Engineering: Mechanics of fluids Books

Book SynopsisCombustion Thermodynamics and Dynamics builds on a foundation of thermal science, chemistry, and applied mathematics that will be familiar to most undergraduate aerospace, mechanical, and chemical engineers to give a first-year graduate-level exposition of the thermodynamics, physical chemistry, and dynamics of advection-reaction-diffusion. Special effort is made to link notions of time-independent classical thermodynamics with time-dependent reactive fluid dynamics. In particular, concepts of classical thermochemical equilibrium and stability are discussed in the context of modern nonlinear dynamical systems theory. The first half focuses on time-dependent spatially homogeneous reaction, while the second half considers effects of spatially inhomogeneous advection and diffusion on the reaction dynamics. Attention is focused on systems with realistic detailed chemical kinetics as well as simplified kinetics. Many mathematical details are presented, and several quantitative examples are Table of ContentsPreface; Part I. Reactive Systems: 1. Introduction to chemical kinetics; 2. Gas mixtures; 3. Mathematical foundations of thermodynamics; 4. Thermochemistry of a single reaction; 5. Thermochemistry of multiple reactions; 6. Nonlinear dynamics of reduced kinetics; Part II. Advective-Reactive-Diffusive Systems: 7. Reactive Navier–Stokes equations; 8. Simple linear combustion; 9. Idealized solid combustion; 10. Premixed laminar flame; 11. Oscillatory combustion; 12. Detonation.

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Book SynopsisThe gas dynamics of explosions is a subject that continues to interest researchers from many fields of physics and engineering. Lee's book describes the various analytical methods developed to determine non-steady shock propagation associated with explosions in a style accessible to graduate students and researchers in the subject.Trade ReviewThe Gas Dynamics of Explosions is a unique and valuable collation and presentation of the analytical methods that have been used to calculate the physical properties of blast waves. This has been done with mathematical clarity, which in most cases is superior to that of the original publications. These analytical methods often provide an insight into the physical processes within a blast wave that is not provided by numerical simulation techniques that are nowadays most commonly used to study these processes. The text provides an excellent reference source for researchers studying blast waves and an excellent primer to those who are new to the field. It is a natural sequel to Professor Lee's earlier work, The Detonation Phenomenon (Cambridge, 2013)' J. M. Dewey, Shock Waves'The book itself is relatively short, 194 pages, and can be read through in a couple of hours. The text is clear, the meanings precise and the pace is relatively fast. … If, however, we look with greater attention, the text covers the fundamental gas dynamics in depth and gives fairly complete derivations of equations: this is not a book where space and effort is saved by the familiar phrase 'it can be easily shown that'. Many of the derivations are given for 0D to 3D forms. This allows comparison between the complexity of derivation and the inclusion of many graphs allows easy comparison of the results of the added complexity. This is a key strength of this text. Overall, I would recommend this book to those who want to have a strong, mathematically analytical basis of this field.' W. G. Proud, The Aeronautical JournalTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Basic equations; 2. Weak shock theory; 3. Shock propagation in a non-uniform cross sectional area tube; 4. Blast wave theory; 5. Homentropic explosions; 6. Snow-plow approximation; 7. The Brinkley–Kirkwood theory; 8. Non-similar solutions for finite strength blast waves; 9. Implosions; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis updated volume provides a comprehensive and modern scientific approach to evaluating ship resistance and propulsion. It includes the latest developments in experimental and CFD techniques, and provides guidance for the practical estimation of ship propulsive power for a range of ship types.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Propulsive power; 3. Components of hull resistance; 4. Model-ship extrapolation; 5. Model-ship correlation; 6. Restricted water depth and breadth; 7. Measurement of resistance components; 8. Wake and thrust deduction; 9. Numerical estimation of ship resistance; 10. Resistance design data; 11. Propulsor types; 12. Propeller characteristics; 13. Powering process; 14. Hull form design; 15. Numerical methods for propeller analysis; 16. Propeller design data; 17. Reductions in propulsive power and emissions; 18. Applications.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents sloshing with marine and land-based applications, with a focus on ship tanks. It also includes the nonlinear multimodal method developed by the authors and an introduction to computational fluid dynamics. The book contains numerous illustrations, examples and exercises.Trade Review'… comprehensive and well-written … should certainly be in the library of any institution where fluid mechanics is an active topic of research. … its extensive contents make it good value as a reference text in, and beyond, the topic of its title.' Journal of Fluids and StructuresTable of Contents1. Sloshing in marine and land-based applications; 2. Governing equations of liquid sloshing; 3. Wave-induced ship motions; 4. Linear natural sloshing modes; 5. Linear modal theory; 6. Viscous wave loads; 7. Multimodal method; 8. Nonlinear asymptotic theories and experiments for a 2D rectangular tank; 9. Non-linear asymptotic theories and experiments for three dimensional sloshing; 10. Computational fluid dynamics; 11. Slamming.

