Environmental science, engineering and technology Books

Book SynopsisTransport of pharmaceutical agents in the body is paramount to therapeutic efficacy. Advances in the past decades have rendered a remarkable improvement of drug delivery strategies, which has helped to increase the bioavailability of therapeutic agents by protecting them from degradation, targeting them to diseased sites, and controlling their circulation time and release rate. Additionally, for most therapeutics, reaching the targets of action require penetration across tissues and/or entry within cells. The design of strategies to control the transport of therapeutic compounds through these physiological barriers has become an imperative and a challenging need in the quest for better therapeutics. This book provides an overview of the current advances in this field, including considerations on the biological regulation and natural mechanisms overcoming these barriers, as well as drug delivery strategies facilitating the transport of drugs and their carriers at the tissue, cell, and subcellular levels. Trade Review"This book combines a thorough overview of the barriers encountered and strategies employed to increase the delivery of therapeutics. It also provides a critical assessment of the merits and limitations of delivery approaches. Overall, this is a concentrate of the most recent scientific discoveries written by highly recognized authors in the field. It is an excellent reference for both students and seasoned scientists."—Dr. Mohamed ElSayed, University of Michigan, USA"Drug delivery across physiological barriers is a historic and challenging problem. This compelling book addresses this topic thoroughly, with detailed chapters ranging from descriptions of the composition of physiological barriers, through barrier-penetrating drug delivery strategies to how drugs are trafficked once inside cells. A must-have addition to any pharmaceutical scientist’s technical library." —Dr. John D. Higgins, Merck & Co., USA"Drug Delivery Across Physiological Barriers is a fundamental book in nanomedicine, particularly for those who start in the field of designing therapeutic strategies based on nano-drug delivery systems. It addresses the challenging anatomical and pathological barriers of the epithelia, endothelia, extracellular matrix, and cell endocytic pathways. It shows that a thorough understanding of the stepwise processing to which nanostructures are exposed throughout the body and intracellularly is a critical tool for a wise design of nanomedicines." —Dr. Eder L. Romero, National University of Quilmes, ArgentinaTable of ContentsIntroduction. Physiological Barriers Controlling Penetration and Transport of Substances in the Body. Structure and function of epithelial and endothelial barriers. The plasma membrane as a semipermeable barrier. Biology and regulation of protein sorting and vesicular transport. Pathogens and intracellular transport. Strategies for Drug Penetration across Tissue Compartments. Drug transport across the skin. Mucosal barriers. Transport of therapeutics across the gastrointestinal epithelium. Crossing the endothelial barrier. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery to solid tumors. Drug Transport into Cells and Subsequent Intracellular Trafficking. Membrane lipids and drug transport. Drug delivery systems that fuse with the plasmalemma. Endocytosis and the endolysosomal route in drug delivery. Endo-lysosomal escape. Intracellular transport to the mitochondria and other organelles.

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Book SynopsisThis book contains fascinating vignettes depicting future societies and the implications which increasing technological change has on society and the environment. The topics discussed include nanotechnology, medicine, computational science, biotechnology, synthetic biology, and cognitive technology, among others in science. In addition, social norms, attitudes, and policy are also featured. The upshot of this combination is an entertaining, educational, and thought-provoking volume.The glimpses into future societies subsequent to the introduction and incorporation of various emerging technologies depict scenarios of how we view ourselves, how we view others, how we are viewed by others, how our surroundings are viewed, how our leaders and political structures are viewed, what our social and behavioral norms are, what our temperament/mood is, and so forth. The introduction features a focused discourse on current trends of the impacts of emerging technologies and the conclusion highlights where society should go from here.Trade ReviewSynopsis: Collaboratively compiled and co-edited by environmental scientists Nora Savage and Anita Street, "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" contains ten fascinating vignettes by experts in the field that depict future societies and the implications which increasing technological change has on society and the environment. The topics discussed include nanotechnology, medicine, computational science, biotechnology, synthetic biology, and cognitive technology, among others in science. In addition, social norms, attitudes, and policy are also featured. The upshot of this combination is an entertaining, educational, and thought-provoking volume of science based extrapolations.The glimpses into future societies subsequent to the introduction and incorporation of various emerging technologies depict scenarios of how we view ourselves, how we view others, how we are viewed by others, how our surroundings are viewed, how our leaders and political structures are viewed, what our social and behavioral norms are, what our temperament/mood is, and so forth. The introduction features a focused discourse on current trends of the impacts of emerging technologies and the conclusion highlights where society should go from here. Critique: Thoroughly 'reader friendly' in tone, commentary, organization and presentation, "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" is an informative, thought-provoking, compelling read and will prove to be a critically important addition to both community and academic library collections. It should be noted for the personal reading lists of students and non-specialist general readers with an interest in the subject that "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" is also available in a Kindle format. – Susan Bethany, Reviewer’s Bookshelf MagazineSynopsis: Collaboratively compiled and co-edited by environmental scientists Nora Savage and Anita Street, "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" contains ten fascinating vignettes by experts in the field that depict future societies and the implications which increasing technological change has on society and the environment. The topics discussed include nanotechnology, medicine, computational science, biotechnology, synthetic biology, and cognitive technology, among others in science. In addition, social norms, attitudes, and policy are also featured. The upshot of this combination is an entertaining, educational, and thought-provoking volume of science based extrapolations.The glimpses into future societies subsequent to the introduction and incorporation of various emerging technologies depict scenarios of how we view ourselves, how we view others, how we are viewed by others, how our surroundings are viewed, how our leaders and political structures are viewed, what our social and behavioral norms are, what our temperament/mood is, and so forth. The introduction features a focused discourse on current trends of the impacts of emerging technologies and the conclusion highlights where society should go from here. Critique: Thoroughly 'reader friendly' in tone, commentary, organization and presentation, "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" is an informative, thought-provoking, compelling read and will prove to be a critically important addition to both community and academic library collections. It should be noted for the personal reading lists of students and non-specialist general readers with an interest in the subject that "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" is also available in a Kindle format. – Susan Bethany, Reviewer’s Bookshelf MagazineTable of ContentsIntroduction. Ahead of Time. Annual Meeting. California Dreamin’. Intelligence on Earth? Manipulations at the Nanoscale. Message to Earth. The Failed Life of Reverend Bayes. Arachnophobia. Are Ye Gods? The Path.

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Book SynopsisIn recent decades, metrology—an accurate and precise technology of high quality for automotive engines—has garnered a great deal of scientific interest due to its unique advanced soft engineering techniques in design and diagnostics. Used in a variety of scientific applications, these techniques are now widely regarded as safer, more efficient, and more effective than traditional ones. This book compiles and details the cutting-edge research in science and engineering from the Egyptian Metrology Institute (National Institute for Standards) that is revolutionizing advanced dimensional techniques through the development of coordinate and surface metrology.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Quality Challenges in Automotive Engineering. Advanced Measurement Techniques in Surface Metrology. Characterization of Touch Probing System in CMM Machine. Error Analysis of Touch Stylus System and CMM Machine. Measurement Strategies of CMM Accuracy. Validation Method for CMM Measurement Quality Using Flick Standard. Factors Affecting of the Performance of Talyrond Measurement Accuracy. Metrology as an Inspection Tool for New or Overhaul Water Cold Diesel Engine. Metrology as an Identification Tool for Worm-Up Air Cold Diesel Engine. Surface Metrology in Engine Quality. Recommendations and Future Work.

