Energy, power generation, distribution and storage Books

Book SynopsisThe book covers various issues related to machinery condition monitoring, signal processing and conditioning, instrumentation and measurements, faults for induction motors failures, new trends in condition monitoring, and the fault identification process using motor currents electrical signature analysis. It aims to present a new non-invasive and non-intrusive condition monitoring system, which has the capability to detect various defects in induction motor at incipient stages within an arbitrary noise conditions. The performance of the developed system has been analyzed theoretically and experimentally under various loading conditions of the motor. Covers current and new approaches applied to fault diagnosis and condition monitoring. Integrates concepts and practical implementation of electrical signature analysis. Utilizes LabVIEW tool for condition monitoring problems. Incorporates real-world case studies.Table of Contents1. Introduction to Condition Monitoring of Electrical Machines 2. Background on Condition Monitoring Techniques 3. Noninvasive Methods for Motor Fault Diagnosis 4. Design and Development of a Noninvasive Condition Monitoring System 5. Faults Analysis and Evaluations via IPA and PVA Methods 6. Summary on Noninvasive Electrical Signature Analysis Methods: IPA and PVA

Read more less

Book SynopsisEddy currents, soâcalled owing to their general shape like eddies, manifest as induced currents in all metallic â magnetic or nonâmagnetic â regions exposed to time varying or generally alternating magnetic fields whether of power or higher frequencies. It is imperative to apply appropriate analyses to assess the magnitude and consequences of induced eddy currents as required. Therefore, book aims at a comprehensive study of various aspects of eddy currents, from a detailed account of the basic phenomenon to their utilization in various applications, and their detrimental effects, esp. in large Turbogenerators. It gives detailed description of the finiteâelement technique(s) developed by the author to analyse the steadyâstate and transient heating of key regions of turbogenerators of ratings from 120 MW to 500 MW when exposed to negativeâsequence currents under unbalanced fault conditions.Table of ContentsEddy Currents. The Eddy Currents. Eddy-current and Power Loss. Utilisation of Eddy Currents. Eddy Currents and Turbogenerators. Finite Elements for Eddy Current Analyses. Finite Elements: General. Finite Element Solution of Representative Problems. Finite Elements for Turbogenerator Problems. Finite Element Analysis Applied to Turbogenerators. Finite Element Analysis of Eddy Currents in TGs and Temperature Rise. The Model Turbogenerator– General. The Model Turbogenerator – Representative Studies. Case Studies of Large Turbogenerators. Appendices. References and Bibliography. Subject Index. Author Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisModern Predictive Control explains how MPC differs from other control methods in its implementation of a control action. Most importantly, MPC provides the flexibility to act while optimizingwhich is essential to the solution of many engineering problems in complex plants, where exact modeling is impossible. The superiority of MPC is in its numerical solution. Usually, MPC is employed to solve a finite-horizon optimal control problem at each sampling instant and obtain control actions for both the present time and a future period. However, only the current control move is applied to the plant.This complete, step-by-step exploration of various approaches to MPC: Introduces basic concepts of systems, modeling, and predictive control, detailing development from classical MPC to synthesis approaches Explores use of Model Algorithmic Control (MAC), Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC), Generalized PredicTable of ContentsSystems, modeling and model predictive control. Model algorithmic control (MAC). Dynamic matrix control (DMC). Generalized predictive control (GPC). Two-step model predictive control. Sketch of synthesis approaches of MPC. State feedback synthesis approaches. Synthesis approaches with finite switching horizon. Open-loop optimization and closed-loop optimization in synthesis approaches. Output feedback synthesis approaches. Bibliography. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisOffers an introduction to embedded systems design and verification. This book provides a comprehensive overview of embedded processors and various aspects of system-on-chip and FPGA. It explores power-aware embedded computing, design issues specific to secure embedded systems, and web services for embedded devices.Trade Review… This first volume of the handbook is an in-depth survey of embedded systems design and verification. This volume is essential reading especially for novices in this field for it provides a framework for the discussion of the design issues of embedded systems, formal methods, embedded systems architectures and security as well as web services. Also, the book may be highly recommended for professionals as well as lecturers and students of academic courses on the rapidly progressing field of networks-on-chips.—Zentralblatt MATH 1186Table of ContentsSystem-Level Design and Verification. Embedded Processors and System-on-Chip Design. Embedded System Security and Web Services. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWith the constant emergence of new research and application possibilities, gaseous electronics is more important than ever in disciplines including engineering (electrical, power, mechanical, electronics, and environmental), physics, and electronics. The first resource of its kind, Gaseous Electronics: Tables, Atoms, and Molecules fulfills the author's vision of a stand-alone reference to condense 100 years of research on electron-neutral collision data into one easily searchable volume. It presents mostif not allof the properly classified experimental results that scientists, researchers, and students require for a theoretical and practical understanding of collision properties and their impact.An unprecedented collection and analysis of electron neutral collision propertiesThis book follows a new user-friendly format that enables readers to easily retrieve, analyze, and apply specific atomic/molecular informatiTrade Review"Readers working in the areas of plasma processing or plasma/arc related technology will find this book a useful reference source for values of various plasma parameters. … a very useful reference book for hard-to-find information on gaseous electronic parameters."—IEEE Electrical Insulation MagazineTable of ContentsSingle atom. 2 atoms. 3 atoms. 4 atoms. 5 atoms. 6 atoms. 7 atoms. 8 atoms. 9 atoms. 10 atoms. 11 atoms. 12 atoms. More than 12 atoms. Gas mixtures.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe first book to consider intermittency as a key point of an energy system, Energy Intermittency describes different levels of variability for traditional and renewable energy sources, presenting detailed solutions for handling energy intermittency through trade, collaboration, demand management, and active energy storage. Addressing energy supply intermittency systematically, this practical text: Analyzes typical time-distributions and intervals between episodes of demand-supply mismatch and explores their dependence on system layouts and energy source characteristics Simulates scenarios regarding resource time-flow, energy conversion devices, and demand structure to assist in evaluating the technical viability of the proposed solutions Discusses the conditions for establishing such systems in terms of economic requirements and regulatory measures In one concise and convenient volume, Energy Intermittency provides a comprehensivTrade Review"Traditional energy people use the word 'intermittency' as an epithet, a drawback that fatally compromises energy innovation. Professor Sorensen shows, with many persuasive examples, that intermittency is actually characteristic of how we use energy. He demonstrates that practical measures to address intermittency may be a crucial aspect of our transition to a more stable, reliable global energy system."—Walt Patterson, Chatham House, London, UK"[This book is] unique in the sense that intermittency has (to my knowledge) not earlier been the central issue of a book. It has rather been treated sporadically as one of many issues related to renewable energy, but not gotten the in-depth treatment that it deserves. … [This book is] appropriate, useful, and valuable for research and education within the ‘new’ energy technologies. It covers a relatively unexplored area between several disciplines and that could make it interesting to a broad audience."—Claus Nygaard Rasmussen, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby"If we are to move to a sustainable energy future, then we will need to find ways to balance variable renewable supplies and variable demand. This book provides a straightforward guide to the technical options, along with some breathtaking and original case studies on how China, Korea, and Japan might meet their energy needs using renewable energy sources. ... With admirable clarity, this book shows how intermittency can be dealt with by a mix of system management techniques, energy storage, and energy trading arrangements. ... This on its own is a very timely contribution to the energy debate, but the book goes further and develops a series of original case studies on sustainable energy plans for...countries which might otherwise be trapped in fossil and nuclear fuel-based futures."—David Elliott, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK"This is...the first book to consider intermittency as a basic point of an energy system. [Also] highlighted in the book is population density—a parameter often missed in texts concerning energy policy. ... The author does not limit his analysis of intermittency to energy storage. He integrates energy storage with interconnections among different countries and with energy demand management. ... The perspective is [to use] a mix...dependent on the specific situation in terms of the kind and amount of energy sources available, of per-capita energy demand, and of population density. To this concern, some countries are analyzed in detail with interesting conclusions."—Giuseppe Spazzafumo, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, ItalyTable of ContentsIntroduction. Intermittency Dependence on Type of Energy System. Timescales Relevant for the Intermittency of Individual Energy Sources. Using Case Studies to Explore the Options. Power-Line Interchange. Pipeline Interchange. Other Trade Options. System-Integrated Storage. Storage in Dedicated Facilities. Decentralized Storage. Load Management. Using Grids to Transmit Information. Systemic Transitions. Final Remarks. Appendix.

Read more less

Book SynopsisOpportunistic networking, by definition, allows devices to communicate whenever a window of opportunity is available. Many emerging technologies employ opportunistic exchanges of information. This book addresses this trend in communications engineering, taking into account three specific areasvehicular, device-to-device (D2D), and cognitive radiowhile describing the opportunistic communication methods of each. From smart homes to smart cities, smart agriculture to never-die-networks and beyond, the text explores the state of the art of opportunistic networking, providing the latest research, developments, and practices in one concise source.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Opportunistic Networking and Applications. Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Rapidly Deployable Emergency Communications. Opportunistic Vehicular Communications. Routing Protocols in Opportunistic Networks. Smart Environments: Exploiting Passive RFID Technology for Indoor Localization. Smart Homes: Practical Guidelines. Smart Agriculture based on Wireless Sensor Networks. Cognitive Radio Networks. Never Die Network: A Perspective of Opportunistic Networks.

Read more less

Book SynopsisElectric Field Analysis is both a student-friendly textbook and a valuable tool for engineers and physicists engaged in the design work of high-voltage insulation systems. The text begins by introducing the physical and mathematical fundamentals of electric fields, presenting problems from power and dielectric engineering to show how the theories are put into practice. The book then describes various techniques for electric field analysis and their significance in the validation of numerically computed results, as well as: Discusses finite difference, finite element, charge simulation, and surface charge simulation methods for the numerical computation of electric fields Provides case studies for electric field distribution in a cable termination, around a post insulator, in a condenser bushing, and around a gas-insulated substation (GIS) spacer Explores numerical field calculation for electric field optimization, demonstrating contour correctioTrade Review"… very useful to teachers and students in classes on applications of the theory, numerical analyses, and practice of using the electric field for practical electric power applications that benefit mankind, such as avoiding electrical breakdown in high-voltage systems. … The book begins at the senior undergraduate level in developing the fundamentals of electric field physics and applications, … [and] then continues on to advanced numerical methods valuable to graduate students and practitioners."—Markus Zahn, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA "… gives clear and precise description of the state of the art in electric field analysis. … the book comes along with software for the computation of capacitive as well as capacitive-resistive electric fields."Prof. Dr.-Ing. Josef Kindersberger, Technische Universität München, Institute for High Voltage Engineering and Switchgear Technology"A unique book for understanding electric fields and its computation with particular emphasis to problems and configurations typically encountered by high voltage engineers while designing and building power apparatus and electric insulation systems. The coverage is comprehensive, up to date, and spans the entire spectrum thus making it an ideal book for both undergraduate and graduate students." —Professor L. Satish, HV Lab, Dept of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore "This is a very intriguing book, because it adds a great deal of practical insight into otherwise cold and lifeless equations and theory. It was a pleasure to review it and enjoy many of the applied examples using the theory presented in the first part of the book." —IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, May/June 2016 Table of ContentsFundamentals of Electric Field. Gauss’s Law and Related Topics. Orthogonal Coordinate Systems. Single-Dielectric Configurations. Dielectric Polarization. Electrostatic Boundary Conditions. Multi-Dielectric Configurations. Electrostatic Pressures on Boundary Surfaces. Method of Images. Sphere or Cylinder in Uniform External Field. Conformal Mapping. Graphical Field Plotting. Numerical Computation of Electric Field. Numerical Computation of High-Voltage Field by Finite Difference Method. Numerical Computation of High-Voltage Field by Finite Element Method. Numerical Computation of High-Voltage Field by Charge Simulation Method. Numerical Computation of High-Voltage Field by Surface Charge Simulation Method. Numerical Computation of Electric Field in High-Voltage System - Case Studies. Electric Field Optimization.

Read more less

Book SynopsisEvent-based systems are a class of reactive systems deployed in a wide spectrum of engineering disciplines including control, communication, signal processing, and electronic instrumentation. Activities in event-based systems are triggered in response to events usually representing a significant change of the state of controlled or monitored physical variables. Event-based systems adopt a model of calls for resources only if it is necessary, and therefore, they are characterized by efficient utilization of communication bandwidth, computation capability, and energy budget. Currently, the economical use of constrained technical resources is a critical issue in various application domains because many systems become increasingly networked, wireless, and spatially distributed.Event-Based Control and Signal Processing examines the event-based paradigm in control, communication, and signal processing, with a focus on implementation in networked sensor and control Trade Review"This book is a good example of a publication that is written to help the curious reader learn fundamental and advanced material on the topics of event-based control and signal processing. It contains several views on these subjects, explained in focused chapters that use a clear language and that keep mathematical explanations at a reasonable level of complexity. Overall, [this book provides] a very good starting point for learning event-based control and signal processing."—Paolo Carbone, University of Perugia, Italy"This book is a good example of a publication that is written to help the curious reader learn fundamental and advanced material on the topics of event-based control and signal processing. It contains several views on these subjects, explained in focused chapters that use a clear language and that keep mathematical explanations at a reasonable level of complexity. Overall, [this book provides] a very good starting point for learning event-based control and signal processing."—Paolo Carbone, University of Perugia, ItalyTable of ContentsEvent-Based Control: Introduction and Survey. Event-Driven Control and Optimization in Hybrid Systems. Reducing Communication by Event-Triggered Sampling. Event-Triggered versus Time-Triggered Real-Time Systems: A Comparative Study. Distributed Event-Based State-Feedback Control. Periodic Event-Triggered Control. Decentralized Event-Triggered Controller Implementations. Event-Based Generalized Predictive Control. Model-Based Event-Triggered Control of Networked Systems. Self-Triggered and Team-Triggered Control of Networked Cyber-Physical Systems. Efficiently Attentive Event-Triggered Systems. Event-Based PID Control. Time-Periodic State Estimation with Event-Based Measurement Updates. Intermittent Control in Man and Machine. Event-Based Data Acquisition and Digital Signal Processing in Continuous Time. Event-Based Data Acquisition and Reconstruction—Mathematical Background. Spectral Analysis of Continuous-Time ADC and DSP. Concepts for Hardware-Efficient Implementation of Continuous-Time Digital Signal Processing. Asynchronous Processing of Nonstationary Signals. Event-Based Statistical Signal Processing. Spike Event Coding Scheme. Digital Filtering with Nonuniformly Sampled Data: From the Algorithm to the Implementation. Reconstruction of Varying Bandwidth Signals from Event-Triggered Samples.

Read more less

Book SynopsisElectromagnetics for Electrical Machines offers a comprehensive yet accessible treatment of the linear theory of electromagnetics and its application to the design of electrical machines. Leveraging valuable classroom insight gained by the authors during their impressive and ongoing teaching careers, this text emphasizes concepts rather than numerical methods, providing presentation/project problems at the end of each chapter to enhance subject knowledge. Highlighting the essence of electromagnetic field (EMF) theory and its correlation with electrical machines, this book: Reviews Maxwell's equations and scalar and vector potentials Describes the special cases leading to the Laplace, Poisson's, eddy current, and wave equations Explores the utility of the uniqueness, generalized Poynting, Helmholtz, and approximation theorems Discusses the SchwarzChristoffel transformation, as well as the determination of airgap permeance AddreTrade Review"… unravels intricacies of the subject in a simple and systematic manner. … one of few books which cover a difficult subject through inquisition and using programmed concept for learning. The authors have spent considerable time in formulating the structure of the book and its contents. I think they have been successful in their attempt. There have been several books on electromagnetic fields, each one having its own flavor. However, the present book is a different attempt to teach the concept of electromagnetic field theory (EMFT), and its application to the theory and design of electrical machines. The contributions of the authors of this book in various research and scientific areas are outstanding. They are academicians who have devoted themselves to the task of educating young minds and inculcating scientific temper amongst them. I must heartily congratulate the authors for the magnificent job they have done."— Brig. (Dr.) Surjit Pabla, Vice Chancellor, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, India "The authors of this book set out to achieve the goal of presenting electromagnetics for electrical machines in a simple and systematic manner. I think they achieve that goal. They reduce Maxwell’s equations to Laplace’s equation, Poisson’s equation, wave equation, and eddy current equation and apply them to electrical machines."— Matthew Sadiku, Prairie View A&M University"I particularly value the approach taken of developing accurate theoretical electromagnetic models for several electrical machine structures. Traditional approaches of using lumped element models for machine parts, and then trying to modify the resulting equivalent network by taking into account the effect of these elements having non-zero physical size in a piece-meal fashion do not develop the user’s basic comprehensive insight into all aspects of the electromagnetic fields which can have some effect on machine behavior."— Philip H. Alexander, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor "… unravels intricacies of the subject in a simple and systematic manner. … one of few books which cover a difficult subject through inquisition and using programmed concept for learning. The authors have spent considerable time in formulating the structure of the book and its contents. I think they have been successful in their attempt. There have been several books on electromagnetic fields, each one having its own flavor. However, the present book is a different attempt to teach the concept of electromagnetic field theory (EMFT), and its application to the theory and design of electrical machines. The contributions of the authors of this book in various research and scientific areas are outstanding. They are academicians who have devoted themselves to the task of educating young minds and inculcating scientific temper amongst them. I must heartily congratulate the authors for the magnificent job they have done."—Brig. (Dr.) Surjit Pabla, Vice Chancellor, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, India "… unravels intricacies of the subject in a simple and systematic manner. … one of few books which cover a difficult subject through inquisition and using programmed concept for learning. The authors have spent considerable time in formulating the structure of the book and its contents. I think they have been successful in their attempt. There have been several books on electromagnetic fields, each one having its own flavor. However, the present book is a different attempt to teach the concept of electromagnetic field theory (EMFT), and its application to the theory and design of electrical machines. The contributions of the authors of this book in various research and scientific areas are outstanding. They are academicians who have devoted themselves to the task of educating young minds and inculcating scientific temper amongst them. I must heartily congratulate the authors for the magnificent job they have done."—Brig. (Dr.) Surjit Pabla, Vice Chancellor, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, India "The authors of this book set out to achieve the goal of presenting electromagnetics for electrical machines in a simple and systematic manner. I think they achieve that goal. They reduce Maxwell’s equations to Laplace’s equation, Poisson’s equation, wave equation, and eddy current equation and apply them to electrical machines."—Matthew Sadiku, Prairie View A&M University"I particularly value the approach taken of developing accurate theoretical electromagnetic models for several electrical machine structures. Traditional approaches of using lumped element models for machine parts, and then trying to modify the resulting equivalent network by taking into account the effect of these elements having non-zero physical size in a piece-meal fashion do not develop the user’s basic comprehensive insight into all aspects of the electromagnetic fields which can have some effect on machine behavior."—Philip H. Alexander, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor Table of ContentsIntroduction. Review of Field Equations. Theorems, Revisited. Laplacian Fields. Eddy Currents in Magnetic Cores. Laminated-Rotor Polyphase Induction Machines. Un-Laminated Rotor Polyphase Induction Machines. Case Studies. Numerical Computation. Appendices.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides a complete overview of the theory, design, and applications of unmanned aerial vehicles. It covers the basics, including definitions, attributes, manned vs. unmanned, design considerations, life cycle costs, architecture, components, air vehicle, payload, communications, data link, and ground control stations. Chapters cover types and civilian roles, sensors and characteristics, alternative power, communications and data links, conceptual design, human machine interface, sense and avoid systems, civil airspace issues and integration efforts, navigation, autonomous control, swarming, and future capabilities.Table of ContentsUAS Basics. UAS Types & Civilian Roles. UAS Sensors & Characteristics. Alternative Power. Communications & Data Links. UAS Conceptual Design. Human Machine Interface. Sense and Avoid Systems. UAS Civil Airspace Issues. Civil Airspace Integration Efforts. UAS Navigation. Autonomous Control. UAS Swarming. Future Capabilities.

