Environmental science, engineering and technology Books

Book SynopsisThis book summarizes the history and present status and applications of Josephson junctions. These devices are leading elements in superconducting electronics and provide state-of-the-art performance in detection of small magnetic fields and currents, in several digital computing methods, and in medical diagnostic devices and now provide voltage standards used worldwide. Astronomical infrared (IR) telescopes, including the South Pole Telescope, use these junctions in combinations called superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs).Table of ContentsThe Theoretical Discovery of the Josephson Effect. Introduction to Refractory Josephson Junctions. Tunnel Junctions on Niobium Using Aluminum: Experiment. Tunnel Junctions on Niobium Using Aluminum: Theory. The Trace That Launched a Thousand Chips: Development of Nb/Al-oxide-Nb Technology. Refractory Niobium Nitride NbN Josephson Junctions and Applications. Applications in Supeconducting SIS Mixers and Oscillators, toward Integrated Receivers. Application in Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices SQUIDs. Application in Adiabatic Quantum Annealing. Application to Josephson Voltage Standards.

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Book SynopsisToday, the concepts of single-electron tunneling (SET) are used to understand and model single-atom and single-molecule nanoelectronics. The characteristics of nanoelectronic devices, especially SET transistors, can be understood on the basis of the physics of nanoelectronic devices and circuit models. A circuit theory approach is necessary for considering possible integration with current microelectronic circuitry. To explain the properties and possibilities of SET devices, this book follows an approach to modeling these devices using electronic circuit theory. All models and equivalent circuits are derived from the first principles of circuit theory. Based on energy conservation, the circuit model of SET is an impulsive current source, and modeling distinguishes between bounded and unbounded currents. The Coulomb blockade is explained as a property of a single junction. In addition, this edition differs from the previous one by elaborating on the section on spice simulations and providing a spice simulation on the SET electron box circuit, including the spice netlist. Also, a complete, new proof of the two-capacitor problem in circuit theory is presented; the importance of this proof in understanding energy conservation in SET circuits cannot be underestimated. This book will be very useful for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of electrical engineering and nanoelectronics and researchers in nanotechnology, nanoelectronic device physics, and computer science.Only book modeling both single-electron tunneling and many electron tunneling from the points of view of electronics; starting from experiments, via a physics description, working towards a circuit description; and based on energy conservation, in electrical circuits, developing the impulse circuit model for single-electron tunneling.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Tunneling Experiments in Nanoelectronics. Current in Electrodynamics and Circuit Theory. Free Electrons in Quantum Mechanics. Current and Tunnel Current in Quantum Physics. Energy in Circuit Theory. Energy in the Switched Two-Capacitor Circuit. Impulse Circuit Model for Single-Electron Tunneling—Zero Tunneling Time. Impulse Circuit Model for Single-Electron Tunneling—Nonzero Tunneling Times. Generalizing the Theory to Multi-Junction Circuits. Single-Electron Tunneling Circuit Examples. Circuit Design Methodologies. More Potential Applications and Challenges.

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Book SynopsisGraphene has been hailed as a rising star in photonics and optoelectronics. The wonderful optical properties of graphene make possible the multiple functions of signal emission, transmission, modulation, and detection to be realized in one material. This book compiles and details cutting-edge research in graphene photonics, plasmonics, and broadband optoelectronic devices. Particularly, it emphasizes the ability to integrate graphene photonics onto the silicon platform to afford broadband operation in light routing and amplification, which involves components such as the polarizer, the modulator, and the photodetector. It also includes other functions such as a saturable absorber and an optical limiter. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the interrelationship between the operation of these conceptually new photonic devices and the fundamental physics of graphene involved in the interactions between graphene and light.Table of ContentsIntroduction. The Application of Graphene in Lasers. Graphene-Based Optical Modulators. Graphene-based photodetectors. Graphene for Solar Cells. Graphene Plasmonics. Graphene as Optical Limiters. Graphene Based Light Emitting Diodes. Graphene-Based Touchscreens. Perspective.

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Book SynopsisNanoscale metallic and ceramic materials, also called nanomaterials, have held enormous attraction for researchers over the past few years. They demonstrate novel properties compared with conventional (microcrystalline) materials owing to their nanoscale features. Recently, mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy processes for the fabrication of metal–ceramic/alloy–ceramic nanocomposites with a unique microstructure have been developed. This book focuses on the fabrication of nanostructured hydrogen storage materials and their nanocomposites. The potential application of the research presented in the book fits well into the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020, where one of the societal challenges is secure, clean, and efficient energy. Wherever possible, the authors have illustrated the subject by their own results. The goal of the book is to provide comprehensive knowledge about materials for energy applications to graduate students and researchers in chemistry, chemical engineering, and materials science.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Nanomaterial. Solid State Hydrides. Preparation Methods of Hydrogen Storage Materials and Nanomaterials. X-ray Diffraction. Atomic Force Microscopy in Hydrogen Storage Materials Research. Characterization of Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption in Metal Hydrides. Electrochemical Characterization of Metal Hydride Electrode Materials. TiFe-based Hydrogen Storage Alloys. TiNi-based Hydrogen Storage Alloys. ZrV2-based Hydrogen Storage Alloys. LaNi5-based Hydrogen Storage Alloys. Mg-3d-based Hydrogen Storage Alloys. (La,Mg)2Ni7-based Hydrogen Storage Alloys. Ni-MHx Batteries.