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Book SynopsisThis book is focused on the spintronic properties of III–V nitride semiconductors. Particular attention is paid to the comparison between zinc blende GaAs- and wurtzite GaN-based structures, where the Rashba spin–orbit interaction plays a crucial role in voltage-controlled spin engineering. The book also deals with topological insulators, a new class of materials that could deliver sizable Rashba spin splitting in the surface electron spectrum. Electrically driven zero-magnetic-field spin splitting of surface electrons is discussed with respect to the specifics of electron-localized spin interaction and voltage-controlled ferromagnetism. The book covers generic topics in spintronics without entering into device specifics, since the overall goal of the enterprise is to provide theoretical background for most common concepts of spin-electron physics and give instructions to be used in solving problems of a general and specific nature. The book is intended for graduate students and may serve as an introductory course in this specific field of solid-state theory and applications. Trade Review"This book serves as a useful reference on the electronic structure and spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization of wurtzite-structure nitride semiconductors. Various chapters explain in detail how polarization fields and the Rashba effect combine to turn these materials into promising materials for spintronics as well as topological insulators. The concepts are illustrated with many applications. Overall, this work will serve as a valuable resource for students and practitioners alike."—Prof. Chris G. Van de Walle, University of California, USA"This book comes at a very good time, just as the scientific community is ready to explore new materials in search of room-temperature ferromagnetism in semiconductors. In his excellent book, Vladimir Litvinov provides a comprehensive arsenal of theoretical tools needed for tackling this challenge. His treatment of various exchange interactions and spin-orbit effects in semiconductors is handled masterfully, laying the ground for the exploration of spintronic effects in materials of current interest, which range from wide-gap semiconductors to topological insulators. An excellent reference for students and scientists working in this area."—Prof. Jacek K. Furdyna, University of Notre Dame, USATable of ContentsGaN Band Structure. Rashba Hamiltonian. Rashba Spin Splitting in III–Nitride Heterostructures and Quantum Wells. Tunnel Spin Filter in Rashba Quantum Structures. Exchange Interaction in Semiconductors and Metals. Ferromagnetism in III–V Semiconductors. Topological Insulators. Magnetic Exchange Interaction in Topological Insulators.

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Book SynopsisPlasmonics is an emerging field mainly developed within the past two decades. Due to its unique capabilities to manipulate light at deep subwavelength scales, plasmonics has been commonly treated as the most important part of nanophotonics. Plasmonic-assisted optical microscopy techniques, especially super-resolution microscopy, have shown tremendous potential and attracted much attention. This book aims to collect cutting-edge studies in various optical imaging technologies with advanced performances that are enabled or enhanced by plasmonics. The basic working principles, development details, and potential future direction and perspectives are discussed. Edited by Zhaowei Liu, a prominent researcher in the field of super-resolution microscopy, this book will be an excellent reference for anyone in the field of nanophotonics, plasmonics, and optical microscopy.Trade ReviewThis is a book dedicated to the applications of plasmonics (the propagation of electromagnetic fields in nanosized structures) in high-resolution imaging, which is a hot topic in optics.The book is divided into three main parts, with the first part (chapters 1-3) dealing with plasmonic concepts and devices for super-resolution in microscopy, such as superlenses, metalenses and hyperlenses. The second part of the book (chapters 4-9) is dedicated to applications of plasmonics in various imaging methods such as structured illumination microscopy, stimulated emission depletion microscopy, and single-molecule spectroscopy. The last part of the book (chapters 10-12) is dedicated to applications in nanotechnology, plasmonic coloring and bioimaging.The book is written by experts in the field, is beautifully illustrated, and is a must for anyone interested in modern topics in optics.Review by Daniela Dragoman, University of Bucharest, RomaniaTable of ContentsThe Far-Field Superlens. Beating the Diffraction Limit with Positive Refraction: The Resonant Metalens Approach. Ultrathin Metalenses and Three-Dimensional Optical Holography Using Metasurfaces. Plasmonic-Structured Illumination Microscopy. Optical Super-Resolution Imaging Using Surface Plasmon Polaritons. Hyperlenses and Metalenses. Modeling Linear and Nonlinear Hyperlens Structures. Nanoparticle-Assisted Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Super-Resolution Nanoscopy. Lab-on-Antennas: Plasmonic Antennas for Single-Molecule Spectroscopy. Plasmonic Lenses for High-Throughput Nanolithography. Plasmonic Nanoresonators for Spectral Color Filters and Structural Colored Pigments. Plasmonic Microscopy for Biomedical Imaging.

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Book SynopsisNanoelectronics is changing the way the world communicates, and is transforming our daily lives. Continuing Moore’s law and miniaturization of low-power semiconductor chips with ever-increasing functionality have been relentlessly driving R&D of new devices, materials, and process capabilities to meet performance, power, and cost requirements. This book covers up-to-date advances in research and industry practices in nanometrology, critical for continuing technology scaling and product innovation. It holistically approaches the subject matter and addresses emerging and important topics in semiconductor R&D and manufacturing. It is a complete guide for metrology and diagnostic techniques essential for process technology, electronics packaging, and product development and debugging—a unique approach compared to other books. The authors are from academia, government labs, and industry and have vast experience and expertise in the topics presented. The book is intended for all those involved in IC manufacturing and nanoelectronics and for those studying nanoelectronics process and assembly technologies or working in device testing, characterization, and diagnostic techniques. Table of ContentsModel-Based Scanning Electron Microscopy Critical Dimension Metrology for 3D Nanostructures. X-Ray Metrology for Semiconductor Fabrication. Advancements in Ellipsometric and Scatterometric Analysis. 3D-AFM Measurements for Semiconductor Structures and Devices. Microstructure Characterization of Nanoscale Materials and Interconnects. Characterization of the Chemistry and Mechanical Properties of Interconnect Materials and Interfaces: Impact on Interconnect Reliability. Characterization of Plasma Damage for Low-κ Dielectric Films. Defect Characterization and Metrology. 3D Electron Tomography for Nanostructures. Methodology and Challenges in Characterization of 3D Package Interconnection Materials and Processes. 3D Interconnect Characterization using Raman Spectroscopy. Optical and Electrical Nanoprobing for Circuit Diagnostics. Automated Tools and Methods for Debugging and Diagnosis.

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Book SynopsisMillions of patients suffer from end-stage organ failure or tissue loss annually, and the only solution might be organ and/or tissue transplantation. To avoid poor biocompatibility–related problems and donor organ shortage, however, around 20 years ago a new, hybridized method combining cells and biomaterials was introduced as an alternative to whole-organ and tissue transplantation for diseased, failing, or malfunctioning organs—regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This handbook focuses on all aspects of intelligent scaffolds, from basic science to industry to clinical applications. Its 10 parts, illustrated throughout with excellent figures, cover stem cell engineering research, drug delivery systems, nanomaterials and nanodevices, and novel and natural biomaterials. The book can be used by advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of stem cell and tissue engineering and researchers in macromolecular science, ceramics, metals for biomaterials, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, and medicine, especially those interested in tissue engineering, stem cell engineering, and regenerative medicine.Table of ContentsBiomaterials and Manufacturing Methods for Scaffolds in Regenerative Medicine: Update 2015. Biomineralized Matrices as Intelligent Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration. Bioceramic and Composite Scaffolds in Drug Delivery and Bone Tissue Engineering. Recent Developments in Materials Innovation in Bone Tissue Regeneration. Carbonate Apatite Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine. Mg-Based Biodegradable Metals for Scaffolds. Functional DNA Building Blocks and Their Hydrogel Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications. Recent Progress of Intelligent Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering. Polyanionic Hydrogels as Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering. Hyaluronic Acid–Based Hydrogel as a Scaffold for Tissue Engineering. Biologically Triggered Injectable Hydrogels as Intelligent Scaffolds. Cytocompatible and Reverse-Transformable Polymeric Hydrogel Matrices. "Smart" Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications. Cell-Encapsulating Polymeric Microgels for Tissue Repair. Injection Materials for the Larynx. Bionanocrystals in Tissue Engineering Strategies: Tools for Reinforcement, Nanopatterning, and/or Nanostructuring of Polymeric Scaffolds and Hydrogels. Porous Scaffolds Using Dual Electrospinning for in situ Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering. Biofunctionalization of Electrospun Fibers for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds. 3D Printing of Tissue/Organ Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine. 3D Printing Technology Applied to Tissue Scaffolds. Nanomaterial-Assisted Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medical Therapy. Application of Nanodevices in Sensing and Regenerative Medicine. Micro-/Nanotech-Based Craniofacial Tissue Engineering. Carbon Nanotubes: A Kind of Novel Biomaterials for Scaffolds of Tissue Engineering. Bacteriophage Scaffolds for Functional Assembly of Molecules and Nanomaterials. Intelligent Scaffold–Mediated Enhancement of the Viability and Functionality of Transplanted Pancreatic Islets to Cure Diabetes Mellitus. Extracellular Matrix–Derived Biomaterials: Molecularly Defined Ingredients and Processing Techniques. Biological-Derived Biomaterials for Stem Cell Culture and Differentiation. Demineralized Dentin Matrix (DDM) Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone Engineering. Biomimetic Scaffold Fabrication for Tissue Engineering. Scaffolds for Tracheal Regeneration. Bladder Tissue Engineering. Scaffold Applications for Vascular Tissue Engineering. Annulus Fibrosus Tissue Engineering: Achievements and Future Development. Corneal Endothelium Regeneration: Basic Concepts. High-Throughput Screening of Extracellular Matrix–Based Biomaterials. Effect of Scaffolds with Bone Growth Factors on New Bone Formation. Drugs as Novel Biomaterials for Scaffolds. Biocompatible Surface Coatings for Silicone-Based Implants. Synthetic/PLGA Hybrid Scaffold for Tissue Regeneration: Update 2015. Biomedical Applications of Silk Fibroin. Tissue Fabrication and Regeneration by Cell Sheet Technology. Stem Cell Engineering Using Bioactive Molecules for Bone-Regenerative Medicine.