Read more less

Book SynopsisVariable Speed Generators, the second of two volumes in the Electric Generators Handbook, provides extensive coverage of variable speed generators in distributed generation and renewable energy applications around the world. The book delves into the steady state, transients, control, and design of claw-pole-rotor synchronous, induction, permanent-magnet-(PM)-assisted synchronous, and switched reluctance starter alternators for electric hybrid vehicles. It discusses PM synchronous, transverse flux PM, and flux reversal PM generators for low-speed wind and hydro energy conversion. It also explores linear motion alternators for residential and spacecraft applications. Numerous design and control examples illustrate the exposition.Fully revised and updated to reflect the last decade's worth of progress in the field, this Second EditionTable of ContentsWound-Rotor Induction Generators: Steady State. Wound-Rotor Induction Generators: Transients and Control. Wound-Rotor Induction Generators: Design and Testing. Self-Excited Induction Generators. Stator-Converter-Controlled Induction Generators. Automotive Claw-Pole-Rotor Generator Systems. Induction Starter/Alternators for Electric Hybrid Vehicles. Permanent-Magnet-Assisted Reluctance Synchronous Starter/Alternators for Electric Hybrid Vehicles. Switched Reluctance Generators and Their Control. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Systems. Transverse Flux and Flux Reversal Permanent Magnet Generator Systems. Linear Motion Alternators.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book describes advanced research results on Modeling and Control designs for Fuel Cells and their hybrid energy systems. Filled with simulation examples and test results, it provides detailed discussions on Fuel Cell Modeling, Analysis, and Nonlinear control. Beginning with an introduction to Fuel Cells and Fuel Cell Power Systems, as well as the fundamentals of Fuel Cell Systems and their components, it then presents the Linear and Nonlinear modeling of Fuel Cell Dynamics. Typical approaches of Linear and Nonlinear Modeling and Control Design methods for Fuel Cells are also discussed. The authors explore the Simulink implementation of Fuel Cells, including the modeling of PEM Fuel Cells and Control Designs. They cover the applications of Fuel cells in vehicles, utility power systems, and stand-alone systems, which integrate Fuel Cells, Wind Power, and Solar Power. Mathematical preliminaries on Linear and Nonlinear Control are provided in an appendix.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Fundamentals of Fuel Cells. Linear and Nonlinear Models of Fuel Cell Dynamics. Linear and Nonlinear Control Design for Fuel Cells. Simulink Implementation of Fuel Cell Models and Controllers. Applications of Fuel Cells in Vehicles. Application of Fuel Cells in Utility Power Systems and Stand-Alone Systems. Control and Analysis of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems. Optimization of PEMFCs. Power Electronics Applications for Fuel Cells. A PEM Fuel Cell Temperature Controller. Implementation of Digital Signal Processor-Based Power Electronics Control. Appendix A: Linear Control. Appendix B: Nonlinear Control. Appendix C: Induction Machine Modeling and Vector Control for Fuel Cell Vehicle Applications. Appendix D: Coordinate Transformation. Appendix E: Space Vector PWM. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA smart civil structure integrates smart materials, sensors, actuators, signal processors, communication networks, power sources, diagonal strategies, control strategies, repair strategies, and life-cycle management strategies. It should function optimally and safely in its environment and maintain structural integrity during strong winds, severe earthquakes, and other extreme events. This book extends from the fundamentals to the state-of-the-art. It covers the elements of smart civil structures, their integration, and their functions. The elements consist of smart materials, sensors, control devices, signal processors, and communication networks. Integration refers to multi-scale modelling and model updating, multi-type sensor placement, control theory, and collective placement of control devices and sensors. And the functions include structural health monitoring, structural vibration control, structural self-repairing, and structural energy harvesting, with emphasisTrade Review"This is the first comprehensive book that synthesizes multiple interrelated fields in smart civil structures, including structural sensing and monitoring, vibration control, energy harvesting, and self-repairing."-- Yang Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"The book is a very comprehensive text on the area of smart structural health monitoring, covering material from basics to the state of the art. ...It starts with the nuts and bolts of the monitoring system but then leads up to the state of the art of an end-to-end smart monitoring system, and everything in between."-- Muhammad Imran Rafiq, University of Brighton, UK"This is the first comprehensive book that synthesizes multiple interrelated fields in smart civil structures, including structural sensing and monitoring, vibration control, energy harvesting, and self-repairing."-- Yang Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"The book is a very comprehensive text on the area of smart structural health monitoring, covering material from basics to the state of the art. ...It starts with the nuts and bolts of the monitoring system but then leads up to the state of the art of an end-to-end smart monitoring system, and everything in between."-- Muhammad Imran Rafiq, University of Brighton, UKTable of ContentsElements in Smart Civil Structures. Introduction. Smart Materials. Sensors and Sensor Networks. Actuators and Control Systems. Processors and Processing Systems. Integration for Smart Civil Structures. Multi-Scale Modelling of Smart Civil Structures. Modal Identification and Model Updating. Multi-Type Sensor Placement. Structural Control Theory. Optimal Actuator Placement. Collective Placement of Sensors and Actuators. Functions of Smart Civil Structures. Structural Damage Detection. Structural Active and Semi-ActiveControl. Synthesis of Structural Health Monitoring and Control in the Frequency Domain. Synthesis of Structural Health Monitoring and Control in the Time Domain. Synthesis of Structural Control and Energy Harvesting. Synthesis of Structural Health Monitoring, Control and Energy Harvesting. Synthesis of Structural Health Monitoring and Self-Repairing. Life Cycle Performance of Smart Civil Structures. Epilogue: Challenges and Prospects.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis title presents a balanced blend between classical and intelligent load frequency control techniques, which is detrminant for continous supply of power loads. The classical control techniques introduced in this book include PID, pole placement, observer-based state feedback, static and dynamic output feedback controllers while the intelligent control techniques explained here are of adaptive fuzzy control types. This book will analyze and design different decentralized LF controllers in order to maintain the frequency deviations of each power area within the limits and keep the tie-line power flow between different power areas at the scheduled levels.Table of Contents1. Load Frequency Control of Power Systems. 2. Modelling of Multi-area Power Systems. 3. LFC of Deregulated Multi-area Power Systems. 4. PID LFC Controllers. 5. Decentralized LFC Design for Multi-area Power System. 6. Fuzzy Systems and Functions Approximation. 7. Non-adaptive Fuzzy Load Frequency Control. 8. Adaptive Fuzzy Control Techniques. 9. Direct Adaptive Fuzzy Load Frequency Control. 10. Indirect Adaptive Fuzzy Load Frequency Control.

Read more less

Book SynopsisTracking is the goal of control of any object, plant, process, or vehicle. From vehicles and missiles to power plants, tracking is essential to guarantee high-quality behavior. Nonlinear Systems Tracking establishes the tracking theory, trackability theory, and tracking control synthesis for time-varying nonlinear plants and their control systems as parts of control theory. Treating general dynamical and control systems, including subclasses of input-output and state-space nonlinear systems, the book: Describes the crucial tracking control concepts that comprise effective tracking control algorithms Defines the main tracking and trackability properties involved, identifying properties both perfect and imperfect Details the corresponding conditions needed for the controlled plant to exhibit each property Discusses various algorithms for tracking control synthesis, attacking the tracking control synthesis problems themselvTrade Review"Numerous publications and books present various aspects of tracking, but I do not know of another book only devoted to tracking and its various aspects. ... I used to teach tracking in my courses of process control and stability analysis of complex nonlinear systems, and this book could be very interesting to improve my courses. ... This book gives a complete presentation of the various aspects of tracking of nonlinear and/or time varying systems, including the determination of the maximum error for ill-defined and/or perturbed systems."—Pierre Borne, École Centrale de Lille, France Table of ContentsPreface. Systems and Control Basis. Trackability. Perfect Tracking. Imperfect Tracking: Stable Tracking. Criteria for Stable Tracking. Finite Reachability Time Tracking. Required Tracking Quality and Control Synthesis. Conclusion. Appendices. Used Literature. Indexes.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides an excellent introduction into polysaccharide-based supercapacitors. It includes fundamental knowledge on supercaps as well as an overview of currently available approaches reported in the literature. Written by an international team of leading academics, this brief is aimed at a variety of readers with an interest in polysaccharide science and its applications.Table of Contents1. Introduction What is a supercapacitor? How to build a supercapacitor Materials for supercapacitors Applications of supercapacitors 2. Polysaccharides in supercapacitors Native polysaccharides Pyrolyzed polysaccharides 3. Conclusion and Outlook

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents the Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, focusing on the theoretical aspects of intelligent systems research as well as extensions of theory of intelligent thinking machines.Table of ContentsPreface -- Conference Organization -- List of Sponsors and Cooperative Organizations -- GENETIC ALGORITHMS I -- COMPUTER VISION -- KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT -- SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL REASONING -- NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING -- PLANNING AND SCHEDULING -- GENETIC ALGORITHMS II -- MACHINE LEARNING -- EXPERT SYSTEMS -- INTELLIGENT USER-INTERFACES / TUTORING SYSTEMS -- NEURAL NETWORKS I -- FUZZY LOGIC I -- PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS -- CASE/MODEL-BASED REASONING -- NEURAL NETWORKS II -- FUZZY LOGIC II -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisStructural mechanics in reactor technology, Fracture Mechanics and NDE is the proceedings and transactions of the international conference on structural mechanics in reactor technology, held in 1987.

Read more less

Book SynopsisLet There Be Light is a groundbreaking history of electrification in Hong Kong. Mark L. Clifford traces how a power company and its visionary founder jumpstarted the British colony’s postwar economic rise and set in motion far-reaching political and social change.Trade ReviewLet There Be Light is a cultural, business, and political history of the world’s single most indispensable technology—electricity generation—in a great city that it helped create. This elegantly written, deeply researched, and thoughtful book offers, in microcosm, a global vision of development, finance, and state engagement with the economy. -- Thomas W. Laqueur, author of The Work of the Dead: A Cultural History of Mortal RemainsAn insightful and vivid history. Mark Clifford challenges the conventional view of Hong Kong as a laissez-faire state. He shows instead the complex and successful collaboration between its government and its most important industry—electricity. At the center stands Lawrence Kadoorie—a colonial British capitalist at the door of communist China, a Jewish entrepreneur in a city riven with antisemitism. This is a valuable history of business and of technology—and of Hong Kong’s and China’s rise. -- Jonathan Kaufman, author of The Last Kings of Shanghai: The Rival Jewish Dynasties That Helped Create Modern ChinaBeautifully written and rich in fascinating detail, Let There Be Light tells the history of China Light & Power—a company that shaped modern Hong Kong. With scholarly rigor and a journalist’s flair for storytelling, Clifford chronicles the central role a company and its people played in building one of the world’s great cities. An impressive achievement and essential reading for anyone interested in electricity markets, Hong Kong history, or the relationship between businesses and governments more broadly. -- David Sandalow, author of Guide to Chinese Climate PolicyTable of Contents1. Private Light and Colonial Power2. In the Beginning: China Light & Power, 1900–19403. War, Occupation, and New Possibilities, 1941–19464. “The Problem of People,” 1947–19585. Electricity as a Political Project, 1959–19646. “Die-Hard Reactionary” in the Expanding Colonial State, 1964–19737. “Intelligent Anticipation” for “1997 and All That,” 1974–19828. Sing the City ElectricAcknowledgmentsNotesBibliographyIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisIntegrating renewable energy and other distributed energy sources into smart grids, often via power inverters, is arguably the largest new frontier for smart grid advancements. Inverters should be controlled properly so that their integration does not jeopardize the stability and performance of power systems and a solid technical backbone is formed to facilitate other functions and services of smart grids. This unique reference offers systematic treatment of important control problems in power inverters, and different general converter theories. Starting at a basic level, it presents conventional power conversion methodologies and then non-conventional' methods, with a highly accessible summary of the latest developments in power inverters as well as insight into the grid connection of renewable power. Consisting of four parts Power Quality Control, Neutral Line Provision, Power Flow Control, and Synchronisation this book fully demonstrates the integration of controlTrade Review"From basic level to latest developments it covers every aspect to be a helpful resource both in practice and research." (VGB PowerTech, 1 May 2013) Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xix About the Authors xxi List of Abbreviations xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Outline of the Book 1 1.2 Basics of Power Processing 4 1.3 Hardware Issues 24 1.4 Wind Power Systems 44 1.5 Solar Power Systems 53 1.6 Smart Grid Integration 55 2 Preliminaries 63 2.1 Power Quality Issues 63 2.2 Repetitive Control 67 2.3 Reference Frames 71 PART I POWER QUALITY CONTROL 3 Current H∞ Repetitive Control 81 3.1 System Description 81 3.2 Controller Design 82 3.3 Design Example 87 3.4 Experimental Results 88 3.5 Summary 91 4 Voltage and Current H∞ Repetitive Control 93 4.1 System Description 93 4.2 Modelling of an Inverter 94 4.3 Controller Design 96 4.4 Design Example 100 4.5 Simulation Results 102 4.6 Summary 107 5 Voltage H∞ Repetitive Control with a Frequency-adaptive Mechanism 109 5.1 System Description 109 5.2 Controller Design 110 5.3 Design Example 116 5.4 Experimental Results 117 5.5 Summary 126 6 Cascaded Current-Voltage H∞ Repetitive Control 127 6.1 Operation Modes in Microgrids 127 6.2 Control Scheme 129 6.3 Design of the Voltage Controller 131 6.4 Design of the Current Controller 133 6.5 Design Example 134 6.6 Experimental Results 136 6.7 Summary 147 7 Control of Inverter Output Impedance 149 7.1 Inverters with Inductive Output Impedances (L-inverters) 149 7.2 Inverters with Resistive Output Impedances (R-inverters) 150 7.3 Inverters with Capacitive Output Impedances (C-inverters) 152 7.4 Design of C-inverters to Improve the Voltage THD 153 7.5 Simulation Results for R-, L- and C-inverters 157 7.6 Experimental Results for R-, L- and C-inverters 159 7.7 Impact of the Filter Capacitor 162 7.8 Summary 163 8 Bypassing Harmonic Current Components 165 8.1 Controller Design 165 8.2 Physical Interpretation of the Controller 167 8.3 Stability Analysis 169 8.4 Experimental Results 171 8.5 Summary 172 9 Power Quality Issues in Traction Power Systems 173 9.1 Introduction 173 9.2 Description of the Topology 175 9.3 Compensation of Negative-sequence Currents, Reactive Power and Harmonic Currents 175 9.4 Special Case: cos θ = 1 180 9.5 Simulation Results 181 9.6 Summary 184 PART II NEUTRAL LINE PROVISION 10 Topology of a Neutral Leg 187 10.1 Introduction 187 10.2 Split DC Link 188 10.3 Conventional Neutral Leg 189 10.4 Independently-controlled Neutral Leg 190 10.5 Summary 191 11 Classical Control of a Neutral Leg 193 11.1 Mathematical Modelling 193 11.2 Controller Design 195 11.3 Performance Evaluation 199 11.4 Selection of the Components 201 11.5 Simulation Results 202 11.6 Summary 205 12 H∞ Voltage-Current Control of a Neutral Leg 207 12.1 Mathematical Modelling 207 12.2 Controller Design 210 12.3 Selection of Weighting Functions 214 12.4 Design Example 215 12.5 Simulation Results 216 12.6 Summary 217 13 Parallel PI Voltage-H∞ Current Control of a Neutral Leg 219 13.1 Description of the Neutral Leg 219 13.2 Design of an 13.3 Addition of a Voltage Control Loop 226 13.4 Experimental Results 226 13.5 Summary 230 14 Applications in Single-phase to Three-phase Conversion 233 14.1 Introduction 233 14.2 The Topology under Consideration 236 14.3 Basic Analysis 237 14.4 Controller Design 239 14.5 Simulation Results 244 14.6 Summary 248 PART III POWER FLOW CONTROL 15 Current Proportional–Integral Control 251 15.1 Control Structure 251 15.2 Controller Implementation 254 15.3 Experimental Results 254 15.4 Summary 258 16 Current Proportional-Resonant Control 259 16.1 Proportional-resonant Controller 259 16.2 Control Structure 260 16.3 Controller Design 261 16.4 Experimental Results 263 16.5 Summary 268 17 Current Deadbeat Predictive Control 269 17.1 Control Structure 269 17.2 Controller Design 269 17.3 Experimental Results 271 17.4 Summary 275 18 Synchronverters: Grid-friendly Inverters that Mimic Synchronous Generators 277 18.1 Mathematical Model of Synchronous Generators 278 18.2 Implementation of a Synchronverter 282 18.3 Operation of a Synchronverter 284 18.4 Simulation Results 287 18.5 Experimental Results 290 18.6 Summary 296 19 Parallel Operation of Inverters 297 19.1 Introduction 297 19.2 Problem Description 299 19.3 Power Delivered to a Voltage Source 300 19.4 Conventional Droop Control 301 19.5 Inherent Limitations of Conventional Droop Control 304 19.6 Robust Droop Control of R-inverters 309 19.7 Robust Droop Control of C-inverters 319 19.8 Robust Droop Control of L-inverters 326 19.9 Summary 330 20 Robust Droop Control with Improved Voltage Quality 335 20.1 Control Strategy 335 20.2 Experimental Results 337 20.3 Summary 346 21 Harmonic Droop Controller to Improve Voltage Quality 347 21.1 Model of an Inverter System 347 21.2 Power Delivered to a Current Source 349 21.3 Reduction of Harmonics in the Output Voltage 351 21.4 Simulation Results 353 21.5 Experimental Results 355 21.6 Summary 358 PART IV SYNCHRONISATION 22 Conventional Synchronisation Techniques 361 22.1 Introduction 361 22.2 Zero-crossing Method 362 22.3 Basic Phase-locked Loops (PLL) 363 22.4 PLL in the Synchronously Rotating Reference Frame (SRF-PLL) 364 22.5 Second-order Generalised Integrator-based PLL (SOGI-PLL) 366 22.6 Sinusoidal Tracking Algorithm (STA) 368 22.7 Simulation Results with SOGI-PLL and STA 369 22.8 Experimental Results with SOGI-PLL and STA 372 22.9 Summary 378 23 Sinusoid-locked Loops 379 23.1 Single-phase Synchronous Machine (SSM) Connected to the Grid 379 23.2 Structure of a Sinusoid-locked Loop (SLL) 380 23.3 Tracking of the Frequency and the Phase 382 23.4 Tracking of the Voltage Amplitude 382 23.5 Tuning of the Parameters 382 23.6 Equivalent Structure 383 23.7 Simulation Results 384 23.8 Experimental Results 386 23.9 Summary 390 References 393 Index 407

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe book is written as primer hand book for addressing the fundamentals of smart grid. It provides the working definition the functions, the design criteria and the tools and techniques and technology needed for building smart grid. The book is needed to provide a working guideline in the design, analysis and development of Smart Grid.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 SMART GRID ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Today's Grid versus the Smart Grid 2 1.3 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: Rationale for the Smart Grid 2 1.4 Computational Intelligence 4 1.5 Power System Enhancement 5 1.6 Communication and Standards 5 1.7 Environment and Economics 5 1.8 Outline of the Book 5 1.9 General View of the Smart Grid Market Drivers 6 1.10 Stakeholder Roles and Function 6 1.11 Working Definition of the Smart Grid Based on Performance Measures 11 1.12 Representative Architecture 12 1.13 Functions of Smart Grid Components 12 1.14 Summary 15 2 SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY 16 2.1 Communication and Measurement 16 2.2 Monitoring, PMU, Smart Meters, and Measurements Technologies 19 2.3 GIS and Google Mapping Tools 23 2.4 Multiagent Systems (MAS) Technology 24 2.5 Microgrid and Smart Grid Comparison 27 2.6 Summary 27 3 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR SMART GRID DESIGN 29 3.1 Introduction to Load Flow Studies 29 3.2 Challenges to Load Flow in Smart Grid and Weaknesses of the Present Load Flow Methods 30 3.3 Load Flow State of the Art: Classical, Extended Formulations, and Algorithms 31 3.4 Congestion Management Effect 37 3.5 Load Flow for Smart Grid Design 38 3.6 DSOPF Application to the Smart Grid 41 3.7 Static Security Assessment (SSA) and Contingencies 43 3.8 Contingencies and Their Classification 44 3.9 Contingency Studies for the Smart Grid 48 3.10 Summary 49 4 STABILITY ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR SMART GRID 51 4.1 Introduction to Stability 51 4.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of Existing Voltage Stability Analysis Tools 51 4.3 Voltage Stability Assessment 56 4.4 Voltage Stability Assessment Techniques 62 4.5 Voltage Stability Indexing 65 4.6 Analysis Techniques for Steady-State Voltage Stability Studies 68 4.7 Application and Implementation Plan of Voltage Stability 70 4.8 Optimizing Stability Constraint through Preventive Control of Voltage Stability 71 4.9 Angle Stability Assessment 73 4.10 State Estimation 81 5 COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FOR SMART GRID DESIGN 100 5.1 Introduction to Computational Tools 100 5.2 Decision Support Tools (DS) 101 5.3 Optimization Techniques 103 5.4 Classical Optimization Method 103 5.5 Heuristic Optimization 108 5.6 Evolutionary Computational Techniques 112 5.7 Adaptive Dynamic Programming Techniques 115 5.8 Pareto Methods 117 5.9 Hybridizing Optimization Techniques and Applications to the Smart Grid 118 5.10 Computational Challenges 118 5.11 Summary 119 6 PATHWAY FOR DESIGNING SMART GRID 122 6.1 Introduction to Smart Grid Pathway Design 122 6.2 Barriers and Solutions to Smart Grid Development 122 6.3 Solution Pathways for Designing Smart Grid Using Advanced Optimization and Control Techniques for Selection Functions 125 6.4 General Level Automation 125 6.5 Bulk Power Systems Automation of the Smart Grid at Transmission Level 130 6.6 Distribution System Automation Requirement of the Power Grid 132 6.7 End User/Appliance Level of the Smart Grid 137 6.8 Applications for Adaptive Control and Optimization 137 6.9 Summary 138 7 RENEWABLE ENERGY AND STORAGE 140 7.1 Renewable Energy Resources 140 7.2 Sustainable Energy Options for the Smart Grid 141 7.3 Penetration and Variability Issues Associated with Sustainable Energy Technology 148 7.4 Demand Response Issues 150 7.5 Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids 151 7.6 PHEV Technology 151 7.7 Environmental Implications 152 7.8 Storage Technologies 154 7.9 Tax Credits 158 7.10 Summary 159 8 INTEROPERABILITY, STANDARDS, AND CYBER SECURITY 160 8.1 Introduction 160 8.2 Interoperability 161 8.3 Standards 163 8.4 Smart Grid Cyber Security 166 8.5 Cyber Security and Possible Operation for Improving Methodology for Other Users 173 8.6 Summary 174 9 RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND TRAINING FOR THE SMART GRID 176 9.1 Introduction 176 9.2 Research Areas for Smart Grid Development 176 9.3 Research Activities in the Smart Grid 178 9.4 Multidisciplinary Research Activities 178 9.5 Smart Grid Education 179 9.6 Training and Professional Development 182 9.7 Summary 183 10 CASE STUDIES AND TESTBEDS FOR THE SMART GRID 184 10.1 Introduction 184 10.2 Demonstration Projects 184 10.3 Advanced Metering 185 10.4 Microgrid with Renewable Energy 185 10.5 Power System Unit Commitment (UC) Problem 186 10.6 ADP for Optimal Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Automation 191 10.7 Case Study of RER Integration 196 10.8 Testbeds and Benchmark Systems 197 10.9 Challenges of Smart Transmission 198 10.10 Benefits of Smart Transmission 198 10.11 Summary 198 References 199 11 EPILOGUE 200 Index 203