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Book SynopsisThe rapid development of technology based on metamaterials coupled with the recent introduction of the transformation optics technique provides an unprecedented ability for device designers to manipulate and control the behavior of electromagnetic wave phenomena. Many of the early metamaterial designs, such as negative index materials and electromagnetic bandgap surfaces, were limited to operation only over a very narrow bandwidth. However, recent groundbreaking work reported by several international research groups on the development of broadband metamaterials has opened up the doors to an exciting frontier in the creation of new devices for applications ranging from radio frequencies to visible wavelengths. This book contains a collection of eight chapters that cover recent cutting-edge contributions to the theoretical, numerical, and experimental aspects of broadband metamaterials.Table of ContentsBroadband Anisotropic Metamaterials for Antenna Applications. Broadband Low-loss Metamaterial-enabled Horn Antennas. Realization of Slow Wave Phenomena Using Coupled Transmission Lines and their Application to Antennas and Vacuum Electronics. Design Synthesis of Multi- and Broad-band Gap Electromagnetic Metasurfaces. Temporal and Spatial Dispersion Engineering using Metamaterial Concepts and Structures. Broadband Performance of Lenses Designed with Quasiconformal Transformation Optics. Broadband Chirality in Twisted Metamaterials. Broadband Optical Metasurfaces and Metamaterials.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first textbook dedicated to CEST imaging and covers the fundamental principles of saturation transfer, key features of CEST agents that enable the production of imaging contrast, and practical aspects of preparing image-acquisition and post-processing schemes suited for in vivo applications. CEST is a powerful MRI contrast mechanism with unique features, and the rapid expansion it has seen over the past 15 years since its original discovery in 2000 has created a need for a graduate-level handbook describing all aspects of pre-clinical, translational, and clinical CEST imaging. The book provides an illustrated historical perspective by leaders at the five key sites who developed CEST imaging, from the initial saturation transfer NMR experiments performed in the 1960s in Stockholm, Sweden, described by Sture Forsén, to the work on integrating the basic principles of CEST into imaging by Robert Balaban, Dean Sherry, Silvio Aime, and Peter van Zijl in the United States and Italy.The editors, Drs. Michael T. McMahon, Assaf A. Gilad, Jeff W. M. Bulte, and Peter C. M. van Zijl, have been pioneers developing this field at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Kennedy Krieger Institute including contributions to Nature Medicine, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Materials, and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. As recognition for their initial development of the field, Drs. van Zijl and Balaban were awarded the Laukien Prize in April 2016, established in 1999 to honor the memory of Professor Gunther Laukien, a co-founder of Bruker Biospin GmbH.Trade Review"This textbook is very helpful for those who are eager to fully understand the principles and development of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) techniques. One strength of this book is in the discussion of probes, and another strength is having Sture Forsén and Robert Balaban describe their early studies. This book will have a great impact promoting the clinical translation of CEST imaging."—Prof. Renhua Wu, Shantou University, China"This book presents an in-depth and comprehensive description of CEST physics, techniques, and applications. It is in time for the dawn of label-free molecular imaging that explores chemical exchange phenomena the nature offers. It is also a collection of very updated perspectives of the future of CEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), quite informative, and fun to read for imaging physicists, radiologists, and clinician scientists." —Prof. Ed X. Wu, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"This is an excellent book on CEST MRI with state-of-the-art chapters from thought leaders in the field. It touches on all aspects of CEST: image acquisition methods and data processing, development of exogenous CEST probes, and applications of CEST in clinical and biomedical imaging. A very valuable addition to biomedical imaging canon, and a text that will be beneficial to students and experts alike." —Prof. Peter Caravan, Harvard Medical School, USA"This book has been edited by faculty from one of the leading centers with extensive experience of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI and is the first to focus exclusively on this specific imaging technique. The authors include many of the leaders in the field, and it belongs on the shelf of anyone seriously involved in CEST work. It has broad breadth of coverage which makes it a go-to reference for overviews of many sub-specialty applications. It is clearly valuable as a standard in the field and I expect it will serve as the essential starting point for in-coming graduate students beginning CEST research and for established researchers delving into a new area." —Dr. Daniel F. Gochberg, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, USA"This timely book describes the history of the technique’s development and the underlying theory and then goes on to review its latest applications. It is a comprehensive and insightful book written by the leaders in the field. It is a must read book for anyone already in the CEST field, or thinking of entering the field and, given the growing popularity of the methods described here, should be read by anybody working in the field of in vivo MR."—Prof. Kevin Brindle, University of Cambridge, UK, Molecular Imaging and Biology, 2017"This textbook is very helpful for those who are eager to fully understand the principles and development of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) techniques. One strength of this book is in the discussion of probes, and another strength is having Sture Forsén and Robert Balaban describe their early studies. This book will have a great impact promoting the clinical translation of CEST imaging."—Prof. Renhua Wu, Shantou University, China"This book presents an in-depth and comprehensive description of CEST physics, techniques, and applications. It is in time for the dawn of label-free molecular imaging that explores chemical exchange phenomena the nature offers. It is also a collection of very updated perspectives of the future of CEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), quite informative, and fun to read for imaging physicists, radiologists, and clinician scientists." —Prof. Ed X. Wu, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"This is an excellent book on CEST MRI with state-of-the-art chapters from thought leaders in the field. It touches on all aspects of CEST: image acquisition methods and data processing, development of exogenous CEST probes, and applications of CEST in clinical and biomedical imaging. A very valuable addition to biomedical imaging canon, and a text that will be beneficial to students and experts alike." —Prof. Peter Caravan, Harvard Medical School, USA"This book has been edited by faculty from one of the leading centers with extensive experience of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI and is the first to focus exclusively on this specific imaging technique. The authors include many of the leaders in the field, and it belongs on the shelf of anyone seriously involved in CEST work. It has broad breadth of coverage which makes it a go-to reference for overviews of many sub-specialty applications. It is clearly valuable as a standard in the field and I expect it will serve as the essential starting point for in-coming graduate students beginning CEST research and for established researchers delving into a new area." —Dr. Daniel F. Gochberg, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, USA"Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) can be used to detect proteins, peptides, metabolites, and probe molecules in 1H MR images of tissue water, with observation via the water resonance massively increasing the sensitivity of their detection. This timely book describes the history of the technique’s development and the underlying theory and then goes on to review its latest applications. It is a comprehensive and insightful book written by the leaders in the field. It is a must read book for anyone already in the CEST field, or thinking of entering the field and, given the growing popularity of the methods described here, should be read by anybody working in the field of in vivo MR."—Prof. Kevin Brindle, University of Cambridge, UK, Molecular Imaging and Biology, 2017Table of ContentsOn the discovery of the "saturation transfer" method. Development of Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST). History of in vivo Exchange Transfer spectroscopy and imaging at Johns Hopkins University and Kennedy Krieger Institute. Early discover and investigations of paraCEST agents in Dallas. The birth of CEST agents in Torino. General theory of CEST image acquisition and post-processing. Uniform-MT- method to separate CEST contrast from MT effects. hyperCEST imaging. The current landscape of diaCEST imaging agents. The evolution of genetically encoded CEST MRI reporters: opportunities and challenges. paraCEST agents: design, discovery and implementation. Transition metal paraCEST probes: alternatives to lanthanides. Responsive paraCEST MRI contrast agents and their biomedical applications. Saturating compartmentalized water protons: Liposome- and Cell-based CEST agents. Principles and applications of Amide Proton Transfer (APT) imaging. Cartilage and intravertebral disc imaging and the Glycosaminoglycan Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (gagCEST) experiment. glucoCEST: imaging glucose in tumors. Creatine Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer imaging. Iodinated contrast media as pH responsive CEST agents.