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Book SynopsisOver the past few decades, carbon nanomaterials, most commonly fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, have gained increasing interest in both science and industry, due to their advantageous properties that make them attractive for many applications in nanotechnology. Another class of the carbon nanomaterials family that has slowly been gaining (re)newed interest is diamond molecules, also called diamondoids, which consist of polycyclic carbon cages that can be superimposed on a cubic diamond lattice. Derivatives of diamondoids are used in pharmaceutics, but due to their promising properties—well-defined structures, high thermal and chemical stability, negative electron affinity, and the possibility to tune their bandgap—diamondoids could also serve as molecular building blocks in future nanodevices. This book is the first of its kind to give an exhaustive overview of the structures, properties, and current and possible future applications of diamondoids. It contains a brief historical account of diamondoids, from the discovery of the first diamondoid member, adamantane, to the isolation of higher diamondoids about a decade ago. It summarizes the different approaches to synthesizing diamondoids. In particular, current research on the conventional organic synthesis and new approaches based on microplasmas generated in high-pressure and supercritical fluids are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods discussed. The book will serve as a reference for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students in chemistry, physics, materials science, and nanotechnology and researchers in macromolecular science, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, and medicine, especially those with an interest in nanoparticles.Table of ContentsStructure and Fundamental Properties of Diamondoids. Applications of Diamondoids. Isolation of Diamondoids from Natural Sources. Synthesis of Diamondoids by Conventional Organic Chemical Synthesis. Synthesis of Diamondoids by Plasmas Generated in High-Pressure Gases and Supercritical Fluids.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a novel attempt at describing the fundamental aspects of and advancements in the field of biohythane production. The comprehensive collection of chapters is based on the fundamentals of heterotrophic hydrogen production and consequent methane production technologies. Emphasis is on the integration of two stages of a hybrid system for maximum gaseous energy generation from organic wastes, thus making the overall process economically viable. Readers get insight into the technological advancements made in the field of biohydrogen and biomethane production and the challenges involved in integrating these two technologies. The book also includes details of the microbiological, biochemical, and bioprocess aspects related to biohythane production, in addition to the applicability of this process, its socioeconomic concerns, and cost energy analysis, supplemented with illustrative diagrams, flowcharts, and comprehensive tables. It will be an ideal vade mecum for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of biotechnology, microbiology, biochemical engineering, chemical engineering, and energy engineering; teachers and researchers in bioenergy, the environment, and biofuel production; and policy makers.Trade Review"This book is a comprehensive text on the use of biohythane for sustainable energy production, covering all the aspects of the topic, from simple but fundamental concepts to a detailed description of the scientific, technological, and economic issues of biohythane production and the most relevant theoretical aspects of the processes described. This book is very useful for both students approaching the topic for the first time and researchers already working in the field."—Prof. Roberto De Philippis, University of Florence, Italy "This timely book provides a comprehensive account of the scientific and technological advancements in biohydrogen and biomethane production processes and highlights the challenges involved in integrating the two. It also presents details of the microbiology, biochemistry, and bioprocess aspects of biohythane production. It will be an excellent reference book for faculty, students, and researchers in biochemical and energy engineering, as well as practicing engineers and policy makers concerned with biofuel production and formulation of policies for promoting biofuels. It is a must for the bookshelves of all those interested in R&D in the area of biofuels."—Dr. S. N. Upadayay (Professor Emeritus), Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), IndiaTable of ContentsBiochemistry of biohythane production process. Mathematical modeling and simulation of biohydrogen production processes. Mathematical modeling and simulation of biohydrogen production processes. Modeling and simulation of biomethanation process using organic wastes. Scale-up of biohydrogen production processes and Case studies. Two-stage biomethanation process for the stabilization of distillery effluents using immobilized whole cell system – A Case study. Feedstock for biohythane process. Effect of physico-chemical parameters on the biohythane process. Policy of biohythane technology.

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with evolving intelligence systems and their use in immune algorithm (IM), particle swarm optimization (PSO), bacterial foraging (BF), and hybrid intelligent system to improve plants, robots, etc. It discusses the motivation behind research on and background of evolving intelligence systems and illustrates IM-based approach for parameter estimation required for designing an intelligent system. It approaches optimal intelligent tuning using a hybrid genetic algorithm–particle swarm optimization (GA-PSO) and illustrates hybrid GA-PSO for intelligent tuning of vector system. Table of ContentsBackground. Immune Network–Based Parameter Estimation. Intelligent PID Controller Tuning Using a Hybrid GA-PSO Approach. GA-PSO-Based PI Controller Tuning for Indirect Vector Control of Three-Phase Induction Motor. Novel Hybrid System Based on GA and Bacteria Foraging. Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThis book summarizes the history and present status and applications of Josephson junctions. These devices are leading elements in superconducting electronics and provide state-of-the-art performance in detection of small magnetic fields and currents, in several digital computing methods, and in medical diagnostic devices and now provide voltage standards used worldwide. Astronomical infrared (IR) telescopes, including the South Pole Telescope, use these junctions in combinations called superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs).Table of ContentsThe Theoretical Discovery of the Josephson Effect. Introduction to Refractory Josephson Junctions. Tunnel Junctions on Niobium Using Aluminum: Experiment. Tunnel Junctions on Niobium Using Aluminum: Theory. The Trace That Launched a Thousand Chips: Development of Nb/Al-oxide-Nb Technology. Refractory Niobium Nitride NbN Josephson Junctions and Applications. Applications in Supeconducting SIS Mixers and Oscillators, toward Integrated Receivers. Application in Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices SQUIDs. Application in Adiabatic Quantum Annealing. Application to Josephson Voltage Standards.

