Environmental factors Books
Springer International Publishing AG Remote Sensing GIS Modelling for Water Resource Management
£161.99
Springer International Publishing AG Toxicological Risk Assessment for Beginners
Book SynopsisThis book serves as a comprehensive introductory guide to the practical aspects of risk assessment. Chapters include clearly defined objectives and summaries. The book includes: hazard identification, dose-response, exposure assessment, risk characterization, chemical mixtures, epidemiology, emerging issues and global perspectives with accessible language. The book concludes with a set of hypothetical case studies.Toxicological Risk Assessment for Beginners aims not to create an expert, but rather to provide readers with their first understanding of the risk assessment topic. This book was designed with the student in mind. We simplify a complex process for beginners and balance theory with practical aspects, but remain fluid enough to increase difficulty with case studies. By incorporating an action based, step by step approach to learning the risk assessment process, this book provides its readers with an elementary understanding of how the risk assessment process is initiated, developed and finished, making it a valuable guide for graduate students, post-doctoral fellows and early career scientists in industry.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Hazard Identification.- Dose-Response.- Exposure Assessment.- Risk Characterization for Human Health Risk Assessments.- Risk Assessment Strategies and Techniques for Combined Exposures.- Use of Epidemiology in Risk Assessment.- Emerging Issues in Risk Assessment.- Risk Assessment in the European Union (EU).- Brief Survey of Global Approaches for Risk Assessment.- Skills Development and Resources for Risk Assessment.- Case Studies Chapter.
£999.99
Springer International Publishing AG Towards Healthy and Sustainable Diets:
Book SynopsisThis clear-sighted volume synthesizes wide-ranging knowledge of human food consumption, food production systems, and sustainability to offer methods of improving the impact of food choices on people and the environment. The comprehensive coverage addresses myriad challenges and paradoxes (e.g., health-conscious food choices that put greater stress on the planet, hunger amidst plenty) associated with the production of sustainable, nutritious food. Direct and complex links between local and global issues are highlighted in innovative approaches to transforming food production from the farm to the table and from the policy desk to the real world. Chapters identify, examine, and offer realistic recommendations for achieving critical goals, among them: Supporting healthy people and communities within planetary boundaries Reduction and prevention of food waste Combining health and sustainability on the plate "Serving sustainable and healthy food to consumers and decision makers": from commitment to action. Investing in healthier and more sustainable production. Ensuring a healthy sustainable diet is a goal of all public policies. Towards Healthy and Sustainable Diets is geared toward professionals and policymakers dealing with food, nutrition, and environmental topics seeking new perspectives on longstanding issues in these interrelated areas. It also makes a suitable reference for students studying and conducting research in these areas.Table of ContentsI. "Sustainability is more than just reducing greenhouse emissions"Different perspectives to healthy and sustainable dietsSustainability can be defined in many ways. This chapter describes different dimensions of sustainability, such as climate impact, chemical load, use of resources, biodiversity, and eutrophication, together with different types of diets and food systems. It also highlights the importance of social and economic sustainability as well as ethical issues, cultural sensitivity, and health as part of sustainability. The main message is that multidisciplinary, intersectoral, and systemic approaches are needed to develop more sustainable food systems that contribute to healthy dietary habits and a healthy planet.II. "Who wasted our food?"Towards better balanceOur current food system is badly out of balance. The current agricultural system is producing enough food to feed the planet, but access to and consumption of it is very uneven. About 212 million children are undernourished, whereas 42 million children and 1.9 billion adults are overweight due to overconsumption of especially energy-rich foods. Moreover, about half of all food that is produced is never eaten but lost during harvest, transport, processing, or storage. This chapter discusses these topics including food security and different innovative ways to reduce food waste.III. "Insects, aquaculture, and mycoproteins instead of beef tomorrow?"Choosing for healthy and sustainable mealsThis chapter focuses on evaluating both health aspects and sustainability of different food categories, such as meat and dairy, fish, insects, plant-based foods, and fats and oils. Traditional diets, novel approaches, and ultra-processed foods also will be discussed. The main message is that although there are no universally accepted methods to rank individual foods, broad guidelines on healthy and sustainable diets are relatively easy to give. These guidelines to healthy and sustainable diets are briefly described.IV. "Are ecological products really healthier and more sustainable?"Reshaping our food productionOur food systems are responsible for about one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions, more than what results from all transport, sea, land, and air, combined. We need to use our scare resources in more sustainable and efficient ways. Increasing global trade is both a threat and an opportunity. This chapter discusses potential solutions to healthy and sustainable food production, such as circular systems, better production methods, and a more holistic approach to the production of healthy foods. V. "We need to make commitments and guidelines for healthy AND sustainable diets"Getting nutrition and sustainability into the agendas of consumers and decision makersAlthough most countries have nutrition policy, sustainability is rarely incorporated into dietary guidelines or paid serious attention in food and nutrition policies. Moreover, consumer knowledge on healthy and sustainable diets is often limited. There is lack of coherence in politics, and powerful corporate, political, and other interests tend to impede the process. This chapter presents some country examples and discusses barriers and potential approaches to move sustainability and health higher up in the agenda of consumers and decision makers.
