enzyme Activity 158 5.3.5 Microbial Community 159 5.4 Transport of Microplastics from Sludge to Soil and Landfills 160 5.4.1 Transport of Microplastics from Sludge to Soil 160 5.4.2 Transport of Microplastics from Sludge to Landfills 162 5.5 Enhanced Removal of Microplastics from Sludge 162 5.5.1 Thickening and Dehydration 162 5.5.2 Anaerobic Digestion 163 5.5.3 High Temperature Composting 163 5.5.4 Incineration 164 5.6 Summary and Outlook 165 References 166 6 Discharge of Microplastics from Wastewater Treatment Plants 175 Hongbo Chen and Yi Wu 6.1 Introduction 175 6.2 Microplastics Concentrations in Effluent of WWTPs 176 6.2.1 Concentration of Microplastics in Effluent 176 6.2.2 Types of Microplastics in Effluent 176 6.3 Important Source of the Receiving Waters 179 6.3.1 River 180 6.3.2 Lake 182 6.3.3 Sea 184 6.3.3.1 Microplastics on Beaches and Coastal Areas 186 6.3.3.2 Microplastics on the Surface of Ocean Water 186 6.3.3.3 Microplastic Pollution in Polar Regions 186 6.3.4 Sediments 188 6.4 Uptake of Microplastics in Aquatic Organisms 193 6.4.1 Freshwater Organisms 193 6.4.2 Marine Life 195 6.4.3 Soil and Crops 197 6.5 Conclusions and Considerations for Future Work 198 6.5.1 Conclusions 198 6.5.2 Considerations for Future Work 199 Acknowledgments 199 References 199 7 Microplastics Removal and Degradation in Urban Water Systems 211 Qiuxiang Xu and Bing-Jie Ni 7.1 Introduction 211 7.2 Use of Separation-based Technology for the Removal of MPs 215 7.2.1 CFS 215 7.2.2 Electrocoagulation 219 7.2.3 Filtration 221 7.2.4 Membrane Separation 222 7.2.5 Adsorption 223 7.3 Photocatalysis Degradation of Microplastics 225 7.3.1 Zinc Oxide-based Photocatalysis 226 7.3.2 Titanium Dioxide-based Photocatalysis 227 7.3.3 Bismuth-based Photocatalysis 229 7.4 Chemical Oxidation Degradation of Microplastics 229 7.5 Future Prospects 231 References 232 8 Microplastics Contamination in Receiving Water Systems 243 Muhammad Junaid and Jun Wang 8.1 Introduction 243 8.2 Occurrence of Microplastics in Freshwater Resources 247 8.2.1 River Surface Waters 247 8.2.2 Lake Surface Waters 248 8.3 Composition of Microplastics in Freshwater 249 8.4 Factors Influencing the Aging of Microplastics 251 8.5 Uptake and Associated Ecological Impacts of Microplastics in Aquatic Organisms 251 8.5.1 Invertebrates 251 8.5.2 Waterbirds 253 8.5.3 Mammals and Megafauna 254 8.6 Interactions among Microplastics and Microbes (Bacteria) 256 8.6.1 Microplastic Biofilms: Formation Mechanisms and Characteristics 256 8.6.2 Factors Affecting Biofilm Formation 257 8.6.3 Role of Microplastic Biofilms in Genetic Material Transfer 258 8.6.4 Microplastics as Pathogen Carriers 260 8.7 Potential Interactions between Microplastics and Humans 260 8.7.1 Dietary Exposure 260 8.7.2 Exposure through Inhalation and Dermal Contact 263 8.7.3 Microplastics’ Toxicity in Humans 264 8.8 Implications and Suggestions 266 Acknowledgments 267 References 268 9 Effects of Microplastics on Algae in Receiving Waters 287 Dongbo Wang, Qizi Fu, Xuemei Li, and Xuran Liu 9.1 Introduction 287 9.2 MPs Induced Effect on the Algae: Growth and Populations 289 9.2.1 Effects of MPs on Algae Growth 289 9.2.2 Effects of MPs on Algae Populations 292 9.3 Factors Affecting Toxicity 293 9.3.1 Dosage 293 9.3.2 Size 295 9.3.3 Materials 295 9.4 Combined Effects of MPs with Contaminants towards Algae 296 9.4.1 Antibiotics 297 9.4.2 Heavy Metals 300 9.4.3 Other Emerging Contaminations 301 9.5 Research Gap and Perspective 302 References 303 10 Effects of Microplastics on Aquatic Organisms in Receiving Waters 315 Gabriela Kalčíková and Ula Rozman 10.1 Introduction 315 10.1.1 Occurrences in Water and Sediment 316 10.1.2 The Concerns about Potential Ecological Risks 318 10.2 Into the Food Chain of Aquatic Animals 319 10.2.1 Accumulation 320 10.2.2 Transfer within the Organizations 321 10.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms 322 10.3.1 Decomposers 322 10.3.2 Producers 323 10.3.3 Consumers 324 10.4 The Sources of Toxicity 326 10.4.1 The Release of Plasticizers and Other Additives 326 10.4.2 The Adsorbed Pollutants 328 10.4.3 Physical Damage 329 10.5 Summary and Outlook 330 References 331 11 Chemicals Associated with Microplastics in Urban Waters 345 Yali Wang 11.1 Introduction 345 11.1.1 Chemicals in Microplastics and Its Fragments 347 11.1.2 Chemical Additives in Plastic Consumer Products 356 11.2 The Release of Chemicals from Microplastics and Environmental Levels 358 11.2.1 Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) 359 11.2.2 Bisphenol A 362 References 363 12 Interactions between Microplastics and Contaminants in Urban Waters 373 Tianyi Luo, Xiaohu Dai, and Bing-Jie Ni 12.1 Introduction 374 12.2 Sorption of Contaminants on Microplastics 375 12.2.1 Antibiotics 376 12.2.2 Heavy Metals 376 12.2.3 Organic Pollutants 380 12.3 Enrichment of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes 383 12.3.1 Single Selection 383 12.3.2 Co-Selection 384 12.4 The Effects of Environmental Conditions 386 12.4.1 pH 386 12.4.2 Temperature 386 12.4.3 Salinity 388 12.4.4 Weathering/Aging Effect 388 12.5 Joint Potential Risks 390 12.5.1 For Contaminants Distribution in Aquatic Environment 390 12.5.2 For ARGs and ARB Distribution in Aquatic Environment 391 12.5.3 For Aquatic Organisms 392 12.5.4 For Human Health 393 12.6 Conclusion and Recommendations 395 References 396 13 Nanoplastics in Urban Waters: Recent Advances in the Knowledge Base 407 Ilaria Corsi, Elisa Bergami, Ian J. Allan, and Julien Gigault 13.1 Introduction 407 13.2 Nanoplastics in the Aquatic Environment 408 13.2.1 Nanoplastics or Polymeric Nanoparticles 408 13.2.2 Formation Pathways of Nanoplastics 410 13.2.3 Source of Nanoplastics 411 13.2.4 The Behavior and Environmental Fate of Nanoplastics 412 13.2.5 Interaction of Nanoplastics with Contaminants 414 13.3 Interactions between Nanoplastics and Aquatic Organisms 418 13.3.1 Effects on Aquatic Organisms: From Microalgae to Fish 419 13.4 Ingestion of Nanoplastics in Aquatic Organisms 427 13.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Recommendation 429 Funding 430 Acknowledgements 430 Competing Interests 431 References 431 Index 445