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Book SynopsisAn introduction to the theory and engineering practice that underpins the component design and analysis of radial flow turbocompressors. Drawing upon an extensive theoretical background and years of practical experience, the authors provide descriptions of applications, concepts, component design, analysis tools, performance maps, flow stability, and structural integrity, with illustrative examples. Features wide coverage of all types of radial compressor over many applications unified by the consistent use of dimensional analysis. Discusses the methods needed to analyse the performance, flow, and mechanical integrity that underpin the design of efficient centrifugal compressors with good flow range and stability. Includes explanation of the design of all radial compressor components, including inlet guide vanes, impellers, diffusers, volutes, return channels, de-swirl vanes and side-streams. Suitable as a reference for advanced students of turbomachinery, and a perfect tool for practising mechanical and aerospace engineers already within the field and those just entering it.Trade Review'… the book provides expert description of each of the topics considered and is in my view a highly useful text and essential reading for any advanced practitioner in the field of radial turbomachinery and I recommend it to you most highly.' Peter Childs, Journal of Power and EnergyTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Energy Transfer; 3. Equations of State; 4. Efficiency Definitions for Compressors; 5. Fluid Mechanics; 6. Gas Dynamics; 7. Aerodynamic Loading; 8. Similarity; 9. Specific Speed; 10. Losses and Performance; 11. Impeller Design; 12 Diffuser Design; 13. Casing Component Design; 14. Geometry Definition; 15. Throughflow Code for Radial Compressors; 16. Computational Fluid Dynamics; 17. Compressor Instability and Control; 18. Maps and Matching; 19. Structural Integrity; 20. Development and Testing.

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Book SynopsisExplore sustainable electric power generation technology, from first principles to cutting-edge systems, in this in-depth resource. Including energy storage, carbon capture, hydrogen and hybrid systems, the detailed coverage includes performance estimation, operability concerns, economic trade-off and other intricate analyses, supported by implementable formulae, real-world data and tried-and-tested quantitative and qualitative estimating techniques. Starting from basic concepts and key equipment, this book builds to precise analysis of balance of plant operation through data and methods gained from decades of hands-on design, testing, operation and trouble-shooting. Gain the knowledge you need to operate in conditions beyond standard settings and environment, with thorough descriptions of off-design operations. Novel technologies become accessible with stripped-back descriptions and physics-based calculations. This book is an ideal companion for engineers in the gas turbine and electrTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Prologue; 3. Equipment; 4. Operation; 5. Energy storage; 6. Compressed air energy storage; 7. Hybrid systems; 8. Hydrogen; 9. Nuclear power; 10. Supercritical CO2; 11. Carbon capture; 12. Concentrated solar power; 13. Coal redux; 14. A technology leap?; 15. Epilogue; 16. Odds and ends.