£42.74
United Nations Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation:
Book SynopsisThe United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) established by the General Assembly in 1955 assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionising radiation on human health and the environment. This is the first of four volumes of scientific annexes that presents the supporting scientific deliberations for the UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report to the United Nations General Assembly. Annex A 'Medical exposure to ionizing radiation' presents a comprehensive global estimate of the frequencies and doses from medical exposure, their distribution and trends in medical categories in the 2009-2018 period. The annex considers four general categories of medical practice using ionizing radiation: (a) diagnostic radiology, including dental radiology and computed tomography, (b) interventional radiology (image-guided interventional procedures), (c) nuclear medicine and (d) radiation therapy
£72.00
United Nations Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation:
Book SynopsisThe United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) established by the General Assembly in 1955 assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionising radiation on human health and the environment. This is the second of four volumes of scientific annexes that provides the supporting scientific deliberations for the UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report to the United Nations General Assembly. Annex B 'Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station: implications of information published since the UNSCEAR 2013 Report' summarises all relevant scientific information (peer reviewed literature and monitoring data) available up to the end of 2019. These data relate to the levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. The aim of the report is to provide a summary of all scientific information and an appraisal of the implications of this information for the UNSCEAR 2013 Report
£72.00
United Nations Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation,
Book SynopsisThe United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) established by the General Assembly in 1955 assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation on human health and the environment. This is the third of four volumes of scientific annexes provide the supporting scientific deliberations for the UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report to the General Assembly. Annex C 'Biological mechanisms relevant for the inference of cancer risks from low dose and low-dose rate radiation' synthesizes the current knowledge on biological mechanisms of radiation actions at low doses and low-dose-rates, and assesses the implications for understanding the processes of cancer development after exposure to ionizing radiation, and for dose-response relationships of radiation-induced cancers
£72.00
United Nations Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation:
Book SynopsisThe United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) established by the General Assembly in 1955 assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation on human health and the environment. This is the last of four volumes of scientific annexes provide the supporting scientific deliberations for the UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report to the General Assembly. Annex D 'Evaluation of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation' presents the estimated average annual effective and collective doses to workers for each major work sector and sub-sector involving the use of ionizing radiation; estimated worldwide level of occupational exposure for different sectors involving exposure to natural sources and to human-made sources of radiation; and analysis of temporal trends in occupational exposure. It is based on data provided by United Nations Member States and international organizations, as well as peer reviewed literature and national reports on radiation exposure to workers
£72.00
Springer Verlag, Singapore Chemical Dust Suppression Technology and Its