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Book SynopsisThe embedding of any new technologies in society is challenging. The evolving state of the scientific art, often-unquantifiable risks and ill-defined developmental trajectories have the potential to hinder innovation and/or the commercial success of a technology. The are, however, a number of tools that can now be utilized by stakeholders to bridge the chasm that exists between the science and innovation dimensions on the one hand, and the societal dimensions on the other. This edited volume will draw together leading researchers from the domains of law, philosophy, political science, public administration and the natural sciences in order to demonstrate how tools such as, for example, constructive technology assessment, regulatory governance and societal scenarios, may be employed by stakeholders to assist in successfully embedding new technologies into society. This volume will focus primarily on the embedding of two emergent and emerging technologies: nanotechnologies and synthetic biology. Government, industry and the epistemic community continue to struggle with how best to balance the promised benefits of an emerging technology with concerns about its potential impacts. There is a growing body of literature that has examined these challenges from various cultural, scientific and jurisdictional dimensions. There is, however, much work that still needs to be done; this includes articulating the successes and failures of attempts to the societal embedding of technologies and their associated products. This edited volume is significant and timely, as unlike other books currently on the market, it shall draw from real work experiences and experiments designed anticipate the societal embedding of emerging technologies. This empirical work shall be supported by robust theoretical underpinnings.Table of ContentsIntroduction - Foxes become hedgehogs. Reflexive co-evolution and governance patterns. Governance approaches for emerging technologies. Society as a laboratory to experiment with new technologies. Care and technoscience: re-embedding the future of innovation. Division of moral labour as an element in the governance of emerging technologies. Ethical reflexivity as capacity building: supportive tools and approaches. The demand side of innovation governance: Demand articulation processes in the case of nano-based sensor technologies. Evolving Patterns of Governance of and by Expectations. The Graphene Hype Wave. Transnational challenges of governing new technologies: The case of nanotechnology. Co-Regulation of Nanomaterials: On Collaborative Business Association Activities directed at Contributing to Occupational Health and Safety. The ‘Metamorphosis’ of the drone: the governance challenges of drone technology in border surveillance. On the disruptive potential of 3D printing. Modifying Materials, Mosquitoes and Measures: The Regulation of Nanotechnologies and Synthetic Biology. Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisOne dimensional electronic materials are expected to be key components owing to their potential applications in nanoscale electronics, optics, energy storage, and biology. Besides, compound semiconductors have been greatly developed as epitaxial growth crystal materials. Molecular beam and metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy approaches are representative techniques achieving 0D–2D quantum well, wire, and dot semiconductor III-V heterostructures with precise structural accuracy with atomic resolution. Based on the background of those epitaxial techniques, high-quality, single-crystalline III-V heterostructures have been achieved. III-V Nanowires have been proposed for the next generation of nanoscale optical and electrical devices such as nanowire light emitting diodes, lasers, photovoltaics, and transistors. Key issues for the realization of those devices involve the superior mobility and optical properties of III-V materials (i.e., nitride-, phosphide-, and arsenide-related heterostructure systems). Further, the developed epitaxial growth technique enables electronic carrier control through the formation of quantum structures and precise doping, which can be introduced into the nanowire system. The growth can extend the functions of the material systems through the introduction of elements with large miscibility gap, or, alternatively, by the formation of hybrid heterostructures between semiconductors and another material systems. This book reviews recent progresses of such novel III-V semiconductor nanowires, covering a wide range of aspects from the epitaxial growth to the device applications. Prospects of such advanced 1D structures for nanoscience and nanotechnology are also discussed.Table of ContentsEpitaxial Heterostructure Nanowires. Molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaN nanocolumns and related nanocolumn emitters. Novel GaNP nanowires for advanced optoelectronics and photonics. GaNAs-based nanowires for near-infrared optoelectronics. Dilute Bismide Nanowires. Ferromagnetic MnAs/III-V Hybrid Nanowires for Spintronics. GaAs-Fe3Si Semiconductor-Ferromagnet Core-Shell Nanowires for Spintronics. GaAs/AlGaOx Heterostructured Nanowires Synthesized by Post Growth Wet Oxidation. GaAs/SrTiO3 Core-Shell Nanowires. Ga(In)N nanowires grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy: from quantum light emitters to nano-transistors. InP-related nanowires for light-emitting applications. InP/InAs quantum heterostructure nanowires. III-Nitride Nanowires and Their Laser, LED photovoltaic Applications. III-V nanowires: transistor and photovoltaic applications.