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Book SynopsisAs an integral component of environmental policy, it has become essential to regulate and monitor toxic substances. Past emphasis has been primarily on analytical approaches to the detection of specific, targeted contaminants, thus allowing chemical characterisation.Trade Review"The book Environmental Toxicity Testing is an important tool for anyone interested in studying and understanding the environment." "Easy to use and consult, the book is an important asset for teachers, students and employees that are involved in environmental practices." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 2005 "The articles are very well referenced and contain a depth of information that will be useful to people already working in the field." Chemistry and Industry 2005 "Directed equally at ecotoxicologists, industrial chemists, analytical chemists and environmental consultants, this book is written in a way that will prove helpful to both new and experienced practitioners." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 16:5 "Undergraduate students and future practitioners may find useful general information on assessment methods of the biological consequences of environmental pollution." Anal Bioanal Chem 2006Table of Contents1. Historical perspective and overview. Jim Wharfe, Science Group, Environment Agency, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. 2. Effective monitoring of the environment for toxicity. Ian Johnson and Paul Whitehouse, Water Research Centre, Marlow, Buckinghamshire, UK, and Mark Crane, Crane Consultants, Faringdon, Oxfordshire, UK. 3. The nature and chemistry of toxicants. Ulf Lidman, Department of Biology, University of Kalmar, Sweden. 4. Frameworks for the application of toxicity data. Maria Consuelo Diaz-Baez and Bernard J. Dutka, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ingenieria Ambiental, Bogota, Colombia. 5. The aquatic environment. William L. Goodfellow Jnr, EA Engineering Science and Technology, Sparks, Maryland, USA. 6. Biological methods for assessing potentially contaminated soils. David J. Spurgeon, Claus Svendsen and Peter K. Hankard, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, UK. 7. Review of biomarkers and new techniques for in situ aquatic studies with bivalves. Francois Gagné and Christian Blaise, Environment Canada, Montreal, Canada. 8. Environmental monitoring for genotoxic compounds. Johan Bierkens, Ethel Brits and Luc Verschaeve, VITO Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium. 9. Approach to legislation in a global context:. A - UK perspective. Jim Wharfe, National Centre for Ecotoxicology and Hazardous Substances, Environment Agency, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. B - Netherlands perspective - Soils and Sediments. Michiel Rutgers, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands and Piet den Besten, Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment (RIZA), Ministry of Transport, Lelystad, The Netherlands. C - German perspective. Hans-Jürgen Pluta and Monika Rosenberg, Umweltbundesamt, Berlin, Germany. D - USA perspective. Barbara Brown and Margarete Heber, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA. 10. Case study: whole effluent assessment using a combined biodegradation and toxicity approach. Graham F. Whale and Nigel S. Battersby, Shell R & T Centre, Chester, UK. 11. Potential future developments in ecotoxicology. Wim De Coen, Geert Huyskens, Roel Smolders, Freddy Dardenne, Johan Robbens, Marleen Maras and Ronny Blust, Laboratory for Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Antwerp, Belgium. References. Index. . . .

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Book SynopsisIt is no secret that the United States' dependence on oil - mostly foreign - puts the country in a precarious position. This title focuses especially on green vehicles and the interrelationship between their design and various energy sources. It explains the complex energy and automotive engineering issues involved in developing green vehicles.Trade ReviewFew books consider the whole complex effect on America's energy strategy of alternativ energy sources for automobiles and electricity that this book addresses. Electrical engineer Gallman discusses various technologies, including the benefits and problems of each. ChoiceTable of ContentsList of Figures and TablesPrefaceAbbreviations1. Conventional Energy Sources2. Conventional Vehicles3. Green Vehicles4. Green Energy Sources5. ConclusionsConversionsNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisFor those who wish to delve deeper into the science, a technical appendix provides estimations for a variety of power generators.Anyone who is interested in how energy works and how it is transformed to power our lives will get a charge out of Lights On!Trade ReviewIn Lights On!, prolific science writer/theoretical physicist Denny explains the history of power generation and presents important facts about renewable energy... The examples provided will help readers understand complex concepts. ChoiceTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Newton's Legacy2. What All the World Wants3. The Vital Spark4. Old King Coal5. The Seven Sisters—Old and New6. Water, Water, Everywhere7. Too Cheap to Meter8. Here Comes the SunAfterwordAppendixNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisIt shows how the industry's massive pollution loads significantly disrupted local environments and communities, leading to a long struggle to regulate and control that pollution.Trade ReviewThis excellent book contributes most robustly to economic and environmental history, but it will be read profitably by scholars interested in political change, regulatory regimes, and race and labor...[an] insightful analysis of the paper industry's important role in the twentieth-century South. The trees slain for this book sacrificed their well-engineered lives for a good cause. American Historical Review Boyd provides a comprehensive and scholarly analysis of a vital industry in an era of substantive regional change. Choice ... Tremendous value as a legal history situated within broader political, historical, economic, and social context. North Carolina Historical Review Slain Wood is an important contribution to promoting understanding of the transformations borne by the Southern regional landscape in the twentieth century. The work is carefully researched and critically related, with a distinctive emphasis on the legal framework guiding transformation of Southern papermaking. AAG Review of Books William Boyd bring such analysis to the American South in a significant contribution to both southern and environmental history... this book is a welcome cross-disciplinary bridge between economic, legal, and environmental history that successfully explains the fundamental historical importance of this understudied industry H-Net Reviews This is a magisterial study of a relatively poorly understood world. To tell it well, Boyd takes seriously the many historiographical layers of the story, using business, technological, labor, legal, and environmental history approaches. The synthesis of these overlapping tales is a huge achievement and his beautiful writing make the book a powerful read. It could well stand as a model for future industrial-environmental historians. Journal of Southern History Overall, Boyd illustrates the double-edged sword that is economic development; its jobs and prosperity often inflict a devastating impact on the non-human and human environments. Boyd makes plain that "the smell of prosperity" is an odor whose costs should be weighed more carefully than Governor Wallace's glib analysis suggests. Environmental HistoryTable of ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Industrializing the Southern Forest2. Logging the Mills3. Making Paper4. Appropriating the Environment5. New South, New NatureNotesEssay on SourcesIndex

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Book SynopsisThe Carbon Code provides a framework to do this, and helps you to become a hero in the fight against climate change.Trade ReviewLess of a harangue and more of a how-to guide, the book explains in refreshingly forthright terms how technological advances are making it easier and cheaper to be green.—Financial TimesA critically important contribution to our on-going national debate about how to deal with climate change (now an even more pressing issue given President Trump's unilateral withdrawal from the Paris accords and surrender of world leadership on the issue) Exceptionally well written, organized and presented, The Carbon Code: How You Can Become a Climate Change Hero is an urgently necessary and needed addition to both community and academic library Environmental Studies collections in general, and the Climate Change supplemental studies lists of students and non-specialists general readers with an interest in the subject.—Midwest Book Review. . . useful and unique. . . this would be an ideal book for anyone who would like to learn about climate change and what they can do as an individual to lower their carbon footprint.—The Canadian Field-NaturalistFavaro provides clear analyses of the issues surrounding consumption of resources . . . Recommended.—ChoiceThis would be an ideal book for anyone who would like to learn about climate change and what they can do as an individual to lower their carbon footprint.—Canadian Field NaturalistThe Carbon Code is a wise, carefully optimistic book. Let’s hope it is widely read and that individuals and organizations take the Carbon Code to heart.—An Outside ChanceThis readable, passionate, and rational effort covers diverse aspects of lowering carbon emissions. The author is a marine biologist with a deep understanding and personal instinct for systems thinking and global concern. I loved the book and it deserves a wide audience.—Quarterly Review of BiologyFavaro offers a range of tips to help wean us off the frequent-flying habit.—NotedThe Carbon Code is a manual for action . . . it is a useful compendium of state-of-the-art actions that just about anyone can take to reduce one's carbon footprint.—Terry M. Gray, Colorado State University, Perspectives on Science and Christian FaithTable of ContentsContents Introduction Part IChapter 1 The Cost of CarbonChapter 2 Solutions Start with YouChapter 3 The Carbon Code of Conduct Part II Living by the CodeChapter 4 ElectricityChapter 5 TransportationChapter 6 Adopting a Low-Carbon DietChapter 7 Long-Range Travel Part III Sharing the Carbon CodeChapter 8 Winning the ConversationChapter 9 Policies for a Pro-Climate FutureChapter 10 Bringing it All Together