Book Synopsis This book focuses on the study of chemical dust suppression in mine dust pollution control by means of theories, experiments, computer simulation, and case application, aiming at providing chemical dust suppression solutions for mining worksites. It has seven chapters, including the following contents: (1) introduces fundamental theories and applications of chemical dust suppression, analyzes the dust source intensity of worksites and the mechanisms of dust generation, and summarizes the dust control measures for different mining worksites. (2) According to the mechanisms of dust generation in different mining worksites, targeted dust suppressants were developed. Through optimization by monomer experiment and orthogonal experiment, the optimum formula of different types of dust suppressants was obtained, and its properties were characterized. (3) The dust suppressant field application process was introduced, and the economic benefits were analyzed. This book is expected to provide valuable references both for researchers and engineering technicians engaged in environmental engineering, safety engineering, occupational health, and mining metallurgical engineering, and it also serves as a textbook for graduate students in above disciplines.Table of Contents1 Introduction1.1 Dust source in open-pit mine. 7 1.1.1 Dust generated by drilling operation. 7 1.1.2 Dust generated by drilling operation. 8 1.1.3 Dust generated by shoveling and loading operation. 8 1.1.4 Dust generated by transportation operation. 8 1.1.5 Dust generated by dumping operation. 8 1.2 Calculation of the intensity of dust source in the mine. 9 1.2.1 Source intensity of the mine. 9 1.2.2 Calculation of the source intensity of the mine. 10 1.3 Development status of chemical depression of dust 16 1.3.1 Research status of dust suppressants abroad. 17 1.3.2 Research status of domestic dust suppressants 19 1.3.3 Development trend of chemical dust suppressants 21 Reference. 22 2 Basic theory of chemical suppression of dust 24 2.1 Properties of mine dust [1-5] 25 2.1.1 Wettability of mine dust[1] 25 2.1.2 Density of mine dust[2] 26 2.1.3 Specific surface area of mine dust[3] 27 2.1.4 Suspensibility and cohesiveness of mine dust[3] 27 2.1.5 Particle size and size distribution of mine dust[4-5] 28 2.2 Basic theory of chemical suppression of dust 34 2.2.1 Surface tension and surface free energy[6-9] 34 2.2.2 Measurement of surface tension [10-11] 39 2.2.3 Wetting phenomenon [9-12] 51 2.2.4 Determination method of wettability[13] 54 2.2.5 Contact angle and Young's equation[14] 54 2.2.7 Measurement of contact angle. 59 Reference. 62 3 Mechanism of Production and Transport of Blasting Dust and Smoke of Open-pit Mine and Study on Pollution Model 64 3.1 Mechanism of Production and Transport of Blasting Dust and Smoke of Open-pit Mine[1] 64 3.2 Study on Pollution Model of Blasting Dust and Toxic Gases 65 3.2.1 Diffusion and Settling of Blasting Dust 65 3.2.2 Mathematical Model of Gaseous Substance Motion of the Dust and Smoke. 68 3.2.3 Evaluation of Blasting Dust and Toxic Gases Pollution. 71 3.2.4 The Emission Intensity of the Blasting Dust and Toxic Gases 75 3.3 Computer Numerical Simulation Study on Mine Blasting Dust and Toxic Gases 78 3.3.1 Computer Numerical Simulation of the Initial Motion of Explosive Gas 78 3.3.2 Numerical Simulation of Movement Process of Blasting Dust Particles 81 Reference. 83 4 Chemical Suppression Technology of Open-pit Mine Blasting Dust and Smoke. 85 4.1 Control Measures on Open-pit Mine Blasting Dust 85 4.2 The Development of Water Enriched Gelatin Stemming. 91 4.2.2 The Development of Water Enriched Gelatin Stemming. 91 4.2.3 Dust and Toxic Gases Reduction Effect of Water Enriched Gelatin Stemming. 96 4.2.4 Dust Reduction Effect of Water Enriched Gelatin Stemming. 104 4.2.5 Dust and Toxic Gases Reduction Mechanism of Water Enriched Gelatin Stemming. 106 4.3 Development of Blasting Dust and Smoke Inhibitors of Open-pit Mine. 113 4.3.1 Dust Reduction Mechanism of Blasting Dust and Smoke Inhibitors 113 4.3.2 Component of Dust and Smoke Inhibitors 115 4.3.3 Monomer Experiment 120 4.3.4 Compounding Experiments of Surfactants and Hygroscopic Agents 143 4.3.5 Final Selection of Surfactant and Hygroscopic Agent 146 4.3.6 The Optimal Formula of The Dust and Smoke Inhibitor 149 4.4 Research on Blasting Dust Reduction with Foam.. 155 4.4.1 Formula Requirement of foaming agent 155 4.4.2 Development of Foaming Agent Formula. 