Read more less

Book SynopsisDesigned to support interactive teaching and computer assisted self-learning, this second edition of Electrical Energy Conversion and Transport is thoroughly updated to address the recent environmental effects of electric power generation and transmission, which have become more important together with the deregulation of the industry. New content explores different power generation methods, including renewable energy generation (solar, wind, fuel cell) and includes new sections that discuss the upcoming Smart Grid and the distributed power generation using renewable energy generation, making the text essential reading material for students and practicing engineers.Trade Review“This book is recommended reading for those interested in deepening their knowledge of electrical systems, energy conversion technologies, and the use of computer tools to assist in understanding of complex engineering problems.” (IEEE Power Electronics Society Newsletter, 1 August2013)Table of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgments xv 1 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS 1 1.1. Electric Networks 2 1.1.1. Transmission Systems 4 1.1.2. Distribution Systems 6 1.2. Traditional Transmission Systems 6 1.2.1. Substation Components 8 1.2.2. Substations and Equipment 9 1.2.3. Gas Insulated Switchgear 17 1.2.4. Power System Operation in Steady-State Conditions 18 1.2.5. Network Dynamic Operation (Transient Condition) 20 1.3. Traditional Distribution Systems 20 1.3.1. Distribution Feeder 21 1.3.2. Residential Electrical Connection 24 1.4. Intelligent Electrical Grids 26 1.4.1. Intelligent High-Voltage Transmission Systems 26 1.4.2. Intelligent Distribution Networks 28 1.5. Exercises 28 1.6. Problems 29 2 ELECTRIC GENERATING STATIONS 30 2.1. Fossil Power Plants 34 2.1.1. Fuel Storage and Handling 34 2.1.2. Boiler 35 2.1.3. Turbine 41 2.1.4. Generator and Electrical System 43 2.1.5. Combustion Turbine 47 2.1.6. Combined Cycle Plants 48 2.2. Nuclear Power Plants 49 2.2.1. Nuclear Reactor 50 2.2.2. Pressurized Water Reactor 53 2.2.3. Boiling Water Reactor 55 2.3. Hydroelectric Power Plants 56 2.3.1. Low Head Hydroplants 59 2.3.2. Medium- and High-Head Hydroplants 60 2.3.3. Pumped Storage Facility 62 2.4. Wind Farms 63 2.5. Solar Power Plants 66 2.5.1. Photovoltaics 66 2.5.2. Solar Thermal Plants 70 2.6. Geothermal Power Plants 72 2.7. Ocean Power 73 2.7.1. Ocean Tidal 74 2.7.2. Ocean Current 75 2.7.3. Ocean Wave 75 2.7.4. Ocean Thermal 76 2.8. Other Generation Schemes 76 2.9. Electricity Generation Economics 77 2.9.1. O&M Cost 79 2.9.2. Fuel Cost 79 2.9.3. Capital Cost 80 2.9.4. Overall Generation Costs 81 2.10. Load Characteristics and Forecasting 81 2.11. Environmental Impact 85 2.12. Exercises 86 2.13. Problems 86 3 SINGLE-PHASE CIRCUITS 89 3.1. Circuit Analysis Fundamentals 90 3.1.1. Basic Defi nitions and Nomenclature 90 3.1.2. Voltage and Current Phasors 91 3.1.3. Power 92 3.2. AC Circuits 94 3.3. Impedance 96 3.3.1. Series Connection 100 3.3.2. Parallel Connection 100 3.3.3. Impedance Examples 104 3.4. Loads 109 3.4.1. Power Factor 111 3.4.2. Voltage Regulation 116 3.5. Basic Laws and Circuit Analysis Techniques 116 3.5.1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law 117 3.5.2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 123 3.5.3. Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 127 3.6. Applications of Single-Phase Circuit Analysis 128 3.7. Summary 140 3.8. Exercises 141 3.9. Problems 141 4 THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS 145 4.1. Three-Phase Quantities 146 4.2. Wye-Connected Generator 151 4.3. Wye-Connected Loads 155 4.3.1. Balanced Wye Load (Four-Wire System) 156 4.3.2. Unbalanced Wye Load (Four-Wire System) 158 4.3.3. Wye-Connected Three-Wire System 160 4.4. Delta-Connected System 162 4.4.1. Delta-Connected Generator 162 4.4.2. Balanced Delta Load 163 4.4.3. Unbalanced Delta Load 166 4.5. Summary 168 4.6. Three-Phase Power Measurement 174 4.6.1. Four-Wire System 175 4.6.2. Three-Wire System 175 4.7. Per-Unit System 177 4.8. Symmetrical Components 182 4.8.1. Calculation of Phase Voltages from Sequential Components 182 4.8.2. Calculation of Sequential Components from Phase Voltages 183 4.8.3. Sequential Components of Impedance Loads 184 4.9. Application Examples 188 4.10. Exercises 203 4.11. Problems 204 5 TRANSMISSION LINES AND CABLES 207 5.1. Construction 208 5.2. Components of the Transmission Lines 215 5.2.1. Towers and Foundations 215 5.2.2. Conductors 216 5.2.3. Insulators 218 5.3. Cables 223 5.4. Transmission Line Electrical Parameters 224 5.5. Magnetic Field Generated by Transmission Lines 225 5.5.1. Magnetic Field Energy Content 229 5.5.2. Single Conductor Generated Magnetic Field 230 5.5.3. Complex Spatial Vector Mathematics 233 5.5.4. Three-Phase Transmission Line-Generated Magnetic Field 234 5.6. Transmission Line Inductance 239 5.6.1. External Magnetic Flux 240 5.6.2. Internal Magnetic Flux 241 5.6.3. Total Conductor Magnetic Flux 243 5.6.4. Three-Phase Line Inductance 244 5.7. Transmission Line Capacitance 249 5.7.1. Electric Field Generation 249 5.7.2. Electrical Field around a Conductor 250 5.7.3. Three-Phase Transmission Line Generated Electric Field 256 5.7.4. Three-Phase Line Capacitance 271 5.8. Transmission Line Networks 273 5.8.1. Equivalent Circuit for a Balanced System 273 5.8.2. Long Transmission Lines 277 5.9. Concept of Transmission Line Protection 282 5.9.1. Transmission Line Faults 282 5.9.2. Protection Methods 285 5.9.3. Fuse Protection 285 5.9.4. Overcurrent Protection 285 5.9.5. Distance Protection 288 5.10. Application Examples 289 5.10.1. Mathcad® Examples 289 5.10.2. PSpice®: Transient Short-Circuit Current in Transmission Lines 302 5.10.3. PSpice: Transmission Line Energization 304 5.11. Exercises 307 5.12. Problems 308 6 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION 313 6.1. Magnetic Circuits 314 6.1.1. Magnetic Circuit Theory 315 6.1.2. Magnetic Circuit Analysis 317 6.1.3. Magnetic Energy 323 6.1.4. Magnetization Curve 324 6.1.5. Magnetization Curve Modeling 329 6.2. Magnetic and Electric Field Generated Forces 336 6.2.1. Electric Field-Generated Force 336 6.2.2. Magnetic Field-Generated Force 337 6.3. Electromechanical System 343 6.3.1. Electric Field 344 6.3.2. Magnetic Field 345 6.4. Calculation of Electromagnetic Forces 347 6.5. Applications 352 6.5.1. Actuators 353 6.5.2. Transducers 356 6.5.3. Permanent Magnet Motors and Generators 362 6.5.4. Microelectromechanical Systems 365 6.6. Summary 368 6.7. Exercises 368 6.8. Problems 369 7 TRANSFORMERS 375 7.1. Construction 376 7.2. Single-Phase Transformers 381 7.2.1. Ideal Transformer 382 7.2.2. Real Transformer 391 7.2.3. Determination of Equivalent Transformer Circuit Parameters 399 7.3. Three-Phase Transformers 408 7.3.1. Wye–Wye Connection 410 7.3.2. Wye–Delta Connection 415 7.3.3. Delta–Wye Connection 418 7.3.4. Delta–Delta Connection 420 7.3.5. Summary 420 7.3.6. Analysis of Three-Phase Transformer Configurations 421 7.3.7. Equivalent Circuit Parameters of a Three-Phase Transformer 429 7.3.8. General Program for Computing Transformer Parameters 432 7.3.9. Application Examples 435 7.3.10. Concept of Transformer Protection 447 7.4. Exercises 450 7.5. Problems 451 8 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 456 8.1. Construction 456 8.1.1. Round Rotor Generator 457 8.1.2. Salient Pole Generator 459 8.1.3. Exciter 462 8.2. Operating Concept 465 8.2.1. Main Rotating Flux 465 8.2.2. Armature Flux 468 8.3. Generator Application 472 8.3.1. Loading 472 8.3.2. Reactive Power Regulation 472 8.3.3. Synchronization 473 8.3.4. Static Stability 474 8.4. Induced Voltage and Armature Reactance Calculation 487 8.4.1. Induced Voltage Calculation 488 8.4.2. Armature Reactance Calculation 496 8.5. Concept of Generator Protection 507 8.6. Application Examples 511 8.7. Exercises 535 8.8. Problems 536 9 INDUCTION MACHINES 541 9.1. Introduction 541 9.2. Construction 543 9.2.1. Stator 543 9.2.2. Rotor 546 9.3. Three-Phase Induction Motor 547 9.3.1. Operating Principle 547 9.3.2. Equivalent Circuit 553 9.3.3. Motor Performance 556 9.3.4. Motor Maximum Output 557 9.3.5. Performance Analyses 560 9.3.6. Determination of Motor Parameters by Measurement 570 9.4. Single-Phase Induction Motor 591 9.4.1. Operating Principle 592 9.4.2. Single-Phase Induction Motor Performance Analysis 595 9.5. Induction Generators 603 9.5.1. Induction Generator Analysis 603 9.5.2. Doubly Fed Induction Generator 606 9.6. Concept of Motor Protection 608 9.7. Exercises 610 9.8. Problems 611 10 DC MACHINES 616 10.1. Construction 616 10.2. Operating Principle 620 10.2.1. DC Motor 620 10.2.2. DC Generator 623 10.2.3. Equivalent Circuit 625 10.2.4. Excitation Methods 628 10.3. Operation Analyses 629 10.3.1. Separately Excited Machine 630 10.3.2. Shunt Machine 637 10.3.3. Series Motor 645 10.3.4. Summary 651 10.4. Application Examples 652 10.5. Exercises 669 10.6. Problems 669 11 INTRODUCTION TO POWER ELECTRONICS AND MOTOR CONTROL 673 11.1. Concept of DC Motor Control 674 11.2. Concept of AC Induction Motor Control 678 11.3. Semiconductor Switches 685 11.3.1. Diode 685 11.3.2. Thyristor 687 11.3.3. Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 692 11.3.4. Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor 693 11.3.5. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 695 11.3.6. Summary 696 11.4. Rectifi ers 697 11.4.1. Simple Passive Diode Rectifiers 697 11.4.2. Single-Phase Controllable Rectifiers 709 11.4.3. Firing and Snubber Circuits 726 11.4.4. Three-Phase Rectifiers 728 11.5. Inverters 729 11.5.1. Voltage Source Inverter with Pulse Width Modulation 732 11.5.2. Line-Commutated Thyristor-Controlled Inverter 735 11.5.3. High-Voltage DC Transmission 738 11.6. Flexible AC Transmission 739 11.6.1. Static VAR Compensator 740 11.6.2. Static Synchronous Compensator 744 11.6.3. Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor 744 11.6.4. Unifi ed Power Controller 747 11.7. DC-to-DC Converters 747 11.7.1. Boost Converter 748 11.7.2. Buck Converter 754 11.8. Application Examples 757 11.9. Exercises 773 11.10. Problems 774 Appendix A Introduction to Mathcad® 777 A.1. Worksheet and Toolbars 777 A.1.1. Text Regions 780 A.1.2. Calculations 780 A.2. Functions 783 A.2.1. Repetitive Calculations 784 A.2.2. Defining a Function 785 A.2.3. Plotting a Function 786 A.2.4. Minimum and Maximum Function Values 788 A.3. Equation Solvers 788 A.3.1. Root Equation Solver 789 A.3.2. Find Equation Solver 789 A.4. Vectors and Matrices 790 Appendix B Introduction to MATLAB® 794 B.1. Desktop Tools 794 B.2. Operators, Variables, and Functions 796 B.3. Vectors and Matrices 797 B.4. Colon Operator 799 B.5. Repeated Evaluation of an Equation 799 B.6. Plotting 800 B.7. Basic Programming 803 Appendix C Fundamental Units and Constants 805 C.1. Fundamental Units 805 C.2. Fundamental Physical Constants 809 Appendix D Introduction to PSpice® 810 D.1. Obtaining and Installing PSpice 810 D.2. Using PSpice 811 D.2.1. Creating a Circuit 811 D.2.2. Simulating a Circuit 812 D.2.3. Analyzing Simulation Results 813 Problem Solution Key 815 Bibliography 822 Index 824

Read more less

Book SynopsisCovering the fundamentals of electrical transients, this book should equip readers with the skills to recognise and solve transient problems in power networks and components, starting with the basics of transient electrical circuit theory.Trade Review"...intended readers are those responsible for design and operation of electric utility transmission systems...not for the mathematically disadvantaged..." (Electrical Apparatus, October 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Basic Concepts and Simple Switching Transients. Transient Analysis of Three-Phase Power Systems. Travelling Waves. Circuit Breakers. Switching Transients. Power System Transient Recovery Voltages. Lightning-Induced Transients. Numerical Simulation of Electrical Transients. Insulation Coordination, Standardisation Bodies, and Standards. Testing of Circuit Breakers. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisElectrical engineering students are traditionally given but brief exposure to the important topic of electrical machines and transformers. This text/reference comprises a thorough and accessible introduction to the subject and this Second Edition contains more material on small machinery and a new chapter on the ``energy conversion'''' approach to calculation of magnetically developed forces. A circuit model is developed for each of the basic devices and the physical basis of each model is explained. Chapters are relatively independent of one another and follow the same general plan--coverage is broad and deep enough to permit flexibility in course design.Table of ContentsWhat Machines and Transformers Have in Common. Synchronous Machines. Transformers. Induction, or Asynchronous, Machines. Direct-Current Machines. Single-Phase Machines. Machines for Special Jobs. Forces and Torques in Electromagnetic Systems. Appendices. Glossary of Symbols. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis fourth volume of the Wiley Series in Environmentally Conscious Engineering, Environmentally Conscious Alternative Engergy Production describes and compares the environmental and economic impacts of renewable and conventional power generation technologies.Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. 1: Economic Comparisons of Power Generation Technologies (Todd S. Nemec). 2: Solar Energy Applications (Jan F. Kreider). 3: Fuel Cells (Matthew M. Mench). 4: Geothermal Resources and Technology: An Introduction (Peter D. Blair). 5: Wind Power Generation (Todd S. Nemec). 6: Cogeneration (Jerald A. Caton). 7: Hydrogen Energy (E. K. Stefanakos, D. Y. Goswami, S. S. Srinivasan, and J. T. Wolan). 8: Clean Power Generation from Coal (James W. Butler and Prabir Basu). 9: Using Waste Heat from Power Plants (Herbert A. Ingley III). Appendix A: Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Collector Manufacturing Activities 2005. Appendix B: Survey of Geothermal Heat Pump Shipments, 1990–2004. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA thoroughly revised new edition of the definitive work on power systems best practices In this eagerly awaited new edition, Power Generation, Operation, and Control continues to provide engineers and academics with a complete picture of the techniques used in modern power system operation. Long recognized as the standard reference in the field, the book has been thoroughly updated to reflect the enormous changes that have taken place in the electric power industry since the Second Edition was published seventeen years ago. With an emphasis on both the engineering and economic aspects of energy management, the Third Edition introduces central terminal characteristics for thermal and hydroelectric power generation systems, along with new optimization techniques for tackling real-world operating problems. Readers will find a range of algorithms and methods for performing integrated economic, network, and generating system analysis, as well as modern methods for power systTrade Review“Without a doubt, this book makes admirable progress in integrating the ­traditional with the new, and, as such, it is a worthy addition to professional libraries. It is a valuable text for a one- or two-course sequence in a graduate curriculum in power systems. Reasonable resource support for both student and instructor is available through the publisher.” (IEEE, 1 July 2014) Table of ContentsPreface to the Third Edition xvii Preface to the Second Edition xix Preface to the First Edition xxi Acknowledgment xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose of the Course 1 1.2 Course Scope 2 1.3 Economic Importance 2 1.4 Deregulation: Vertical to Horizontal 3 1.5 Problems: New and Old 3 1.6 Characteristics of Steam Units 6 1.6.1 Variations in Steam Unit Characteristics 10 1.6.2 Combined Cycle Units 13 1.6.3 Cogeneration Plants 14 1.6.4 Light-Water Moderated Nuclear Reactor Units 17 1.6.5 Hydroelectric Units 18 1.6.6 Energy Storage 21 1.7 Renewable Energy 22 1.7.1 Wind Power 23 1.7.2 Cut-In Speed 23 1.7.3 Rated Output Power and Rated Output Wind Speed 24 1.7.4 Cut-Out Speed 24 1.7.5 Wind Turbine Efficiency or Power Coefficient 24 1.7.6 Solar Power 25 Appendix 1A Typical Generation Data 26 Appendix 1B Fossil Fuel Prices 28 Appendix 1C Unit Statistics 29 References for Generation Systems 31 Further Reading 31 2 Industrial Organization, Managerial Economics, and Finance 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Business Environments 36 2.2.1 Regulated Environment 37 2.2.2 Competitive Market Environment 38 2.3 Theory of the Firm 40 2.4 Competitive Market Solutions 42 2.5 Supplier Solutions 45 2.5.1 Supplier Costs 46 2.5.2 Individual Supplier Curves 46 2.5.3 Competitive Environments 47 2.5.4 Imperfect Competition 51 2.5.5 Other Factors 52 2.6 Cost of Electric Energy Production 53 2.7 Evolving Markets 54 2.7.1 Energy Flow Diagram 57 2.8 Multiple Company Environments 58 2.8.1 Leontief Model: Input–Output Economics 58 2.8.2 Scarce Fuel Resources 60 2.9 Uncertainty and Reliability 61 Problems 61 Reference 62 3 Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units and Methods of Solution 63 3.1 The Economic Dispatch Problem 63 3.2 Economic Dispatch with Piecewise Linear Cost Functions 68 3.3 LP Method 69 3.3.1 Piecewise Linear Cost Functions 69 3.3.2 Economic Dispatch with LP 71 3.4 The Lambda Iteration Method 73 3.5 Economic Dispatch Via Binary Search 76 3.6 Economic Dispatch Using Dynamic Programming 78 3.7 Composite Generation Production Cost Function 81 3.8 Base Point and Participation Factors 85 3.9 Thermal System Dispatching with Network Losses Considered 88 3.10 The Concept of Locational Marginal Price (LMP) 92 3.11 Auction Mechanisms 95 3.11.1 PJM Incremental Price Auction as a Graphical Solution 95 3.11.2 Auction Theory Introduction 98 3.11.3 Auction Mechanisms 100 3.11.4 English (First-Price Open-Cry = Ascending) 101 3.11.5 Dutch (Descending) 103 3.11.6 First-Price Sealed Bid 104 3.11.7 Vickrey (Second-Price Sealed Bid) 105 3.11.8 All Pay (e.g., Lobbying Activity) 105 Appendix 3A Optimization Within Constraints 106 Appendix 3B Linear Programming (LP) 117 Appendix 3C Non-Linear Programming 128 Appendix 3D Dynamic Programming (DP) 128 Appendix 3E Convex Optimization 135 Problems 138 References 146 4 Unit Commitment 147 4.1 Introduction 147 4.1.1 Economic Dispatch versus Unit Commitment 147 4.1.2 Constraints in Unit Commitment 152 4.1.3 Spinning Reserve 152 4.1.4 Thermal Unit Constraints 153 4.1.5 Other Constraints 155 4.2 Unit Commitment Solution Methods 155 4.2.1 Priority-List Methods 156 4.2.2 Lagrange Relaxation Solution 157 4.2.3 Mixed Integer Linear Programming 166 4.3 Security-Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) 167 4.4 Daily Auctions Using a Unit Commitment 167 Appendix 4A Dual Optimization on a Nonconvex Problem 167 Appendix 4B Dynamic-Programming Solution to Unit Commitment 173 4B.1 Introduction 173 4B.2 Forward DP Approach 174 Problems 182 5 Generation with Limited Energy Supply 187 5.1 Introduction 187 5.2 Fuel Scheduling 188 5.3 Take-or-Pay Fuel Supply Contract 188 5.4 Complex Take-or-Pay Fuel Supply Models 194 5.4.1 Hard Limits and Slack Variables 194 5.5 Fuel Scheduling by Linear Programming 195 5.6 Introduction to Hydrothermal Coordination 202 5.6.1 Long-Range Hydro-Scheduling 203 5.6.2 Short-Range Hydro-Scheduling 204 5.7 Hydroelectric Plant Models 204 5.8 Scheduling Problems 207 5.8.1 Types of Scheduling Problems 207 5.8.2 Scheduling Energy 207 5.9 The Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem 211 5.9.1 Hydro-Scheduling with Storage Limitations 211 5.9.2 Hydro-Units in Series (Hydraulically Coupled) 216 5.9.3 Pumped-Storage Hydroplants 218 5.10 Hydro-Scheduling using Linear Programming 222 Appendix 5A Dynamic-Programming Solution to hydrothermal Scheduling 225 5.A.1 Dynamic Programming Example 227 5.A.1.1 Procedure 228 5.A.1.2 Extension to Other Cases 231 5.A.1.3 Dynamic-Programming Solution to Multiple Hydroplant Problem 232 Problems 234 6 Transmission System Effects 243 6.1 Introduction 243 6.2 Conversion of Equipment Data to Bus and Branch Data 247 6.3 Substation Bus Processing 248 6.4 Equipment Modeling 248 6.5 Dispatcher Power Flow for Operational Planning 251 6.6 Conservation of Energy (Tellegen’s Theorem) 252 6.7 Existing Power Flow Techniques 253 6.8 The Newton–Raphson Method Using the Augmented Jacobian Matrix 254 6.8.1 Power Flow Statement 254 6.9 Mathematical Overview 257 6.10 AC System Control Modeling 259 6.11 Local Voltage Control 259 6.12 Modeling of Transmission Lines and Transformers 259 6.12.1 Transmission Line Flow Equations 259 6.12.2 Transformer Flow Equations 260 6.13 HVDC links 261 6.13.1 Modeling of HVDC Converters and FACT Devices 264 6.13.2 Definition of Angular Relationships in HVDC Converters 264 6.13.3 Power Equations for a Six-Pole HVDC Converter 264 6.14 Brief Review of Jacobian Matrix Processing 267 6.15 Example 6A: AC Power Flow Case 269 6.16 The Decoupled Power Flow 271 6.17 The Gauss–Seidel Method 275 6.18 The “DC” or Linear Power Flow 277 6.18.1 DC Power Flow Calculation 277 6.18.2 Example 6B: DC Power Flow Example on the Six-Bus Sample System 278 6.19 Unified Eliminated Variable Hvdc Method 278 6.19.1 Changes to Jacobian Matrix Reduced 279 6.19.2 Control Modes 280 6.19.3 Analytical Elimination 280 6.19.4 Control Mode Switching 283 6.19.5 Bipolar and 12-Pulse Converters 283 6.20 Transmission Losses 284 6.20.1 A Two-Generator System Example 284 6.20.2 Coordination Equations, Incremental Losses, and Penalty Factors 286 6.21 Discussion of Reference Bus Penalty Factors 288 6.22 Bus Penalty Factors Direct from the AC Power Flow 289 Problems 291 7 Power System Security 296 7.1 Introduction 296 7.2 Factors Affecting Power System Security 301 7.3 Contingency Analysis: Detection of Network Problems 301 7.3.1 Generation Outages 301 7.3.2 Transmission Outages 302 7.4 An Overview of Security Analysis 306 7.4.1 Linear Sensitivity Factors 307 7.5 Monitoring Power Transactions Using “Flowgates” 313 7.6 Voltage Collapse 315 7.6.1 AC Power Flow Methods 317 7.6.2 Contingency Selection 320 7.6.3 Concentric Relaxation 323 7.6.4 Bounding 325 7.6.5 Adaptive Localization 325 Appendix 7A AC Power Flow Sample Cases 327 Appendix 7B Calculation of Network Sensitivity Factors 336 7B.1 Calculation of PTDF Factors 336 7B.2 Calculation of LODF Factors 339 7B.2.1 Special Cases 341 7B.3 Compensated PTDF Factors 343 Problems 343 References 349 8 Optimal Power Flow 350 8.1 Introduction 350 8.2 The Economic Dispatch Formulation 351 8.3 The Optimal Power Flow Calculation Combining Economic Dispatch and the Power Flow 352 8.4 Optimal Power Flow Using the DC Power Flow 354 8.5 Example 8A: Solution of the DC Power Flow OPF 356 8.6 Example 8B: DCOPF with Transmission Line Limit Imposed 361 8.7 Formal Solution of the DCOPF 365 8.8 Adding Line Flow Constraints to the Linear Programming Solution 365 8.8.1 Solving the DCOPF Using Quadratic Programming 367 8.9 Solution of the ACOPF 368 8.10 Algorithms for Solution of the ACOPF 369 8.11 Relationship Between LMP, Incremental Losses, and Line Flow Constraints 376 8.11.1 Locational Marginal Price at a Bus with No Lines Being Held at Limit 377 8.11.2 Locational Marginal Price with a Line Held at its Limit 378 8.12 Security-Constrained OPF 382 8.12.1 Security Constrained OPF Using the DC Power Flow and Quadratic Programming 384 8.12.2 DC Power Flow 385 8.12.3 Line Flow Limits 385 8.12.4 Contingency Limits 386 Appendix 8A Interior Point Method 391 Appendix 8B Data for the 12-Bus System 393 Appendix 8C Line Flow Sensitivity Factors 395 Appendix 8D Linear Sensitivity Analysis of the AC Power Flow 397 Problems 399 9 Introduction to State Estimation in Power Systems 403 9.1 Introduction 403 9.2 Power System State Estimation 404 9.3 Maximum Likelihood Weighted Least-Squares Estimation 408 9.3.1 Introduction 408 9.3.2 Maximum Likelihood Concepts 410 9.3.3 Matrix Formulation 414 9.3.4 An Example of Weighted Least-Squares State Estimation 417 9.4 State Estimation of an Ac Network 421 9.4.1 Development of Method 421 9.4.2 Typical Results of State Estimation on an AC Network 424 9.5 State Estimation by Orthogonal Decomposition 428 9.5.1 The Orthogonal Decomposition Algorithm 431 9.6 An Introduction to Advanced Topics in State Estimation 435 9.6.1 Sources of Error in State Estimation 435 9.6.2 Detection and Identification of Bad Measurements 436 9.6.3 Estimation of Quantities Not Being Measured 443 9.6.4 Network Observability and Pseudo-measurements 444 9.7 The Use of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUS) 447 9.8 Application of Power Systems State Estimation 451 9.9 Importance of Data Verification and Validation 454 9.10 Power System Control Centers 454 Appendix 9A Derivation of Least-Squares Equations 456 9A.1 The Overdetermined Case (Nm > Ns) 457 9A.2 The Fully Determined Case (Nm = Ns) 462 9A.3 The Underdetermined Case (Nm < Ns) 462 Problems 464 10 Control of Generation 468 10.1 Introduction 468 10.2 Generator Model 470 10.3 Load Model 473 10.4 Prime-Mover Model 475 10.5 Governor Model 476 10.6 Tie-Line Model 481 10.7 Generation Control 485 10.7.1 Supplementary Control Action 485 10.7.2 Tie-Line Control 486 10.7.3 Generation Allocation 489 10.7.4 Automatic Generation Control (AGC) Implementation 491 10.7.5 AGC Features 495 10.7.6 NERC Generation Control Criteria 496 Problems 497 References 500 11 Interchange, Pooling, Brokers, and Auctions 501 11.1 Introduction 501 11.2 Interchange Contracts 504 11.2.1 Energy 504 11.2.2 Dynamic Energy 506 11.2.3 Contingent 506 11.2.4 Market Based 507 11.2.5 Transmission Use 508 11.2.6 Reliability 517 11.3 Energy Interchange between Utilities 517 11.4 Interutility Economy Energy Evaluation 521 11.5 Interchange Evaluation with Unit Commitment 522 11.6 Multiple Utility Interchange Transactions—Wheeling 523 11.7 Power Pools 526 11.8 The Energy-Broker System 529 11.9 Transmission Capability General Issues 533 11.10 Available Transfer Capability and Flowgates 535 11.10.1 Definitions 536 11.10.2 Process 539 11.10.3 Calculation ATC Methodology 540 11.11 Security Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) 550 11.11.1 Loads and Generation in a Spot Market Auction 550 11.11.2 Shape of the Two Functions 552 11.11.3 Meaning of the Lagrange Multipliers 553 11.11.4 The Day-Ahead Market Dispatch 554 11.12 Auction Emulation using Network LP 555 11.13 Sealed Bid Discrete Auctions 555 Problems 560 12 Short-Term Demand Forecasting 566 12.1 Perspective 566 12.2 Analytic Methods 569 12.3 Demand Models 571 12.4 Commodity Price Forecasting 572 12.5 Forecasting Errors 573 12.6 System Identification 573 12.7 Econometric Models 574 12.7.1 Linear Environmental Model 574 12.7.2 Weather-Sensitive Models 576 12.8 Time Series 578 12.8.1 Time Series Models Seasonal Component 578 12.8.2 Auto-Regressive (AR) 580 12.8.3 Moving Average (MA) 581 12.8.4 Auto-Regressive Moving Average (ARMA): Box-Jenkins 582 12.8.5 Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving-Average (ARIMA): Box-Jenkins 584 12.8.6 Others (ARMAX, ARIMAX, SARMAX, NARMA) 585 12.9 Time Series Model Development 585 12.9.1 Base Demand Models 586 12.9.2 Trend Models 586 12.9.3 Linear Regression Method 586 12.9.4 Seasonal Models 588 12.9.5 Stationarity 588 12.9.6 WLS Estimation Process 590 12.9.7 Order and Variance Estimation 591 12.9.8 Yule-Walker Equations 592 12.9.9 Durbin-Levinson Algorithm 595 12.9.10 Innovations Estimation for MA and ARMA Processes 598 12.9.11 ARIMA Overall Process 600 12.10 Artificial Neural Networks 603 12.10.1 Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks 604 12.10.2 Artificial Neurons 605 12.10.3 Neural network applications 606 12.10.4 Hopfield Neural Networks 606 12.10.5 Feed-Forward Networks 607 12.10.6 Back-Propagation Algorithm 610 12.10.7 Interior Point Linear Programming Algorithms 613 12.11 Model Integration 614 12.12 Demand Prediction 614 12.12.1 Hourly System Demand Forecasts 615 12.12.2 One-Step Ahead Forecasts 615 12.12.3 Hourly Bus Demand Forecasts 616 12.13 Conclusion 616 Problems 617 Index 620