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Book SynopsisThis book is the first in a series compiling highly cited articles in nanomedicine recently. The series is edited by Lajos P. Balogh, a prominent nanotechnology researcher and journal editor. The first book content is about nanotechnology in cancer research. It also includes a wide variety of must-know topics that will appeal to any researcher involved in nanomedicine, macromolecular science, cancer therapy, and drug delivery research. These 31 articles collected here have already acquired more than 3500 citations (i.e., over a hundred on average), highlighting the importance and recognized professional interest of the scientists working in this field. Table of ContentsNanotechnology Platforms and Physiological Challenges for Cancer Therapeutics. Nanostructure-Mediated Drug Delivery. Nanoparticles: A Boon to Drug Delivery, Therapeutics, Diagnostics and Imaging. Emerging Nanopharmaceuticals. Significance of Synthetic Nanostructures in Dictating Cellular Response. Electrospun Bioscaffolds That Mimic the Topology of Extracellular Matrix. Preparation of Drug-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles. In vivo Tumor Suppression Efficacy of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery System: Enhanced Efficacy by Folate Modification. Update on Nanoparticle-Mediated Immune Mechanisms for Dendritic Cell-Based Targeted Immunity and Cancer. Curcumin-Loaded γ-Cyclodextrin Liposomal Nanoparticles as Delivery Vehicles for Osteosarcoma. Influence of Purity and Surface Oxidation on Cytotoxicity of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Hollow Chitosan-Alginate Multilayer Microcapsules as Drug Delivery Vehicle: Doxorubicin Loading and in vitro and in vivo Studies. ZnO Nanorod-Induced Apoptosis in Human Alveolar Adenocarcinoma Cells via p53, Survivin and bax/bcl-2 Pathways: Role of Oxidative Stress. Camptothecin in Sterically Stabilized Phospholipid Micelles: A Novel Nanomedicine. Photoablation of Glioblastoma Stem Cells by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Functionalized with CD133 Antibody. Surface Chemistry Influences Cancer Killing Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles. Endocytosis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Prostate Cancer PC-3M Cells. Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Exposure Alters Protein Expression in Human Keratinocytes. Carbon Nanotubes as Functional Excipients for Nanomedicines: I. Drug Delivery and Biocompatibility Issues. Carbon Nanotubes as Functional Excipients for Nanomedicines: II. Pharmaceutical Properties. Fluorescence Intensity and Lifetime Imaging of Free and Micellar-Encapsulated Doxorubicin in Living Cells. Doxorubicin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles to Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Therapy. PEGylated PLGA Nanoparticles for the Improved Delivery of Doxorubicin. Gold–Doxorubicin Nanoconjugates for Overcoming Multidrug Resistance. In vitro Evaluation of Novel Polymer-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Controlled Drug Delivery. Targeting of Albumin-Embedded Paclitaxel Nanoparticles to Tumors. Viral Nanoparticles as Platforms for Next-Generation Therapeutics and Imaging Devices. Beta-Casein Nanovehicles for Oral Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Classification of Lung Cancer Histology by Gold Nanoparticle Sensors. Enhancement of Radiation Effects by Gold Nanoparticles for Superficial Radiation Therapy. Radioactive Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: Therapeutic Efficacy Studies of GA-198AuNP Nanoconstruct in Prostate Tumor–Bearing Mice. The Present and Future of Nanotechnology in Human Health Care.