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Book SynopsisExploring the interconnectedness of human health, biodiversity, and bioethics. We all depend on environmental biodiversity for clean air, safe water, adequate nutrition, effective drugs, and protection from infectious diseases. Today's healthcare experts and policymakers are keenly aware that biodiversity is one of the crucial determinants of healthnot only for individuals but also for the human population of the planet. Unfortunately, rapid globalization and ongoing environmental degradation mean that biodiversity is rapidly deteriorating, threatening planetary health on a mass scale. In Wounded Planet, Henk A.M.J. ten Have argues that the ethical debate about healthcare has become too narrow and individualized. We must, he writes, adopt a new bioethical discourseone that deals with issues of justice, equality, vulnerability, human rights, and solidarityin order to adequately reflect the serious threat that current loss of biodiversity poses to planetary health. Exploring modern eTable of ContentsPreface 1. Global Bioethics and the Environment2. Biodiversity 3. Health 4. Disease 5. Drugs 6. Food 7. Water 8. Global Bioethics in PracticeNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisA fascinating overview of the lands and peoples of the United States and Canada, both past and present. Based on decades of research and written in clear, concise prose by one of the foremost geographers in North America, John C. Hudson's Across This Land is a comprehensive regional geography of the North American continent. Dividing the terrain into ten regions, which are then subdivided into twenty-seven smaller areas, Hudson's brisk narrative reveals the dynamic processes of each area's distinctive place-specific characteristics. Focusing on how human activities have shaped and have been shaped by the natural environment, Hudson considers physical, political, and historical geography. He also highlights related topics, including resource exploitation, economic development, and population change. Praised in its first edition as a readable and reliable interpretation of United States and Canadian geography, the revised Across This Land retains these strengths while adding substantiaTable of ContentsList of MapsPrefaceReferencesPART I. Atlantic Canada and QuebecChapter 1. Newfoundland and LabradorChapter 2. QuebecChapter 3. The MaritimesPART II. The NortheastChapter 4. New EnglandChapter 5. New York and OntarioChapter 6. The Middle AtlanticPART III. The Upland SouthChapter 7. The Southern AppalachiansChapter 8. The Interior Low PlateausChapter 9. The Ozarks and the OuachitasPART IV. The Lowland SouthChapter 10. The Southeastern Piedmont and the Coastal PlainChapter 11. The Florida Peninsula Chapter 12. The Gulf Coastal Plain and the Alluvial Mississippi ValleyPART V. The Middle WestChapter 13. The Corn BeltChapter 14. The Lower Great LakesPART VI. The Central PlainsChapter 15. Prairie Wheat LandsChapter 16. Texas and the Southern PlainsPART VII. The Western Plains and the Rocky MountainsChapter 17. The Southern Rocky Mountains and the High PlainsChapter 18. The Missouri PlateauPART VIII. The Intermountain WestChapter 19. The Northern Rocky Mountains and the Columbia–Snake PlateauChapter 20. The Great BasinChapter 21. The Colorado Plateau and the Desert SouthwestPART IX. The NorthChapter 22. The Upper Great LakesChapter 23. The Canadian ShieldChapter 24. The Far NorthPART X. The Pacific RealmChapter 25. The Pacific NorthwestChapter 26. CaliforniaChapter 27. HawaiiIndex

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Book SynopsisNew perspectives on how envirotech can help us engage with the surrounding world in ways that are more sustainable for humanityand the planet. Today's scientists, policymakers, and citizens are all confronted by numerous dilemmas at the nexus of technology and the environment. Every day seems to bring new worries about the dangers posed by carcinogens, superbugs, energy crises, invasive species, genetically modified organisms, groundwater contamination, failing infrastructure, and other troubling issues. In Technology and the Environment in History, Sara B. Pritchard and Carl A. Zimring adopt an analytical approach to explore current research at the intersection of environmental history and the history of technologyan emerging field known as envirotech. Technology and the Environment in History They discuss the important topics, historical processes, and scholarly concerns that have emerged from recent work in thinking about envirotech. Each chapter focuses on a different urgent topiTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction. Technology and the Environment in History1. Food and Food Systems2. Industrialization3. Discards4. Disasters5. Body6. SensescapesConclusion. An Envirotechnical WorldAppendix. Teaching ResourcesNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisExploring the fateful chains of events that gave rise to humanity's infectious diseases and pandemics. Why do global pandemics materialize? To address this question, we must delve into the world of pathogens that transcend their original host species and jump into new ones. Most pathogens fail to initiate infection or spread in the population when they jump. Only a few sustain onward chains of transmission, and even fewer sustain these indefinitely. Yet the rare pathogens that do make the leap have caused many of humanity's most dangerous infectious diseases. In Fatal Jump: Tracking the Origins of Pandemics, veterinary disease ecologist Dr. Leslie Reperant investigates mysteries such as how African-originated monkeypox left its home continent, why COVID-19 could threaten measles control, and how pigs' fondness for mangoes enabled the deadly Nipah virus to spread. She shares behind-the-scenes insights into hugely destructive pathogens carried by rats, bats, ticks, and mosquitoes, as