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Book SynopsisThe primary reference for the modeling of hydrodynamics and water quality in rivers, lake, estuaries, coastal waters, and wetlands This comprehensive text perfectly illustrates the principles, basic processes, mathematical descriptions, case studies, and practical applications associated with surface waters. It focuses on solving practical problems in rivers, lakes, estuaries, coastal waters, and wetlands. Most of the theories and technical approaches presented within have been implemented in mathematical models and applied to solve practical problems. Throughout the book, case studies are presented to demonstrate how the basic theories and technical approaches are implemented into models, and how these models are applied to solve practical environmental/water resources problems. This new edition of Hydrodynamics and Water Quality: Modeling Rivers, Lakes, and Estuaries has been updated with more than 40% new information. It features several Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xvii Foreword to the First Edition xix Preface to the First Edition xxi Acknowledgments for the First Edition xxiii Abbreviations xxv About the Companion Website xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Understanding Surface Waters 3 1.3 Modeling of Surface Waters 5 1.4 About This Book 8 2 Hydrodynamics 11 2.1 Hydrodynamic Processes 11 2.2 Governing Equations 23 2.3 Temperature 38 2.4 Hydrodynamic Modeling 47 3 Sediment Transport 73 3.1 Overview 73 3.2 Sediment Processes 77 3.3 Cohesive Sediment 85 3.4 Noncohesive Sediment 94 3.5 Sediment Bed 98 3.6 Wind Waves 102 3.7 Sediment Transport Modeling 119 4 Pathogens and Toxics 135 4.1 Overview 135 4.2 Pathogens 136 4.3 Toxic Substances 140 4.4 Fate and Transport Processes 146 4.5 Contaminant Modeling 150 5 Water Quality and Eutrophication 161 5.1 Overview 161 5.2 Algae 176 5.3 Organic Carbon 187 5.4 Phosphorus 190 5.5 Nitrogen 195 5.6 Dissolved Oxygen 203 5.7 Sediment Fluxes 211 5.8 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation 227 5.9 Water Quality Modeling 243 6 External Sources and TMDL 273 6.1 Point Sources and Nonpoint Sources 273 6.2 Atmospheric Deposition 275 6.3 Groundwater 277 6.4 Watershed Processes and TMDL Development 279 7 Mathematical Modeling and Statistical Analyses 285 7.1 Mathematical Models 285 7.1.1 Numerical Models 287 7.2 Statistical Analyses 292 7.3 Model Calibration and Verification 300 8 Rivers 307 8.1 Characteristics of Rivers 307 8.2 Hydrodynamic Processes in Rivers 310 8.3 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Rivers 315 8.4 River Modeling 319 9 Lakes and Reservoirs 335 9.1 Characteristics of Lakes and Reservoirs 335 9.2 Hydrodynamic Processes in Lakes 342 9.3 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Lakes 352 9.4 Lake Modeling 359 10 Estuaries and Coastal Waters 379 10.1 Introduction 379 10.2 Tidal Processes 382 10.3 Hydrodynamic Processes in Estuaries 389 10.4 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Estuaries 397 10.5 Estuarine and Coastal Modeling 402 11 Wetlands 421 11.1 Characteristics of Wetlands 421 11.2 Hydrodynamic Processes in Wetlands 428 11.3 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Wetlands 439 11.4 Constructed Wetlands 454 11.5 Wetland Modeling 462 12 Risk Analysis 479 12.1 Extreme Value Theory 479 12.2 Environmental Risk Analysis 499 A Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code 531 A.1 Overview 531 A.2 Hydrodynamics 531 A.3 Sediment Transport 532 A.4 Toxic Chemical Transport and Fate 532 A.5 Water Quality and Eutrophication 532 A.6 Numerical Schemes 533 A.7 Documentation and Application Aids 533 B Conversion Factors 535 C Contents of Electronic Files 537 C.1 Channel Model 537 C.2 Blackstone River Model 537 C.3 St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon Model 537 C.4 Lake Okeechobee Environmental Model 538 C.5 Documentation and Utility Programs 538 D Introduction to EFDC_Explorer 539 D.1 Capabilities 539 D.2 New Features and Improvements 539 D.2.1 Sigma Zed Layering 539 D.2.2 Internal Wind-Wave Generation 540 D.2.3 Ice Submodel 541 D.2.4 Open Multiprocessing and Dynamic Memory Allocation 541 References 545 Index 577