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Book SynopsisToday, the concepts of single-electron tunneling (SET) are used to understand and model single-atom and single-molecule nanoelectronics. The characteristics of nanoelectronic devices, especially SET transistors, can be understood on the basis of the physics of nanoelectronic devices and circuit models. A circuit theory approach is necessary for considering possible integration with current microelectronic circuitry. To explain the properties and possibilities of SET devices, this book follows an approach to modeling these devices using electronic circuit theory. All models and equivalent circuits are derived from the first principles of circuit theory. Based on energy conservation, the circuit model of SET is an impulsive current source, and modeling distinguishes between bounded and unbounded currents. The Coulomb blockade is explained as a property of a single junction. In addition, this edition differs from the previous one by elaborating on the section on spice simulations and providing a spice simulation on the SET electron box circuit, including the spice netlist. Also, a complete, new proof of the two-capacitor problem in circuit theory is presented; the importance of this proof in understanding energy conservation in SET circuits cannot be underestimated. This book will be very useful for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of electrical engineering and nanoelectronics and researchers in nanotechnology, nanoelectronic device physics, and computer science.Only book modeling both single-electron tunneling and many electron tunneling from the points of view of electronics; starting from experiments, via a physics description, working towards a circuit description; and based on energy conservation, in electrical circuits, developing the impulse circuit model for single-electron tunneling.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Tunneling Experiments in Nanoelectronics. Current in Electrodynamics and Circuit Theory. Free Electrons in Quantum Mechanics. Current and Tunnel Current in Quantum Physics. Energy in Circuit Theory. Energy in the Switched Two-Capacitor Circuit. Impulse Circuit Model for Single-Electron Tunneling—Zero Tunneling Time. Impulse Circuit Model for Single-Electron Tunneling—Nonzero Tunneling Times. Generalizing the Theory to Multi-Junction Circuits. Single-Electron Tunneling Circuit Examples. Circuit Design Methodologies. More Potential Applications and Challenges.

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Book SynopsisGraphene has been hailed as a rising star in photonics and optoelectronics. The wonderful optical properties of graphene make possible the multiple functions of signal emission, transmission, modulation, and detection to be realized in one material. This book compiles and details cutting-edge research in graphene photonics, plasmonics, and broadband optoelectronic devices. Particularly, it emphasizes the ability to integrate graphene photonics onto the silicon platform to afford broadband operation in light routing and amplification, which involves components such as the polarizer, the modulator, and the photodetector. It also includes other functions such as a saturable absorber and an optical limiter. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the interrelationship between the operation of these conceptually new photonic devices and the fundamental physics of graphene involved in the interactions between graphene and light.Table of ContentsIntroduction. The Application of Graphene in Lasers. Graphene-Based Optical Modulators. Graphene-based photodetectors. Graphene for Solar Cells. Graphene Plasmonics. Graphene as Optical Limiters. Graphene Based Light Emitting Diodes. Graphene-Based Touchscreens. Perspective.

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Book SynopsisNanoscale metallic and ceramic materials, also called nanomaterials, have held enormous attraction for researchers over the past few years. They demonstrate novel properties compared with conventional (microcrystalline) materials owing to their nanoscale features. Recently, mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy processes for the fabrication of metal–ceramic/alloy–ceramic nanocomposites with a unique microstructure have been developed. This book focuses on the fabrication of nanostructured hydrogen storage materials and their nanocomposites. The potential application of the research presented in the book fits well into the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020, where one of the societal challenges is secure, clean, and efficient energy. Wherever possible, the authors have illustrated the subject by their own results. The goal of the book is to provide comprehensive knowledge about materials for energy applications to graduate students and researchers in chemistry, chemical engineering, and materials science.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Nanomaterial. Solid State Hydrides. Preparation Methods of Hydrogen Storage Materials and Nanomaterials. X-ray Diffraction. Atomic Force Microscopy in Hydrogen Storage Materials Research. Characterization of Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption in Metal Hydrides. Electrochemical Characterization of Metal Hydride Electrode Materials. TiFe-based Hydrogen Storage Alloys. TiNi-based Hydrogen Storage Alloys. ZrV2-based Hydrogen Storage Alloys. LaNi5-based Hydrogen Storage Alloys. Mg-3d-based Hydrogen Storage Alloys. (La,Mg)2Ni7-based Hydrogen Storage Alloys. Ni-MHx Batteries.