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Book Synopsis The safe storage in glass-based materials of both radioactive and non-radioactive hazardous wastes is covered in a single book, making it unique Provides a comprehensive and timely reference source at this critical time in waste management, including an extensive and up-to-date bibliography in all areas outlined to waste conversion and related technologies, both radioactive and non-radioactive Brings together all aspects of waste vitrification, draws comparisons between the different types of wastes and treatments, and outlines where lessons learnt in the radioactive waste field can be of benefit in the treatment of non-radioactive wastes Trade Review"The author's renowned expertise in immobilisation technology for wastes is clearly reflected in this book, which provides an exhaustive review of the subject. It would benefit readers involved in waste management of both nuclear and nonradioactive industries." (Materials World, 1 January 2012) "I am recommending to everyone interested to read the book of Prof Donald on glass and ceramic hosts: you will find a wealth of factual data on glasses and ceramics as well as bright ideas and hints for your activities." (Materials Views, 27 April 2011)Table of ContentsPreface page xi Acknowledgements xiii List of Abbreviations xv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Categories of Waste and Waste Generation in the Modern World 1 1.1.1 Radioactive Wastes from Nuclear Power and Defence Operations 2 1.1.2 Toxic and Hazardous Wastes 7 1.1.3 Other Sources of Waste Material 9 1.2 General Disposal Options 11 1.3 Radiation Issues 19 1.4 Waste Disposal and the Oklo Natural Nuclear Reactors 21 1.5 Nuclear Accidents and the Lessons Learnt 25 References 31 2. Materials Toxicity and Biological Effects 37 2.1 Metals 38 2.1.1 Beryllium, Barium and Radium 38 2.1.2 Vanadium 39 2.1.3 Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten 40 2.1.4 Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium 40 2.1.5 Platinum-Group Metals 41 2.1.6 Nickel 42 2.1.7 Copper, Silver and Gold 42 2.1.8 Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury 43 2.1.9 Aluminium and Thallium 45 2.1.10 Tin and Lead 46 2.1.11 Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth 48 2.1.12 Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium 49 2.1.13 Thorium, Uranium, Neptunium, Plutonium and Americium 50 2.2 Compounds 51 2.3 Asbestos 51 References 55 3. Glass and Ceramic Based Systems and General Processing Methods 57 3.1 Glass Formation 58 3.1.1 Glass-Forming Ability 58 3.1.2 Thermal Stability 61 3.2 Types of Glass 61 3.2.1 Silicate and Borosilicate Glasses 61 3.2.2 Phosphate Glasses 61 3.2.3 Rare Earth Oxide Glasses 62 3.2.4 Alternative Glasses 62 3.3 Ceramics 62 3.4 Glass-Ceramics 63 3.5 Glass and Ceramic Based Composite Systems 68 3.6 Processing of Glass and Ceramic Materials 68 3.6.1 Melting and Vitrifi cation 69 3.6.2 Powder Processing and Sintering 69 3.6.3 Hot Pressing 69 3.6.4 Sol-Gel Processing 70 3.6.5 Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis 70 3.6.6 Microwave Processing 70 References 71 4. Materials Characterization 75 4.1 Chemical Analysis 75 4.2 Thermal Analysis 76 4.3 Structural Analysis 78 4.3.1 Optical and Electron Microscopy 78 4.3.2 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy 79 4.3.3 X-ray and Neutron Diffraction 79 4.3.4 Infra-Red and Raman Spectroscopy 80 4.3.5 Mössbauer Spectroscopy 80 4.3.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 80 4.4 Mechanical Properties 81 4.4.1 Fracture Mechanics 81 4.4.2 Flexural Strength of Materials 83 4.4.3 Lifetime Behaviour 83 4.5 Chemical Durability and Standardized Tests 87 4.6 Radiation Stability 92 4.7 Other Properties Relevant to Wasteforms 94 4.8 Use of Nonradioactive Surrogates 94 References 96 5. Radioactive Wastes 101 5.1 Sources and Waste Stream Compositions 101 5.1.1 Nuclear Reactor Spent Fuel Wastes 102 5.1.2 Defence Wastes 107 5.1.3 Surplus Materials 108 5.1.4 Special or Unusual Categories of Radioactive Waste 109 5.2 General Immobilization Options 111 References 115 6. Immobilization by Vitrification 121 6.1 Vitrification History and the Advancement of Melter Design 121 6.1.1 Pot Processes 122 6.1.2 Continuous Melting by Induction Furnace 124 6.1.3 Joule-Heated Ceramic Melters 128 6.1.4 Cold Crucible Induction Melters 131 6.1.5 Plasma Arc/Torch Melters 135 6.1.6 Microwave Processing 138 6.1.7 In situ Melting 138 6.1.8 Bulk Vitrification 138 6.1.9 Alternative Melting Techniques 138 6.1.10 Vitrification Incidents and the Lessons that have been Learnt 140 6.2 Difficult Waste Constituents 144 6.2.1 Molybdenum and Caesium 144 6.2.2 Platinum Group Metals 147 6.2.3 Technetium 149 6.2.4 Chromium, Nickel and Iron 150 6.2.5 Halides 150 6.2.6 Sulphates 150 6.2.7 Phosphates 151 6.3 Effect of Specific Batch Additives on Melting Performance 151 6.4 Types of Glass and Candidate Glass Requirements 151 6.4.1 Silicate and Borosilicate Glass 151 6.4.2 Phosphate Glasses 163 6.4.3 Rare Earth Oxide Glasses 165 6.4.4 Alternative Glasses 166 6.5 Glass-Forming Ability 168 6.6 Alternative Methods for Producing Glassy Wasteforms 169 6.6.1 Sintered and Porous Glass 169 6.6.2 Hot-Pressed Glass 171 6.6.3 Microwave Sintering 175 6.6.4 Self-Sustaining Vitrification 176 6.6.5 Plasma Torch Incineration and Vitrification 177 References 177 7. Immobilization of Radioactive Materials as a Ceramic Wasteform 185 7.1 Titanate and Zirconate Ceramics 185 7.2 Phosphate Ceramics 203 7.3 Aluminosilicate Ceramics 207 7.4 Alternative Ceramics 209 7.5 Cement Based Systems 211 References 212 8. Immobilization of Radioactive Materials as a Glass-Ceramic Wasteform 221 8.1 Barium Aluminosilicate Glass-Ceramics 222 8.2 Barium Titanium Silicate Glass-Ceramics 222 8.3 Calcium Magnesium Silicate Glass-Ceramics 222 8.4 Calcium Titanium Silicate Glass-Ceramics 227 8.5 Basaltic Glass-Ceramics 228 8.6 Zirconolite Based Glass-Ceramics 230 8.7 Alternative Silicate Based Glass-Ceramics 234 8.8 Phosphate Based Glass-Ceramics 234 References 237 9. Novel Hosts for the Immobilization of Special or Unusual Categories of Radioactive Wastes 241 9.1 Silicate Glasses 241 9.2 Phosphate Glasses 246 9.3 Alternative Vitrification Routes 249 9.4 Ceramic-Based Hosts 251 9.5 Glass-Encapsulated Composite and Hybrid Systems 253 9.6 Oxynitride Glasses 259 9.7 Plutonium Disposition 260 References 266 10. Properties of Radioactive Wasteforms 275 10.1 Thermal Stability 275 10.2 Chemical Durability 276 10.2.1 General Principles of Glass Durability 277 10.2.2 Durability of Silicate Based Glasses in Water 282 10.2.3 Durability of Silicate Based Glasses in Groundwaters and Repository Environments 291 10.2.4 Durability of Phosphate Based Glasses 296 10.2.5 Lessons to be Learnt from Archaeological Glasses 297 10.2.6 Ceramic Durability 301 10.2.7 Glass-Ceramic Durability 308 10.2.8 Durability of Glass-Encapsulated Ceramic Hybrid Wasteforms 309 10.2.9 Influence of Colloids 310 10.3 Radiation Stability 311 10.3.1 Glass Stability 311 10.3.2 Ceramic Stability 316 10.3.3 Glass-Encapsulated Ceramic Hybrid Stability 323 10.4 Natural Analogues 324 10.5 Mechanical Properties 328 10.6 Alternative Properties 333 References 334 11. Structural and Modelling Studies 343 11.1 Structural Studies 343 11.1.1 Vitreous Wasteforms 343 11.1.2 Ceramic Wasteforms 349 11.2 Modelling Studies 350 11.2.1 Modelling Techniques 350 11.2.2 Vitreous Wasteforms 350 11.2.3 Ceramic Wasteforms 356 References 357 12. Sources and Compositions of Nonradioactive Toxic and Hazardous Wastes, and Common Disposal Routes 361 12.1 Incinerator Wastes 365 12.2 Sewage and Dredging Sludges 368 12.3 Zinc Hydrometallurgical and Red Mud Wastes 370 12.4 Blast Furnace Slags and Electric Arc Furnace Dusts 370 12.5 Alternative Metallurgical Wastes and Slags 370 12.6 Metal Finishing and Plating Wastes 371 12.7 Coal Ash and Fly Ash from Thermal Power Stations 374 12.8 Cement Dust and Clay-Refining Wastes 379 12.9 Tannery Industry Wastes 379 12.10 Asbestos 380 12.11 Medical Wastes 380 12.12 Electrical and Electronic Wastes 383 12.13 Alternative Wastes 384 References 385 13. Vitrification of Nonradioactive Toxic and Hazardous Wastes 389 13.1 Incinerator Wastes 392 13.2 Sewage and Dredging Sludges 397 13.3 Zinc Hydrometallurgical and Red Mud Wastes 398 13.4 Blast Furnace Slags and Electric Arc Furnace Dusts 399 13.5 Alternative Metallurgical Wastes and Slags 401 13.6 Metal Finishing and Plating Wastes 403 13.7 Coal Ash and Fly Ash from Thermal Power Stations 404 13.8 Cement Dust, Clay-Refining and Tannery Industry Wastes 406 13.9 Asbestos 406 13.10 Medical Waste 407 13.11 Electrical and Electronic Wastes 408 13.12 Alternative Wastes 408 13.13 Mixed Nonradioactive Hazardous Wastes 409 13.14 Glass-Ceramics for Nonradioactive Waste Immobilization 410 13.15 Commercial Hazardous Waste Vitrification Facilities 418 References 420 14. Alternative Treatment Processes, and Characterization, Properties and Applications of Nonradioactive Wasteforms 429 14.1 Alternatives to Vitrification 429 14.2 Use of Alternative Waste Sources to Prepare New Materials 435 14.3 Use of Waste Glass to Prepare New Materials 435 14.4 Characterization, Properties and Applications of Nonradioactive Wasteforms 436 14.4.1 Mechanical Properties 436 14.4.2 Chemical Durability 440 14.4.3 Structural and Modelling Studies 441 14.4.4 Use of Less Hazardous or Nontoxic Surrogates 442 14.5 Applications 444 References 445 15. Influence of Organic, Micro-Organism and Microbial Activity on Wasteform Integrity 451 15.1 Micro-Organism Activity and Transport Mechanisms 452 15.2 Repository Environments 454 15.3 Repository Analogues 457 15.4 Wasteforms 458 References 462 16. Concluding Remarks, Comparisons between Radioactive and Nonradioactive Waste Immobilization, and Outlook for the Future 465 16.1 Mixed Radioactive and Nonradioactive Wastes 465 16.2 System and Wasteform Comparisons 467 16.2.1 Treatment Facilities 467 16.2.2 Wasteforms 469 16.3 Immediate and Short-Term Future Outlook 473 16.4 Medium and Longer Term Future Outlook 474 16.4.1 Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems 474 16.4.2 Element Partitioning and Transmutation 478 16.5 Choosing a Wasteform 479 16.5.1 Wasteforms Studied in the Past and Short-Term Future Direction 479 16.5.2 Alternative Wasteforms and Longer Term Future Direction 484 16.6 Wasteform Characterization 486 16.7 Standards, Regulatory Requirements, and Performance Assessments 487 16.8 Overall Conclusions 489 References 490 Index 493