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Book SynopsisThe use of light for probing and imaging biomedical media is promising for the development of safe, noninvasive, and inexpensive clinical imaging modalities with diagnostic ability. The advent of ultrafast lasers has enabled applications of nonlinear optical processes, which allow deeper imaging in biological tissues with higher spatial resolution. This book provides an overview of emerging novel optical imaging techniques, Gaussian beam optics, light scattering, nonlinear optics, and nonlinear optical tomography of tissues and cells. It consists of pioneering works that employ different linear and nonlinear optical imaging techniques for deep tissue imaging, including the new applications of single- and multiphoton excitation fluorescence, Raman scattering, resonance Raman spectroscopy, second harmonic generation, stimulated Raman scattering gain and loss, coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, and near-infrared and mid-infrared supercontinuum spectroscopy. The book is a comprehensive reference of emerging deep tissue imaging techniques for researchers and students working in various disciplines.Trade Review“This impressive volume represents a landmark publication on the use of optical methods for deepbiomedical imaging—a field that has been transformed by a variety of technical innovations in recentyears. Editors Shi and Alfano have secured contributions from top names in the field, for an extensivecompilation that comprehensively details the new state of the art, including forefront advances anddevelopments. Fully covering applications, methods and theory, this lavishly illustrated book is destinedto become a reference classic.” - Prof. David L. Andrews, University of East Anglia, UK“This very timely book provides a highly comprehensive and very authoritative coverage of novelimaging technologies using multimodal optical spectroscopy and light scattering, aimed towardsnoninvasive deep tissue diagnostic and fundamental understanding of diseases such as cancers andbrain disorders. I highly recommend this book as an introductory guide on optical imaging for students,as well as a valuable reference for scientists, engineers, and biomedical researchers who are seeking abetter understanding of deep optical imaging in biological tissues or biomaterials in life scienceresearch.” - Prof. Paras N. Prasad, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA“This is an excellent and up-to-date account of biomedical imaging research. The subject matterincludes the important topics of the field, including the necessary fundamental background such asnonlinear optical processes and highly scattering optical phenomena. Each of the topics is well writtenby the well-established subject matter experts, and the book is comprehensive and self-contained. Thebackground material is well integrated into the text with the important references included.” - Dr.Daniel A. Nolan, Corning Inc., USA"Drs. Shi and Alfano have expertly put together an extremely strong collection of chapters written by leaders in the field of deep imaging in biomedical materials. The technical material gives a thorough background as well as a broad view of the most state-of-the-art results worldwide. This book is a must-read for both active researchers in this field and students studying the topic."—Prof. Alan E. Willner, University of Southern California, USATable of ContentsOverview of Second- and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Processes for Deep Imaging. Complex Light Beams. Gaussian Beam Optical Parameters in Multi-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Imaging. The Optics of Deep Optical Imaging in Tissues Using Long Wavelengths. Light Propagation and Interaction in Highly Scattering Media for Deep Tissue Imaging. Application of Nonlinear Microscopy in Life Sciences. Smart Biomarker-Coated PbS Quantum Dots for Deeper Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging in the Second Optical Window. Biomedical Applications in Probing Deep Tissue Using Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Optical Biopsy. Light Propagation in Turbid Tissue-Like Scattering Media. Overview of the Cumulant Solution to Light Propagation Inside a Turbid Medium and Its Applications in Deep Imaging Beyond the Diffusion Approximation. Deep Imaging of Prostate Cancer Using Diffusion Reconstruction of Banana Paths with Near Infrared Prostatoscope Analyzer. Terahertz Propagation in Tissues and Its Thickness Limitation. Detection of Brain Tumors Using Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. Chemical and Molecular Imaging of Deep Tissue through Photoacoustic Detection of Chemical Bond Vibrations. Deep Tissue Imaging: Acoustic and Thermal Wave Propagation and Light Interactions in Tissue. Using the Transmission Matrix to Image Disordered Media.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the conventional and emerging applications of radiations, which include radio waves and ultraviolet and gamma radiations. It discusses new techniques in radiation therapy and the effects of ionizing radiations on biological systems. The applications of radiations in the synthesis and use of nanoparticles along with the effects of hypergravity indicate a new trend. The book offers a concise account of the latest studies carried out so far and shows the new initiatives to be undertaken in the field of medicine and biology. It covers the medical use of radiations, such as ferrous sulfate–benzoic acid–xylenol orange dosimetry, Co-60 tomotherapy, radio-electro-chemotherapy, and fractional radiotherapy, and radiobiological effects, such as the effects of cell phone radiations on human health parameters and the combined effects of radiations and hypergravity on plants.Trade Review"I congratulate all involved in this book for taking a step that has the potential to show direction to young physicists what lies ahead, a vast ocean indeed, when they enter the arena of bio-medical sciences. Happy reading."—Dr. Madan M. Rehani, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA"I am immensely impressed with the wide range of frontline topics covered in this fascinating book devoted to cancer radiotherapy. Needless to say, the rich contents of the book will prove to be a good reference and will help catalyze future advances in the improvement of the radiation therapy of cancer patients."—Dr. K. P. Mishra, Former Senior Scientist and Head, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India"This book provides an updated outlook on the conventional applications of radiation, from radio waves to UV and gamma-ray, in the context of therapy and effects of ionizing radiation to biological systems. As part of this update, the medical use of radiation such as DBX dosimetry, cobalt-60 tomotherapy, RF electrotherapy, fractional radiotherapy, and radiobiological effects are also covered. Two new contributions made by this edited book are the discussions on emerging applications of nanoparticles and hypergravity."−Silvano Donati, University of Pavia, Italy Table of ContentsGeneration of Bremsstrahlung Radiation from Different Low- to High-Z Targets for Medical Applications: A Simulation Approach. The Investigation of Cobalt-60 Tomotherapy. Ferrous Sulfate–Benzoic Acid–Xylenol Orange Chemical Dosimetry System in Radiotherapy. Radiobiological Effects in Fractionated Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Radio-Electro-Chemotherapy of Cancer: New Perspectives for Cancer Treatment. Motivation to Explore New Techniques for Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and Their Immense Importance in Biological and Medicinal Applications. Gold Nanoparticle–Assisted Radiation Therapy. The Combined Effect of Hyper-Gravity and Gamma-Irradiation on Physiology of Wheat Seedlings. The Study of the Effect of UV-C Radiation on the Current–Voltage Characteristics of Chitosan Membranes. Investigating Effects of Radiation Due to Cell Phones on Health Parameters of Youngsters during Continuous Conversation.