160 4.4.3 Experimental Study on Foaming Generator Performance. 164 4.4.4 Experimental Results 166 4.4.5 Measurement of Foam Dust Removal Efficiency. 170 Reference. 172 5 Chemical Suppression of Dust Technology of Open Ore Stacking Yard. 174 5.1 Mechanics of Dust Production of Open Ore Stacking Yard [1-6] 174 5.2 Measures of Dust Prevention of Open Ore Stacking Yard. 174 5.3 Development of Dust Suppressants of Open Ore Stacking Yard. 176 5.3.1 The Dust-settling Mechanism of Dust Suppressants of Open Ore Stacking Yard[21-22] 176 5.3.2 Single-Factor Experiment 179 5.3.3 Orthogonal Experiment 199 5.4 Performance Study on Dust Suppressants of Open Ore Stacking Yard. 207 5.4.1 The Basic Physicochemical Property of Dust Suppressants 208 5.4.2 Surface Curing Effect 209 5.4.3 Compressive Strength. 211 5.4.4Wind Erosion Resistance. 212 5.4.5 Rain Resistance. 215 5.4.6 Freeze-thaw Resistance Property. 216 Reference. 218 6 Chemical Dust Suppression Technology of Road Surface of Strip Mine. 220 6.1 Mechanisms of dust-raising on road surface of transportation roads of a strip mine[1-2] 220 6.1.1 Dust anchoring load. 220 6.1.2 Dust-raising generated by the shear friction of automobile tires on the road surface. 221 6.1.3 Dust-raising generated by the mechanical wind load of the vehicle. 222 6.1.4 Dust raised by natural wind current on the road surface. 223 6.2 Influencing factors and control measures of dust-raising on transportation roads in strip mines 226 6.2.1 Influencing factors of dust-raising on the road surface of strip mines 226 6.2.2 Control measures for dust-raising on road surface. 228 6.3 Experimental Research on the Law of Dust-raising Diffusion on Road Surface. 230 6.4 Development of compound dust suppressant formula on the road surface. 236 6.4.1 Performance requirements of dust suppressants 236 6.4.2 Dust suppression mechanism of dust suppressant 237 6.4.3 Components of dust suppressant 241 6.4.4 Monomer experiment 242 6.4.5 Orthogonal experiment 264 6.4.6 Formula optimization experiment 275 6.4.7 Performance characteristics of dust suppressant 276 6.5 Hygroscopic dust suppressant for road surface. 282 6.5.1 Formula of hygroscopic dust suppressant for road surface. 282 6.5.2 Performance experiment of hygroscopic dust suppressant for road surface. 284 6.6 Moist dust suppressant for road surface. 285 6.6.1 Formula of moist dust suppressant for road surface. 285 6.6.2 Performance experiment of moist dust suppressant for road surface. 286 Reference. 293 7. Field application of mine dust suppressant 296 7.1. Application of blasting dust suppressant in open-pit mine. 296 7.1.1. Application of water-enriched gelatin stemming. 296 7.1.2 Application of foam in blasting. 305 7.1.3 Application of surfactant solution in blasting. 307 7.2 Application of dust suppressant in open-pit mine Yard. 320 7.2.1 Industrial test of hygroscopic dust suppressant in suppressing dust of stockpile. 320 7.2.2 Dust Floating Test of Adhesive Dust suppressant in Tailing Pond. 322 7.2.3 Dust suppression test of binding dust suppressant in open coal pile. 327 7.3 Application of Dust suppressant on Pavement in Open-pit mine. 330 7.3.1 Spring Road Dust suppressant Industrial Experiment-Shougang Shuichang Iron Mine 330 7.3.2 Industrial experiment of road dust suppressant in summer-Wulongquan Mine in Wuhan 340 7.3.3 Industrial Experiment of Pavement Dust suppressant in Autumn-Sijiaying Mine, Hebei 352 7.3.4 Industrial experiment of road dust suppressant in winter-Jianlin Mountain Iron Mine 374
£104.49
Springer Verlag, Singapore Mercury Toxicity: Challenges and Solutions
Book SynopsisThis book presents mercury toxicity with respect to remediation and health issues. It covers sources of mercury contamination, its impact on human health, and prospective remediation by both bioremediation and phytoremediation with the application of recent advanced techniques such as genetic engineering and nanotechnology.Both anthropogenic activities and natural processes cause the release of mercury into different spheres of the environment resulting in severe adverse impacts. Increased anthropogenic discharge of mercury leads to disturbance in its natural biogeochemical cycle, which results in unenviable diseases and hazardous health effects. Mercury pollution is responsible for causing neurobehavioral, kidney, heart, gastrointestinal, liver, and other diseases. Many