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Book SynopsisLesley Green examines the interwoven realities of inequality, racism, colonialism, and environmental destruction in South Africa, calling for environmental research and governance to transition to an ecopolitical approach that could address South Africa's history of racial oppression and environmental exploitation.Trade Review“In Rock | Water | Life, Lesley Green identifies questions and materials where new ways of Earth governance and African well-being are acutely at stake: wounded contemporary soils, which bind multispecies human and nonhuman worlds; cement, one the planet's biggest contributors to global warming; carbon, which both joins and threatens Gaian critters and their ecologies and economies; and oil and uranium. Each materiality is rooted in geophysical complexities and in sub-Saharan African thought and cosmologies. Green's book is important to anyone who cares about the centrality of African environmental matters in their situated complexity. Green searches powerfully for decolonizing ways to live on a damaged planet. Haunted by ongoing colonial practices, this necessary book is also full of openings for what can and must still be crafted together, differently.” -- Donna J. Haraway“So many writings on the ecological crisis remain grounded in the opposition between ‘the pragmatic cold analytical eye’ and ‘the romantic warm emotional heart,’ unaware that this binary is at the very heart of the crisis they are analyzing. This book is driven by a fresh participatory ethics that leaves this binary behind to introduce a caring relation that is analytically sharp and an affective engagement that is systematically incisive.” -- Ghassan Hage, author of * Is Racism an Environmental Threat? *"A thoughtful text on the intersections of inequality, racism, colonialism, and environmental destruction in South Africa. . . . [Green] provides a complex, nuanced contribution to the fields of environmental and decolonial studies. Highly recommended. Graduate students and faculty. General readers." -- J. Werner * Choice *“Lesley Green’s fascinating, timely, and lucidly argued Rock |Water |Life…is urgently needed and should be required reading for all environmental managers in South Africa and beyond.” -- Jules Skotnes-Brown * Journal of Southern African Studies *"Lesley Green provides a richly layered response ot the growing outrage in South Africa against inherited colonial regimes of knowledge and its socioecological ravages. The book is a passionate manifesto of how decolonising one's claims to supreme knowledge is profoundly tied to one's material politics, indeed, how one relates to rock, water, and life." -- Chandana Anusha * Contributions to Indian Sociology *“Poetic and complex, Rock/Water/Life evidences a love of South Africa’s environments and peoples. . . . As much political manifesto as scholarship, it calls upon us to rethink the questions we ask and create a more just ecopolitical system.” -- Cathy Skidmore-Hess * Journal of Global South Studies *“Rock | Water | Life is a foray into the past armed with anti-colonial theorists and science and technology studies scholars as her way finders. . . . Green urgently searches for the tools that would allow for a new relationship with nature.” -- Emily Brownell * African Studies Review *“The appearance of Rock | Water | Life is to be welcomed as South Africa confronts environmental and other challenges on an unprecedented scale.” -- Jane Carruthers * Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa *“Lesley Green’s Rock | Water | Life is a remarkable text, and one that can be read in many ways. It is at once a deeply personal reflection on a planet in crisis, and a scholarly call to new ways of thinking. . . . Green herself is so conscious of what it at stake.” -- Jess Auerbach * Postcolonial Studies *“[Rock | Water | Life] makes utterly clear the crises we face (and already experience), if we do not undertake to step out of the mental prisons and all too real gulags bequeathed to us by modernity and colonialism. It is a compelling read, but the compulsion is not simply rhetorical just as the location is not simply South Africa—it is profoundly ethical wherever we are settled.” -- Graham Ward * South African Journal of Science *"Green proposes an integrative way forward to deal with the misapplication of science. The book’s refreshing perspective includes drawing on important African postcolonial thinkers to encourage imaginative approaches to toxic landscapes. . . . The book includes important work on naming the racial divide in South African ecological issues, and the traumatic histories that led to this situation." -- Ruth Sacks * H-SAfrica, H-Net Reviews *Table of ContentsForeword. Isabelle Stengers xi Acknowledgments xvii Introduction. Different Questions, Different Answers 1 Part I | Pasts Present 23 1 | Rock. Cape Town's Natures: ||Hu-!gais, Heerengracht, Hoerikwaggo™ 25 2 | Water. Fracking the Karoo: /Kə'ru/kə-ROO; from a Khoikhoi Word, Possibly Garo—"Desert" 60 Part II | Present Futures 77 3 | Life. #ScienceMustFall and an ABC of Namaqualand Plant Medicine: On Asking Cosmopolitical Qeustions 81 4 | Rock. "Resistance Is Fertile!": On Being Sons and Daughters of Soil 106 Part III | Futures Imperfect 133 5 | Life. What Is It to Be a Baboon When "Baboon!" Is a National Insult? 138 6 | Water. Ocean Regime Shift 171 Coda. Composing Ecopolitics 201 Notes 233 Bibliography 269 Index 291