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the physical principles of wave propagation in fluid mechanics and hydraulics. The mathematical techniques that allow the behavior of the waves to be analyzed are presented, along with existing numerical methods for the simulation of wave propagation. Particular attention is paid to discontinuous flows, such as steep fronts and shock waves, and their mathematical treatment. A number of practical examples are taken from various areas fluid mechanics and hydraulics, such as contaminant transport, the motion of immiscible hydrocarbons in aquifers, river flow, pipe transients and gas dynamics. Finite difference methods and finite volume methods are analyzed and applied to practical situations, with particular attention being given to their advantages and disadvantages. Application exercises are given at the end of each chapter, enabling readers to test their understanding of the subject.Table of ContentsIntroduction xv Chapter 1. Scalar Hyperbolic Conservation Laws in One Dimension of Space 1 1.1. Definitions 1 1.1.1. Hyperbolic scalar conservation laws 1 1.1.2. Derivation from general conservation principles 3 1.1.3. Non-conservation form 6 1.1.4. Characteristic form – Riemann invariants 7 1.2. Determination of the solution 9 1.2.1. Representation in the phase space 9 1.2.2. Initial conditions, boundary conditions 12 1.3. A linear law: the advection equation 14 1.3.1. Physical context – conservation form 14 1.3.2. Characteristic form 16 1.3.3. Example: movement of a contaminant in a river 17 1.3.4. Summary 21 1.4. A convex law: the inviscid Burgers equation 21 1.4.1. Physical context – conservation form 21 1.4.2. Characteristic form 23 1.4.3. Example: propagation of a perturbation in a fluid 24 1.4.4. Summary 28 1.5. Another convex law: the kinematic wave for free-surface hydraulics 28 1.5.1. Physical context – conservation form 28 1.5.2. Non-conservation and characteristic forms 29 1.5.3. Expression of the celerity 31 1.5.4. Specific case: flow in a rectangular channel 34 1.5.5. Summary 35 1.6. A non-convex conservation law: the Buckley-Leverett equation 36 1.6.1. Physical context – conservation form 36 1.6.2. Characteristic form 39 1.6.3. Example: decontamination of an aquifer 40 1.6.4. Summary 42 1.7. Advection with adsorption/desorption 42 1.7.1. Physical context – conservation form 42 1.7.2. Characteristic form 45 1.7.3. Summary 47 1.8. Conclusions 48 1.8.1. What you should remember 48 1.8.2. Application exercises 48 Chapter 2. Hyperbolic Systems of Conservation Laws in One Dimension of Space 55 2.1. Definitions 55 2.1.1. Hyperbolic systems of conservation laws 55 2.1.2. Hyperbolic systems of conservation laws – examples 57 2.1.3. Characteristic form – Riemann invariants 59 2.2. Determination of the solution 62 2.2.1. Domain of influence, domain of dependence 62 2.2.2. Existence and uniqueness of solutions – initial and boundary conditions 64 2.3. Specific case: compressible flows 65 2.3.1. Definition 65 2.3.2. Conservation form 65 2.3.3. Characteristic form 68 2.3.4. Physical interpretation 70 2.4. A 2×2 linear system: the water hammer equations 71 2.4.1. Physical context – hypotheses 71 2.4.2. Conservation form 73 2.4.3. Characteristic form – Riemann invariants 78 2.4.4. Calculation of the solution 82 2.4.5. Summary 87 2.5. A nonlinear 2×2 system: the Saint Venant equations 87 2.5.1. Physical context – hypotheses 87 2.5.2. Conservation form 88 2.5.3. Characteristic form – Riemann invariants 94 2.5.4. Calculation of solutions 105 2.5.5. Summary 112 2.6. A nonlinear 3×3 system: the Euler equations 112 2.6.1. Physical context – hypotheses 112 2.6.2. Conservation form 114 2.6.3. Characteristic form – Riemann invariants 118 2.6.4. Calculation of the solution 122 2.6.5. Summary 126 2.7. Summary of Chapter 2 127 2.7.1. What you should remember 127 2.7.2. Application exercises 128 Chapter 3. Weak Solutions and their Properties 135 3.1. Appearance of discontinuous solutions 135 3.1.1. Governing mechanisms 135 3.1.2. Local invalidity of the characteristic formulation– graphical approach 138 3.1.3. Practical examples of discontinuous flows 140 3.2. Classification of waves 143 3.2.1. Shock wave 143 3.2.2. Rarefaction wave 144 3.2.3. Contact discontinuity 145 3.2.4. Mixed/compound wave 