published works about the impact of mercury on health are also available worldwide; however, there is no complete understanding available on toxicological studies of mercury that covers the broader spectrum of findings ranging from sources of exposure to mercury toxicity to its remediation strategies.This book brings together a diverse group of environmental science, sustainability, and health researchers to address the challenges posed by global mass poisoning caused by mercury contamination. The book also proposes solutions to contamination through multi-disciplinary approaches.The book contains three sections. The first part describes the different sources and distribution of mercury in soil and plant ecosystems. The second part explains the health risks linked to mercury toxicity. The third part addresses sustainable mercury toxicity mitigation strategies and the potential applications of recent technology in providing solutions. This book is a valuable resource to students, academics, researchers, and environmental professionals working in the field of mercury contamination.Table of Contents1. Environmental Mercury Exposure – A Continuing Challenge2. Mercury Contamination in Food : An Overview 3. Research Trend on Mercury (Hg) Contamination of Water Resources: A Bibliometric Review 4. Impact of mercury and its toxicity on health and environment: a general perspective 5. Effects of Mercury: Neurological and Cellular Perspective 6. Mercury Adsorption using Biowaste Biochar: A Green Technology Approach 7. Removal of Mercury of Wastewater by Different Natural Biomasses 8. Microbial Remediation of Mercury: An Overview 9. Remediation Strategies of Environmental Mercury: An Overview of its Environmental Persistence, Associated Threats and Health Impacts 10. Mercury Remediation: Easing Biochar Approach 11. Application and Development Strategies of Nano-Adsorbents on Mercury Remediation 12. Amputation of Mercury from Wastewater: Perspectives of Action Methods 13. Environmental Mercury Toxicity and its Bioremediation 14. Biosorption of Mercury from Aqueous Solutions by Biosorbents
£98.99
Taylor & Francis Ethics of Environmental Health
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£43.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Psychoanalytic Ecology The Talking Cure for Environmental Illness and Health Routledge Focus on Environment and Sustainability
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£47.49
Taylor & Francis Ltd Environmental Epidemiology Epidemiology Investigation of Community Environmental Health Problems Routledge Revivals
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£156.75
Taylor & Francis Ltd Environmental Epidemiology
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£52.24
Taylor & Francis Ltd Research Ethics for Environmental Health
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£128.25
Taylor & Francis Ltd Wood Preservation
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£999.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Visual and NonVisual Effects of Light Working Environment and WellBeing Occupational Safety Health and Ergonomics
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£124.87
Taylor & Francis Ltd Target Organ Toxicity in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts Organs New Perspectives Toxicology and the Environment
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£56.04
Taylor & Francis Advances in Environmental Psychology Volume 6
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£999.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Advances in Environmental Psychology Volume 6
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£29.99
Taylor & Francis Advances in Environmental Psychology Volume 5
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£99.75
Taylor & Francis Ltd Advances in Environmental Psychology Volume 5
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Medical Technology and Environmental Health
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Taylor & Francis Health and Development
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Innovative Approaches to Researching Landscape and Health Open Space People Space 2
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Wood Preservation
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Taylor & Francis Ltd Childrens Health In Primary Schools