Read more less

Book SynopsisComputer models can be used to simulate the changing states of electrical power systems. Such simulations enable the power engineer to study performance and predict disturbances. Focusing on the performance of the power system boosted by the FACTS.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Transmission Systems. FACTS and HVDC Transmission. Load Flow. Load Flow Under Power Electronic Control. Electromagnetic Transients. System Stability. System Stability Under Power Electronic Control. Appendix I: Fault Level Derivation. Appendix II: Numerical Integration Methods. Appendix III: Test System Used in the Stability Examples. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn in-depth treatment of the transient stability problem, its physical description and formulation. Discusses methods for transient stability analysis, sensitivity assessment and control. Considers conventional and non-conventional techniques including direct and artificial intelligence, system theory, load modeling, evaluation of machine parameters, saturation effects and pattern recognition approaches. Features practical examples and simulation results.Table of ContentsSynchronous Machines--Mathematical Description. Modeling of Power Systems for Stability Studies. Conventional Methods of Analysis. Lyapunov-Like Direct Methods. Extended Equal-Area Criterion. Decision Tree Transient Stability Method. Composite Electromechanical Distance Method. Appendices. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisPhotovoltaic conversion is a process for the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity. This book is a survey of recent achievements in solar concentration techniques for photovoltaic electricity generation.Table of ContentsFundamentals of Photovoltaic Conversion of Concentrated Sunlight(V. Rumyantsev). Ohmic Losses in Solar Cells (V. Rumyantsev). Concentrator Solar Cells (V. Andreev). Luminescent Phenomena in Concentrator Solar Cells (V.Rumyantsev). Transfer and Distribution of Radiant Energy in ConcentrationSystems (V. Grilikhes). Optimization of Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants with Concentrators(V. Grilikhes). Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisProvides in depth discussion of the design, manufacturing, testing, installation, and operation of power and communication cables. This work offers information on the properties of material and teaches how they influence cable characteristics.Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. CHAPTER 1: CABLES: A CHRONOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE (R. Bartnikas). 1.1 Preliminary Remarks. 1.2 Power Cables. 1.3 Communication Cables. CHAPTER 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF CABLE MATERIALS (R. Bartnikas). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Metallic Conductors. 2.3 Conductor and Insulation Semiconducting Shields. 2.4 Insulation. 2.5 Materials for Protective Coverings. 2.6 Armoring Materials. 2.7 Coverings for Corrosion Protection. 2.8 Conclusion. 2.9 Glossary of Cable Materials Technology. CHAPTER 3: DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF EXTRUDED SOLID-DIELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION CABLES (H. D. Campbell and L J. Hiivala). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Design Fundamentals. 3.3 Design Considerations. 3.4 Design Objectives. 3.5 Solid-Dielectric Insulation Techniques. 3.6 Related Tests. CHAPTER 4: EXTRUDED SOLID-DIELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION CABLES (L J. Hiivala). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Design and Construction. 4.3 Manufacturing Methods. 4.4 Testing. 4.5 Accessories. 4.6 Concluding Remarks. CHAPTER 5: DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF OIL-IMPREGNATED PAPER INSULATED POWER DISTRIBUTION CABLES (W. K. Rybczynski). 5.1 Brief History of Development. 5.2 Elements of Solid-Type Oil-Paper Cable Design. 5.3 Cable Manufacture. 5.4 Tests. 5.5 Electrical Characteristics. 5.6 Conclusion. CHAPTER 6: LOW-PRESSURE OIL-FILLED POWER TRANSMISSION CABLES (W. K. Rybczynski). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Elements of Oil-Filled Cable Design. 6.3 Cable Manufacture. 6.4 Tests. 6.5 Electrical Characteristics. 6.6 Principles of Oil Feeding. 6.7 Notes on Sheath Bonding. 6.8 Limitations of LPOF Cables. 6.9 Self-Contained High-Pressure Oil-Filled Cables. 6.10 Self Contained Oil-Filled Cables for dc Application. CHAPTER 7: HIGH-PRESSURE OIL-FILLED PIPE-TYPE POWER TRANSMISSION CABLES (W. K. Rybczynski). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Principles of Operation. 7.3 Elements of Cable Design. 7.4 Cable Manufacture. 7.5 Tests. 7.6 Electrical Characteristics. 7.7 Principles of Oil Feeding. 7.8 Cathodic Protection. 7.9 Limitations of HPOFPT Cables. 7.10 Development of HPOFPT Cable for Higher Voltages in the United States. 7.11 Gas-Type Cables. 7.12 Gas Compression EHV Cables. 7.13 Concluding Remarks. CHAPTER 8: VOLTAGE BREAKDOWN AND OTHER ELECTRICAL TESTS ON POWER CABLES (H. D. Campbell). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Alternating-Current Overvoltage Test. 8.3 Direct-Current Overvoltage Test. 8.4 Voltage Testing of Production Lengths. 8.5 Tests on Specimens. 8.6 Impulse Tests. CHAPTER 9: DISSIPATION FACTOR, PARTIAL-DISCHARGE, AND ELECTRICAL AGING TESTS ON POWER CABLES (R. Bartnikas). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Dissipation Factor of a Cable. 9.3 Bridge Techniques for the Measurement of tan δ. 9.4 Partial-Discharge Characteristics. 9.5 Partial-Discharge Measurements. 9.6 Partial-Discharge Site Location. 9.7 Discharge Pulse Pattern Studies. 9.8 Electrical Aging Mechanisms. 9.9 Accelerated Electrical Aging Tests. CHAPTER 10: FIELD TESTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR POLYMERIC POWER DISTRIBUTION CABLES (H. H. Campbell and W. T. Starr). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Alternating-Current Overvoltage Test. 10.3 Dissipation Factor (Power Factor) Test. 10.4 Insulation Resistance Test. 10.5 Partial-Discharge Test. 10.6 Direct-Current Overvoltage Test. 10.7 Direct-Current Test Procedures. 10.8 Interpretation of Test Results. 10.9 Question of Test Levels. 10.10 Direct Stress versus Alternating Stress Considerations. 10.11 Practical Test Levels. 10.12 Joints and Terminations. 10.13 Some Current Practices. CHAPTER 11: POWER CABLE SYSTEMS (G. Ludasi). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Comparison of Overhead Lines and Cables. 11.3 Radial Power Systems. 11.4 Looped Systems. 11.5 Current-Carrying Capacity: Rating Equations. 11.6 Calculation of Losses. 11.7 Thermal Resistance of Cables. 11.8 Cyclic Loading. 11.9 Short-Term Overloading. 11.10 Fault Currents. 11.11 Cable System Economics. 11.12 Choice of System Voltage. 11.13 Cable Selection and Installation Methods. 11.14 Cable Pulling. 11.15 Choice of Cable Route and Manhole Location. CHAPTER 12: CRYOGENIC AND COMPRESSED GAS INSULATED POWER CABLES (K. D. Srivastava). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Compressed Gas Insulated Transmission Line System. 12.3 Cryoresistive Cables. 12.4 Superconductive Cables. 12.5 Economic Considerations. CHAPTER 13: UNDERWATER POWER CABLES (R. T. Traut). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Underwater Power Cable Design. 13.3 Power Transmission Requirements. 13.4 Armor and External Protection Design. 13.5 Underwater Power Cable Manufacture. 13.6 Cable Transport. 13.7 Underwater Power Cable Installation. CHAPTER 14: HIGH-VOLTAGE DIRECT-CURRENT CABLES (C. Doench and K. D. Srivastava). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Electrical Behavior of DC Cables. 14.3 Transient Electric Stresses on HVDC Cables. 14.4 Design of HVDC Cables. 14.5 Selection of Materials. 14.6 Direct-Current Cable Accessories. 14.7 Testing of DC Cables. 14.8 Emerging Trends in HVDC Cable Technology. CHAPTER 15: TELEPHONE CABLES (R. Bartnikas). 15.1 Historical Background. 15.2 Transmission Parameters of Copper Conductor Telephone Cables. 15.3 Digital Transmission. 15.4 Characteristics of Metallic Conductor Telephone Cables. 15.4.1 Twisted-Wire Multipair Cables. 15.5 Electrical Characteristics of Coaxial Cables. 15.6 Metallic Conductor Telephone Cable Design and Manufacture. 15.7 Coaxial Cable Design and Construction. 15.8 Video Pair Cable Design and Construction. 15.9 Optical Fiber Telephone Cables. CHAPTER 16: UNDERSEA COAXIAL COMMUNICATION CABLES (R. T. Traut). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Undersea Cable Telecommunications. 16.3 Undersea Coaxial Cable Design. CHAPTER 17: TERRESTRIAL AND UNDERWATER OPTICAL FIBER CABLES (W. F. Wright). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Historical Perspective. 17.3 Optical Fiber Characteristics. 17.4 Introduction to Fiber-Optic Cables. 17.5 Introduction to Undersea Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. 17.6 Concluding Remarks. AUTHOR INDEX. SUBJECT INDEX. ABOUT THE EDITORS.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) -- a new technologybased on power electronics -- offers an opportunity to enhancecontrollability, stability, and power transfer capability of ACtransmission systems. Pioneers in FACTS and leading world expertsin power electronics applications Narain G. Hingorani and LaszloGyugyi have teamed together to bring you the definitive book onFACTS technology. Hingorani and Gyugyi present a practical approach to FACTS thatwill enable electrical engineers working in the power industry tounderstand the principles underlying this advanced system.UNDERSTANDING FACTS will also enhance expertise in equipmentspecifications and engineering design, offering an informed view ofthe future of power electronics in AC transmission systems. This comprehensive reference book provides an in-depth lookat: * Power semiconductor devices * Voltage-sourced and current-sourced converters * Specific FACTS controllers including SVC, STATCOM, TCSCTable of ContentsPREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii CHAPTER 1 FACTS Concept and General System Considerations 1 1.1 Transmission Interconnections 1 1.1.1 Why We Need Transmission Interconnections 1 1.1.2 Opportunities for FACTS 2 1.2 Flow of Power in an AC System 3 1.2.1 Power Flow in Parallel Paths 4 1.2.2 Power Flow in Meshed System 4 1.3 What Limits the Loading Capability? 7 1.4 Power Flow and Dynamic Stability Considerations of a Transmission Interconnection 9 1.5 Relative Importance of Controllable Parameters 12 1.6 Basic Types of FACTS Controllers 13 1.6.1 Relative Importance of Different Types of Controllers 14 1.7 Brief Description and Definitions of FACTS Controllers 16 1.7.1 Shunt Connected Controllers 18 1.7.2 Series Connected Controllers 20 1.7.3 Combined Shunt and Series Connected Controllers 23 1.7.4 Other Controllers 24 1.8 Checklist of Possible Benefits from FACTS Technology 25 1.9 In Perspective: HVDC or FACTS 26 CHAPTER 2 Power Semiconductor Devices 37 2.1 Perspective on Power Devices 37 2.1.1 Types of High-Power Devices 40 2.2 Principal High-Power Device Characteristics and Requirements 41 2.2.1 Voltage and Current Ratings 41 2.2.2 Losses and Speed of Switching 42 2.2.3 Parameter Trade-Off of Devices 44 2.3 Power Device Material 45 2.4 Diode (Pn Junction) 46 2.5 Transistor 48 2.5.1 MOSFET 51 2.6 Thyristor (without Turn-Off Capability) 52 2.7 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) 54 2.7.1 Turn-On and Turn-Off Process 56 2.8 MOS Turn-Off Thyristor (MTO) 58 2.9 Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor 60 2.10 Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor (GCT and IGCT) 61 2.11 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) 63 2.12 MOS-Controlled Thyristor (MCT) 64 CHAPTER 3 Voltage-Sourced Converters 67 3.1 Basic Concept of Voltage-Sourced Converters 67 3.2 Single-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Converter Operation 69 3.3 Single Phase-Leg Operation 72 3.4 Square-Wave Voltage Harmonics for a Single-Phase Bridge 73 3.5 Three-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Converter 74 3.5.1 Converter Operation 74 3.5.2 Fundamental and Harmonics for a Three-Phase Bridge Converter 77 3.6 Sequence of Valve Conduction Process in Each Phase-Leg 80 3.7 Transformer Connections for 12-Pulse Operation 83 3.8 24- and 48-Pulse Operation 85 3.9 Three-Level Voltage-Sourced Converter 87 3.9.1 Operation of Three-Level Converter 87 3.9.2 Fundamental and Harmonic Voltages for a Three-Level Converter 88 3.9.3 Three-Level Converter with Parallel Legs 91 3.10 Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Converter 91 3.11 Generalized Technique of Harmonic Elimination and Voltage Control 95 3.12 Converter Rating—General Comments 97 CHAPTER 4 Self- and Line-Commutated Current-Sourced Converters 103 4.1 Basic Concept of Current-Sourced Converters 103 4.2 Three-Phase Full-Wave Diode Rectifier 106 4.3 Thyristor-Based Converter (With Gate Turn-On but Without Gate Turn-Off) 110 4.3.1 Rectifier Operation 110 4.3.2 Inverter Operation 113 4.3.3 Valve Voltage 116 4.3.4 Commutation Failures 118 4.3.5 AC Current Harmonics 120 4.3.6 DC Voltage Harmonics 126 4.4 Current-Sourced Converter with Turn-Off Devices (Current Stiff Converter) 129 4.5 Current-Sourced Versus Voltage-Sourced Converters 132 CHAPTER 5 Static Shunt Compensators: SVC and STATCOM 135 5.1 Objectives of Shunt Compensation 135 5.1.1 Midpoint Voltage Regulation for Line Segmentation 135 5.1.2 End of Line Voltage Support to Prevent Voltage Instability 138 5.1.3 Improvement of Transient Stability 138 5.1.4 Power Oscillation Damping 142 5.1.5 Summary of Compensator Requirements 143 5.2 Methods of Controllable Var Generation 144 5.2.1 Variable Impedance Type Static Var Generators 145 5.2.2 Switching Converter Type Var Generators 164 5.2.3 Hybrid Var Generators: Switching Converter with TSC and TCR 177 5.2.4 Summary of Static Var Generators 178 5.3 Static Var Compensators: SVC and STATCOM 179 5.3.1 The Regulation Slope 183 5.3.2 Transfer Function and Dynamic Performance 184 5.3.3 Transient Stability Enhancement and Power Oscillation Damping 188 5.3.4 Var Reserve (Operating Point) Control 193 5.3.5 Summary of Compensator Control 195 5.4 Comparison Between STATCOM and SVC 197 5.4.1 V-I and V-Q Characteristics 197 5.4.2 Transient Stability 199 5.4.3 Response Time 201 5.4.4 Capability to Exchange Real Power 201 5.4.5 Operation With Unbalanced AC System 202 5.4.6 Loss Versus Var Output Characteristic 204 5.4.7 Physical Size and Installation 204 5.4.8 Merits of Hybrid Compensator 205 5.5 Static Var Systems 205 CHAPTER 6 Static Series Compensators: GCSC, TSSC, TCSC, and SSSC 209 6.1 Objectives of Series Compensation 209 6.1.1 Concept of Series Capacitive Compensation 210 6.1.2 Voltage Stability 211 6.1.3 Improvement of Transient Stability 212 6.1.4 Power Oscillation Damping 213 6.1.5 Subsynchronous Oscillation Damping 214 6.1.6 Summary of Functional Requirements 215 6.1.7 Approaches to Controlled Series Compensation 216 6.2 Variable Impedance Type Series Compensators 216 6.2.1 GTO Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC) 216 6.2.2 Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC) 223 6.2.3 Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) 225 6.2.4 Subsynchronous Characteristics 236 6.2.5 Basic Operating Control Schemes for GCSC, TSSC, and TCSC 239 6.3 Switching Converter Type Series Compensators 243 6.3.1 The Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) 244 6.3.2 Transmitted Power Versus Transmission Angle Characteristic 245 6.3.3 Control Range and VA Rating 248 6.3.4 Capability to Provide Real Power Compensation 250 6.3.5 Immunity to Subsynchronous Resonance 254 6.3.6 Internal Control 257 6.4 External (System) Control for Series Reactive Compensators 259 6.5 Summary of Characteristics and Features 261 CHAPTER 7 Static Voltage and Phase Angle Regulators: TCVR and TCPAR 267 7.1 Objectives of Voltage and Phase Angle Regulators 267 7.1.1 Voltage and Phase Angle Regulation 269 7.1.2 Power Flow Control by Phase Angle Regulators 270 7.1.3 Real and Reactive Loop Power Flow Control 272 7.1.4 Improvement of Transient Stability with Phase Angle Regulators 274 7.1.5 Power Oscillation Damping with Phase Angle Regulators 276 7.1.6 Summary of Functional Requirements 277 7.2 Approaches to Thyristor-Controlled Voltage and Phase Angle Regulators (TCVRs and TCPARs) 277 7.2.1 Continuously Controllable Thyristor Tap Changers 280 7.2.2 Thyristor Tap Changer with Discrete Level Control 286 7.2.3 Thyristor Tap Changer Valve Rating Considerations 289 7.3 Switching Converter-Based Voltage and Phase Angle Regulators 290 7.4 Hybrid Phase Angle Regulators 293 CHAPTER 8 Combined Compensators: Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) 297 8.1 Introduction 297 8.2 The Unified Power Flow Controller 299 8.2.1 Basic Operating Principles 300 8.2.2 Conventional Transmission Control Capabilities 301 8.2.3 Independent Real and Reactive Power Flow Control 305 8.2.4 Comparison of UPFC to Series Compensators and Phase Angle Regulators 308 8.2.5 Control Structure 315 8.2.6 Basic Control System for P and Q Control 319 8.2.7 Dynamic Performance 322 8.2.8 Hybrid Arrangements: UPFC with a Phase Shifting Transformer 329 8.3 The Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) 333 8.3.1 Basic Operating Principles and Characteristics 334 8.3.2 Control Structure 343 8.3.3 Computer Simulation 344 8.3.4 Practical and Application Considerations 346 8.4 Generalized and Multifunctional FACTS Controllers 348 CHAPTER 9 Special Purpose Facts Controllers: NGH-SSR Damping Scheme and Thyristor-Controlled Braking Resistor 353 9.1 Subsynchronous Resonance 353 9.2 NGH-SSR Damping Scheme 358 9.2.1 Basic Concept 358 9.2.2. Design and Operation Aspects 361 9.3 Thyristor-Controlled Braking Resistor (TCBR) 362 9.3.1 Basic Concept 362 9.3.2 Design and Operation Aspects 364 CHAPTER 10 Application Examples 373 10.1 WAPA's Kayenta Advanced Series Capacitor (ASC) 373 10.1.1 Introduction and Planning Aspects 373 10.1.2 Functional Specification 376 10.1.3 Design and Operational Aspects 377 10.1.4 Results of the Project 380 10.2 BPA's Slatt Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) 382 10.2.1 Introduction and Planning Aspects 382 10.2.2 Functional Specifications 384 10.2.3 Design and Operational Aspects 387 10.2.4 Results of the Project 392 10.3 TVA's Sullivan Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) 394 10.3.1 Introduction and Planning Aspects 394 10.3.2 STATCOM Design Summary 396 10.3.3 Steady-State Performance 400 10.3.4 Dynamic Performance 401 10.3.5 Results of the Project 407 10.4 AEP's Inez Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) 407 10.4.1 Introduction and Planning Aspects 407 10.4.2 Description of the UPFC 411 10.4.3 Operating Performance 414 10.4.4 Results of the Project 423 INDEX 425 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 431