145 3.3. Simple waves 146 3.3.1. Definition and properties 146 3.3.2. Generalized Riemann invariants 147 3.4. Weak solutions and their properties 149 3.4.1. Definitions 149 3.4.2. Non-equivalence between the formulations 150 3.4.3. Jump relationships 150 3.4.4. Non-uniqueness of weak solutions 152 3.4.5. The entropy condition 157 3.4.6. Irreversibility 159 3.4.7. Approximations for the jump relationships 160 3.5. Summary 161 3.5.1. What you should remember 161 3.5.2. Application exercises 162 Chapter 4. The Riemann Problem 165 4.1. Definitions – solution properties 165 4.1.1. The Riemann problem 165 4.1.2. The generalized Riemann problem 166 4.1.3. Solution properties 167 4.2. Solution for scalar conservation laws 167 4.2.1. The linear advection equation 167 4.2.2. The inviscid Burgers equation 168 4.2.3. The Buckley-Leverett equation 170 4.3. Solution for hyperbolic systems of conservation laws 175 4.3.1. General principle 175 4.3.2. Application to the water hammer problem: sudden valve failure 176 4.3.3. Free surface flow: the dambreak problem 179 4.3.4. The Euler equations: the shock tube problem 186 4.4. Summary 192 4.4.1. What you should remember 192 4.4.2. Application exercises 193 Chapter 5. Multidimensional Hyperbolic Systems 195 5.1. Definitions 195 5.1.1. Scalar laws 195 5.1.2. Two-dimensional hyperbolic systems 197 5.1.3. Three-dimensional hyperbolic systems 199 5.2. Derivation from conservation principles 200 5.3. Solution properties 203 5.3.1. Two-dimensional hyperbolic systems 203 5.3.2. Three-dimensional hyperbolic systems 210 5.4. Application to two-dimensional free-surface flow 211 5.4.1. Governing equations 211 5.4.2. The secant plane approach 217 5.4.3. Interpretation – determination of the solution 222 5.5. Summary 225 5.5.1. What you should remember 225 5.5.2. Application exercises 225 Chapter 6. Finite Difference Methods for Hyperbolic Systems 229 6.1. Discretization of time and space 229 6.1.1. Discretization for one-dimensional problems 229 6.1.2. Multidimensional discretization 230 6.1.3. Explicit schemes, implicit schemes 231 6.2. The method of characteristics (MOC) 232 6.2.1. MOC for scalar hyperbolic laws 232 6.2.2. MOC for hyperbolic systems of conservation laws 241 6.2.3. Application examples 246 6.3. Upwind schemes for scalar laws 250 6.3.1. The explicit upwind scheme (non-conservation version) 250 6.3.2. The implicit upwind scheme (non-conservation version) 252 6.3.3. Conservative versions of the implicit upwind scheme 253 6.3.4. Application examples 255 6.4. The Preissmann scheme 257 6.4.1. Formulation 257 6.4.2. Estimation of nonlinear terms – algorithmic aspects 260 6.4.3. Numerical applications 261 6.5. Centered schemes 267 6.5.1. The Crank-Nicholson scheme 267 6.5.2. Centered schemes with Runge-Kutta time stepping 268 6.6. TVD schemes 270 6.6.1. Definitions 270 6.6.2. General formulation of TVD schemes 271 6.6.3. Harten’s and Sweby’s criteria 274 6.6.4. Traditional limiters 276 6.6.5. Calculation example 277 6.7. The flux splitting technique 280 6.7.1. Principle of the approach 280 6.7.2. Application to traditional schemes 283 6.8. Conservative discretizations: Roe’s matrix 289 6.8.1. Motivation and principle of the approach 289 6.8.2. Expression of Roe’s matrix 290 6.9. Multidimensional problems 293 6.9.1. Explicit alternate directions293 6.9.2. The ADI method 296 6.9.3. Multidimensional schemes 298 6.10. Summary 299 6.10.1. What you should remember 299 6.10.2. Application exercises 301 Chapter 7. Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Systems 303 7.1. Principle 303 7.1.1. One-dimensional conservation laws 303 7.1.2. Multidimensional conservation laws 305 7.1.3. Application to the two-dimensional shallow water equations 308 7.2. Godunov’s scheme 310 7.2.1. Principle 310 7.2.2. Application to the scalar advection equation 311 7.2.3. Application to the inviscid Burgers equation 316 7.2.4. Application to the water hammer equations 319 7.3. Higher-order Godunov-type schemes 324 7.3.1. Rationale and principle 324 7.3.2. Example: the MUSCL scheme 328 7.4. Summary 330 7.4.1. What you should remember 330 7.4.2. Suggested exercises 331 Appendix A. Linear Algebra 333 A.1. Definitions 333 A.2. Operations on matrices and vectors 335 A.2.1. Addition 335 