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Book SynopsisThe rapid development of technology based on metamaterials coupled with the recent introduction of the transformation optics technique provides an unprecedented ability for device designers to manipulate and control the behavior of electromagnetic wave phenomena. Many of the early metamaterial designs, such as negative index materials and electromagnetic bandgap surfaces, were limited to operation only over a very narrow bandwidth. However, recent groundbreaking work reported by several international research groups on the development of broadband metamaterials has opened up the doors to an exciting frontier in the creation of new devices for applications ranging from radio frequencies to visible wavelengths. This book contains a collection of eight chapters that cover recent cutting-edge contributions to the theoretical, numerical, and experimental aspects of broadband metamaterials.Table of ContentsBroadband Anisotropic Metamaterials for Antenna Applications. Broadband Low-loss Metamaterial-enabled Horn Antennas. Realization of Slow Wave Phenomena Using Coupled Transmission Lines and their Application to Antennas and Vacuum Electronics. Design Synthesis of Multi- and Broad-band Gap Electromagnetic Metasurfaces. Temporal and Spatial Dispersion Engineering using Metamaterial Concepts and Structures. Broadband Performance of Lenses Designed with Quasiconformal Transformation Optics. Broadband Chirality in Twisted Metamaterials. Broadband Optical Metasurfaces and Metamaterials.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first textbook dedicated to CEST imaging and covers the fundamental principles of saturation transfer, key features of CEST agents that enable the production of imaging contrast, and practical aspects of preparing image-acquisition and post-processing schemes suited for in vivo applications. CEST is a powerful MRI contrast mechanism with unique features, and the rapid expansion it has seen over the past 15 years since its original discovery in 2000 has created a need for a graduate-level handbook describing all aspects of pre-clinical, translational, and clinical CEST imaging. The book provides an illustrated historical perspective by leaders at the five key sites who developed CEST imaging, from the initial saturation transfer NMR experiments performed in the 1960s in Stockholm, Sweden, described by Sture Forsén, to the work on integrating the basic principles of CEST into imaging by Robert Balaban, Dean Sherry, Silvio Aime, and Peter van Zijl in the United States and Italy.The editors, Drs. Michael T. McMahon, Assaf A. Gilad, Jeff W. M. Bulte, and Peter C. M. van Zijl, have been pioneers developing this field at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Kennedy Krieger Institute including contributions to Nature Medicine, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Materials, and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. As recognition for their initial development of the field, Drs. van Zijl and Balaban were awarded the Laukien Prize in April 2016, established in 1999 to honor the memory of Professor Gunther Laukien, a co-founder of Bruker Biospin GmbH.Trade Review"This textbook is very helpful for those who are eager to fully understand the principles and development of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) techniques. One strength of this book is in the discussion of probes, and another strength is having Sture Forsén and Robert Balaban describe their early studies. This book will have a great impact promoting the clinical translation of CEST imaging."—Prof. Renhua Wu, Shantou University, China"This book presents an in-depth and comprehensive description of CEST physics, techniques, and applications. It is in time for the dawn of label-free molecular imaging that explores chemical exchange phenomena the nature offers. It is also a collection of very updated perspectives of the future of CEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), quite informative, and fun to read for imaging physicists, radiologists, and clinician scientists." —Prof. Ed X. Wu, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"This is an excellent book on CEST MRI with state-of-the-art chapters from thought leaders in the field. It touches on all aspects of CEST: image acquisition methods and data processing, development of exogenous CEST probes, and applications of CEST in clinical and biomedical imaging. A very valuable addition to biomedical imaging canon, and a text that will be beneficial to students and experts alike." —Prof. Peter Caravan, Harvard Medical School, USA"This book has been edited by faculty from one of the leading centers with extensive experience of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI and is the first to focus exclusively on this specific imaging technique. The authors include many of the leaders in the field, and it belongs on the shelf of anyone seriously involved in CEST work. It has broad breadth of coverage which makes it a go-to reference for overviews of many sub-specialty applications. It is clearly valuable as a standard in the field and I expect it will serve as the essential starting point for in-coming graduate students beginning CEST research and for established researchers delving into a new area." —Dr. Daniel F. Gochberg, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, USA"This timely book describes the history of the technique’s development and the underlying theory and then goes on to review its latest applications. It is a comprehensive and insightful book written by the leaders in the field. It is a must read book for anyone already in the CEST field, or thinking of entering the field and, given the growing popularity of the methods described here, should be read by anybody working in the field of in vivo MR."—Prof. Kevin Brindle, University of Cambridge, UK, Molecular Imaging and Biology, 2017"This textbook is very helpful for those who are eager to fully understand the principles and development of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) techniques. One strength of this book is in the discussion of probes, and another strength is having Sture Forsén and Robert Balaban describe their early studies. This book will have a great impact promoting the clinical translation of CEST imaging."—Prof. Renhua Wu, Shantou University, China"This book presents an in-depth and comprehensive description of CEST physics, techniques, and applications. It is in time for the dawn of label-free molecular imaging that explores chemical exchange phenomena the nature offers. It is also a collection of very updated perspectives of the future of CEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), quite informative, and fun to read for imaging physicists, radiologists, and clinician scientists." —Prof. Ed X. Wu, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"This is an excellent book on CEST MRI with state-of-the-art chapters from thought leaders in the field. It touches on all aspects of CEST: image acquisition methods and data processing, development of exogenous CEST probes, and applications of CEST in clinical and biomedical imaging. A very valuable addition to biomedical imaging canon, and a text that will be beneficial to students and experts alike." —Prof. Peter Caravan, Harvard Medical School, USA"This book has been edited by faculty from one of the leading centers with extensive experience of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI and is the first to focus exclusively on this specific imaging technique. The authors include many of the leaders in the field, and it belongs on the shelf of anyone seriously involved in CEST work. It has broad breadth of coverage which makes it a go-to reference for overviews of many sub-specialty applications. It is clearly valuable as a standard in the field and I expect it will serve as the essential starting point for in-coming graduate students beginning CEST research and for established researchers delving into a new area." —Dr. Daniel F. Gochberg, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, USA"Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) can be used to detect proteins, peptides, metabolites, and probe molecules in 1H MR images of tissue water, with observation via the water resonance massively increasing the sensitivity of their detection. This timely book describes the history of the technique’s development and the underlying theory and then goes on to review its latest applications. It is a comprehensive and insightful book written by the leaders in the field. It is a must read book for anyone already in the CEST field, or thinking of entering the field and, given the growing popularity of the methods described here, should be read by anybody working in the field of in vivo MR."—Prof. Kevin Brindle, University of Cambridge, UK, Molecular Imaging and Biology, 2017Table of ContentsOn the discovery of the "saturation transfer" method. Development of Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST). History of in vivo Exchange Transfer spectroscopy and imaging at Johns Hopkins University and Kennedy Krieger Institute. Early discover and investigations of paraCEST agents in Dallas. The birth of CEST agents in Torino. General theory of CEST image acquisition and post-processing. Uniform-MT- method to separate CEST contrast from MT effects. hyperCEST imaging. The current landscape of diaCEST imaging agents. The evolution of genetically encoded CEST MRI reporters: opportunities and challenges. paraCEST agents: design, discovery and implementation. Transition metal paraCEST probes: alternatives to lanthanides. Responsive paraCEST MRI contrast agents and their biomedical applications. Saturating compartmentalized water protons: Liposome- and Cell-based CEST agents. Principles and applications of Amide Proton Transfer (APT) imaging. Cartilage and intravertebral disc imaging and the Glycosaminoglycan Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (gagCEST) experiment. glucoCEST: imaging glucose in tumors. Creatine Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer imaging. Iodinated contrast media as pH responsive CEST agents.

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Book SynopsisThe embedding of any new technologies in society is challenging. The evolving state of the scientific art, often-unquantifiable risks and ill-defined developmental trajectories have the potential to hinder innovation and/or the commercial success of a technology. The are, however, a number of tools that can now be utilized by stakeholders to bridge the chasm that exists between the science and innovation dimensions on the one hand, and the societal dimensions on the other. This edited volume will draw together leading researchers from the domains of law, philosophy, political science, public administration and the natural sciences in order to demonstrate how tools such as, for example, constructive technology assessment, regulatory governance and societal scenarios, may be employed by stakeholders to assist in successfully embedding new technologies into society. This volume will focus primarily on the embedding of two emergent and emerging technologies: nanotechnologies and synthetic biology. Government, industry and the epistemic community continue to struggle with how best to balance the promised benefits of an emerging technology with concerns about its potential impacts. There is a growing body of literature that has examined these challenges from various cultural, scientific and jurisdictional dimensions. There is, however, much work that still needs to be done; this includes articulating the successes and failures of attempts to the societal embedding of technologies and their associated products. This edited volume is significant and timely, as unlike other books currently on the market, it shall draw from real work experiences and experiments designed anticipate the societal embedding of emerging technologies. This empirical work shall be supported by robust theoretical underpinnings.Table of ContentsIntroduction - Foxes become hedgehogs. Reflexive co-evolution and governance patterns. Governance approaches for emerging technologies. Society as a laboratory to experiment with new technologies. Care and technoscience: re-embedding the future of innovation. Division of moral labour as an element in the governance of emerging technologies. Ethical reflexivity as capacity building: supportive tools and approaches. The demand side of innovation governance: Demand articulation processes in the case of nano-based sensor technologies. Evolving Patterns of Governance of and by Expectations. The Graphene Hype Wave. Transnational challenges of governing new technologies: The case of nanotechnology. Co-Regulation of Nanomaterials: On Collaborative Business Association Activities directed at Contributing to Occupational Health and Safety. The ‘Metamorphosis’ of the drone: the governance challenges of drone technology in border surveillance. On the disruptive potential of 3D printing. Modifying Materials, Mosquitoes and Measures: The Regulation of Nanotechnologies and Synthetic Biology. Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisOne dimensional electronic materials are expected to be key components owing to their potential applications in nanoscale electronics, optics, energy storage, and biology. Besides, compound semiconductors have been greatly developed as epitaxial growth crystal materials. Molecular beam and metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy approaches are representative techniques achieving 0D–2D quantum well, wire, and dot semiconductor III-V heterostructures with precise structural accuracy with atomic resolution. Based on the background of those epitaxial techniques, high-quality, single-crystalline III-V heterostructures have been achieved. III-V Nanowires have been proposed for the next generation of nanoscale optical and electrical devices such as nanowire light emitting diodes, lasers, photovoltaics, and transistors. Key issues for the realization of those devices involve the superior mobility and optical properties of III-V materials (i.e., nitride-, phosphide-, and arsenide-related heterostructure systems). Further, the developed epitaxial growth technique enables electronic carrier control through the formation of quantum structures and precise doping, which can be introduced into the nanowire system. The growth can extend the functions of the material systems through the introduction of elements with large miscibility gap, or, alternatively, by the formation of hybrid heterostructures between semiconductors and another material systems. This book reviews recent progresses of such novel III-V semiconductor nanowires, covering a wide range of aspects from the epitaxial growth to the device applications. Prospects of such advanced 1D structures for nanoscience and nanotechnology are also discussed.Table of ContentsEpitaxial Heterostructure Nanowires. Molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaN nanocolumns and related nanocolumn emitters. Novel GaNP nanowires for advanced optoelectronics and photonics. GaNAs-based nanowires for near-infrared optoelectronics. Dilute Bismide Nanowires. Ferromagnetic MnAs/III-V Hybrid Nanowires for Spintronics. GaAs-Fe3Si Semiconductor-Ferromagnet Core-Shell Nanowires for Spintronics. GaAs/AlGaOx Heterostructured Nanowires Synthesized by Post Growth Wet Oxidation. GaAs/SrTiO3 Core-Shell Nanowires. Ga(In)N nanowires grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy: from quantum light emitters to nano-transistors. InP-related nanowires for light-emitting applications. InP/InAs quantum heterostructure nanowires. III-Nitride Nanowires and Their Laser, LED photovoltaic Applications. III-V nanowires: transistor and photovoltaic applications.