Read more less

Book SynopsisAwarded the Dexter Prize by the Society for the History of Technology, this book offers a comparative history of the evolution of modern electric power systems. It described large-scale technological change and demonstrates that technology cannot be understood unless placed in a cultural context.Trade ReviewAn exciting, major contribution to the field of history, for it establishes very convincingly that the growth of... power networks is as intrinsic to and characteristic of modern society as the growth of manorialism was to medieval society. American Historical Review How the West was wired. Times Literary SupplementTable of ContentsPreface1. Introduction2. Edison the Hedgehog: Invention and Development3. Edison's System Abroad: Technology Transfer4. Reverse Salients and Critical Problems5. Conflict and Resolution6. Technological Momentum7. Berlin: The Coordination of Technology and Politics8. Chicago: The Dominance of Technology9. London: The Primary of Politics10. California White Coal11. War and Acquired Characteristics12. Planned Systems13. The Culture of Regional Systems14. RWE, PP&L, and NESCO: The

Read more less

Book SynopsisElectrochemical Power Sources (EPS) provides in a concise way the operational features, major types, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors Details the design, operational features, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors Covers improvements of existing EPSs and the development of new kinds of EPS as the results of intense R&D work Provides outlook for future trends in fuel cells and batteries Covers the most typical battery types, fuel cells and supercapacitors; such as zinc-carbon batteries, alkaline manganese dioxide batteries, mercury-zinc cells, lead-acid batteries, cadmium storage batteries, silver-zinc batteries and modern lithium batteriesTrade Review“Electrochemical Power Sources: Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors” is an excellent introductory text to electrochemical energy devices which covers material considerations, historical developments of the technology and future prospects, spanning fundamental mechanisms to engineering challenges at a high level perspective. The supercapacitor section in particular goes into much more detail of the materials. This text would be most useful for students studying an introduction to electrochemistry course.” (Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 1 October 2015)Table of ContentsForeword xv Acknowledgements xvii Preface xix Symbols xxi Abbrevations xxiii Introduction xxv Part I Batteries with Aqueous Electrolytes 1 1 General Aspects 3 1.1 Definition 3 1.2 Current-Producing Chemical Reaction 3 1.3 Classification 5 1.4 Thermodynamic Aspects 6 1.5 Historical Development 8 1.6 Nomenclature 9 Reviews and Monographs 10 2 Main Battery Types 11 2.1 Electrochemical Systems 11 2.2 Leclanché (Zinc–Carbon) Batteries 12 2.3 The Zinc Electrode in Alkaline Solutions 14 2.4 Alkaline Manganese–Zinc Batteries 14 2.5 Lead Acid Batteries 17 2.6 Alkaline Nickel Storage Batteries 20 2.7 Silver–Zinc Batteries 23 References 24 Monographs and Reviews 25 3 Performance 27 3.1 Electrical Characteristics of Batteries 27 3.2 Electrical Characteristics of Storage Batteries 30 3.3 Comparative Characteristics 30 3.4 Operational Characteristics 31 References 32 4 Miscellaneous Batteries 33 4.1 Mercury–Zinc Batteries 33 4.2 Compound Batteries 34 4.3 Batteries with Water as Reactant 37 4.4 Standard Cells 38 4.5 Reserve Batteries 39 Reference 41 Reviews and Monographs 41 5 Design and Technology 43 5.1 Balance in Batteries 43 5.2 Scale Factors 44 5.3 Separators 44 5.4 Sealing 46 5.5 Ohmic Losses 47 5.6 Thermal Processes in Batteries 48 6 Applications of Batteries 51 6.1 Automotive Equipment Starter and Auxiliary Batteries 51 6.2 Traction Batteries 52 6.3 Stationary Batteries 53 6.4 Domestic and Portable Systems 53 6.5 Special Applications 54 7 Operational Problems 55 7.1 Discharge and Maintenance of Primary Batteries 55 7.2 Maintenance of Storage Batteries 56 7.3 General Aspects of Battery Maintenance 60 8 Outlook for Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte 63 References 64 Part II Batteries with Nonaqueous Electrolytes 65 9 Different Kinds of Electrolytes 67 9.1 Electrolytes Based on Aprotic Nonaqueous Solutions 68 9.2 Ionically Conducting Molten Salts 69 9.3 Ionically Conducting Solid Electrolytes 70 References 72 10 Insertion Compounds 73 Monographs and Reviews 76 11 Primary Lithium Batteries 77 11.1 General Information: Brief History 77 11.2 Current-Producing and Other Processes in Primary Power Sources 79 11.3 Design of Primary Lithium Cells 81 11.4 Fundamentals of the Technology of Manufacturing of Lithium Primary Cells 82 11.5 Electric Characteristics of Lithium Cells 82 11.6 Operational Characteristics of Lithium Cells 83 11.7 Features of Primary Lithium Cells of Different Electrochemical Systems 84 Monographs 89 12 Lithium Ion Batteries 91 12.1 General Information: Brief History 91 12.2 Current-Producing and Other Processes in Lithium Ion Batteries 93 12.3 Design and Technology of Lithium Ion Batteries 96 12.4 Electric Characteristics, Performance, and Other Characteristics of Lithium Ion Batteries 98 12.5 Prospects of Development of Lithium Ion Batteries 99 Monographs 101 13 Lithium Ion Batteries: What Next? 103 13.1 Lithium–Air Batteries 103 13.2 Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 106 13.3 Sodium Ion Batteries 108 Reviews 110 14 Solid-State Batteries 111 14.1 Low-Temperature Miniature Batteries with Solid Electrolytes 111 14.2 Sulfur–Sodium Storage Batteries 112 Monographs and Reviews 115 15 Batteries with Molten Salt Electrolytes 117 15.1 Storage Batteries 117 15.2 Reserve-Type Thermal Batteries 120 References 122 Part III Fuel Cells 123 16 General Aspects 125 16.1 Thermodynamic Aspects 125 16.2 Schematic Layout of Fuel-Cell Units 128 16.3 Types of Fuel Cells 131 16.4 Layout of a Real Fuel Cell: The Hydrogen–Oxygen Fuel Cell with Liquid Electrolyte 132 16.5 Basic Parameters of Fuel Cells 134 Reference 140 Monographs 140 17 The Development of Fuel Cells 141 17.1 The Period prior to 1894 141 17.2 The Period from 1894 to 1960 143 17.3 The Period from 1960 to the 1990s 144 17.4 The Period after the 1990s 148 References 149 Monographs and Reviews 150 18 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) 151 18.1 The History of PEMFC 151 18.2 Standard PEMFC Version of the 1990s 154 18.3 Operating Conditions of PEMFC 156 18.4 Special Features of PEMFC Operation 157 18.5 Platinum Catalyst Poisoning by Traces of Co in the Hydrogen 159 18.6 Commercial Activities in Relation to PEMFC 161 18.7 Future Development of PEMFCs 162 18.8 Elevated-Temperature PEMFCs (ET-PEMFCs) 167 References 170 Reviews 170 19 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells with Gaseous, Liquid, And/Or Solid Reagents 171 19.1 Current-Producing Reactions and Thermodynamic Parameters 172 19.2 Anodic Oxidation of Methanol 172 19.3 Use of Platinum–Ruthenium Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation 173 19.4 Milestones in DMFC Development 173 19.5 Membrane Penetration by Methanol (Methanol Crossover) 174 19.6 Varieties of DMFC 176 19.7 Special Operating Features of DMFC 178 19.8 Practical Prototypes of DMFC and Their Features 180 19.9 The Problems to be Solved in Future DMFC 181 19.10 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells (DLFC) 183 Reference 188 Reviews 188 20 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) 191 20.1 Special Features of High-Temperature Fuel Cells 191 20.2 The Structure of Hydrogen–Oxygen MCFC 192 20.3 MCFC with Internal Fuel Reforming 194 20.4 The Development of MCFC Work 195 20.5 The Lifetime of MCFCs 196 References 198 Reviews and Monographs 198 21 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 199 21.1 Schematic Design of a Conventional SOFC 200 21.2 Tubular SOFCs 201 21.3 Planar SOFCs 202 21.4 Varieties of SOFCs 205 21.5 The Utilization of Natural Fuels in SOFCs 206 21.6 Interim-Temperature SOFCs (ITSOFCs) 208 21.7 Low-Temperature SOFCs (LT-SOFC) 211 21.8 Factors Influencing the Lifetime of SOFCs 211 References 212 Monographs and Reviews 212 22 Other Types of Fuel Cells 213 22.1 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) 213 22.2 Redox Flow Fuel Cells 218 22.3 Biological Fuel Cells 221 22.4 Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFCs) 224 References 227 Monographs 227 23 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) 229 23.1 Hydrogen–Oxygen AFCs 230 23.2 Problems in the AFC Field 233 23.3 The Present State and Future Prospects of AFC Work 235 23.4 Anion-Exchange (Hydroxyl Ion Conducting) Membranes 236 23.5 Methanol Fuel Cell with an Invariant Alkaline Electrolyte 237 References 237 Monograph 237 24 Applications of Fuel Cells 239 24.1 Large Stationary Power Plants 239 24.2 Small Stationary Power Units 242 24.3 Fuel Cells for Transport Applications 243 24.4 Portables 248 24.5 Military Applications 250 References 250 25 Outlook for Fuel Cells 251 25.1 Alternating Periods of Hope and Disappointment—Forever? 252 25.2 Development of Electrocatalysis 252 25.3 “Ideal Fuel Cells” Do Exist 253 25.4 Expected Future Situation with Fuel Cells 255 Reference 256 Monographs 256 Part IV Supercapacitors 257 26 General Aspects 259 26.1 Electrolytic Capacitors 259 References 261 27 Electrochemical Supercapacitors with Carbon Electrodes 263 27.1 Introduction 263 27.2 Main Properties of Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC) 264 27.3 EDLC Energy Density and Power Density 267 27.4 Fundamentals of EDLC Macrokinetics 271 27.5 Porous Structure and Hydrophilic–Hydrophobic Properties of Highly Dispersed Carbon Electrodes 272 27.6 Effect of Ratio of Ion and Molecule Sizes and Pore Sizes 275 27.7 Effect of Functional Groups on EDLC Characteristics 277 27.8 Electrolytes Used in EDLC 279 27.9 Impedance of Highly Dispersed Carbon Electrodes 283 27.10 Nanoporous Carbons Obtained Using Various Techniques 286 27.11 High-Frequency Carbon Supercapacitors 303 27.12 Self-Discharge of Carbon Electrodes and Supercapacitors 306 27.13 Processes of EDLC Degradation (AGING) 311 References 313 Monograph and Reviews 313 28 Pseudocapacitor Electrodes and Supercapacitors 315 28.1 Electrodes Based on Inorganic Salts of Transition Metals 315 28.2 Electrodes Based on Electron-Conducting Polymers (ECPs) 322 28.3 Redox Capacitors Based on Organic Monomers 333 28.4 Lithium-Cation-Exchange Capacitors 335 References 337 Monograph and Reviews 337 29 Hybrid (Asymmetric) Supercapacitors (HSCs) 339 29.1 HSCs of MeOx/C Types 339 29.2 HSCs of ECP/C Type 343 References 344 Review 344 30 Comparison of Characteristics of Supercapacitors and Other Electrochemical Devices. Characteristics of Commercial Supercapacitors 345 Reference 350 Reviews 350 31 Prospects of Electrochemical Supercapacitors 351 32 Electrochemical Aspects of Solar Energy Conversion 355 32.1 Photoelectrochemical Phenomena 355 32.2 Photoelectrochemical Devices 356 32.3 Photoexcitation of Metals (Electron Photoemission into Solutions) 356 32.4 Behavior of Illuminated Semiconductors 357 32.5 Semiconductor Solar Batteries (SC-SB) 358 32.6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) 360 References 363 Reviews and Monographs 363 Author Index 365 Subject Index 369

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book discusses HVDC grids based on multi-terminal voltage-source converters (VSC), which is suitable for the connection of offshore wind farms and a possible solution for a continent wide overlay grid. HVDC Grids: For Offshore and Supergrid of the Future begins by introducing and analyzing the motivations and energy policy drives for developing offshore grids and the European Supergrid. HVDC transmission technology and offshore equipment are described in the second part of the book. The third part of the book discusses how HVDC grids can be developed and integrated in the existing power system. The fourth part of the book focuses on HVDC grid integration, in studies, for different time domains of electric power systems. The book concludes by discussing developments of advanced control methods and control devices for enabling DC grids. Presents the technology of the future offshore and HVDC grid Explains how offshore and HVDC grids can be integrated Table of ContentsLIST OF FIGURES xviiLIST OF TABLES xxvCONTRIBUTORS xxviiFOREWORD xxixPREFACE xxxiACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxvACRONYMS xxxviiPART I HVDC GRIDS IN THE ENERGY VISION OF THE FUTURECHAPTER 1 DRIVERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HVDC GRIDS 3Dirk Van Hertem1.1 Introduction 31.2 From the Vertically Integrated Industry to Fast Moving Liberalized Market 31.3 Drivers for Change 51.3.1 Liberalized Energy Market 61.4 Investments in the Grid 121.5 Towards HVDC Grids 171.6 Conclusions 22CHAPTER 2 ENERGY SCENARIOS: PROJECTIONS ON EUROPE'S FUTURE GENERATION AND LOAD 25Erik Delarue and Cedric De Jonghe2.1 Introduction 252.2 System Setting 262.3 Scenarios for Europe's Energy Provision 342.4 Conclusions 40PART II HVDC TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY FOR OFFSHORE GRIDSCHAPTER 3 HVDC TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 45Gen Li, Chuanyue Li, and Dirk Van Hertem3.1 Introduction 453.2 LCC-HVDC Systems 453.3 LCC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 513.4 VSC-HVDC Systems 533.5 VSC-HVDC Converter Station Technology 533.6 Transmission Lines 723.7 Conclusions 76CHAPTER 4 COMPARISON OF HVAC AND HVDC TECHNOLOGIES 79Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem4.1 Introduction 794.2 Current Technology Limits 794.3 Technical Comparison 824.4 Economic Comparison 874.5 Conclusions 94CHAPTER 5 WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGIES 97Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt5.1 Introduction 975.2 Parts of the Wind Turbine 985.3 Wind Turbine Types 995.4 Conclusions 107CHAPTER 6 OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS (OWPPS) 109Mikel De Prada-Gil, Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia,Francisco Diaz-Gonzalez, and Andreas Sumper6.1 Introduction 1096.2 AC OWPPs 1116.3 DC OWPPs 1306.4 Other OWPPs Proposals 1356.5 Conclusions 138PART III PLANNING AND OPERATION OF HVDC GRIDSCHAPTER 7 HVDC GRID PLANNING 143Hakan Ergun and Dirk Van Hertem7.1 Context of Transmission System Planning 1437.2 Transmission Expansion Optimization Methodologies 1527.3 Specialties of Grid Planning with HVDC Technology 1557.4 Illustrative Examples 157CHAPTER 8 HVDC GRID LAYOUTS 171Jun Liang, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, and Dirk Van Hertem8.1 What is an HVDC Grid? 1728.2 HVDC Grid Topologies 1728.3 Topologies of HVDC Grids for Offshore Wind Power Transmission 1768.4 HVDC Converter Station Configuration 1838.5 Substation Configuration 1898.6 Conclusions 189CHAPTER 9 GOVERNANCE MODELS FOR FUTURE GRIDS 193Muhajir Tadesse Mekonnen, Diyun Huang, and Kristof De Vos9.1 Introduction 1939.2 Transmission Grid Planning 1949.3 Transmission Grid Ownership 1979.4 Transmission Grid Financing 2019.5 Transmission Grid Pricing 2049.6 Transmission Grid Operation 2089.7 Conclusions 210CHAPTER 10 POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS WITH HVDC GRIDS 213Dirk Van Hertem, Robert H. Renner, and Johan Rimez10.1 Introduction 21310.2 Who Operates the HVDC Link or Grid? 21410.3 Reliability Considerations in Systems with HVDC 21710.4 Managing Energy Unbalances in the System 22310.5 Active and Reactive Power Control 22610.6 Ancillary Services 23010.7 Grid Codes 23510.8 Conclusions 235CHAPTER 11 OPERATION AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANTS 239Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt and Monica Aragues-Penalba11.1 Introduction 23911.2 System Under Analysis 24011.3 Control and Protection Requirements 24011.4 Wind Power Plant Control Structure 24511.5 Dynamic Simulation of a Simplified Example 24911.6 Conclusions 254PART IV MODELING HVDC GRIDSCHAPTER 12 MODELS FOR HVDC GRIDS 257Jef Beerten and Dirk Van Hertem12.1 Introduction 25712.2 Power System Computation Programs 25712.3 Modeling Power Electronic Converters 25812.4 HVDC Grids Modeling Challenges 26212.5 Conclusions 264CHAPTER 13 POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 267Jef Beerten13.1 Introduction 26713.2 Simplified Power Flow Modeling 26813.3 Detailed Power Flow Modeling 27213.4 Sequential AC/DC Power Flow 27913.5 Software Implementation 28913.6 Test Case 28913.7 Conclusions 290CHAPTER 14 OPTIMAL POWER FLOW MODELING OF HYBRID AC/DC SYSTEMS 293Johan Rimez14.1 Introduction 29314.2 Optimal Power Flow: Standard Formulation and Extension 29314.3 Optimal Power Flow with DC Grids and Converters 29914.4 Adding Security Constraints 30614.5 Conclusions 313CHAPTER 15 CONTROL PRINCIPLES OF HVDC GRIDS 315Jef Beerten, Agusti Egea, and Til Kristian Vrana15.1 Introduction 31515.2 Basic Control Principles 31615.3 Basic Converter Control Strategies 31815.4 Advanced Converter Control Strategies 32115.5 Basic Grid Control Strategies 32415.6 Advanced Grid Control Strategies 32515.7 Converter Inner Current Control 32615.8 System Power Flow Control 32815.9 Conclusions 330CHAPTER 16 STATE-SPACE REPRESENTATION OF HVDC GRIDS 333Eduardo Prieto-Araujo and Fernando Bianchi16.1 Introduction 33316.2 Multi-Terminal Grid Modeling 33316.3 Four-Terminal Grid Example 33916.4 Conclusions 343CHAPTER 17 DC FAULT PHENOMENA AND DC GRID PROTECTION 345Willem Leterme and Dirk Van Hertem17.1 Introduction 34517.2 Short-Circuit Faults in the DC Grid 34617.3 DC Grid Protection 36117.4 DC Protection Components 36617.5 Conclusions 368CHAPTER 18 REAL-TIME SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS OF DC GRIDS 371Oluwole Daniel Adeuyi and Marc Cheah18.1 Introduction 37118.2 Real-Time Simulation in Power Systems 37518.3 Design of Experimental Test Rig 37918.4 Potential Applications of HIL Tests in DC Grids 386PART V APPLICATIONSCHAPTER 19 POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATION DAMPING BY MEANS OF VSC-HVDC SYSTEMS 391Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia and Carlos E. Ugalde-Loo19.1 Introduction 39119.2 Power System Stability 39219.3 VSC-HVDC Systems Damping Contribution: Application Examples 39719.4 Conclusions 409CHAPTER 20 OPTIMAL DROOP CONTROL OF MULTI-TERMINAL VSC-HVDC GRIDS 413Fernando D. Bianchi and Eduardo Prieto-Araujo20.1 Introduction 41320.2 Control of Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Grids 41420.3 Time-Varying Description for Droop Control Design 41820.4 Design of Optimal Control Droops 42120.5 Four-Terminal VSC-HVDC Network Example 42220.6 Conclusions 426CHAPTER 21 DC GRID POWER FLOW CONTROL DEVICES 429Chunmei Feng, Sheng Wang, and Qing Mu21.1 DC Power Flow Control Devices (DCPFC) 43021.2 Generic Modeling of DC Power Flow Control Devices 43721.3 Sensitivity Analysis of DCPFC in DC Grid 43821.4 Case Study of Power Flow Control Devices in DC Grids 44121.5 Control Sensitivity of DCPFC in DC Grids 44421.6 Comparison of Power Control Devices 44821.7 Conclusions 450CHAPTER 22 MODELING AND CONTROL OF OFFSHORE AC HUB 451Xiaobo Hu, Jun Liang, and Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia22.1 Reasons for Developing AC Hub 45122.2 What is the AC Hub? 45222.3 Frequency-Dependent Modeling of AC Hub Components 45522.4 AC Hub Control Using Variable Frequency 46022.5 Conclusions 469