A.2.2. Multiplication by a scalar 335 A.2.3. Matrix product 336 A.2.4. Determinant of a matrix 336 A.2.5. Inverse of a matrix 337 A.3. Differential operations using matrices and vectors 337 A.3.1. Differentiation 337 A.3.2. Jacobian matrix 338 A.4. Eigenvalues, eigenvectors 338 A.4.1. Definitions 338 A.4.2. Example 339 Appendix B. Numerical Analysis 341 B.1. Consistency 341 B.1.1. Definitions 341 B.1.2. Principle of a consistency analysis 341 B.1.3. Numerical diffusion, numerical dispersion 343 B.2. Stability 345 B.2.1. Definition 345 B.2.2. Principle of a stability analysis 346 B.2.3. Harmonic analysis of analytical solutions 348 B.2.4. Harmonic analysis of numerical solutions 352 B.2.5. Amplitude and phase portraits 355 B.2.6. Extension to systems of equations 357 B.3. Convergence 359 B.3.1. Definition 359 B.3.2. Lax’s theorem 359 Appendix C. Approximate Riemann Solvers 361 C.1. HLL and HLLC solvers 361 C.1.1. HLL solver 361 C.1.2. HLLC solver 363 C.2. Roe’s solver 366 Appendix D. Summary of the Formulae 369 References 375 Index 379

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Book SynopsisThe recent development of microscale technologies makes it possible to design complex microsystems devoted to transport, dosing, mixing, analysis or even synthesis of fluids. Applications are numerous and exist in almost every industrial field, from biotechnology and healthcare to aeronautics and advanced materials manufacturing. Microfluidics is a relatively new research area, usually comprising work with microsystems and involving internal fluid flows with characteristic dimensions of the order of one micrometer (1 x 10 -6 m). This book provides engineers and researchers with a range of tools for modeling, experimenting on, and simulating these microflows, as a preliminary step in designing and optimizing fluidic microsystems. The various consequences of miniaturization on the hydrodynamics of gas, liquid or two-phase flows, as well as on associated heat transfer phenonema, are analyzed. The book is illustrated with examples that demonstrate the wide diversity of applications, and the breadth of novel uses of these fluidic microsystems.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Microflows 1 Stéphane COLIN 1.1. Fluid mechanics, fluidics and microfluidics 1 1.2. Scaling effects and microeffects 3 1.3. Original pumping techniques 14 1.4. Microfabrication and flows 18 1.5. Microfluidic applications 20 1.6. Bibliography 21 Chapter 2. Gaseous Microflows 25 Jean-Claude LENGRAND and Tatiana T. ELIZAROVA 2.1. Continuum model and molecular model 25 2.2. Molecular description of a flow 38 2.3 Continuum description of a flow 51 2.4. Physical modeling 59 2.5. Examples of microflows 67 2.6. Bibliography 85 Chapter 3. Liquid Microflows: Particularities and Modeling 89 Christine BARROT and Jean-Pierre DELPLANQUE 3.1. Introduction 89 3.2. Background, liquid microflow physics 90 3.3. Numerical simulation of microflows 101 3.4. Non-mechanical active control of microflows 110 3.5. Conclusions 114 3.6. Bibliography 115 Chapter 4. Physiological Microflows 121 Jacques DUFAUX, Marc DURAND, Gérard GUIFFANT and Kristine JURSKI 4.1. Description of the microvascular network 121 4.2. Blood flow: an unusual means of transportation 130 4.3. Instrumentation 141 4.4. Description of flows and microcirculatory networks 154 4.5. The microcirculatory system: an optimized transport network? 174 4.6. Conclusion 186 4.7. Bibliography 186 Chapter 5. Single-Phase Heat Transfer 195 Sedat TARDU 5.1. Introduction 195 5.2. Heat transfer in channels of conventional sizes 196 5.3. “Macroeffects” in microchannels: single-phase liquid flows 201 5.4. Gas microflows: rarefaction and compressibility 211 5.5. Molecular effects of liquid flows in microchannels 220 5.6. Electrostatic effects: interfacial electrostatic double layer 222 5.7. Conclusion 229 5.8. Acknowledgment 229 5.9. Bibliography 230 Chapter 6. Two-Phase Microflows 235 Olivier LEBAIGUE 6.1. Introduction 235 6.2. Digital versus continuous two-phase microflows 241 6.3. Basic phenomena 244 6.4. Some peculiarities of two-phase flows in microchannels 277 6.5. Bibliography 294 Chapter 7. Experimental Methods 303 Lucien BALDAS and Robert CAEN 7.1. Introduction 303 7.2. Measurements at