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Book SynopsisThis book is the first in a series compiling highly cited articles in nanomedicine recently. The series is edited by Lajos P. Balogh, a prominent nanotechnology researcher and journal editor. The first book content is about nanotechnology in cancer research. It also includes a wide variety of must-know topics that will appeal to any researcher involved in nanomedicine, macromolecular science, cancer therapy, and drug delivery research. These 31 articles collected here have already acquired more than 3500 citations (i.e., over a hundred on average), highlighting the importance and recognized professional interest of the scientists working in this field. Table of ContentsNanotechnology Platforms and Physiological Challenges for Cancer Therapeutics. Nanostructure-Mediated Drug Delivery. Nanoparticles: A Boon to Drug Delivery, Therapeutics, Diagnostics and Imaging. Emerging Nanopharmaceuticals. Significance of Synthetic Nanostructures in Dictating Cellular Response. Electrospun Bioscaffolds That Mimic the Topology of Extracellular Matrix. Preparation of Drug-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles. In vivo Tumor Suppression Efficacy of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery System: Enhanced Efficacy by Folate Modification. Update on Nanoparticle-Mediated Immune Mechanisms for Dendritic Cell-Based Targeted Immunity and Cancer. Curcumin-Loaded γ-Cyclodextrin Liposomal Nanoparticles as Delivery Vehicles for Osteosarcoma. Influence of Purity and Surface Oxidation on Cytotoxicity of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Hollow Chitosan-Alginate Multilayer Microcapsules as Drug Delivery Vehicle: Doxorubicin Loading and in vitro and in vivo Studies. ZnO Nanorod-Induced Apoptosis in Human Alveolar Adenocarcinoma Cells via p53, Survivin and bax/bcl-2 Pathways: Role of Oxidative Stress. Camptothecin in Sterically Stabilized Phospholipid Micelles: A Novel Nanomedicine. Photoablation of Glioblastoma Stem Cells by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Functionalized with CD133 Antibody. Surface Chemistry Influences Cancer Killing Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles. Endocytosis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Prostate Cancer PC-3M Cells. Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Exposure Alters Protein Expression in Human Keratinocytes. Carbon Nanotubes as Functional Excipients for Nanomedicines: I. Drug Delivery and Biocompatibility Issues. Carbon Nanotubes as Functional Excipients for Nanomedicines: II. Pharmaceutical Properties. Fluorescence Intensity and Lifetime Imaging of Free and Micellar-Encapsulated Doxorubicin in Living Cells. Doxorubicin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles to Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Therapy. PEGylated PLGA Nanoparticles for the Improved Delivery of Doxorubicin. Gold–Doxorubicin Nanoconjugates for Overcoming Multidrug Resistance. In vitro Evaluation of Novel Polymer-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Controlled Drug Delivery. Targeting of Albumin-Embedded Paclitaxel Nanoparticles to Tumors. Viral Nanoparticles as Platforms for Next-Generation Therapeutics and Imaging Devices. Beta-Casein Nanovehicles for Oral Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Classification of Lung Cancer Histology by Gold Nanoparticle Sensors. Enhancement of Radiation Effects by Gold Nanoparticles for Superficial Radiation Therapy. Radioactive Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: Therapeutic Efficacy Studies of GA-198AuNP Nanoconstruct in Prostate Tumor–Bearing Mice. The Present and Future of Nanotechnology in Human Health Care.

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Book SynopsisThe use of light for probing and imaging biomedical media is promising for the development of safe, noninvasive, and inexpensive clinical imaging modalities with diagnostic ability. The advent of ultrafast lasers has enabled applications of nonlinear optical processes, which allow deeper imaging in biological tissues with higher spatial resolution. This book provides an overview of emerging novel optical imaging techniques, Gaussian beam optics, light scattering, nonlinear optics, and nonlinear optical tomography of tissues and cells. It consists of pioneering works that employ different linear and nonlinear optical imaging techniques for deep tissue imaging, including the new applications of single- and multiphoton excitation fluorescence, Raman scattering, resonance Raman spectroscopy, second harmonic generation, stimulated Raman scattering gain and loss, coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, and near-infrared and mid-infrared supercontinuum spectroscopy. The book is a comprehensive reference of emerging deep tissue imaging techniques for researchers and students working in various disciplines.Trade Review“This impressive volume represents a landmark publication on the use of optical methods for deepbiomedical imaging—a field that has been transformed by a variety of technical innovations in recentyears. Editors Shi and Alfano have secured contributions from top names in the field, for an extensivecompilation that comprehensively details the new state of the art, including forefront advances anddevelopments. Fully covering applications, methods and theory, this lavishly illustrated book is destinedto become a reference classic.” - Prof. David L. Andrews, University of East Anglia, UK“This very timely book provides a highly comprehensive and very authoritative coverage of novelimaging technologies using multimodal optical spectroscopy and light scattering, aimed towardsnoninvasive deep tissue diagnostic and fundamental understanding of diseases such as cancers andbrain disorders. I highly recommend this book as an introductory guide on optical imaging for students,as well as a valuable reference for scientists, engineers, and biomedical researchers who are seeking abetter understanding of deep optical imaging in biological tissues or biomaterials in life scienceresearch.” - Prof. Paras N. Prasad, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA“This is an excellent and up-to-date account of biomedical imaging research. The subject matterincludes the important topics of the field, including the necessary fundamental background such asnonlinear optical processes and highly scattering optical phenomena. Each of the topics is well writtenby the well-established subject matter experts, and the book is comprehensive and self-contained. Thebackground material is well integrated into the text with the important references included.” - Dr.Daniel A. Nolan, Corning Inc., USA"Drs. Shi and Alfano have expertly put together an extremely strong collection of chapters written by leaders in the field of deep imaging in biomedical materials. The technical material gives a thorough background as well as a broad view of the most state-of-the-art results worldwide. This book is a must-read for both active researchers in this field and students studying the topic."—Prof. Alan E. Willner, University of Southern California, USATable of ContentsOverview of Second- and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Processes for Deep Imaging. Complex Light Beams. Gaussian Beam Optical Parameters in Multi-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Imaging. The Optics of Deep Optical Imaging in Tissues Using Long Wavelengths. Light Propagation and Interaction in Highly Scattering Media for Deep Tissue Imaging. Application of Nonlinear Microscopy in Life Sciences. Smart Biomarker-Coated PbS Quantum Dots for Deeper Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging in the Second Optical Window. Biomedical Applications in Probing Deep Tissue Using Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Optical Biopsy. Light Propagation in Turbid Tissue-Like Scattering Media. Overview of the Cumulant Solution to Light Propagation Inside a Turbid Medium and Its Applications in Deep Imaging Beyond the Diffusion Approximation. Deep Imaging of Prostate Cancer Using Diffusion Reconstruction of Banana Paths with Near Infrared Prostatoscope Analyzer. Terahertz Propagation in Tissues and Its Thickness Limitation. Detection of Brain Tumors Using Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. Chemical and Molecular Imaging of Deep Tissue through Photoacoustic Detection of Chemical Bond Vibrations. Deep Tissue Imaging: Acoustic and Thermal Wave Propagation and Light Interactions in Tissue. Using the Transmission Matrix to Image Disordered Media.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the conventional and emerging applications of radiations, which include radio waves and ultraviolet and gamma radiations. It discusses new techniques in radiation therapy and the effects of ionizing radiations on biological systems. The applications of radiations in the synthesis and use of nanoparticles along with the effects of hypergravity indicate a new trend. The book offers a concise account of the latest studies carried out so far and shows the new initiatives to be undertaken in the field of medicine and biology. It covers the medical use of radiations, such as ferrous sulfate–benzoic acid–xylenol orange dosimetry, Co-60 tomotherapy, radio-electro-chemotherapy, and fractional radiotherapy, and radiobiological effects, such as the effects of cell phone radiations on human health parameters and the combined effects of radiations and hypergravity on plants.Trade Review"I congratulate all involved in this book for taking a step that has the potential to show direction to young physicists what lies ahead, a vast ocean indeed, when they enter the arena of bio-medical sciences. Happy reading."—Dr. Madan M. Rehani, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA"I am immensely impressed with the wide range of frontline topics covered in this fascinating book devoted to cancer radiotherapy. Needless to say, the rich contents of the book will prove to be a good reference and will help catalyze future advances in the improvement of the radiation therapy of cancer patients."—Dr. K. P. Mishra, Former Senior Scientist and Head, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India"This book provides an updated outlook on the conventional applications of radiation, from radio waves to UV and gamma-ray, in the context of therapy and effects of ionizing radiation to biological systems. As part of this update, the medical use of radiation such as DBX dosimetry, cobalt-60 tomotherapy, RF electrotherapy, fractional radiotherapy, and radiobiological effects are also covered. Two new contributions made by this edited book are the discussions on emerging applications of nanoparticles and hypergravity."−Silvano Donati, University of Pavia, Italy Table of ContentsGeneration of Bremsstrahlung Radiation from Different Low- to High-Z Targets for Medical Applications: A Simulation Approach. The Investigation of Cobalt-60 Tomotherapy. Ferrous Sulfate–Benzoic Acid–Xylenol Orange Chemical Dosimetry System in Radiotherapy. Radiobiological Effects in Fractionated Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Radio-Electro-Chemotherapy of Cancer: New Perspectives for Cancer Treatment. Motivation to Explore New Techniques for Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and Their Immense Importance in Biological and Medicinal Applications. Gold Nanoparticle–Assisted Radiation Therapy. The Combined Effect of Hyper-Gravity and Gamma-Irradiation on Physiology of Wheat Seedlings. The Study of the Effect of UV-C Radiation on the Current–Voltage Characteristics of Chitosan Membranes. Investigating Effects of Radiation Due to Cell Phones on Health Parameters of Youngsters during Continuous Conversation.