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Book SynopsisGaN is considered the most promising material candidate in next-generation power device applications, owing to its unique material properties, for example, bandgap, high breakdown field, and high electron mobility. Therefore, GaN power device technologies are listed as the top priority to be developed in many countries, including the United States, the European Union, Japan, and China.This book presents a comprehensive overview of GaN power device technologies, for example, material growth, property analysis, device structure design, fabrication process, reliability, failure analysis, and packaging. It provides useful information to both students and researchers in academic and related industries working on GaN power devices. GaN wafer growth technology is from Enkris Semiconductor, currently one of the leading players in commercial GaN wafers. Chapters 3 and 7, on the GaN transistor fabrication process and GaN vertical power devices, are edited by Dr. Zhihong Liu, who has been working on GaN devices for more than ten years. Chapters 2 and 5, on the characteristics of polarization effects and the original demonstration of AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field-effect transistors, are written by researchers from Southwest Jiaotong University. Chapters 6, 8, and 9, on surface passivation, reliability, and package technologies, are edited by a group of researchers from the Southern University of Science and Technology of China.Table of ContentsThe Growth Technology of High-Voltage GaN on Silicon. The Characteristics of Polarization Effects in GaN Heterostructures. The GaN Transistor Fabrication Process. Conventional AlGaN/GaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors. Original Demonstration of Depletion Mode and Enhancement Mode AlGaN/GaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors. Surface Passivation and GaN MIS HEMTs. GaN Vertical Power Devices. Reliability of GaN HEMT Devices. Packaging Technologies for GaN HEMTs.

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Book SynopsisGraphene, the wonder material of the 21st century, is expected to play an important role in future nanoelectronic applications, but the only way to achieve this goal is to grow graphene directly on a semiconductor, integrating it in the chain for the production of electronic circuits and devices. This book summarizes the latest achievements in this field, with particular attention to the graphitization of SiC. Through high-temperature annealing in a controlled environment, it is possible to decompose the topmost SiC layers, obtaining quasi-ideal graphene by Si sublimation with record electronic mobilities, while selective growth on patterned structures makes possible the opening of a gap by quantum confinement.The book starts with a review chapter on the significance and challenges of graphene growth on semiconductors, followed by three chapters dedicated to an up-to-date analysis of the synthesis of graphene in ultrahigh vacuum, and concludes with two chapters discussing possible ways of tailoring the electronic band structure of epitaxial graphene by atomic intercalation and of creating a gap by the growth of templated graphene nanostructures.Table of ContentsForeword. The significance and challenges of direct growth of graphene on semiconductor surfaces. Graphene synthesized on cubic-SiC(001) in ultra-high vacuum: Atomic and electronic structure, transport properties. Epitaxial Graphene from UHV decomposition of 3C-SiC/Si. Diffusion and kinetics in epitaxial graphene growth on SiC. Atomic intercalation at the SiC/graphene interface. Epitaxial graphene on SiC: 2D sheets, selective growth and nanoribbons.