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£44.64
Taylor & Francis Ltd Environmental Justice and the Rights of Unborn
Book SynopsisThe traditional concept of social justice is increasingly being challenged by the notion of a humankind that spans current and future generations. This book, with a foreword by Roger Brownsword, is the first systematic examination of how the rights of the unborn and future generations are handled in common law and under international legal instruments. It provides comprehensive coverage of the arguments over international legal instruments, key legal cases and examples including the Convention on the Rights of the Child, industrial disasters, clean water provision, diet, HIV/AIDS, environmental racism and climate change. Also covered are international agreements and objectives as diverse as the Kyoto Protocol, the Millennium Development Goals and international trade. The result is the most controversial and thorough examination to date of the subject and the enormous ramifications and challenges it poses to every aspect of international and domestic environmental, human rights, trade and public health law and policy.Trade Review'Laura Westra's book is a welcome addition to the growing body of work on environmental jurisprudence and the link to social justice' Elizabeth May, Executive Director, Sierra Club of Canada 'If outrage against social injustice galvanizes your life, Laura Westra's magisterial Environmental Justice and the Rights of Unborn and Future Generations is the single book you must read and use this year' Robert Goodland, former Chief Environmental Adviser to the World Bank Group 'Westra brings another important interdisciplinary perspective on this topic.' Journal of Human RightsTable of ContentsForeword * Part I: The Rights of the First Generation * The Child's Rights to Health and the Environment, and the Role of the World Health Organization * The Status of the Preborn in Civil Law Instruments * The Status of the Child and the Preborn in Common Law Instruments and Cases * Supranational Governance: The European Court of Human Rights, and the WTO-WHO Conflict * Part II: Ecojustice and Future Generations' Rights * The Impact of Consumerism and Social Policy on the Health of the Child * Future Generations' Rights: Linking Intergenerational and Intragenerational Rights in Ecojustice * Ecojustice and Consideration for the Future: The Persistence of Ecofootprint Disasters * Ecojustice and Industrial Operations: Irreconcilable Conflict or Possible Coexistence? * Developmental and Health Rights of Children in Developing Countries: Towards a Model Legislation for the Rights of the Child to Health * Appendices, Bibliography, List of cases, Index
£130.00
Cambridge University Press Seasonal Patterns of Stress Immune Function and Disease
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£34.19
Cambridge University Press Air the Environment and Public Health
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Cambridge University Press The HouseFly
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Cambridge University Press Indoor Air Pollution
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£112.10
Cambridge University Press Indoor Air Pollution
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Cambridge University Press Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility
978-0521519526
£117.80
Cambridge University Press Air the Environment and Public Health
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MIT Press Ltd An Underground Guide to Sewers Or Down Through
Book SynopsisA global guide to sewers that celebrates the magnificently designed and engineered structures beneath the world's great cities.The sewer, in all its murkiness, filthiness, and subterranean seclusion, has been an evocative (and redolent) literary device, appearing in works by writers ranging from Charles Dickens to Graham Greene. This entertaining and erudite book provides the story behind, or beneath, these stories, offering a global guide to sewers that celebrates the magnificently designed and engineered structures that lie underneath the world's great cities. Historian Stephen Halliday leads readers on an expedition through the execrable evolution of waste management—the open sewers, the cesspools, the nightsoil men, the scourge of waterborne diseases, the networks of underground piping, the activated sludge, the fetid fatbergs, and the sublime super sewers.Halliday begins with sanitation in the ancient cities of Mesopotamia, Greece, and Imperial Rome, and con