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Book SynopsisLesley Green examines the interwoven realities of inequality, racism, colonialism, and environmental destruction in South Africa, calling for environmental research and governance to transition to an ecopolitical approach that could address South Africa's history of racial oppression and environmental exploitation.Trade Review“In Rock | Water | Life, Lesley Green identifies questions and materials where new ways of Earth governance and African well-being are acutely at stake: wounded contemporary soils, which bind multispecies human and nonhuman worlds; cement, one the planet's biggest contributors to global warming; carbon, which both joins and threatens Gaian critters and their ecologies and economies; and oil and uranium. Each materiality is rooted in geophysical complexities and in sub-Saharan African thought and cosmologies. Green's book is important to anyone who cares about the centrality of African environmental matters in their situated complexity. Green searches powerfully for decolonizing ways to live on a damaged planet. Haunted by ongoing colonial practices, this necessary book is also full of openings for what can and must still be crafted together, differently.” -- Donna J. Haraway“So many writings on the ecological crisis remain grounded in the opposition between ‘the pragmatic cold analytical eye’ and ‘the romantic warm emotional heart,’ unaware that this binary is at the very heart of the crisis they are analyzing. This book is driven by a fresh participatory ethics that leaves this binary behind to introduce a caring relation that is analytically sharp and an affective engagement that is systematically incisive.” -- Ghassan Hage, author of * Is Racism an Environmental Threat? *"A thoughtful text on the intersections of inequality, racism, colonialism, and environmental destruction in South Africa. . . . [Green] provides a complex, nuanced contribution to the fields of environmental and decolonial studies. Highly recommended. Graduate students and faculty. General readers." -- J. Werner * Choice *“Lesley Green’s fascinating, timely, and lucidly argued Rock |Water |Life…is urgently needed and should be required reading for all environmental managers in South Africa and beyond.” -- Jules Skotnes-Brown * Journal of Southern African Studies *"Lesley Green provides a richly layered response ot the growing outrage in South Africa against inherited colonial regimes of knowledge and its socioecological ravages. The book is a passionate manifesto of how decolonising one's claims to supreme knowledge is profoundly tied to one's material politics, indeed, how one relates to rock, water, and life." -- Chandana Anusha * Contributions to Indian Sociology *“Poetic and complex, Rock/Water/Life evidences a love of South Africa’s environments and peoples. . . . As much political manifesto as scholarship, it calls upon us to rethink the questions we ask and create a more just ecopolitical system.” -- Cathy Skidmore-Hess * Journal of Global South Studies *“Rock | Water | Life is a foray into the past armed with anti-colonial theorists and science and technology studies scholars as her way finders. . . . Green urgently searches for the tools that would allow for a new relationship with nature.” -- Emily Brownell * African Studies Review *“The appearance of Rock | Water | Life is to be welcomed as South Africa confronts environmental and other challenges on an unprecedented scale.” -- Jane Carruthers * Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa *“Lesley Green’s Rock | Water | Life is a remarkable text, and one that can be read in many ways. It is at once a deeply personal reflection on a planet in crisis, and a scholarly call to new ways of thinking. . . . Green herself is so conscious of what it at stake.” -- Jess Auerbach * Postcolonial Studies *“[Rock | Water | Life] makes utterly clear the crises we face (and already experience), if we do not undertake to step out of the mental prisons and all too real gulags bequeathed to us by modernity and colonialism. It is a compelling read, but the compulsion is not simply rhetorical just as the location is not simply South Africa—it is profoundly ethical wherever we are settled.” -- Graham Ward * South African Journal of Science *"Green proposes an integrative way forward to deal with the misapplication of science. The book’s refreshing perspective includes drawing on important African postcolonial thinkers to encourage imaginative approaches to toxic landscapes. . . . The book includes important work on naming the racial divide in South African ecological issues, and the traumatic histories that led to this situation." -- Ruth Sacks * H-SAfrica, H-Net Reviews *Table of ContentsForeword. Isabelle Stengers xi Acknowledgments xvii Introduction. Different Questions, Different Answers 1 Part I | Pasts Present 23 1 | Rock. Cape Town's Natures: ||Hu-!gais, Heerengracht, Hoerikwaggo™ 25 2 | Water. Fracking the Karoo: /Kə'ru/kə-ROO; from a Khoikhoi Word, Possibly Garo—"Desert" 60 Part II | Present Futures 77 3 | Life. #ScienceMustFall and an ABC of Namaqualand Plant Medicine: On Asking Cosmopolitical Qeustions 81 4 | Rock. "Resistance Is Fertile!": On Being Sons and Daughters of Soil 106 Part III | Futures Imperfect 133 5 | Life. What Is It to Be a Baboon When "Baboon!" Is a National Insult? 138 6 | Water. Ocean Regime Shift 171 Coda. Composing Ecopolitics 201 Notes 233 Bibliography 269 Index 291

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Book SynopsisIan Baucom puts black studies into conversation with climate change, outlining how the ongoing concerns of critical race, diaspora, and postcolonial studies are crucial to understanding the Anthropocene and vice versa.Trade Review“Giving a conceptual and timely empirical account of the Anthropocene and the problem it presents for the scale of history, Ian Baucom combines intellectual provocation with a series of fascinating insights from the sciences all while taking seriously the imaginative and conceptual challenges that the sciences pose to the humanities. History 4° Celsius will be a major book for the humanities in general. I was enthralled reading it.” -- Claire Colebrook, author of * Death of the PostHuman: Essays on Extinction, Volume 1 *“Empirically grounded, theoretically nimble and nuanced, generous toward those whose ideas he opposes and yet resolute in his opposition, Ian Baucom develops in this book a powerful, self-reflexive, and original approach to questions of methods in the emergent field of Anthropocene humanities. His argument will deeply interest postcolonial critics and other humanists as they ponder and negotiate the planetary environmental crises that so mark our times. An exemplary and thoughtful contribution.” -- Dipesh Chakrabarty, author of * The Crises of Civilization: Exploring Global and Planetary Histories *“History 4° Celsius is a complexly argued book that adds to the many interesting humanistic perspectives on the Anthropocene circulating today.” -- Sean M. Smith * H-Slavery, H-Net Reviews *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix 1. Of Forces and Forcings 1 2. History 4° Celsius: Search for a Method 35 3. The View from the Shore 73 Coda. The Youngest Day 110 Notes 119 Bibliography 131 Index 137

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Book SynopsisIan Baucom puts black studies into conversation with climate change, outlining how the ongoing concerns of critical race, diaspora, and postcolonial studies are crucial to understanding the Anthropocene and vice versa.Trade Review“Giving a conceptual and timely empirical account of the Anthropocene and the problem it presents for the scale of history, Ian Baucom combines intellectual provocation with a series of fascinating insights from the sciences all while taking seriously the imaginative and conceptual challenges that the sciences pose to the humanities. History 4° Celsius will be a major book for the humanities in general. I was enthralled reading it.” -- Claire Colebrook, author of * Death of the PostHuman: Essays on Extinction, Volume 1 *“Empirically grounded, theoretically nimble and nuanced, generous toward those whose ideas he opposes and yet resolute in his opposition, Ian Baucom develops in this book a powerful, self-reflexive, and original approach to questions of methods in the emergent field of Anthropocene humanities. His argument will deeply interest postcolonial critics and other humanists as they ponder and negotiate the planetary environmental crises that so mark our times. An exemplary and thoughtful contribution.” -- Dipesh Chakrabarty, author of * The Crises of Civilization: Exploring Global and Planetary Histories *“History 4° Celsius is a complexly argued book that adds to the many interesting humanistic perspectives on the Anthropocene circulating today.” -- Sean M. Smith * H-Slavery, H-Net Reviews *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix 1. Of Forces and Forcings 1 2. History 4° Celsius: Search for a Method 35 3. The View from the Shore 73 Coda. The Youngest Day 110 Notes 119 Bibliography 131 Index 137