the microscale: general overview 303 7.3. Pressure measurements 304 7.4. Flow rate measurements 309 7.5. Temperature measurements 326 7.6. Velocity measurements 328 7.7. Conclusion 340 7.8. Acknowledgments 340 7.9. Bibliography 340 Chapter 8. Fluidic Microsystems 349 Isabelle DUFOUR and Olivier FRANÇAIS 8.1. Introduction 349 8.2. Basic modules 349 8.3. Examples of developments around microsystems 365 8.4. Conclusion 382 8.5. Bibliography 382 Chapter 9. Microsystems in Macroflows Active Control 389 Sedat TARDU 9.1. Introduction 389 9.2. Notions of active control 390 9.3. Microsensors 395 9.4. Microprobes in the flow 421 9.5. Actuators 422 9.6. Conclusion 424 9.7. Bibliography 424 List of Authors 433 Index 435

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Book SynopsisIn fluid mechanics, non-intrusive measurements are fundamental in order to improve knowledge of the behavior and main physical phenomena of flows in order to further validate codes.The principles and characteristics of the different techniques available in laser metrology are described in detail in this book.Velocity, temperature and concentration measurements by spectroscopic techniques based on light scattered by molecules are achieved by different techniques: laser-induced fluorescence, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering using lasers and parametric sources, and absorption spectroscopy by tunable laser diodes, which are generally better suited for high velocity flows. The size determination of particles by optical means, a technique mainly applied in two-phase flows, is the subject of another chapter, along with a description of the principles of light scattering.For each technique the basic principles are given, as well as optical devices and data processing. A final chapter reminds the reader of the main safety precautions to be taken when using powerful lasers.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xiii Alain BOUTIER Chapter 1. Basics on Light Scattering by Particles 1 Fabrice ONOFRI and Séverine BARBOSA 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. A brief synopsis of electromagnetic theory 2 1.2.1. Maxwell’s equations 2 1.2.2. Harmonic electromagnetic plane waves 4 1.2.3. Optical constants 9 1.2.4. Light scattering by a single particle 11 1.3. Methods using separation of variables 16 1.3.1. Lorenz–Mie (or Mie) theory 16 1.3.2. Debye and complex angular momentum theories 26 1.4. Rayleigh theory and the discrete dipole approximation 29 1.4.1. Rayleigh theory 29 1.4.2. Discrete dipole approximation 31 1.5. The T-matrix method 32 1.6. Physical (or wave) optics models 34 1.6.1. Huygens–Fresnel integral 35 1.6.2. Fraunhofer diffraction theory for a particle with a circular cross section 37 1.6.3. Airy theory of the rainbow 40 1.6.4. Marston’s physical-optics approximation 44 1.7. Geometrical optics 47 1.7.1. Calculation of the scattering angle 48 1.7.2. Calculation of the intensity of rays 48 1.7.3. Calculation of the phase and amplitude of rays 49 1.8. Multiple scattering and Monte Carlo models 50 1.8.1. Scattering by an optically diluted particle system 50 1.8.2. Multiple scattering 51 1.8.3. Monte Carlo method 52 1.9. Conclusion 57 1.10. Bibliography 57 Chapter 2. Optical Particle Characterization 67 Fabrice ONOFRI and Séverine BARBOSA 2.1. Introduction 67 2.2. Particles in flows 69 2.2.1. Diameter, shape and concentration 69 2.2.2. Statistical representation of particle size data 70 2.2.3. Concentrations and fluxes 74 2.3. An attempt to classify OPC techniques 75 2.3.1. Physical principles and measured quantities 75 2.3.2. Nature and procedure to achieve statistics 76 2.4. Phase Doppler interferometry (or anemometry) 77 2.4.1. Principle 77 2.4.2. Modeling the phase–diameter relationship 81 2.4.3. Experimental setup and typical results 87 2.4.4. Conclusion 90 2.5. Ellipsometry 91 2.6. Forward (or “laser”) diffraction 93 2.6.1. Principle 93 2.6.2. Modeling and inversion of diffraction patterns 95 2.6.3. Typical experimental setup and results 98 2.6.4. Conclusion 100 2.7. Rainbow and near-critical-angle diffractometry techniques 101 2.7.1. Similarities to forward diffraction 101 2.7.2. Rainbow diffractometry 102 2.7.3. Near-critical-angle diffractometry 107 2.8. Classical shadowgraph