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe essential guide that combines power system fundamentals with the practical aspects of equipment design and operation in modern power systems Written by an experienced power engineer, AC Circuits and Power Systems in Practice offers a comprehensive guide that reviews power system fundamentals and network theorems while exploring the practical aspects of equipment design and application. The author covers a wide-range of topics including basic circuit theorems, phasor diagrams, per-unit quantities and symmetrical component theory, as well as active and reactive power and their effects on network stability, voltage support and voltage collapse. Magnetic circuits, reactor and transformer design are analyzed, as is the operation of step voltage regulators. In addition, detailed introductions are provided to earthing systems in LV and MV networks, the adverse effects of harmonics on power equipment and power system protection. Finally, European and American engineering standards are presTrade ReviewThis book combines the author�s rich experience in industry and teaching expertise in university. It covers the fundamental topics of AC circuits, and the application of those theories are discussed with numerous examples as well as the requirements of Engineering Standards. The writing style is logical and explicit, while illustrations and diagrams are with great accuracy, facilitating readers to have a systematic and in-depth understanding. Overall, I think this book can be an invaluable guide for recent graduate engineers working in power industry. -- Adrian Chen, Electrical Engineer, Moolarben Coal Operations Pty Ltd, Australia This is a refreshingly practical text which covers a wide range of topics relating to AC power systems. The book is divided into two parts with part one providing a broad overview of AC power systems and a review of fundamental AC circuit theory. Part two of the book covers specific areas of AC power systems in more detail with chapters on three phase transformers, voltage and current measurement, energy metering, harmonics and power system protection. One standout feature of this book is the writing style which I found to be very straight forward and easy to read. Additionally, excellent diagrams and illustrations work well to reinforce the subject material. The text is very well referenced with a list of sources provided at the conclusion of each chapter. The industry based examples in the text work well to link electrical engineering theory and practice and as such this book should find appeal with both undergraduate students studying a course of electrical engineering and recent graduates. - James Lamont, Electrical Engineering Technical Officer, Deakin University, Australia The genius of the text is that it presents sound theoretical concepts in a practical, easy to apply manner. The use of phasor diagrams and illustrated examples makes the application to real world problems easier, and gives the practitioner a �feel� for the solution – a valuable and necessary outcome in situations where not all the information is easily available and decisions must still be made. - David Gaskell, Nyrstar Hobart Smelter, AustraliaTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xvii Part I 1 1 Power Systems: A General Overview 3 1.1 Three‐phase System of AC Voltages 3 1.2 Low Voltage Distribution 6 1.3 Examples of Distribution Transformers 8 1.4 Practical Magnitude Limits for LV Loads 10 1.5 Medium Voltage Network 11 1.6 Transmission and Sub‐Transmission Networks 24 1.7 Generation of Electrical Energy 32 1.8 Sources 41 Further Reading 41 2 Review of AC Circuit Theory and Application of Phasor Diagrams 43 2.1 Representation of AC Voltages and Currents 43 2.2 RMS Measurement of Time Varying AC Quantities 44 2.3 Phasor Notation (Phasor Diagram Analysis) 45 2.4 Passive Circuit Components: Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors 49 2.5 Review of Sign Conventions and Network Theorems 55 2.6 AC Circuit Analysis Examples 61 2.7 Resonance in AC Circuits 74 2.8 Problems 83 2.9 Practical Experiment 88 3 Active Power, Reactive Power and Power Factor 91 3.1 Single‐Phase AC Power 91 3.2 Active Power 92 3.3 Reactive Power 93 3.4 Apparent Power or the volt‐amp Product, S 96 3.5 Three‐Phase Power 97 3.6 Power Factor 99 3.7 Power Factor Correction 100 3.8 Typical Industrial Load Profiles 105 3.9 Directional Power Flows 107 3.10 Energy Retailing 110 3.11 Problems 111 4 Magnetic Circuits, Inductors and Transformers 115 4.1 Magnetic Circuits 115 4.2 Magnetic Circuit Model 116 4.3 Gapped Cores and Effective Permeability 119 4.4 Inductance Calculations 120 4.5 Core Materials 121 4.6 Magnetising Characteristics of GOSS 122 4.7 Energy Stored in the Air Gap 125 4.8 EMF Equation 126 4.9 Magnetic Circuit Topologies 127 4.10 Magnetising Losses 129 4.11 Two‐Winding Transformer Operation 131 4.12 Transformer VA Ratings and Efficiency 133 4.13 Two‐Winding Transformer Equivalent Circuit 134 4.14 The Per‐Unit System 137 4.15 Transformer Short‐Circuit and Open‐Circuit Tests 138 4.16 Transformer Phasor Diagram 140 4.17 Current Transformers 142 4.18 Problems 144 4.19 Sources 153 5 Symmetrical Components 155 5.1 Symmetrical Component Theory 156 5.2 Sequence Networks and Fault Analysis 160 5.3 Network Fault Connections 163 5.4 Measurement of Zero‐sequence Components (Residual Current and Voltage) 170 5.5 Phase‐to‐Ground Fault Currents Reflected from a Star to a Delta Connected Winding 171 5.6 Sequence Components Remote from a Fault 173 5.7 Problems 175 5.8 Sources 185 6 Power Flows in AC Networks 187 6.1 Power Flow Directions 188 6.2 Synchronous Condenser 188 6.3 Synchronous Motor 191 6.4 Generalised Power Flow Analysis 192 6.5 Low X/R Networks 197 6.6 Steady State Transmission Stability Limit 201 6.7 Voltage Collapse in Power Systems 202 6.8 Problems 207 6.9 Sources 209 Part II 211 7 Three‐Phase Transformers 213 7.1 Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance 213 7.2 Transformer Zero‐Sequence Impedance 219 7.3 Transformer Vector Groups 221 7.4 Transformer Voltage Regulation 222 7.5 Magnetising Current Harmonics 228 7.6 Tap‐changing Techniques 233 7.7 Parallel Connection of Transformers 245 7.8 Transformer Nameplate 249 7.9 Step Voltage Regulator 251 7.10 Problems 264 7.11 Sources 272 8 Voltage Transformers 273 8.1 Inductive and Capacitive Voltage Transformers 273 8.2 Voltage Transformer Errors 276 8.3 Voltage Transformer Equivalent Circuit 281 8.4 Voltage Transformer ‘Error Lines’ 284 8.5 Re‐rating Voltage Transformers 288 8.6 Accuracy Classes for Protective Voltage Transformers 289 8.7 Dual‐Wound Voltage Transformers 292 8.8 Earthing and Protection of Voltage Transformers 292 8.9 Non‐Conventional Voltage Transformers 297 8.10 Problems 299 8.11 Sources 301 9 Current Transformers 303 9.1 CT Secondary Currents and Ratios 304 9.2 Current Transformer Errors and Standards 306 9.3 IEEE C57.13 Metering Class Magnitude and Phase Errors 309 9.4 Current Transformer Equivalent Circuit 312 9.5 Magnetising Admittance Variation and CT Compensation Techniques 315 9.6 Composite Error 319 9.7 Instrument Security Factor for Metering CTs 322 9.8 Protection Current Transformers 324 9.9 Inter‐Turn Voltage Ratings 337 9.10 Non‐Conventional Current Transformers 338 9.11 Problems 341 9.12 Sources 349 10 Energy Metering 351 10.1 Metering Intervals 353 10.2 General Metering Analysis using Symmetrical Components 361 10.3 Metering Errors 367 10.4 Ratio Correction Factors 373 10.5 Reactive Power Measurement Error 378 10.6 Evaluation of the Overall Error for an Installation 379 10.7 Commissioning and Auditing of Metering Installations 381 10.8 Problems 383 10.9 Sources 388 11 Earthing Systems 391 11.1 Effects of Electricity on the Human Body 391 11.2 Residual Current Devices 399 11.3 LV Earthing Systems 402 11.4 LV Earthing Systems used Worldwide 413 11.5 Medium Voltage Earthing Systems 413 11.6 High Voltage Earthing 423 11.7 Exercise 423 11.8 Problems (Earthing Grid Design) 425 11.9 Sources 434 12 Introduction to Power System Protection 437 12.1 Fundamental Principles of Protection 437 12.2 Protection Relays 438 12.3 Primary and Backup Protection (Duplicate Protection) 439 12.4 Protection Zones 441 12.5 Overcurrent Protection 443 12.6 Differential Protection 451 12.7 Frame Leakage and Arc Flash Busbar Protection 462 12.8 Distance Protection (Impedance Protection) 464 12.9 Problems 469 12.10 Sources 475 13 Harmonics in Power Systems 477 13.1 Measures of Harmonic Distortion 479 13.2 Resolving a Non‐linear Current or Voltage into its Harmonic Components (Fourier Series) 480 13.3 Harmonic Phase Sequences 484 13.4 Triplen Harmonic Currents 487 13.5 Harmonic Losses in Transformers 487 13.6 Power Factor in the Presence of Harmonics 492 13.7 Management of Harmonics 495 13.8 Harmonic Standards 504 13.9 Measurement of Harmonics 514 13.10 Problems 515 13.11 Sources 519 14 Operational Aspects of Power Engineering 521 14.1 Device Numbers 521 14.2 One Line Diagram (OLD) 523 14.3 Switchgear Topologies 526 14.4 Switching Plans, Equipment Isolation and Permit to Work Procedures 537 14.5 Electrical Safety 542 14.6 Measurements with an Incorrectly Configured Multimeter 549 14.7 Sources 551 Index 553

Read more less

Book SynopsisA practical guide to facilitate statistically well-founded decisions in the management of assets of an electricity grid Effective and economic electric grid asset management involves many complex decisions on repair, replacement and maintenance.Trade ReviewRobert Ross�s book gives a deep insight in useful statistical analysis methods for asset management practice. It covers all the basics and specific distributions in a structured and understandable way, before it sets out to give its insight into system and component reliability. I particularly liked the way the subject matter is structured in small and understandable topics. This way it�s easy to �pick and mix� throughout the different subject matters of the book to acquire the relevant knowledge. One of the other strong suits of the book is the application to real life asset and incident management. Robert links theory and practice together in a way which really shows the value of a statistical and reliability driven approach to asset management. - Marcel Hooijmans, Sr. Specialist Asset Management, Stedin DSO, The Netherlands This is a well-grounded book that is really good to read! It is informative and accessible and something that would be suitable as a source book for a more general course on engineering statistics and not one specifically directed towards electric power grid assets. Overall the book develops a very solid statistical basis of use in engineering and, particularly reliability analysis. I believe the book is of such general value that it could be used as part of a manufacturing engineering course with relative ease. I think this should probably be on the bookcase of anyone working in asset management of utilities. The material is presented with a logical and paced approach, taking the reader through basic statistics to some quite advanced concepts. - Professor Alistair Duffy, Professor of Electromagnetics and Director of the Institute of Engineering Sciences at De Montfort University, Leicester, UK Robert Ross creates a comprehensive interface between the statistical analysis and the Asset Management tasks and problems of the electric grid. Many practical examples give a clear and easy understanding of the different subjects�the book is suitable for a direct entry into the topic. Later it can also be used as a reference work, particularly regarding the synoptic tables. This makes the book ideal for students as well as for practical use by asset managers. - Dr. Horst Günter Bender, TenneT TSO GmbH, Germany The book features ten chapters, with the main focus on the fundamentals of statistics. The way the book is written makes it possible to be used as supplement to lectures at universities about asset management because of the following points. Each chapter features an introductory paragraph and a section at the end with a summary of the topics covered by that chapter. Furthermore, each chapter provides exemplary questions and exercises which facilitate understanding of the chapter. Additionally, the author supports his argumentation with easily understandable practical examples from the field of electrical engineering. - Nicholas Hill, TU Braunschweig, Germany Anybody working in asset and incident management of electric power grids will greatly welcome this book if they want to understand and apply the mathematics used for assessing the reliability and availability of components and systems. The author makes a decisive step forward in presenting the knowledge and skills needed for analyzing failure data and constructing reliable systems. Throughout the book, readers can taste the thorough experience of Ross both as a practitioner and as a researcher in the field of reliability analysis. This makes the book a must-have for engineers, asset managers and risk managers who are interested in decision analysis for managing assets of electric power grids. - René Janssen, Associate Professor of Mathematics and Operations Research at the Netherlands Defence AcademyTable of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgements xxi List of Symbols and Abbreviations xxiii About the Companion website xxix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Electric Power Grids 1 1.2 Asset Management of Electric Power Grids 2 1.3 Maintenance Styles 4 1.4 Incident Management 20 1.5 Summary 21 2 Basics of Statistics and Probability 25 2.1 Outcomes, Sample Space and Events 26 2.2 Probability of Events 29 2.3 Probability versus Statistical Distributions 30 2.4 Fundamental Statistical Functions 33 2.5 Mixed Distributions 38 2.6 Multivariate Distributions and Power Law 49 2.7 Summary 59 3 Measures in Statistics 63 3.1 Expected Values and Moments 63 3.2 Median and Other Quantiles 73 3.3 Mode 75 3.4 Merits of Mean, Median and Modal Value 75 3.5 Measures for Comparing Distributions 77 3.6 Similarity of Distributions 82 3.7 Compliance 96 3.8 Summary 97 4 Specific Distributions 101 4.1 Fractions and Ranking 101 4.2 Extreme Value Statistics 112 4.3 Mean and Variance Statistics 124 4.4 Frequency and Hit Statistics 134 4.5 Summary 152 5 Graphical Data Analysis 157 5.1 Data Quality 158 5.3 Model-Based or Parametric Graphs 176 5.4 Weibull Plot 178 5.5 Exponential Plot 188 5.6 Normal Distribution 193 5.7 Power Law Reliability Growth 197 5.8 Summary 202 6 Parameter Estimation 207 6.1 General Aspects with Parameter Estimation 207 6.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimators 212 6.3 Linear Regression 223 6.4 Summary 263 7 System and Component Reliability 267 7.1 The Basics of System Reliability 267 7.2 Block Diagrams 268 7.3 Series Systems 269 7.4 Parallel Systems and Redundancy 272 7.5 Combined Series and Parallel Systems, Common Cause 273 7.6 EXTRA: Reliability and Expected Life of k-out-of-n Systems 276 7.7 Analysis of Complex Systems 277 7.8 Summary 285 8 System States, Reliability and Availability 291 8.1 States of Components and Systems 291 8.2 States and Transition Rates of One-Component Systems 292 8.3 System State Probabilities via Markov Chains 297 8.4 Markov–Laplace Method for Reliability and Availability 303 8.5 Lifetime with Absorbing States and Spare Parts 306 8.6 Mean Lifetimes MTTFF and MTBF 310 8.7 Availability and Steady-State Situations 312 8.8 Summary 314 9 Application to Asset and Incident Management 317 9.1 Maintenance Styles 317 9.1.1 Period-Based Maintenance Optimization for Lowest Costs 317 9.2 Health Index 334 9.3 Testing and Quality Assurance 338 9.4 Incident Management (Determining End of Trouble) 342 10 Miscellaneous Subjects 367 10.1 Basics of Combinatorics 367 10.2 Power Functions and Asymptotic Behaviour 369 10.3 Regression Analysis 380 10.4 Sampling from a Population and Simulations 386 10.5 Hypothesis Testing 407 10.6 Approximations for the Normal Distribution 408 10.6.1 Power Series 409 10.6.2 Power Series Times Density f (y) 409 10.6.3 Inequalities for Boxing R(y) and h(y) for Large y 410 10.6.4 Polynomial Expression for F(y) 410 10.6.5 Power Function for the Reliability Function R(y) 410 10.6.6 Wrap-up of Approximations 412 Appendix A Weibull Plot 413 Appendix B Laplace Transforms 415 Appendix C Taylor Series 417 Appendix D SI Prefixes 419 Appendix E Greek Characters 421 Appendix F Standard Weibull and Exponential Distribution 423 Appendix G Standardized Normal Distribution 429 Appendix H Standardized Lognormal Distribution 435 Appendix I Gamma Function 441 Appendix J Plotting Positions 447 References 469 Index 473

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn invaluable academic reference for the area of high-power converters, covering all the latest developments in the field High-power multilevel converters are well known in industry and academia as one of the preferred choices for efficient power conversion. Over the past decade, several power converters have been developed and commercialized in the form of standard and customized products that power a wide range of industrial applications. Currently, the modular multilevel converter is a fast-growing technology and has received wide acceptance from both industry and academia. Providing adequate technical background for graduate- and undergraduate-level teaching, this book includes a comprehensive analysis of the conventional and advanced modular multilevel converters employed in motor drives, HVDC systems, and power quality improvement. Modular Multilevel Converters: Analysis, Control, and Applications provides an overview of high-power converters, referTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxi Acronyms xxiii Symbols xxvii About the Companion Website xli Part I General Aspects of Conventional mmc 1 Review of High-Power Converters 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Overview of High-Power Converters 4 1.3 Voltage Source Converters 6 1.3.1 Neutral-Point Clamped Converter 8 1.3.2 Active Neutral-Point Clamped Converter 10 1.3.3 Flying Capacitor Converter 11 1.3.4 Nested Neutral-Point Clamped Converter 12 1.3.5 Cascaded H-bridge Converter 13 1.3.6 Cascaded Neutral-Point Clamped Converter 15 1.4 Current Source Converters 16 1.4.1 Load-Commutated Current Source Converter 16 1.4.2 PWM Current Source Converter 18 1.5 Matrix Converters 19 1.5.1 Direct Matrix Converter 19 1.5.2 Indirect Matrix Converter 20 1.5.3 Multi-Modular Matrix Converter 21 1.6 Modular Multilevel Converters 23 1.6.1 Converter Technology 24 1.6.2 Applications 24 1.6.3 Technical Challenges 31 1.7 Summary 33 References 34 2 Fundamentals of Modular Multilevel Converter 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Modular Multilevel Converter 38 2.2.1 Converter Con guration 39 2.2.2 Con guration of Submodules 39 2.2.3 Comparison of Submodules 46 2.2.4 Principle of Operation 48 2.3 Pulse Width Modulation Schemes 49 2.3.1 Phase-Shifted Carrier Modulation 51 2.3.2 Level-Shifted Carrier Modulation 59 2.3.3 Sampled Average Modulation 60 2.3.4 Space Vector Modulation 65 2.3.5 Staircase Modulation 73 2.4 Summary 77 References 77 3 Classical Control of Modular Multilevel Converter 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Overview of Classical Control Method 80 3.3 Submodule Capacitor Voltage Control 82 3.3.1 Leg Voltage Control 82 3.3.2 Voltage Balance Strategy 83 3.4 Output Current Control 88 3.4.1 Reference Frame Theory 88 3.4.2 Control of MMC with Passive Load 92 3.5 Circulating Current Control 95 3.5.1 Mathematical Model 96 3.5.2 Control in Synchronous-dq Reference Frame 97 3.5.3 Control in Stationary-abc Reference Frame 100 3.6 Summary 101 References 101 4 Model Predictive Control of Modular Multilevel Converter 103 4.1 Introduction 103 4.2 Mathematical Model of mmc 105 4.2.1 Continuous-Time Model 105 4.2.2 Discretization Methods 108 4.2.3 Discrete-Time Model 110 4.3 Extrapolation Techniques 113 4.3.1 Vector Angle Extrapolation 113 4.3.2 Lagrange Extrapolation 113 4.4 Cost Function and Weight factors 114 4.4.1 Formulation of Cost Function 114 4.4.2 Selection of Weight Factors 116 4.5 Direct Model Predictive Control 117 4.5.1 Design Procedure 117 4.5.2 Control Algorithm 120 4.6 Indirect Model Predictive Control 124 4.6.1 Design Procedure 125 4.6.2 Control Algorithm 127 4.7 Summary 128 References 128 Part II Advanced Modular Multilevel Converters 5 Passive Cross-Connected Modular Multilevel Converters 133 5.1 Introduction 133 5.2 Passive Cross-Connected mmc 134 5.2.1 Con guration of Power Circuit 134 5.2.2 Switching States and Output Voltage 135 5.3 Principle of Operation 138 5.3.1 Modeling of PC-MMC 138 5.3.2 Phase-Shifted Carrier Modulation for PC-MMC 140 5.4 Low/Zero Frequency Operation of PC-MMC 144 5.4.1 Equivalent Circuit 145 5.4.2 Design of Cross-Connected Capacitor 146 5.4.3 Submodule Capacitor Voltage Ripple 148 5.4.4 Common-Mode Voltage 151 5.5 Classical Control of PC-MMC 153 5.5.1 Output Current Control 154 5.5.2 Submodule Capacitor Voltage Control 156 5.5.3 Synthesis of Modulation Signals 159 5.6 Summary 162 References 162 6 Active Cross-Connected Modular Multilevel Converters 165 6.1 Introduction 165 6.2 Active Cross-Connected mmc 166 6.2.1 Circuit Con guration of AC-MMC 166 6.2.2 Switching States and Output Voltage 166 6.3 Principles of Operation 169 6.3.1 Modeling of AC-MMC 170 6.3.2 Phase-Shifted Carrier Modulation for AC-MMC 171 6.4 Low-Frequency Operation of AC-MMC 176 6.4.1 Equivalent Circuit 176 6.4.2 Submodule Capacitor Voltage Ripple 178 6.4.3 Common-Mode Voltage 181 6.4.4 Current Stress on Semiconductor Devices 184 6.5 Classical Control of AC-MMC 185 6.5.1 Output Current Control 186 6.5.2 Submodule Capacitor Voltage Control 186 6.5.3 Synthesis of Modulation Signals 189 6.6 Summary 192 References 192 7 Star and Delta-Channel Modular Multilevel Converters 195 7.1 Introduction 195 7.2 Star-Channel Modular Multilevel Converter 196 7.2.1 Circuit Con guration of Star-Channel mmc 196 7.2.2 Switching States and Output Voltage 197 7.3 Principles of Operation 200 7.3.1 Modeling of Star-Channel mmc 200 7.3.2 Phase-Shifted Carrier Modulation for Star-Channel mmc 203 7.4 Low-Frequency Operation of Star-Channel mmc 207 7.4.1 Equivalent Circuit 208 7.4.2 Submodule Capacitor Voltage Ripple 209 7.4.3 Common-Mode Voltage 213 7.5 Classical Control of Star-Channel mmc 216 7.5.1 Output Current Control 217 7.5.2 Submodule Capacitor Voltage Control 217 7.5.3 Synthesis of Modulation Signals 221 7.6 Delta-Channel Modular Multilevel Converter 223 7.7 Comparison of Advanced Modular Multilevel Converters 225 7.8 Summary 226 References 227 Part III Applications of Modular Multilevel Converters 8 Modular Multilevel Converter Based Medium-Voltage Motor Drives 231 8.1 Introduction 231 8.2 Fundamentals of MMC-Based Motor Drive 232 8.2.1 System Con gurations 232 8.2.2 Control Schemes 233 8.3 Voltage-Oriented Control of Grid-Side mmc 234 8.3.1 Principle of voltage orientation 235 8.3.2 Implementation of PLL 236 8.3.3 Block diagram of VOC 237 8.4 Indirect Field-Oriented Control of Motor-side mmc 240 8.4.1 Principle of Field Orientation 241 8.4.2 Rotor Flux Vector Estimator 242 8.4.3 Block diagram of IFOC approach 244 8.5 Low-Speed Operation of MMC-based Motor Drive 248 8.5.1 Analysis of Submodule Capacitor Voltage Ripple 248 8.5.2 Analysis of MMC with High-Frequency Voltage and Current Injection 254 8.5.3 Estimation of High-Frequency Voltage and Current Magnitude 256 8.5.4 Minimization of Submodule Capacitor Voltage Ripple 257 8.6 Common-Mode Voltage Issues and Blocking Schemes 262 8.6.1 De nition of Common-Mode Voltage 262 8.6.2 Blocking of Common-Mode Voltage 264 8.7 Transformer-less MMC-based Motor Drive 265 8.8 Summary 269 References 269 9 Role of Modular Multilevel Converters In The Power System 271 9.1 Introduction 271 9.2 MMC-Based HVDC Transmission Systems 272 9.2.1 Two-Terminal System 273 9.2.2 Multi-Terminal System 274 9.2.3 DC-Side Short-Circuit Fault Protection 275 9.2.4 HVDC Circuit Breakers 277 9.3 Control of Two-Terminal MMC-Based HVDC System 278 9.3.1 Sending-End Converter Control 279 9.3.2 Receiving-End Converter Control 281 9.4 Control of Multi-Terminal MMC-Based HVDC System 286 9.4.1 Voltage Margin Control Scheme 288 9.4.2 Voltage Droop Control Scheme 293 9.5 MMC-based Static Synchronous Compensator 294 9.5.1 System Con guration 295 9.5.2 Reactive Power Compensation 295 9.5.3 Compensation of Unbalanced AC-Grid Currents 298 9.6 MMC-based Uni ed Power Quality Conditioner 306 9.7 Summary 307 References 307 Appendix A MATLAB Demo Projects 311 References 312 Index 313