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Book SynopsisSince its invention, the integrated circuit has necessitated new process modules and numerous architectural changes to improve application performances, power consumption, and cost reduction. Silicon CMOS is now well established to offer the integration of several tens of billions of devices on a chip or in a system. At present, there are important challenges in the introduction of heterogeneous co-integration of materials and devices with the silicon CMOS 2D- and 3D-based platforms. New fabrication techniques allowing strong energy and variability efficiency come in as possible players to improve the various figures of merit of fabrication technology. Integrated Nanodevice and Nanosystem Fabrication: Breakthroughs and Alternatives is the second volume in the Pan Stanford Series on Intelligent Nanosystems. The book contains 8 chapters and is divided into two parts, the first of which reports breakthrough materials and techniques such as single ion implantation in silicon and diamond, graphene and 2D materials, nanofabrication using scanning probe microscopes, while the second tackles the scaling and architectural aspects of silicon devices through HiK scaling for nanoCMOS, nanoscale epitaxial growth of group IV semiconductors, design for variability co-optimization in SOI FinFETs, and nanowires for CMOS and diversifications.Trade Review"A timely book that showcases some of the most important advances in nanodevices and nanofabrication, written by world-renowned experts."Prof. H.-S. Philip Wong, Stanford University, USA"This seven-chapter book reviews important new trends in nanotechnology and nanodevices, ranging from single-ion implantation and two-dimensional materials, such as graphene, to nanofabrication with a scanning probe microscope. The second part of the book deals with unconventional approaches to scaling nanoscale CMOS devices and to reducing device variability. Taken together, the book provides a wealth of information for graduate students and nanotechnology researchers, as well as a good insight into the future developments for engineers involved with nanosystem design and fabrication."Prof. George Celler, Rutgers University, USA"In this book, the authors address various advanced nanofabrication techniques and device issues for nano-CMOS extension. The topics are timely and their description is well balanced between innovation and practicality, as the authors evaluate each technique on the basis of the current CMOS technology. I strongly recommend the book to graduate students, researchers, and engineers in the industry and academia."Prof. Byung Gook Park, Seoul National University, KoreaTable of ContentsIntroduction: Will new materials, fabrication and architecture schemes emerge for CMOS survival?. Deterministic single-ion implantation method for quantum processing in silicon and diamond. Graphene and two-dimensional materials : extending silicon technology for the future? Nanofabrication using scanning probe microscopes. High-k dielectric scaling for nano CMOS technology. Nanometer scale epitaxial growth of group IV semiconductors. TCAD-based design technology co-optimization for variability in nanoscale SOI FinFETs. Nanowires for CMOS and diversifications.

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Book Synopsis Readers can install Quantum ESPRESSO on Windows 10, macOS, and Linux operating systems. Readers can download all input files of the book and learn each subject without making input files by themselves. Readers can learn the Wannier90 package for obtaining tight-binding parameters for theoretical modeling. Minimum information of density-functional theory and solid-state physics is included. All software except for the operating system is open software that readers can download without any cost. Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Software Installation 3. Hands-On Tutorials of Quantum ESPRESSO 4. Density-Functional Theory 5. Solid-State Physics for Quantum ESPRESSO 6. Productivity Tools

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Book SynopsisThis book presents an overview of the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology applications in drug delivery systems and covers a variety of technologies and materials that help in achieving vast variation in the particle size needed in technology and drug delivery-based research. It discusses nanotechnology’s use in healthcare for the development of target-specific drug therapy and smart field systems and in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the quality, efficacy, and shelf life of medicines. Bringing together principles, theory, practice, and applications of nanotechnology, the book is a useful resource for chemists, physicists, biomedical researchers, engineers, advanced undergraduate and graduate-level students in nanotechnology, researchers in pharmaceutical sciences, chemistry, biology, biotechnology engineering, and general readers in nanotechnology.Table of Contents1. Basics of Nanotechnology and Drug Delivery Systems 2. Regulatory Barriers to the Marketing Authorization of Nanodrug Delivery System 3. Nanodrug Delivery System for Brain Targeting 4. Reconnoitring the Beneficial Role of Nanodrug Delivery System in Treating Cardiovascular Disorders 5. Smart Targeted Novel Nanocarriers-Based Treatment of Arthritis 6. Novel Drug Delivery System for Ocular Target 7. Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Pulmonary Diseases 8. The Potential of Nanotechnology in Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems 9. Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Infection Treatment 10. Novel Drug Delivery System Approach in Cancer Treatment 11. Nano-Drug Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Wound Healing 12. Nanodrug Delivery Systems for Cosmetics 13. Novel Drug Delivery System for Rectal and Vaginal Targets 14. Nanoneutraceuticals and Their Applications

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Book SynopsisIn the context of an aging society and the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, ensuring a healthy life expectancy has become a pressing social concern. Amidst the pandemic''s impact on medical systems worldwide, the need for advancements in early diagnosis, minimally invasive treatments, and infectious disease countermeasures has been reaffirmed. The demand for practical solutions, including new drugs, medical devices, and healthcare systems, is vocalized by healthcare professionals. To address these challenges, engineering researchers play a crucial role in swiftly translating their technological innovations into medical applications.In this book, cutting-edge researchers introduce biomedical engineering from materials, devices, imaging, and information. The chapter contributors are major members of the Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Japan. This text discusses topics on biomaterials (Chapters 1 to 3), medical devices (Chapters 4 to 11), basic medicine and dentistry (Chapters 12 to 15), and medical systems (Chapters 16 and 17). All of the topics are important areas in biomedical engineering.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology for Water Purification.- Process (Physicochemical, biochemical, and bioremediation).- Treatment technologies.- Sensors.- Rural Technologies and challenges.- Other Topics in Water Technologies.