imaging 112 2.8.1. Principle and classical setup 112 2.8.2. One-dimensional shadow Doppler technique 114 2.8.3. Calculation of particle images using the point spread function 115 2.8.4. Conclusion 118 2.9. Out-of-focus interferometric imaging 119 2.9.1. Principle 119 2.9.2. Modeling the diameter–angular frequency relationship 120 2.9.3. Conclusion 126 2.10. Holography of particles 128 2.10.1. Gabor holography for holographic films 128 2.10.2. Inline digital holography 129 2.10.3. Conclusion 131 2.11. Light extinction spectrometry 132 2.11.1. Principle 132 2.11.2. Algebraic inverse method 134 2.11.3. Experimental setup and conclusion 136 2.12. Photon correlation spectroscopy 139 2.13. Laser-induced fluorescence and elastic-scattering imaging ratio 141 2.13.1. Principle 142 2.13.2. Experimental setup and results 143 2.13.3. Conclusion 144 2.14. Laser-induced incandescence 144 2.15. General conclusions 145 2.16. Bibliography 146 Chapter 3. Laser-Induced Fluorescence 159 Fabrice LEMOINE and Frédéric GRISCH 3.1. Recall on energy quantification of molecules 159 3.1.1. Radiative transitions 162 3.1.2. Energy level thermo-statistics 164 3.1.3. Franck–Condon principle 164 3.1.4. Non-radiative transitions 164 3.1.5. Line width 165 3.2. Laser-induced fluorescence principles 168 3.2.1. Absorption kinetics 169 3.2.2. Fluorescence signal 170 3.2.3. Fluorescence detection 173 3.2.4. Absorption along optical path 174 3.2.5. Fluorescence measurement device 175 3.3. Applications of laser-induced fluorescence in gases 177 3.3.1. Generalities 177 3.3.2. Diatomic molecules 178 3.3.3. Poly-Atomic molecular tracers 186 3.4. Laser-induced fluorescence in liquids 202 3.4.1. Principles and modeling 202 3.4.2. Fluorescence reabsorption 205 3.4.3. Applications to concentration measurement 205 3.4.4. Application to temperature measurement 210 3.5. Bibliography 218 Chapter 4. Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Techniques 223 Ajmal MOHAMED 4.1. High spectral resolution absorption spectroscopy in fluid mechanics 223 4.2. Recap on molecular absorption 226 4.2.1. Line profile 226 4.2.2. Line strength 228 4.3. Absorption spectroscopy bench 229 4.3.1. Emitting optics 230 4.3.2. Optical detection 234 4.3.3. Spectra processing 237 4.4. Applications in hypersonic 245 4.4.1. F4 characteristics 246 4.4.2. Setup installed at F4 248 4.4.3. Results obtained at F4 and HEG 249 4.5. Other applications of diode laser absorption spectroscopy 250 4.5.1. Combustion applications 250 4.5.2. Applications to atmospheric probing 253 4.6. Other devices for diode laser absorption spectroscopy 254 4.6.1. Multipass spectrometry 254 4.6.2. Spectrometry in a resonant cavity 257 4.7. Perspectives and conclusion on diode laser absorption spectroscopy 261 4.7.1. Laser source: use of non-cryogenic diodes 262 4.7.2. Spatial resolution: use of probe in flow 262 4.7.3. Use of frequency combs 264 4.8. Bibliography 264 Chapter 5. Nonlinear Optical Sources and Techniques for Optical Diagnostic 271 Michel LEFEBVRE 5.1. Introduction to nonlinear optics 271 5.2. Main processes in nonlinear optics 272 5.2.1. Propagation effects 273 5.2.2. Second- and third-order nonlinearities 276 5.2.3. Phase matching notion 280 5.3. Nonlinear sources for optical metrology 282 5.3.1. Sum frequency generation and frequency doubling 283 5.3.2. Raman converters 285 5.3.3. Optical parametric generators and oscillators 289 5.4. Nonlinear techniques for optical diagnostic 296 5.4.1. Introduction to four-wave mixing techniques 296 5.4.2. Temperature and concentration measurements in four-wave mixing 299 5.4.3. Velocity measurements in four-wave mixing 301 5.5. Bibliography 305 Chapter 6. Laser Safety 307 Jean-Michel MOST 6.1. Generalities on laser safety 307 6.2. Laser type and classification 308 6.3. Laser risks: nature and effects 310 6.3.1. Biological risks 310 6.3.2. Risks to the eye 312 6.3.3. Risks to the skin 314 6.3.4. Risk to hearing 315 6.3.5. Other biological risks 315 6.4. Protections 316 6.4.1. Accident prevention 316 6.4.2. Collective protection 316 6.4.3. Individual protection 318 6.5. Safety advice 319 6.6. Human behavior 320 Conclusion 321 Alain BOUTIER Nomenclature 323 List of Authors 329 Index 331

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