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Book SynopsisGaN is considered the most promising material candidate in next-generation power device applications, owing to its unique material properties, for example, bandgap, high breakdown field, and high electron mobility. Therefore, GaN power device technologies are listed as the top priority to be developed in many countries, including the United States, the European Union, Japan, and China.This book presents a comprehensive overview of GaN power device technologies, for example, material growth, property analysis, device structure design, fabrication process, reliability, failure analysis, and packaging. It provides useful information to both students and researchers in academic and related industries working on GaN power devices. GaN wafer growth technology is from Enkris Semiconductor, currently one of the leading players in commercial GaN wafers. Chapters 3 and 7, on the GaN transistor fabrication process and GaN vertical power devices, are edited by Dr. Zhihong Liu, who has been working on GaN devices for more than ten years. Chapters 2 and 5, on the characteristics of polarization effects and the original demonstration of AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field-effect transistors, are written by researchers from Southwest Jiaotong University. Chapters 6, 8, and 9, on surface passivation, reliability, and package technologies, are edited by a group of researchers from the Southern University of Science and Technology of China.Table of ContentsThe Growth Technology of High-Voltage GaN on Silicon. The Characteristics of Polarization Effects in GaN Heterostructures. The GaN Transistor Fabrication Process. Conventional AlGaN/GaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors. Original Demonstration of Depletion Mode and Enhancement Mode AlGaN/GaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors. Surface Passivation and GaN MIS HEMTs. GaN Vertical Power Devices. Reliability of GaN HEMT Devices. Packaging Technologies for GaN HEMTs.

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Book SynopsisGraphene, the wonder material of the 21st century, is expected to play an important role in future nanoelectronic applications, but the only way to achieve this goal is to grow graphene directly on a semiconductor, integrating it in the chain for the production of electronic circuits and devices. This book summarizes the latest achievements in this field, with particular attention to the graphitization of SiC. Through high-temperature annealing in a controlled environment, it is possible to decompose the topmost SiC layers, obtaining quasi-ideal graphene by Si sublimation with record electronic mobilities, while selective growth on patterned structures makes possible the opening of a gap by quantum confinement.The book starts with a review chapter on the significance and challenges of graphene growth on semiconductors, followed by three chapters dedicated to an up-to-date analysis of the synthesis of graphene in ultrahigh vacuum, and concludes with two chapters discussing possible ways of tailoring the electronic band structure of epitaxial graphene by atomic intercalation and of creating a gap by the growth of templated graphene nanostructures.Table of ContentsForeword. The significance and challenges of direct growth of graphene on semiconductor surfaces. Graphene synthesized on cubic-SiC(001) in ultra-high vacuum: Atomic and electronic structure, transport properties. Epitaxial Graphene from UHV decomposition of 3C-SiC/Si. Diffusion and kinetics in epitaxial graphene growth on SiC. Atomic intercalation at the SiC/graphene interface. Epitaxial graphene on SiC: 2D sheets, selective growth and nanoribbons.

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Book SynopsisSince its invention, the integrated circuit has necessitated new process modules and numerous architectural changes to improve application performances, power consumption, and cost reduction. Silicon CMOS is now well established to offer the integration of several tens of billions of devices on a chip or in a system. At present, there are important challenges in the introduction of heterogeneous co-integration of materials and devices with the silicon CMOS 2D- and 3D-based platforms. New fabrication techniques allowing strong energy and variability efficiency come in as possible players to improve the various figures of merit of fabrication technology. Integrated Nanodevice and Nanosystem Fabrication: Breakthroughs and Alternatives is the second volume in the Pan Stanford Series on Intelligent Nanosystems. The book contains 8 chapters and is divided into two parts, the first of which reports breakthrough materials and techniques such as single ion implantation in silicon and diamond, graphene and 2D materials, nanofabrication using scanning probe microscopes, while the second tackles the scaling and architectural aspects of silicon devices through HiK scaling for nanoCMOS, nanoscale epitaxial growth of group IV semiconductors, design for variability co-optimization in SOI FinFETs, and nanowires for CMOS and diversifications.Trade Review"A timely book that showcases some of the most important advances in nanodevices and nanofabrication, written by world-renowned experts."Prof. H.-S. Philip Wong, Stanford University, USA"This seven-chapter book reviews important new trends in nanotechnology and nanodevices, ranging from single-ion implantation and two-dimensional materials, such as graphene, to nanofabrication with a scanning probe microscope. The second part of the book deals with unconventional approaches to scaling nanoscale CMOS devices and to reducing device variability. Taken together, the book provides a wealth of information for graduate students and nanotechnology researchers, as well as a good insight into the future developments for engineers involved with nanosystem design and fabrication."Prof. George Celler, Rutgers University, USA"In this book, the authors address various advanced nanofabrication techniques and device issues for nano-CMOS extension. The topics are timely and their description is well balanced between innovation and practicality, as the authors evaluate each technique on the basis of the current CMOS technology. I strongly recommend the book to graduate students, researchers, and engineers in the industry and academia."Prof. Byung Gook Park, Seoul National University, KoreaTable of ContentsIntroduction: Will new materials, fabrication and architecture schemes emerge for CMOS survival?. Deterministic single-ion implantation method for quantum processing in silicon and diamond. Graphene and two-dimensional materials : extending silicon technology for the future? Nanofabrication using scanning probe microscopes. High-k dielectric scaling for nano CMOS technology. Nanometer scale epitaxial growth of group IV semiconductors. TCAD-based design technology co-optimization for variability in nanoscale SOI FinFETs. Nanowires for CMOS and diversifications.