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Book SynopsisPreface of Constructed wetlands.- Principal and mechanism Bioelectrochemical System.- Integration of Bioelectrochemical system and Microbial Fuel Cell Technology with constructed wetlands for wastewater purification.- Recovery of Bioelectricity and Bioenergy from wastewater resource using Constructed wetland by adoption of Microbial Fuel Cell Technology.- Recent advancement in Bioelectrochemical System and Microbial Fuel Cell Technology for higher efficiency of energy production and water purification.

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Book Synopsis1. Nanocellulose from Agro-waste: In Advance Energy Storage Devices.- 2. Valorization of agricultural waste biomass via effective pretreatment for biorefinery aspects.- 3. A sustainable Perspective on Biowaste-to-Biofuel for a Bio-Based Economy.- 4. Synthesis of Agricultural Resources as Biomass for Biodiesel Production.- 5. Microbial Production of Biofuels using various Biomass.- 6. Clean Energy Technologies with Special Emphasis on Hydrogen Production Using Solar Technology.- 7. Process Optimization in biofuel production using Different Biomass.- 8. Optimization of process variables during the production of biofuels.- 9. Biochar Innovations for Adsorption of Water Contaminants in Water Treatment.- 10. Chitosan and Cellulose-based materials for sustainable wastewater remediation.- 11. Biochar-Based Mixed Matrix Membranes: A Novel Approach to Water Treatment.- 12. Sustainable Approaches for Pollution Control- Bio Electrochemical Sy

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Book SynopsisThis book comprises the proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Hydraulics, Water Resources and Coastal Engineering (HYDRO 2021) focusing on broad spectrum of emerging opportunities and challenges in the field of flood forecasting and hydraulic structures. It covers a range of topics, including, but not limited to, early warning system, urban flood modelling and management, dam hazard classification, river training and protection works, structural and non-structural measures for flood mitigation, assessment and development of flood vulnerability, hazard and risk maps rehabilitation of old dams, streamflow turbines, canal operation and related structure, operation and management of dams including their instrumentation etc.Presenting recent advances in the form of illustrations, tables, and text, it offers readers insights for their own research. In addition, the book addresses fundamental concepts and studies in the field of flood forecasting and hydraulic structures, making it a valuable resource for both beginners and researchers wanting to further their understanding of hydraulics, water resources and coastal engineering.Table of ContentsImpact of Encroachment of Floodplains of Adyar River on Chennai Floods.- Modeling of Flood Inundation Extent in Data-scare Regions: The Case Study of Bhavnagar District.- Hydrodynamic Modelling and Satellite Altimeter based Establishment of Virtual Gauging Network in Flood Prone River Basin.- Flood Inundation Mapping using 2D Hydrodynamic Model and GIS Technique for Lower Tapi Basin, India.- Unsteady Flood Modelling using HEC-RAS: Chaliyar River Basin, Kerala.- 2D Flood Simulation and Mapping using Hydraulic Model and GIS Technology.- Use of Big Data for Flood Assessment through HEC-RAS Model: A Study of Purna River of Navsari.- Flood Mitigation in and around Sangli, Maharashtra by Modification of River Meander Geometry.- Performance Evaluation of 2D Hydrodynamic Model for Lower Narmada River Basin, India.- UAV (Drone) for Preparation of High Resolution DEM/DTM – A Case Application of Post Flood Assessment of Dhanera City, Rel River Catchment.- Computation of Socio-economic Vulnerability for Densely Populated Surat City, India.- Two Dimensional Flood Inundation Mapping under Overtopping Failure of Umrar Dam Effect of Terrain Resolution and Sensitivity Analysis.

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Book SynopsisA User's Guide for Planet Earth: Fundamentals of Environmental Science provides students with an exploration of the fundamental components of Earth's environmental systems, their interactions, and the way society affects and is affected by alterations in climate, ecosystems, hydrology, and various additional factors. The text distills essential environmental science concepts into an easy-to-understand and highly digestible textbook.The book begins by exploring several key background issues that lay the foundation for understanding the processes and drivers that control the behaviour of the environment. It then delves into the main environmental systems of ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, water, agriculture, oceans, human health, energy, and climate, culminating in a discussion of the Earth system. Students develop a fundamental understanding of how environmental processes are influenced by and can influence humans and broader society.In the second edition, revision 3, all relevant graphs and charts have been updated to keep the content as timely and accurate as possible.A User's Guide for Planet Earth is written for introductory environmental science courses. The clear, concise style of the text helps students grasp critical concepts without any prerequisite requirements.

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