Read more less

Book SynopsisReviews state-of-the-art technologies in modern heuristic optimization techniques and presents case studies showing how they have been applied in complex power and energy systems problems Written by a team of international experts, this book describes the use of metaheuristic applications in the analysis and design of electric power systems. This includes a discussion of optimum energy and commitment of generation (nonrenewable & renewable) and load resources during day-to-day operations and control activities in regulated and competitive market structures, along with transmission and distribution systems. Applications of Modern Heuristic Optimization Methods in Power and Energy Systems begins with an introduction and overview of applications in power and energy systems before moving on to planning and operation, control, and distribution. Further chapters cover the integration of renewable energy and the smart grid and electricity markets. The book finishes with final conclusions draTable of ContentsPreface xv Contributors xvii List of Figures xxi List of Tables xxxiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Evolutionary Computation: A Successful Branch of CI 3 1.2.1 Genetic Algorithm 6 1.2.2 Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II 8 1.2.3 Evolution Strategies and Evolutionary Programming 8 1.2.4 Simulated Annealing 9 1.2.5 Particle Swarm Optimization 10 1.2.6 Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization 10 1.2.7 Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization 11 1.2.8 Particle Swarm Optimization Variants 12 1.2.9 Artificial Bee Colony 13 1.2.10 Tabu Search 14 References 15 Chapter 2 Overview Of Applications In Power And Energy Systems 21 2.1 Applications to Power Systems 21 2.1.1 Unit Commitment 23 2.1.2 Economic Dispatch 24 2.1.3 Forecasting in Power Systems 25 2.1.4 Other Applications in Power Systems 27 2.2 Smart Grid Application Competition Series 28 2.2.1 Problem Description 29 2.2.2 Best Algorithms and Ranks 30 2.2.3 Further Information and How to Download 32 References 32 Chapter 3 Power System Planning And Operation 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Unit Commitment 40 3.2.1 Introduction 40 3.2.2 Problem Formulation 40 3.2.3 Advancement in UCP Formulations and Models 42 3.2.4 Solution Methodologies, State-of-the-Art, History, and Evolution 46 3.2.5 Conclusions 56 3.3 Economic Dispatch Based on Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization 56 3.3.1 Introduction 56 3.3.2 Fundamentals of Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization 58 3.3.3 Economic Dispatch Problem 60 3.3.4 GA Implementation to ED 63 3.3.5 PSO Implementation to ED 71 3.3.6 Numerical Example 79 3.3.7 Conclusions 87 3.4 Differential Evolution in Active Power Multi-Objective Optimal Dispatch 87 3.4.1 Introduction 87 3.4.2 Differential Evolution for Multi-Objective Optimization 88 3.4.3 Multi-Objective Model of Active Power Optimization for Wind Power Integrated Systems 97 3.4.4 Case Studies 100 3.4.5 Analyses of Dispatch Plan 105 3.4.6 Conclusions 106 3.5 Hydrothermal Coordination 106 3.5.1 Introduction 106 3.5.2 Hydrothermal Coordination Formulation 107 3.5.3 Problem Decomposition 110 3.5.4 Case Studies 111 3.5.5 Conclusions 114 3.6 Meta-Heuristic Method for Gms Based on Genetic Algorithm 115 3.6.1 History 115 3.6.2 Meta-heuristic Search Method 116 3.6.3 Flexible GMS 119 3.6.4 User-Friendly GMS System 131 3.6.5 Conclusion 141 3.7 Load Flow 143 3.7.1 Introduction 143 3.7.2 Load Flow Analysis in Electrical Power Systems 144 3.7.3 Particle Swarm Optimization and Mutation Operation 148 3.7.4 Load Flow Computation via Particle Swarm Optimization with Mutation Operation 150 3.7.5 Numerical Results 153 3.7.6 Conclusions 160 3.8 Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Solving Optimal Power Flow 161 3.8.1 Optimization in Power System Operation 162 3.8.2 The Optimal Power Flow Problem 162 3.8.3 Artificial Bee Colony 166 3.8.4 ABC for the OPF Problem 168 3.8.5 Case Studies 170 3.8.6 Conclusions 176 3.9 OPF Test Bed and Performance Evaluation of Modern Heuristic Optimization 176 3.9.1 Introduction 176 3.9.2 Problem Definition 177 3.9.3 OPF Test Systems 178 3.9.4 Differential Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization: DEEPSO 183 3.9.5 Enhanced Version of Mean–Variance Mapping Optimization Algorithm: MVMO-PHM 187 3.9.6 Evaluation Results 193 3.9.7 Conclusions 196 3.10 Transmission System Expansion Planning 197 3.10.1 Introduction 197 3.10.2 Transmission System Expansion Planning Models 198 3.10.3 Mathematical Modeling 199 3.10.4 Challenges 201 3.10.5 Application of Meta-heuristics to TEP 202 3.10.6 Conclusions 210 3.11 Conclusion 210 References 210 Chapter 4 Power System And Power Plant Control 227 4.1 Introduction 227 4.2 Load Frequency Control – Optimization and Stability 228 4.2.1 Introduction 228 4.2.2 Load Frequency Control 229 4.2.3 Components of Active Power Control System 230 4.2.4 Designing LFC Structure for an Interconnected Power System 232 4.2.5 Parameter Optimization and System Performance 237 4.2.6 System Stability in the Presence of Communication Delay 242 4.2.7 Conclusions 244 4.3 Control of Facts Devices 244 4.3.1 Introduction 244 4.3.2 Role of FACTS 246 4.3.3 Static Modeling of FACTS devices 247 4.3.4 Power Flow Control using FACTS 255 4.3.5 Optimal Power Flow Using Suitability FACTS devices 259 4.3.6 Use of Particle Swarm Optimization 281 4.3.7 Conclusions 283 4.4 Hybrid of Analytical and Heuristic Techniques for facts Devices 284 4.4.1 Introduction 284 4.4.2 Heuristic Algorithms 285 4.4.3 SVC and Voltage Instability Improvement 288 4.4.4 FACTS Devices and Angle Stability Improvement 293 4.4.5 Selection of Supplementary Input Signals for Damping Inter-area Oscillations 295 4.4.6 TCSC and Improvement of Total Transfer Capability 302 4.4.7 Conclusions 305 4.5 Power System Automation 305 4.5.1 Introduction 305 4.5.2 Application of PSO on Power System’s Corrective Control 307 4.5.3 Genetic Algorithm-aided DTs for Load Shedding 322 4.5.4 Power System-Controlled Islanding 324 4.5.5 Application of the method on the IEEE – 30 buses test system 326 4.5.6 Application of the method on the IEEE – 118 buses test system 327 4.5.7 Conclusions 327 4.5.8 Appendix 328 4.6 Power Plant Control 334 4.6.1 Introduction 334 4.6.2 Coal Mill Modeling 335 4.6.3 Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of Reheater Steam Temperature 340 4.6.4 Multi-objective Optimization of Boiler Combustion System 345 4.6.5 Conclusions 355 4.7 Predictive Control in Large-Scale Power Plant 355 4.7.1 Introduction 355 4.7.2 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 356 4.7.3 Performance Prediction Model Development Based on NARMA Model 357 4.7.4 Design of Intelligent MPOC Scheme 361 4.7.5 Control Simulation Tests 364 4.7.6 Conclusions 367 4.8 Conclusion 368 References 369 Chapter 5 Distribution System 381 5.1 Introduction 381 5.2 Active Distribution Network Planning 382 5.2.1 Introduction 382 5.2.2 Problem Formulation 382 5.2.3 Overview of the Solution Techniques for Distribution Network Planning 385 5.2.4 Genetic Algorithm Solution to Active Distribution Network Planning Problem 385 5.2.5 Numerical Results 388 5.2.6 Conclusions 392 5.3 Optimal Selection of Distribution System Architecture 392 5.3.1 Introduction 392 5.3.2 Deterministic Optimization Techniques 393 5.3.3 Stochastic Optimization Techniques 394 5.3.4 Multi-Objective Optimization 400 5.3.5 Mathematical Modeling for Power System Components 401 5.3.6 AC/DC Power Flow in Hybrid Networks 405 5.3.7 Pareto-Based Multi-Objective Optimization Problem 409 5.4 Conservation Voltage Reduction Planning 418 5.4.1 Introduction 418 5.4.2 Conservation Voltage Reduction 418 5.4.3 CVR Based on PSO 420 5.4.4 CVR Based on AHP 423 5.4.5 Case Studies for CVR in Korean Power System 424 5.4.6 Conclusion 427 5.5 Dynamic Distribution Network Expansion Planning with Demand Side Management 427 5.5.1 Introduction 427 5.5.2 Expansion Options 431 5.5.3 Problem Formulation 436 5.5.4 Optimization Algorithm 442 5.5.5 Case Studies 450 5.5.6 Conclusions 460 5.6 GA-Guided Trust-Tech Methodology for Capacitor Placement in Distribution Systems 467 5.6.1 Introduction 467 5.6.2 Overview of the Trust-Tech Method 469 5.6.3 Computing Tier-One Local Optimal Solutions 472 5.6.4 The GA-Guided Trust-Tech Method 474 5.6.5 Applications to Capacitor Placement Problems 478 5.6.6 Numerical Study 481 5.6.7 Conclusions 488 5.7 Network Reconfiguration 489 5.7.1 Introduction 489 5.7.2 Modern Distribution Systems: A Concept 490 5.7.3 Distribution System Reconfiguration 493 5.7.4 Distribution System Service Restoration 496 5.7.5 Multi-Agent System for Distribution System Reconfiguration 501 5.7.6 Conclusions 510 5.8 Distribution System Restoration 510 5.8.1 Introduction 510 5.8.2 Power System Restoration Process 511 5.9 Group-based PSO for System Restoration 531 5.9.1 Introduction 531 5.9.2 Group-Based PSO Method 533 5.9.3 Overview of the Service Restoration Problem 539 5.9.4 Application to the Service Restoration Problem 542 5.9.5 Numerical Results 545 5.9.6 Conclusions 552 5.10 MVMO for Parameter Identification of Dynamic Equivalents for Active Distribution Networks 553 5.10.1 Introduction 553 5.10.2 Active Distribution System 553 5.10.3 Need for Aggregation and the Concept of Dynamic Equivalents 554 5.10.4 Proposed Approach with MVMO 556 5.10.5 Adaptation of MVMO for Identification Problem 558 5.10.6 Case Study 562 5.10.7 Application to Test Case 568 5.10.8 Analysis 569 5.10.9 Reflections 572 5.10.10 Conclusions 572 5.11 Parameter Estimation of Circuit Model for Distribution Transformers 573 5.11.1 Introduction 573 5.11.2 Transformer Winding Equivalent Circuit 574 5.11.3 Signal Comparison Indicators 576 5.11.4 Coefficients Estimation Using Heuristic Optimization 578 5.11.5 Coefficients Estimation Results and Conclusion 582 5.11.6 Conclusions 586 References 590 Chapter 6 Integration Of Renewable Energy In Smart Grid 613 6.1 Introduction 613 6.2 Renewable Energy Sources 613 6.2.1 Renewable Energy Sources Management Overview 613 6.2.2 Energy Resource Scheduling – Problem Formulation 615 6.2.3 Energy Resources Scheduling – Particle Swarm Optimization 617 6.2.4 Energy Resources Scheduling – Simulated Annealing 618 6.2.5 Practical Case Study 621 6.2.6 Appendix 632 6.2.7 Conclusions 634 6.3 Operation and Control of Smart Grid 635 6.3.1 Introduction 635 6.3.2 Problems for Systems Configuration or Systems Design 636 6.3.3 Systems Operation and Systems Control 638 6.3.4 System’s Management 640 6.3.5 Conclusion 645 6.4 Compliance of Reactive Power Requirements in Wind Power Plants 645 6.4.1 Introduction 645 6.4.2 Problem Definition 646 6.4.3 NN-Based Wind Speed Forecasting Method 648 6.4.4 Mean Variance Mapping Optimization Algorithm 650 6.4.5 Case Studies 654 6.4.6 Conclusions 665 6.5 Photovoltaic Controller Design 667 6.5.1 Introduction 667 6.5.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking in PV System 668 6.5.3 Particle Swarm Optimization 674 6.5.4 Application of Particle Swarm Optimization in MPPT 674 6.5.5 Illustration of PSO Technique for MPPT During Different Irradiance Conditions 676 6.5.6 Conclusion 678 6.6 Demand Side Management and Demand Response 680 6.6.1 Introduction 680 6.6.2 Methodology for Consumption Shifting and Generation Scheduling 683 6.6.3 Quantum PSO 685 6.6.4 Numeric Example 687 6.6.5 Conclusions 691 6.7 EPSO-Based Solar Power Forecasting 691 6.7.1 Introduction 691 6.7.2 General Radial Basis Function Network 693 6.7.3 k-Means 695 6.7.4 Deterministic Annealing Clustering 695 6.7.5 Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization 697 6.7.6 Hybrid Intelligent Method 698 6.7.7 Case Studies 699 6.7.8 Conclusion 704 6.8 Load Demand and Solar Generation Forecast for PV Integrated Smart Buildings 704 6.8.1 Introduction 704 6.8.2 Literature Review of Forecasting Techniques 714 6.8.3 Ensemble Forecast Methodology for Load Demand and PV Output Power 717 6.8.4 Numerical Results and Discussion 722 6.8.5 Conclusions 728 6.9 Multi-Objective Planning of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations 729 6.9.1 Introduction 729 6.9.2 Multi-Objective Electric Vehicle Charging Station Layout Planning Model 730 6.9.3 An Improved SPEA2 for Solving EVCSLP Problem 733 6.9.4 Case Study 737 6.9.5 Conclusion 740 6.10 Dispatch Modeling Incorporating Maneuver Components, Wind Power, and Electric Vehicles 741 6.10.1 Introduction 741 6.10.2 Proposed Economic Dispatch Formulation 743 6.10.3 Population-Based Optimization Algorithms 751 6.10.4 Test System and Results Analysis 753 6.10.5 Conclusion 756 6.11 Conclusions 757 References 757 Chapter 7 Electricity Markets 775 7.1 Introduction 775 7.2 Bidding Strategies 777 7.2.1 Introduction 777 7.2.2 Context Analysis 779 7.2.3 Strategic Bidding 780 7.3 Market Analysis and Clearing 781 7.3.1 Introduction 781 7.3.2 Electricity Market Simulators 782 7.3.3 Didactic Example 785 7.4 Electricity Market Forecasting 793 7.4.1 Introduction 793 7.4.2 Artificial Neural Networks for Electricity Market Price Forecasting 794 7.4.3 Support Vector Machines for Electricity Market Price Forecasting 795 7.4.4 Illustrative Results 796 7.5 Simultaneous Bidding of V2G In Ancillary Service Markets Using Fuzzy Optimization 798 7.5.1 Introduction 798 7.5.2 Fuzzy Optimization 799 7.5.3 FO-based Simultaneous Bidding of Ancillary Services Using V2G 801 7.5.4 Case Study 806 7.5.5 Results and Discussions 807 7.5.6 Conclusion 811 7.6 Conclusions 812 References 812 Index 819