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Book SynopsisBringing together media studies and environmental humanities, the contributors to Saturation develop saturation as a heuristic to analyze phenomena in which the elements involved are difficult or impossible to separate. In ordinary language, saturation describes the condition of being thoroughly soaked, while in chemistry it is the threshold at which something can be maximally dissolved or absorbed in a solution. Contributors to this collection expand notions of saturation beyond water to consider saturation in sound, infrastructure, media, Big Data, capitalism, and visual culture. Essays include analyses of the thresholds of HIV detectability in bloodwork, militarism''s saturation of oceans, and the deleterious effects of the saturation of cellphone and wi-fi signals into the human body. By channeling saturation to explore the relationship between media, the environment, technology, capital, and the legacies of settler colonialism, Saturation illuminates how elements, thTrade Review“How do elements accumulate and transform? Saturation assembles a fluid compendium for navigating the phase changes of materiality. Tracking kelp and oil, seismic surveys and submarine films, drought and floods, smart oceans and data centers, the chapters in this collection teem with ideas for how to work within the fluctuating conditions of environments, media, culture, and politics.” -- Jennifer Gabrys, Chair in Media, Culture, and Environment, University of Cambridge“This volume is a tour de force of media theory: the contributors posit saturation not just as one thing that happens in or through or by various media, but as an original and urgent way to understand what media are and do. As a heuristic, saturation draws new lines of relation between issues such as climate change, extraction, militarism, energy, security, biopolitics, and Indigenous sovereignty, among others, in surprising ways. In short, thinking with saturation helps us to see our contemporary condition anew.” -- Astrida Neimanis, author of * Bodies of Water: Posthuman Feminist Phenomenology *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Thinking With Saturation Beyond Water: Thresholds, Phase Change, and the Precipitate / Melody Jue and Rafico Ruiz 1 Water 1. The Colors of Saturated Seas / Stefan Helmreich 29 2. Hydromedia: From Water Literacy to the Ethics of Saturation / Joanna Zylinska 45 3. Fossil Fuels, Fossil Waters: Aquifers, Pipelines, and Indigenous Water Rights / Avery Slater 70 Thresholds 4. Sonic Saturation and Militarized Subjectivity in Cold War Submarine Films / John Shiga 105 5. Wireless Saturation / Rahul Mukherjee 123 6. Saturation as a Logic of Enclosure? / Max Ritts 144 Phase Change 7. Becoming Undetectable in the Chthulucene / Bishnupriya Ghosh 161 8. The Media of Seaweeds: Between Kelp Forest and Archive / Melody Jue 185 9. Drought Conditions: Desalination and Deep Climate Change in Southern California / Rafico Ruiz 205 Precipitate 10. Precipitates of the Deep Sea: Seismic Surveys and Sonic Saturation / Lisa Yin Han 223 11. Media Saturation and Southern Agencies / Bhaskar Sarkar 243 12. Oil Barrels: The Aesthetics of Saturation and the Blockage of Politics / Mariji Cetinić and Jeff Diamanti 264 13. The Data Center Industrial Complex / Mél Hogan 283 Afterword: Climate Change as Matter Out of Phase / Janet Walker 306 Contributors 313 Index 317

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Book SynopsisThe contributors to Reactivating Elements examine chemicals as they mix with soil, air, water, and fire to shape Earth''s troubled ecologies today. They invoke the elements with all their ambivalences as chemical categories, material substances, social forms, forces and energies, cosmological entities, and epistemic objects. Engaging with the nonlinear historical significance of elemental thought across fields—chemistry, the biosciences, engineering, physics, science and technology studies, the environmental humanities, ecocriticism, and cultural studies—the contributors examine the relationship between chemistry and ecology, probe the logics that render wind as energy, excavate affective histories of ubiquitous substances such as plastics and radioactive elements, and chart the damage wrought by petrochemical industrialization. Throughout, the volume illuminates how elements become entangled with power and control, coloniality, racism, and extractive productivism whTrade Review“This is a book populated by many of my favorite writers, analysts, and storytellers. Here, they resituate elemental things for me once again. The book is a kind of periodic table for recharting possible responses to Earth’s troubled ecologies with verve and seriousness. These writers always take formal, aesthetic, and intellectual risks to say something important, and they have done it again. The book provokes curiosity because its authors are actually curious rather than self certain. Reactivating Elements is a book to savor!” -- Donna J. Haraway, author of * Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene *“Expanding on critiques of the Anthropocene, this compelling volume refreshingly offers new theoretical and methodological approaches to researching and responding to the multiple toxicities of late industrialism.” -- Sara Ann Wylie, author of * Fractivism: Corporate Bodies and Chemical Bonds *“Tracking waves and wind, bromine, plutonium, and plastics—elemental thinking becomes a way to unsettle long-established category schemes and ways of working. Starting with a critique of how the periodic table itself organizes knowledge and practice, the collection shows how elemental thinking can become creative and animating rather than formulaic, provocative and generative rather than reductive and foreclosing. Paradoxes abound and are a powerful draw for contemporary cultural analysts.” -- Kim Fortun, author of * Advocacy after Bhopal: Environmentalism, Disaster, New Global Orders *“The diversity of detailed subjects, methods, and philosophical underpinnings represented here ensures that most readers will find these well-written, engaging essays inspiring and challenging. . . . [Reactivating Elements] belongs in all good scholarly libraries, especially those with strong collections in science and technology studies (STS), science writing, and/or cultural criticism. Highly recommended.” -- D. Bantz * Choice *"This is a book one could approach slowly and return to repeatedly, and each time, like in a kaleidoscope, discover a different layout of meanings. . . . This volume represents a solid contribution to STS and environmental humanities literature. . . . It will be a relevant and exciting read for scholars, students, and activists interested in more-than-human assemblages, power and resistance, as well as alternative ways of engaging with nonhuman actors in a shared landscape." -- Anna Varfoolmeeva * Technoscienza *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments vii Introduction. Elements: From Cosmology to Episteme and Back / Dimitris Papadopoulos, Maria Puig de la Bellacasa, and Natasha Myers 1 1. Receiving the Gift: Earthly Events, Chemical Invariants, and Elemental Powers / Isabelle Stengers 18 2. Chemicals, Ecology, and Reparative Justice / Dimitris Papadopoulos 34 3. Elementary Forms of Elementary Forms: Old, New, and Wavy / Stefan Helmreich 70 4. Substance as Method: Bromine, for Example / Joseph Dumit 84 5. Elemental Ghosts, Haunted Carbon Imaginaries, and Living Matter at the Edge of Life / Astrid Schrader 108 6. The Artificial World / Joseph Masco 131 7. Tilting at Windmills / Patrick Bresnihan 151 8. Crowding the Elements / Cori Hayden 176 9. Embracing Breakdown: Soil Ecopoethics and the Ambivalences of Remediation / Maria Puig de la Bellcasa 196 10. Externality, Breathers, Conspiracy: Forms for Atmospheric Reckoning / Tim Choy 231 11. Reimagining Chemicals, With and Against Technoscience / Michelle Murphy 257 Contributors 280 Index 285

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Book SynopsisIn 2011, an Ecuadorian court issued the world's largest environmental contamination liability: a $9.5 billion judgment against Chevron. Within years, a US federal court and an international tribunal determined that the Ecuadorian judgment had been procured through fraud and was unenforceable. In The Small Matter of Suing Chevron Suzana Sawyer delves into this legal trilogy to explore how distinct legal truths were relationally composed of, with, and through crude oil. In Sawyer's analysis, chemistry proves crucial. Analytically, it affords a grammar for appreciating how molecular, technical, and legal agencies catalyzed distinct jurisdictional renderings. Empirically, the chemistry of hydrocarbons (its complexity, unfathomability, and misattribution) significantly shaped competing judicial determinations. Ultimately, chemical, scientific, contractual, and litigating techniques precipitated this legal saga's metamorphic transformation, transmuting a contamination claim into an environmental liability, then a racketeering scheme, and then a breach of treaty. Holding the paradoxes of complicity in suspension, Sawyer deftly demonstrates how crude matters, technoscience, and liberal legality configure how risk and reward, deprivation and disavowal, suffering and surfeit become legally and unevenly distributed.Trade Review"A monumental book. . . . An innovative study at the interface of law, health, and the environment, The Small Matter of Suing Chevron will appeal to anthropologists of all stripes, as well as legal scholars, epidemiologists, and those working in the environmental humanities, science and technology studies, and Latin American contexts. As global toxics threaten to resign us all to irredeemable loss, Sawyer’s masterful ethnography demonstrates how it is still both possible and necessary to take a stand against corporate power and judicial imperialism." -- Lindsay Ofrias * NACLA *"This book is a valuable addition to work at the critical intersection of law and environmental studies, and essential reading for scholars concerned with energy politics in Latin America. It is best suited for upper-level undergraduate courses and graduate seminars." -- Stuart Kirsch * American Ethnologist *Table of ContentsTime Line Acknowledgments Fraud Opening: Crude's Valence of Truths I. Dissociating Bonds Hearing 1. Chemical Agency: Of Hydrocarbons and Toxicity Inspection 2. Exposure's Orbitals: Of Epidemiology and Calculation Death II. Spectral Radicals Catch 3. Alchemical Deals: Of Contracts and Their Seepage Clandestine 4. Radical Inspections: Of Sensorium as Toxic Proposition Kuankuan III. Delocalized Stabilities CEO 5. Plurivalent Rendering: Of Prehension Becoming Precaution Never 6. Bonding Veredictum: Of Corporate Capacity and Technique Tethered Derision Metamorphic Reprise: Valence in the Mixt Amisacho Notes References Index