£23.70
John Wiley & Sons Inc Air Travel and Health
Book SynopsisProviding a detailed examination of the issues that affect the long term health of aircrew, cabin crew and passengers, Air Travel and Health offers guidance to engineers designing aircraft in the difficult field of legislation and product liability. Examining the facts, anecdotes and myths associated with health and travel, Seabridge and Morgan draw balanced conclusions on which the aircraft operations and design communities can act to provide cost-effective solutions. The authors present a useful reference for aircrew, regulatory authorities, engineers and managers within the aerospace industry, and medical and human factor specialists, as well as an informative resource for undergraduate and graduate students.Trade Review"As a result, I was delighted to receive for review this book written by two well respected flight systems engineers recently retired from the UK aviation industry." (The Aeronautical Journal , 1 December 2011) "This is an insightful book, one which should give its intended audience - and interested passengers - pause for thought." (RoSPA Occupational Safety & Health Journal, 1 May 2011) "Seabridge, a retired chief flight systems engineer, and Morgan who is affiliated with Copycat Communications Ltd. investigate common complaints, the evidence, the biological and environmental dimensions that might be involved, and possible solutions to air travel's affect on health. The topics are some minor ailments, air quality, deep vein thrombosis, noise and vibration, exposure to radiation, back and neck pain, military issues, workstation use, the regulation and control of risks to health, and the design process." (Reference and Research Book News, February 2011) "The authors present a useful reference for aircrew, regulatory authorities, engineers and managers within the aerospace industry, and medical and human factor specialists, as well as an informative resource for undergraduate and graduate students." (Asiaing.com, 10 November 2010) Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Preface xvii Series Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Factors Affecting Health 2 1.2 The System of Interest 2 1.2.1 The Operating Environment 2 1.2.2 The Atmosphere 3 1.2.3 The Aircraft Inhabitants 4 1.2.4 Sources of Environmental Stimuli 5 1.3 The Aircraft 6 1.3.1 Military Aircraft 6 1.3.2 Commercial Aircraft 8 1.4 Design Considerations 10 1.5 Summary 14 References 16 Further Reading 16 Useful Web Sites 16 2 Some ‘Minor’ Ailments 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.1.1 Health Information 17 2.1.2 Considering the Whole Trip 18 2.1.3 Some Symptoms Reported by Travellers 18 2.1.4 Health Risks 19 2.2 Some Common Conditions of Air Travel 20 2.2.1 General Discomfort 20 2.2.2 Jet Lag (Circadian Dysrhythmia) 21 2.2.3 Fear of Flying (Aerophobia) 23 2.2.4 Discomfort of the Ears 23 References 25 Further Reading 25 Useful Web Sites 26 3 Air Quality 27 3.1 The Environment 28 3.1.1 The Atmosphere 28 3.1.2 Air Quality 28 3.1.3 Cabin Air Supply 29 3.1.4 Sources of Contamination 29 3.2 Aircraft Environments 31 3.2.1 Commercial Aircraft 31 3.2.2 Military Aircraft 33 3.3 Environmental Control Systems 36 3.3.1 Air Cooling 36 3.3.2 Air Distribution 36 3.4 Health Issues 40 3.4.1 Effects of Contamination 41 3.4.2 Aerotoxic Syndrome 41 3.4.3 At Risk on the Ground? 47 3.4.4 Spreading Illness 47 3.5 System Implications 48 3.5.1 Contaminants 48 3.5.2 Future Systems 51 3.6 Request for Further Information 55 References 56 Further Reading 57 Useful Web Sites 58 4 Deep Vein Thrombosis 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.1.1 How Common Is It? 61 4.1.2 How Long Is a Long Flight? 