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Book Synopsis Readers can install Quantum ESPRESSO on Windows 10, macOS, and Linux operating systems. Readers can download all input files of the book and learn each subject without making input files by themselves. Readers can learn the Wannier90 package for obtaining tight-binding parameters for theoretical modeling. Minimum information of density-functional theory and solid-state physics is included. All software except for the operating system is open software that readers can download without any cost. Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Software Installation 3. Hands-On Tutorials of Quantum ESPRESSO 4. Density-Functional Theory 5. Solid-State Physics for Quantum ESPRESSO 6. Productivity Tools

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Book SynopsisThis book presents an overview of the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology applications in drug delivery systems and covers a variety of technologies and materials that help in achieving vast variation in the particle size needed in technology and drug delivery-based research. It discusses nanotechnology’s use in healthcare for the development of target-specific drug therapy and smart field systems and in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the quality, efficacy, and shelf life of medicines. Bringing together principles, theory, practice, and applications of nanotechnology, the book is a useful resource for chemists, physicists, biomedical researchers, engineers, advanced undergraduate and graduate-level students in nanotechnology, researchers in pharmaceutical sciences, chemistry, biology, biotechnology engineering, and general readers in nanotechnology.Table of Contents1. Basics of Nanotechnology and Drug Delivery Systems 2. Regulatory Barriers to the Marketing Authorization of Nanodrug Delivery System 3. Nanodrug Delivery System for Brain Targeting 4. Reconnoitring the Beneficial Role of Nanodrug Delivery System in Treating Cardiovascular Disorders 5. Smart Targeted Novel Nanocarriers-Based Treatment of Arthritis 6. Novel Drug Delivery System for Ocular Target 7. Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Pulmonary Diseases 8. The Potential of Nanotechnology in Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems 9. Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Infection Treatment 10. Novel Drug Delivery System Approach in Cancer Treatment 11. Nano-Drug Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Wound Healing 12. Nanodrug Delivery Systems for Cosmetics 13. Novel Drug Delivery System for Rectal and Vaginal Targets 14. Nanoneutraceuticals and Their Applications

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Book SynopsisIn the context of an aging society and the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, ensuring a healthy life expectancy has become a pressing social concern. Amidst the pandemic''s impact on medical systems worldwide, the need for advancements in early diagnosis, minimally invasive treatments, and infectious disease countermeasures has been reaffirmed. The demand for practical solutions, including new drugs, medical devices, and healthcare systems, is vocalized by healthcare professionals. To address these challenges, engineering researchers play a crucial role in swiftly translating their technological innovations into medical applications.In this book, cutting-edge researchers introduce biomedical engineering from materials, devices, imaging, and information. The chapter contributors are major members of the Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Japan. This text discusses topics on biomaterials (Chapters 1 to 3), medical devices (Chapters 4 to 11), basic medicine and dentistry (Chapters 12 to 15), and medical systems (Chapters 16 and 17). All of the topics are important areas in biomedical engineering.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology for Water Purification.- Process (Physicochemical, biochemical, and bioremediation).- Treatment technologies.- Sensors.- Rural Technologies and challenges.- Other Topics in Water Technologies.

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Book SynopsisPreface of Constructed wetlands.- Principal and mechanism Bioelectrochemical System.- Integration of Bioelectrochemical system and Microbial Fuel Cell Technology with constructed wetlands for wastewater purification.- Recovery of Bioelectricity and Bioenergy from wastewater resource using Constructed wetland by adoption of Microbial Fuel Cell Technology.- Recent advancement in Bioelectrochemical System and Microbial Fuel Cell Technology for higher efficiency of energy production and water purification.

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Book Synopsis1. Nanocellulose from Agro-waste: In Advance Energy Storage Devices.- 2. Valorization of agricultural waste biomass via effective pretreatment for biorefinery aspects.- 3. A sustainable Perspective on Biowaste-to-Biofuel for a Bio-Based Economy.- 4. Synthesis of Agricultural Resources as Biomass for Biodiesel Production.- 5. Microbial Production of Biofuels using various Biomass.- 6. Clean Energy Technologies with Special Emphasis on Hydrogen Production Using Solar Technology.- 7. Process Optimization in biofuel production using Different Biomass.- 8. Optimization of process variables during the production of biofuels.- 9. Biochar Innovations for Adsorption of Water Contaminants in Water Treatment.- 10. Chitosan and Cellulose-based materials for sustainable wastewater remediation.- 11. Biochar-Based Mixed Matrix Membranes: A Novel Approach to Water Treatment.- 12. Sustainable Approaches for Pollution Control- Bio Electrochemical Sy

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Book SynopsisThis book comprises the proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Hydraulics, Water Resources and Coastal Engineering (HYDRO 2021) focusing on broad spectrum of emerging opportunities and challenges in the field of flood forecasting and hydraulic structures. It covers a range of topics, including, but not limited to, early warning system, urban flood modelling and management, dam hazard classification, river training and protection works, structural and non-structural measures for flood mitigation, assessment and development of flood vulnerability, hazard and risk maps rehabilitation of old dams, streamflow turbines, canal operation and related structure, operation and management of dams including their instrumentation etc.Presenting recent advances in the form of illustrations, tables, and text, it offers readers insights for their own research. In addition, the book addresses fundamental concepts and studies in the field of flood forecasting and hydraulic structures, making it a valuable resource for both beginners and researchers wanting to further their understanding of hydraulics, water resources and coastal engineering.Table of ContentsImpact of Encroachment of Floodplains of Adyar River on Chennai Floods.- Modeling of Flood Inundation Extent in Data-scare Regions: The Case Study of Bhavnagar District.- Hydrodynamic Modelling and Satellite Altimeter based Establishment of Virtual Gauging Network in Flood Prone River Basin.- Flood Inundation Mapping using 2D Hydrodynamic Model and GIS Technique for Lower Tapi Basin, India.- Unsteady Flood Modelling using HEC-RAS: Chaliyar River Basin, Kerala.- 2D Flood Simulation and Mapping using Hydraulic Model and GIS Technology.- Use of Big Data for Flood Assessment through HEC-RAS Model: A Study of Purna River of Navsari.- Flood Mitigation in and around Sangli, Maharashtra by Modification of River Meander Geometry.- Performance Evaluation of 2D Hydrodynamic Model for Lower Narmada River Basin, India.- UAV (Drone) for Preparation of High Resolution DEM/DTM – A Case Application of Post Flood Assessment of Dhanera City, Rel River Catchment.- Computation of Socio-economic Vulnerability for Densely Populated Surat City, India.- Two Dimensional Flood Inundation Mapping under Overtopping Failure of Umrar Dam Effect of Terrain Resolution and Sensitivity Analysis.

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Book SynopsisA User's Guide for Planet Earth: Fundamentals of Environmental Science provides students with an exploration of the fundamental components of Earth's environmental systems, their interactions, and the way society affects and is affected by alterations in climate, ecosystems, hydrology, and various additional factors. The text distills essential environmental science concepts into an easy-to-understand and highly digestible textbook.The book begins by exploring several key background issues that lay the foundation for understanding the processes and drivers that control the behaviour of the environment. It then delves into the main environmental systems of ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, water, agriculture, oceans, human health, energy, and climate, culminating in a discussion of the Earth system. Students develop a fundamental understanding of how environmental processes are influenced by and can influence humans and broader society.In the second edition, revision 3, all relevant graphs and charts have been updated to keep the content as timely and accurate as possible.A User's Guide for Planet Earth is written for introductory environmental science courses. The clear, concise style of the text helps students grasp critical concepts without any prerequisite requirements.

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