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Book SynopsisWith In the Shadow of the Palms, Sophie Chao examines the multispecies entanglements of oil palm plantations in West Papua, Indonesia, showing how Indigenous Marind communities understand and navigate the social, political, and environmental demands of the oil palm plant. As Chao notes, it is no secret that the palm oil sector has destructive environmental impacts: it greatly contributes to tropical deforestation and is a major driver of global warming. Situating the plant and the transformations it has brought within the context of West Papua’s volatile history of colonization, ethnic domination, and capitalist incursion, Chao traces how Marind attribute environmental destruction not just to humans, technologies, and capitalism but also to the volition and actions of the oil palm plant itself. By approaching cash crops as both drivers of destruction and subjects of human exploitation, Chao rethinks capitalist violence as a multispecies act. In the process, Chao centers hoTrade Review“[In the Shadow of the Palms] is a beautiful read, a brilliantly executed thesis. . . . [Chao’s] explanations of the Marind life-worlds are grounded thoroughly in lived-experience shared through cohabitation, active-listening, and situated entangled interaction.” -- Robert Wolfgramm * Pacific Circle Newsletter *"In the Shadow of the Palms is a brave, compelling piece of ethnographic work, cleverly structured and delightful in its elegant yet accessible prose, offering a new, powerful take on the longstanding issue of agribusiness expansion in Indonesia." -- Silvia Pergetti * ANUAC - Rivista della Società Italiana di Antropologia Culturale *"This is a brilliant book—beautifully written—based on rigorous and sensitive ethnography and sharp theoretical analysis that seamlessly blends ethnography with theory. Chao’s respect and admiration for her interlocutors shines through the text and brings to life Marinds kinship with sago and more-than-human becomings—and how this is under threat by the oil palm as an actor of multispecies violence. In the Shadow of the Palms is an important contribution to environmental anthropology and will be of interest to those interested in extractive agriculture, posthumanism, indigenous studies and settler colonialism, decolonising anthropology, political ecology and development studies—both within and beyond Southeast Asia and Papuan Oceania." -- Camelia Dewan * Anthropology Book Forum *"In the Shadow of the Palms offers a haunting and novel perspective on themes of dispossession and alienation wrought by the expansion of oil palm agribusiness in Indonesia. . . . In the Shadow of the Palms stands out for its courageous attempt to apprehend and translate the internal experience of the Marind community. Meticulous descriptions of interactions with various animal and plant species evidence a profound intersubjectivity of human and environment in the Marind world." -- Carter Beale * Forest and Society *"This was a story that needed to be told. A counter-narrative to the development agenda that promises a rosy future, without elaborating on the destruction and loss that it entails. . . . Chao's deeply thought-provoking and riveting tome is both theoretical and real, development economics and the anthropology of slow violence. It is a homage to an indigenous community with their own means of resistance—until they too finally fall prey to oil palm." -- Serina Rahman * Journal of Southeast Asian Economies *"In sum, this book is beautifully written, deeply researched, and deserves to be read widely. Not only by students and scholars of Indonesia, but for all those interested in Southeast Asia and environmental politics. In the Shadow of the Palms may well become a classic in both anthropological studies and studies of Southeast Asia. No mean feat for a first book." -- Tomas Cole * Asian Studies Review *“[In the Shadow of the Palms] is ethnographically rich, analytically incisive, and politically engaged. . . . Chao brings people, plants, and animals into a muddled assemblage to explore relationships, interdependencies, oppression, and generation with great effect. . . . This book will appeal greatly to scholars of more-than-human worlds and global capitalism.” -- Sebastian Antoine * Journal of Anthropological Society of Oxford *“As a reader, I laud Chao’s caring analysis and description; her eye for trouble—abu-abu—and her unrelenting commitment to thinking with rather than for the Marind. This accessible yet in-depth account of Marind ontologies, their fracturing, and their tentative remaking in the face of the oil palm is an important volume for diverse scholars and students in different fields, for instance those engaged with plantation ecologies, multispecies thought, and indigenous ontologies.” -- Irene van Oorschot * Etnofoor *“In the Shadow of the Palms represents, above all, a deeply ethical project—in the sense of giving voice to otherwise marginalised and silenced people; and ethical in its broader existential ambitions. This is a book we all need to read: it speaks to the current predicaments facing all of us.” -- Warwick Anderson * The Australian Journal of Anthropology *"In the Shadow of the Palms is a wonderful book that will be of interest to a wide range of scholars and activists. This includes those whose work is specifically focused on the necrobiopolitics of the Plantationocene, as well as anyone who might be having trouble finding possibilities for hope in this moment of planetary undoing." -- Kevin Burke * American Ethnologist *"Chao has a superpower — her writing. ... You’d have to search long and hard for a book that better captures the ineluctable violence of our times, that makes the damage feel so poignant, so inexorable, so real." -- Danilyn Rutherford * Journal of Asian Studies *Table of ContentsPrologue ix Introduction 1 1. Pressure Points 33 2. Living Maps 51 Interlude: Lost in the Plantation—The Dream of Yustinus Mahuze 75 3. Skin and Wetness 77 4. The Plastic Cassowary 95 Interlude: Metamorphosis—The Dream of Yosefus Samkakai 115 5. Sago Encounters 117 6. Oil Palm Counterpoint 143 Interlude: The Empty Sago Grove—The Dream of Agustinus Gebze 165 7. Time Has Come to Stop 167 8. Eaten by Oil Palm 183 Interlude: Black Waters of the Bian—The Dream of Elena Basik-Basik 201 Conclusions 203 Epilogue: Endings—The Author's Dream 219 Acknowledgments 221 Notes 227 References 269 Index 311

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Book SynopsisSuzana Sawyer traces Ecuador’s lawsuit against the Chevron corporation for the environmental devastation resulting from its oil drilling practices, showing how distinct legal truths were relationally composed of, with, and through crude oil.Trade Review"A monumental book. . . . An innovative study at the interface of law, health, and the environment, The Small Matter of Suing Chevron will appeal to anthropologists of all stripes, as well as legal scholars, epidemiologists, and those working in the environmental humanities, science and technology studies, and Latin American contexts. As global toxics threaten to resign us all to irredeemable loss, Sawyer’s masterful ethnography demonstrates how it is still both possible and necessary to take a stand against corporate power and judicial imperialism." -- Lindsay Ofrias * NACLA *Table of ContentsTime Line Acknowledgments Fraud Opening: Crude's Valence of Truths I. Dissociating Bonds Hearing 1. Chemical Agency: Of Hydrocarbons and Toxicity Inspection 2. Exposure's Orbitals: Of Epidemiology and Calculation Death II. Spectral Radicals Catch 3. Alchemical Deals: Of Contracts and Their Seepage Clandestine 4. Radical Inspections: Of Sensorium as Toxic Proposition Kuankuan III. Delocalized Stabilities CEO 5. Plurivalent Rendering: Of Prehension Becoming Precaution Never 6. Bonding Veredictum: Of Corporate Capacity and Technique Tethered Derision Metamorphic Reprise: Valence in the Mixt Amisacho Notes References Index

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