62 4.2 The Environment 62 4.3 Aircraft Environments 63 4.3.1 Commercial Aircraft 63 4.3.2 Large Military Aircraft 64 4.3.3 Fast-Jet Military Aircraft 67 4.4 The System 67 4.4.1 Commercial Aircraft 67 4.4.2 Military Aircraft 68 4.5 Health Issues 69 4.5.1 Cabin Altitude and Pressure 70 4.5.2 SoWho Is at Risk? 71 4.5.3 Summary of Risks 72 4.6 System Implications 73 4.6.1 Litigation 73 4.6.2 Preventative Measures 74 4.6.3 Advice to Passengers 74 4.6.4 Continuing Work 76 References 77 Further Reading 78 Useful Web Sites 78 5 Noise and Vibration 79 5.1 The Environment 81 5.2 Aircraft Environment 82 5.2.1 Commercial Aircraft 82 5.2.2 Military Aircraft 83 5.3 Health Issues 85 5.3.1 Hearing 85 5.3.2 Vibration 85 5.4 System Implications 86 5.4.1 Limiting Flying Hours 86 5.4.2 Active Noise Cancellation 87 5.4.3 Microphone Disabling 87 5.4.4 Personal Noise Management 87 5.4.5 Risk Assessment 88 References 88 Further Reading 88 Useful Web Sites 88 6 Exposure to Radiation 89 6.1 The Environment 89 6.1.1 Cosmic Radiation 90 6.1.2 Radiation in Space 92 6.1.3 Non-ionising Radiation 92 6.2 The Aircraft Environment 93 6.2.1 Ionising Radiation from Space 93 6.2.2 Non-ionising RF Radiation 94 6.2.3 Understanding the Risk in Commercial Aircraft 97 6.2.4 Understanding the Risk in Military Aircraft 99 6.3 Aircraft Systems 100 6.4 Health Issues 101 6.4.1 Risk of Cancer 101 6.4.2 Risks to Female Crew Members 103 6.4.3 Risks to Passengers 103 6.4.4 Eye Damage 104 6.4.5 Damage to Life Support Equipment 104 6.5 System Implications 104 6.5.1 Legislation 104 6.5.2 Mitigating Action 108 6.6 Future Developments 109 References 110 Further Reading 112 Useful Web Sites 112 7 Back and Neck Pain 113 7.1 Back Pain 113 7.1.1 Lower Back Pain 113 7.1.2 Posture 114 7.1.3 Back Pain and Military Aircraft 114 7.1.4 Helicopter Pilots 115 7.1.5 Posture and Pain 117 7.2 Neck Strain 120 7.3 Commercial Aircraft Issues 122 7.3.1 Flight Attendants 122 7.3.2 Passengers 123 7.4 Lumbar Support 123 7.5 Advice for Passengers 125 References 126 Further Reading 127 8 Military Issues 129 8.1 The Cockpit Environment 130 8.2 Effects of Acceleration 133 8.3 Pressure Oxygen Breathing and Hypoxia 136 8.3.1 Hypoxia 136 8.3.2 Decompression Sickness 137 References 137 Further Reading 138 Useful Web Sites 138 9 Workstation Use 139 9.1 The Environment 140 9.2 Aircraft Environments 141 9.2.1 Commercial Aircraft 141 9.2.2 Military Aircraft 142 9.3 The System 143 9.4 Health Issues 146 9.4.1 Sight 146 9.4.2 Posture 147 9.4.3 Back and Neck Pain 147 9.4.4 Vibration 148 9.5 System Implications 148 Reference 150 Further Reading 150 Useful Web Sites 150 10 Regulation and Control of Risks to Health 151 10.1 General 151 10.2 Legislative Framework 152 10.2.1 Health and Safety 153 10.2.2 EU Legislation 154 10.2.3 Environmental Legislation 156 10.2.4 Air Navigation Order 157 10.2.5 Duty of Care 157 10.3 Summary of Legal Threats 157 10.3.1 Criminal Prosecution 157 10.3.2 Civil Lawsuits 158 10.3.3 Customer/Public Relations 158 10.4 Issues Arising 158 11 The Design Process 161 11.1 Control of Risk 161 11.1.1 Governance 161 11.1.2 Company Policy 162 11.1.3 Company Procedures 162 11.2 Design 162 11.2.1 Standards 162 11.2.2 Good Practice 163 11.2.3 Design and Qualification Process 163 11.3 Application 174 11.3.1 Incorporation 175 11.3.2 Operations 175 11.4 Feedback 175 11.4.1 Public Comment 176 11.4.2 Complaints 176 11.4.3 Litigation 176 Reference 177 12 Summary and Conclusions 179 12.1 Integration Effects 180 12.2 Predisposition 182 12.2.1 The Travel Experience 183 12.2.2 Genetic Factors 183 12.2.3 Public Health 183 12.3 Domestic Circumstances 183 12.3.1 Carrying and Lifting 184 12.3.2 Do-It-Yourself (DIY) 184 12.3.3 Noisy Pursuits 184 12.3.4 Lifestyle Factors 184 12.3.5 Water Sports 185 12.3.6 Obesity 185 12.4 Comparison with General Public Health Conditions 185 12.4.1 Sick Building Syndrome 185 12.4.2 Myalgic Encephalomyletis (ME) or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) 186 12.4.3 WiFi Sensitivity 187 12.4.4 Electrical Power Line Sensitivity 188 12.4.5 New Car Syndrome 189 12.4.6 Household and Industrial Cleaning Products 190 12.4.7 Discussion 191 12.5 Serious Conditions 191 12.6 Advice to Industry 191 12.6.1 Processes and Procedures 192 12.6.2 Independent Medical Advice 193 12.6.3 Research 193 12.6.4 Seeing the ‘Big Picture’ 193 12.7 Advice to Operators 195 12.7.1 Promote Awareness 195 12.7.2 Independent Medical Advice 195 12.7.3 Research 195 12.8 Advice to Travellers 195 12.8.1 Obtain Medical Advice 196 12.8.2 Improve Awareness 196 12.9 What Can Be Done? 199 12.10 Finally 204 References 204 Further Reading 205 Useful Web Sites 205 Bibliography 207 Index 217
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