Read more less

Book SynopsisHow to design a solar power plant, from start to finish In Step-by-Step Design of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants, a team of distinguished engineers delivers a comprehensive reference on PV power plantsand their designfor specialists, experts, and academics. Written in three parts, the book covers the detailed theoretical knowledge required to properly design a PV power plant. It goes on to explore the step-by-step requirements for creating a real-world PV power plant, including parts and components design, mathematical formulations and calculations, analyses, evaluations, and planning. The book concludes with a discussion of a sample solar plant design, as well as tips on how to avoid common design mistakes, and how to handle the operation and maintenance of PV power plants. Step-by-Step Design of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants also includes: Thorough introductions to the basic requirements of design, economic analyses, and investTable of ContentsPREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACRONYMS SYMBOLS 1 Introduction 1.1 Solar Energy 1 1.2 Diverse Solar Energy Applications 1 1.2.1 Solar Thermal Power Plant 2 1.2.2 PV Thermal Hybrid Power Plants 4 1.2.3 PV Power Plant 4 1.3 Global PV Power Plants 9 1.4 Perspective of PV Power Plants 11 1.5 A Review on the Design of Large-Scale PV Power Plant 13 1.6 Outline of the Book 14 References 15 2 Design Requirements 19 2.1 Overview 19 2.2 Development Phases 19 2.2.1 Concept Development and Site Identification 20 2.2.2 Prefeasibility Study 20 2.2.3 Feasibility Study 20 2.2.4 Permitting, Financing and Contracts 20 2.2.5 Detailed Design and Engineering 21 2.2.6 Construction 21 2.2.7 Commercial Operation 21 2.3 Project Predesign 21 2.4 Project Detailed Design 21 2.5 The Main Components Required for Realizing an LS-PVPP 22 2.5.1 PV Panels (PV Module) 22 2.5.2 Solar Inverter 22 2.5.3 Photovoltaic Mounting Systems (Solar Module Racking) 26 2.5.4 DC Cable 26 2.5.5 DC Combiner Box 26 2.5.6 DC Protection System 26 2.5.7 AC Combiner Box 26 2.5.8 Low-Voltage Switchgear 26 2.5.9 Transformers 27 2.5.10 Medium-Voltage Switchgear 27 2.5.11 LV and MV AC Cables 27 2.5.12 AC Protection Devices 27 2.6 An Overview of PV Technologies 27 2.6.1 Background on Solar Cell 27 2.6.2 Types and Classifications 28 2.7 Solar Inverter Topologies Overview 28 2.7.1 Central Inverter 28 2.7.2 String Inverter 29 2.7.3 Multi-string Inverter29 2.7.4 Micro-Inverter 29 2.8 Solar Panel Mounting 30 2.9 Solar Panel Tilt 30 2.10 Solar Tracking System 31 2.10.1 One-Axis Tracker 31 2.10.1.1 North–South Horizontal-Axis Tracking 31 2.10.1.2 Polar Tracking 31 2.10.1.3 East–West Horizontal-Axis Tracking 31 2.10.1.4 Azimuthal-Axis Tracking 32 2.10.2 Two-Axis Tracker 32 2.10.3 Driving Motor 32 2.10.4 Solar Tracker Control 33 References 34 3 Feasibility Studies 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Preliminary Feasibility Studies 35 3.3 Technical Feasibility Study 36 3.3.1 Site Selection 36 3.3.1.1 Amount of Sunlight 36 3.3.1.2 Land Area and Geometry 36 3.3.1.3 Climate Conditions 37 3.3.1.4 Site Access to Power Grid 38 3.3.1.5 Site Road Access 38 3.3.1.6 Site Topography 38 3.3.1.7 Land Geotechnics and Seismicity 40 3.3.1.8 Drainage, Seasonal Flooding 41 3.3.1.9 Land Use and Legal Permits 41 3.3.1.10 Air Pollution and Suspended Solid Particles 42 3.3.1.11 Geopolitical Risk 43 3.3.1.12 Financial Incentives 43 3.3.2 Annual Electricity Production 43 3.3.3 Equipment Technical Specifications 43 3.3.4 Execution and Construction Processes 43 3.3.5 Site Plan 43 3.4 Environmental Feasibility 44 3.5 Social Feasibility 45 3.6 Economic Feasibility 45 3.6.1 Financial Model Inputs 45 3.6.2 Financial Model Results 47 3.6.3 Financial and Economic Indicators 48 3.6.4 Financial Indicators 48 3.6.4.1 Net Present Value 48 3.6.4.2 Internal Rate of Return 48 3.6.4.3 Investment Return Period 49 3.6.4.4 Break Even Point 49 3.7 Timing Feasibility 50 3.8 Summary 50 References 51 4 Grid Connection Studies 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Introducing Topics of Grid Connection Studies 53 4.2.1 Load Flow Studies 53 4.2.2 Contingency (N-1) 54 4.2.3 Three-phase and Single-phase Short Circuit Studies 55 4.2.4 Grounding System Studies 55 4.2.5 Network Protection Studies 56 4.2.6 Power Quality Studies 57 4.2.7 Stability Studies 58 4.3 Modeling of Grid and PV Power Plants 59 4.3.1 Background Information Required for Modeling 59 4.3.2 Simulation of PV Plant and Network 60 4.3.3 Load Flow Studies Before and After PV Plant Connection 60 4.3.4 Contingency (N-1) Studies Before and After PV Plant Connection 66 4.3.5 Three-phase Short Circuit Studies 68 4.3.6 Power Quality Studies 68 4.3.7 Sustainability Studies 72 4.3.8 Investigating Additional Parameters for Grid Connection Studies 73 4.4 Summary 76 References 76 5 Solar Resource and Irradiance 79 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Radiometric Terms 79 5.2.1 Extraterrestrial Irradiance 79 5.2.2 Solar Geometry 80 5.2.3 Solar Radiation and Earth’s Atmosphere 81 5.3 Solar Resources 82 5.3.1 Satellite Solar Data 86 5.3.2 Radiation Measurement 86 5.4 Solar Energy Radiation on Panels 86 5.5 Solar Azimuth and Altitude Angle 89 5.6 Tilt Angle and Orientation 92 5.7 Shadow Distances and Row Spacing 95 5.7.1 Sun Path 96 5.7.2 Shadow Calculations for Fixed PV Systems 96 5.7.3 Shadow Calculations for Single-Axis Tracking PV Systems) Horizontal E–W Tracking Axis) 99 References 100 6 Large-Scale PV Plant Design Overview 101 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Classification of LSPVPP Engineering Documents 101 6.2.1 Part 1: Feasibility Study 101 6.2.2 Part 2: Basic Design 102 6.2.3 Part 3: Detailed Design and Shop Drawing 107 6.2.4 Part 4: As-Built and Final Documentation 107 6.3 Roadmap Proposal for LSPVPP Design 108 6.3.1 Project Definition 108 6.3.2 Collecting General Information 109 6.3.3 Collecting Information By Site Visit 109 6.3.4 Limitations and Obstacles Identification 110 6.3.5 PV Module and Inverter Selection111 6.3.6 String Size Calculations 111 6.3.7 Solar PV Mounting Structure Selection 111 6.3.8 Tilt Angle Calculation 113 6.3.9 Calculations of Far and Near Shading 113 6.3.10 Optimization Process 113 6.3.11 Energy Balance and Value Engineering 115 6.3.12 Optimal Transformer Size 116 6.3.13 General SLD and Layout 116 6.3.14 Detailed Design 117 6.3.15 Electrical Parameters and Value Engineering 117 6.3.16 Preparing Final Documents 117 6.4 Conclusion 117 References 118 7 PV Power Plant DC Side Design 119 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 DC Side Design Methodology 119 7.3 PV Modules Selection 121 7.3.1 Module Technology 121 7.3.2 PV Module Size 123 7.3.3 Selection Criteria 123 7.4 Inverter Selection 123 7.4.1 Inverter Topologies 126 7.4.1.1 Micro Inverter 126 7.4.1.2 Multi-string Inverter 126 7.4.1.3 String Inverter 126 7.4.1.4 Central Inverter 126 7.4.1.5 Virtual Central Inverter 128 7.4.2 Comparison of Inverter Topologies 128 7.5 PV Modules Number 129 7.5.1 Method 1 133 7.5.1.1 Minimum String Size 133 7.5.1.2 Maximum String Size 134 7.5.1.3 Determining Maximum Current of a PV Module 135 7.5.1.4 Determining Number of Inverters 135 7.5.2 Method 2 136 7.6 Size of PV Plant DC Side 136 7.7 DC Cables 138 7.7.1 Criteria 138 7.7.2 DC Cables Cross Section 139 7.7.2.1 Current Capacity 139 7.7.2.2 Voltage Drop 141 7.7.2.3 Power Loss 143 7.7.2.4 Short-circuit Current 143 7.8 DC Box Combiner 144 7.9 String Diode 145 7.10 Fuse 145 7.10.1 Rated Voltage 146 7.10.2 Rated Current 146 7.10.3 Fuse Testing 147 7.10.4 Melting Time 147 7.11 Surge Arrester 148 7.12 DC Switch 149 7.13 Conclusion 150 Note 150 References 150 8 PV System Losses and Energy Yield 8.1. Introduction 8.2. PV System Losses 8.2.1. Sunlight Losses 8.2.1.1. Array Incidence Losses 8.2.1.2. Soiling Losses 8.2.1.3. Dust Losses 8.2.1.4. Snow Losses 8.2.2. Sunlight into DC Electricity Conversion 8.2.2.1. Temperature-r Related Losses 8.2.2.2. Shading Losses 8.2.2.3. Low Irradiance 8.2.2.4. Module Quality 8.2.2.5. Light-Induced Degradation 8.2.2.6. Potential-Induced Degradation 8.2.2.7. Manufacturing Module Mismatch 8.2.2.8. Degradation 8.2.3. DC to AC Conversion Losses 8.2.3.1. Inverter Losses 8.2.3.2. MPPT Losses 8.2.3.3. Tracking Curtailment 8.2.3.4. PV Plant DC Losses 8.2.4. PV Plant AC Losses 8.2.4.1. AC Losses 8.2.4.2. Auxiliary Power Losses 8.2.4.3. Downtime and Unavailability 8.2.4.4. Grid Compliance Losses 8.3. Energy Yield Prediction 8.3.1. Irradiation on Modules 8.3.2. PV Plant Losses 8.3.3. Performance Modeling 8.3.4. Uncertainty in Energy Yield 8.3.5. Performance Ratio 8.3.6. Capacity Factor 8.4. Conclusion References

Read more less

Book SynopsisPOWER GRID RESILIENCE AGAINST NATURAL DISASTERS How to protect our power grids in the face of extreme weather events The field of structural and operational resilience of power systems, particularly against natural disasters, is of obvious importance in light of climate change and the accompanying increase in hurricanes, wildfires, tornados, frigid temperatures, and more. Addressing these vulnerabilities in service is a matter of increasing diligence for the electric power industry, and as such, targeted studies and advanced technologies are being developed to help address these issues generallywhether they be from the threat of cyber-attacks or of natural disasters. Power Grid Resilience against Natural Disasters provides, for the first time, a comprehensive and systematic introduction to resilience-enhancing planning and operation strategies of power grids against extreme events. It addresses, in detail, the three necessary steps to ensure power grid sucTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxiii Part I Introduction 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Power Grid and Natural Disasters 3 1.2 Power Grid Resilience 4 1.2.1 Definitions 4 1.2.2 Importance and Benefits 6 1.2.2.1 Dealing withWeather-Related Disastrous Events 6 1.2.2.2 Facilitating the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources 7 1.2.2.3 Dealing with Cybersecurity-Related Events 8 1.2.3 Challenges 9 1.3 Resilience Enhancement Against Disasters 12 1.3.1 Preparedness Prior to Disasters 12 1.3.1.1 Component-Level Resilience Enhancement 13 1.3.1.2 System-Level Resilience Enhancement 14 1.3.2 Response as Disasters Unfold 14 1.3.2.1 System State Acquisition 15 1.3.2.2 Controlled Separation 16 1.3.3 Recovery After Disasters 17 1.3.3.1 Conventional Recovery Process 17 1.3.3.2 Microgrids for Electric Service Recovery 18 1.3.3.3 Distribution Grid Topology Reconfiguration 18 1.4 Coordination and Co-Optimization 20 1.5 Focus of This Book 22 1.6 Summary 23 References 23 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page viii [1] [1] [1] [1] viii Contents Part II Preparedness Prior to a Natural Disaster 35 2 Preventive Maintenance to Enhance Grid Reliability 37 2.1 Component- and System-Level Deterioration Model 37 2.1.1 Component-Level Deterioration Transition Probability 38 2.1.2 System-Level Deterioration Transition Probability 40 2.1.3 Mathematical Model without Harsh External Conditions 40 2.2 Preventive Maintenance in Consideration of Disasters 41 2.2.1 Potential Disasters Influencing Preventive Maintenance 41 2.2.2 Preventive Maintenance Model with Disasters Influences 42 2.2.2.1 Probabilistic Model of Repair Delays Caused By Harsh External Conditions 42 2.2.2.2 Activity Vectors Corresponding to Repair Delays 42 2.2.2.3 Expected Cost 43 2.3 Solution Algorithms 44 2.3.1 Backward Induction 44 2.3.2 Search Space Reduction Method 44 2.4 Case Studies 45 2.4.1 Data Description 45 2.4.2 Case I: Verification of the Proposed Model 45 2.4.2.1 Verifying the Model Using Monte Carlo Simulations 46 2.4.2.2 Selection of Optimal Maintenance Activities 47 2.4.2.3 Influences of Harsh External Conditions on Maintenance 48 2.4.3 Case II: Results Simulating the Zhejiang Electric Power Grid 48 2.5 Summary and Conclusions 51 Nomenclature 52 References 53 3 Preallocating Emergency Resources to Enhance Grid Survivability 55 3.1 Emergency Resources of Grids against Disasters 55 3.2 Mobile Emergency Generators and Grid Survivability 58 3.2.1 Microgrid Formation 59 3.2.2 Preallocation and Real-Time Allocation 59 3.2.3 Coordination with Conventional Restoration Procedures 60 3.3 Preallocation Optimization of Mobile Emergency Generators 61 3.3.1 A Two-Stage Stochastic Optimization Model 61 3.3.2 Availability of Mobile Emergency Generators 66 3.3.3 Connection of Mobile Emergency Generators 66 3.3.4 Coordination of Multiple Flexibility in Microgrids 67 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page ix [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents ix 3.4 Solution Algorithms 67 3.4.1 Scenario Generation and Reduction 68 3.4.2 Dijkstra’s Shortest-Path Algorithm 69 3.4.3 Scenario Decomposition Algorithm 69 3.5 Case Studies 70 3.5.1 Test System Introduction 70 3.5.2 Demonstration of the Proposed Dispatch Method 71 3.5.3 Capacity Utilization Rate 73 3.5.4 Importance of Considering Traffic Issue and Preallocation 75 3.5.5 Computational Efficiency 76 3.6 Summary and Conclusions 77 Nomenclature 78 References 80 4 Grid Automation Enabling Prompt Restoration 85 4.1 Smart Grid and Automation Systems 85 4.2 Distribution System Automation and Restoration 87 4.3 Prompt Restoration with Remote-Controlled Switches 89 4.4 Remote-Controlled Switch Allocation Models 91 4.4.1 Minimizing Customer Interruption Cost 91 4.4.2 Minimizing System Average Interruption Duration Index 93 4.4.3 Maximizing System Restoration Capability 94 4.5 Solution Method 95 4.5.1 Practical Candidate Restoration Strategies 95 4.5.2 Model Transformation 99 4.5.3 Linearization and Simplification Techniques 100 4.5.4 Overall Solution Process 100 4.6 Case Studies 102 4.6.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 102 4.6.1.1 Results of the CIC-oriented Model 102 4.6.1.2 Results of the SAIDI-oriented Model 103 4.6.1.3 Results of the RL-oriented Model 105 4.6.1.4 Comparisons 105 4.6.2 Results on a Large Test System 106 4.7 Impacts of Remote-Controlled Switch Malfunction 109 4.8 Consideration of Distributed Generations 110 4.9 Summary and Conclusions 111 Nomenclature of RCS-Restoration Models 112 Nomenclature of RCS Allocation Models 113 References 113 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page x [1] [1] [1] [1] x Contents Part III Response as a Natural Disaster Unfolds 119 5 Security Region-Based Operational Point Analysis for Resilience Enhancement 121 5.1 Resilience-Oriented Operational Strategies 121 5.2 Security Region during an Unfolding Disaster 123 5.2.1 Sequential Security Region 123 5.2.2 Uncertain Varying System Topology Changes 125 5.3 Operational Point Analysis Resilience Enhancement 126 5.3.1 Sequential Security Region 126 5.3.2 Sequential Security Region with Uncertain Varying Topology Changes 127 5.3.3 Mapping System Topology Changes 129 5.3.4 Bilevel Optimization Model 130 5.3.5 Solution Process 131 5.4 Case Studies 132 5.5 Summary and Conclusions 138 Nomenclature 138 References 140 6 Proactive Resilience Enhancement Strategy for Transmission Systems 143 6.1 Proactive Strategy Against ExtremeWeather Events 143 6.2 System States Caused by Unfolding Disasters 145 6.2.1 Component Failure Rate 146 6.2.2 System States on Disasters’ Trajectories 146 6.2.3 Transition Probabilities Between Different System States 147 6.3 Sequentially Proactive Operation Strategy 148 6.3.1 Sequential Decision Processes 148 6.3.2 Sequentially Proactive Operation Strategy Constraints 148 6.3.3 Linear Scalarization of the Model 150 6.3.4 Case Studies 152 6.3.4.1 IEEE 30-Bus System 152 6.3.4.2 A Practical Power Grid System 156 6.4 Summary and Conclusions 159 Nomenclature 160 References 162 7 Markov Decision Process-Based Resilience Enhancement for Distribution Systems 165 7.1 Real-Time Response Against Unfolding Disasters 165 7.2 Disasters’ Influences on Distribution Systems 167 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xi [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents xi 7.2.1 Markov States on Disasters’ Trajectories 167 7.2.2 Transition Probability Between Markov States 169 7.3 Markov Decision Processes-Based Optimization Model 169 7.3.1 Markov Decision Processes-based Recursive Model 169 7.3.2 Operational Constraints 170 7.3.2.1 Radiality Constraint 170 7.3.2.2 Repair Constraint 170 7.3.2.3 Power Flow Constraint 171 7.3.2.4 Power Balance Constraint 171 7.3.2.5 Line Capacity Constraint 171 7.3.2.6 Voltage Constraint 172 7.4 Solution Algorithms – Approximate Dynamic Programming 172 7.4.1 Solution Challenges 172 7.4.2 Post-decision States 174 7.4.3 Forward Dynamic Algorithm 174 7.4.4 Proposed Model Reformulation 175 7.4.5 Iteration Process 177 7.5 Case Studies 177 7.5.1 IEEE 33-Bus System 177 7.5.1.1 Data Description 177 7.5.1.2 Estimated Values of Post-Decision States 178 7.5.1.3 Dispatch Strategies with Estimated Values of Post-Decision States 180 7.5.2 IEEE 123-Bus System 181 7.5.2.1 Data Description 181 7.5.2.2 Simulated Results 181 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 183 Nomenclature 184 References 186 Part IV Recovery After a Natural Disaster 189 8 Microgrids with Flexible Boundaries for Service Restoration 191 8.1 Using Microgrids in Service Restoration 191 8.2 Dynamically Formed Microgrids 194 8.2.1 Flexible Boundaries in Microgrid Formation Optimization 194 8.2.2 Radiality Constraints and Topological Flexibility 195 8.3 Mathematical Formulation of Radiality Constraints 198 8.3.1 Loop-Eliminating Model 200 8.3.2 Path-Based Model 200 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xii [1] [1] [1] [1] xii Contents 8.3.3 Single-Commodity Flow-Based Model 200 8.3.4 Parent–Child Node Relation-Based Model 201 8.3.5 Primal and Dual Graph-Based Model 201 8.3.6 Spanning Forest-Based Model 201 8.4 Adaptive Microgrid Formation for Service Restoration 202 8.4.1 Formulation and Validity 202 8.4.2 Tightness and Compactness 205 8.4.3 Applicability and Application 207 8.5 Case Studies 211 8.5.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 211 8.5.2 Results on a Large Test System 215 8.5.3 LinDistFlow Model Accuracy 219 8.6 Summary and Conclusions 219 8.A.1 Proof of Theorem 8.1 220 8.A.2 Proof of Proposition 8.1 220 Nomenclature of Spanning Tree Constraints 221 Nomenclature of MG Formation Model 221 References 222 9 Microgrids with Mobile Power Sources for Service Restoration 227 9.1 Grid Survivability and Recovery with Mobile Power Sources 227 9.2 Routing and Scheduling Mobile Power Sources in Microgrids 230 9.3 Mobile Power Sources and Supporting Facilities 233 9.3.1 Availability 233 9.3.2 Grid-Forming Functions 234 9.3.3 Cost-Effectiveness 234 9.4 A Two-Stage Dispatch Framework 235 9.4.1 Proactive Pre-Dispatch 235 9.4.2 Dynamic Routing and Scheduling 239 9.5 Solution Method 243 9.5.1 Column-and-Constraint Generation Algorithm 243 9.5.2 Linearization Techniques 245 9.6 Case Studies 245 9.6.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 246 9.6.1.1 Results of MPS Proactive Pre-positioning 246 9.6.1.2 Results of MPS Dynamic Dispatch 247 9.6.2 Results on a Large Test System 251 9.7 Summary and Conclusions 255 Nomenclature 255 References 257 Trim Size: 152mm x 229mm Single Column Lei801474 ftoc.tex V1 - 10/31/2022 4:04pm Page xiii [1] [1] [1] [1] Contents xiii 10 Co-Optimization of Grid Flexibilities in Recovery Logistics 261 10.1 Post-Disaster Recovery Logistics of Grids 261 10.1.1 Power Infrastructure Recovery 262 10.1.2 Microgrid-Based Service Restoration 263 10.1.3 A Co-Optimization Approach 264 10.2 Flexibility Resources in Grid Recovery Logistics 265 10.2.1 Routing and Scheduling of Repair Crews 265 10.2.2 Routing and Scheduling of Mobile Power Sources 268 10.2.3 Grid Reconfiguration and Operation 271 10.3 Co-Optimization of Flexibility Resources 277 10.4 Solution Method 280 10.4.1 Pre-assigning Minimal Repair Tasks 280 10.4.2 Selecting Candidate Nodes to Connect Mobile Power Sources 281 10.4.3 Linearization Techniques 283 10.5 Case Studies 284 10.5.1 Illustration on a Small Test System 284 10.5.2 Results on a Large Test System 287 10.5.3 Computational Efficiency 290 10.5.4 LinDistFlow Model Accuracy 292 10.6 Summary and Conclusions 293 10.A.1 Proof of Proposition 10.1 293 References 294 Index 301

Read more less

Book SynopsisControl of Power Electronic Converters with Microgrid Applications Discover a systematic approach to design controllers for power electronic converters and circuits In Control of Power Electronic Converters with Microgrid Applications, distinguished academics and authors Drs. Arindam Ghosh and Firuz Zare deliver a systematic exploration of design controllers for power electronic converters and circuits. The book offers readers the knowledge necessary to effectively design intelligent control mechanisms. It covers the theoretical requirements, like advanced control theories and the analysis and conditioning of AC signals as well as controller development and control. The authors provide readers with discussions of custom power devices, as well as both DC and AC microgrids. They also discuss the harmonic issues that are crucial in this area, as well as harmonic standardization. The book addresses a widespread lack of understanding in the control philosophy that can lead to a stable operaTable of ContentsAuthor Biographies xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction to Power Electronics 4 1.2 Power Converter Modes of Operation 7 1.3 Power Converter Topologies 9 1.4 Harmonics and Filters 10 1.5 Power Converter Operating Conditions, Modelling, and Control 12 1.6 Control of Power Electronic Systems 14 1.6.1 Open-loop Versus Closed-loop Control 14 1.6.2 Nonlinear Systems 16 1.6.3 Piecewise Linear Systems 17 1.7 Power Distribution Systems 18 1.8 Concluding Remarks 20 References 20 2 Analysis of AC Signals 23 2.1 Symmetrical Components 24 2.1.1 Voltage Unbalanced Factor (VUF) 25 2.1.2 Real and Reactive Power 26 2.2 Instantaneous Symmetrical Components 27 2.2.1 Estimating Symmetrical Components from Instantaneous Measurements 29 2.2.2 Instantaneous Real and Reactive Power 34 2.3 Harmonics 37 2.4 Clarke and Park Transforms 39 2.4.1 Clarke Transform 39 2.4.2 Park Transform 40 2.4.3 Real and Reactive Power 41 2.4.4 Analyzing a Three-phase Circuit 43 2.4.5 Relation Between Clarke and Park Transforms 45 2.5 Phase Locked Loop (PLL) 46 2.5.1 Three-phase PLL System 47 2.5.2 PLL for Unbalanced System 50 2.5.3 Frequency Estimation of Balanced Signal Using αβ Components 52 2.6 Concluding Remarks 53 Problems 54 Notes and References 56 3 Review of SISO Control Systems 59 3.1 Transfer Function and Time Response 60 3.1.1 Steady State Error and DC Gain 60 3.1.2 System Damping and Stability 62 3.1.3 Shaping a Second-order Response 63 3.1.4 Step Response of First- and Higher-order Systems 65 3.2 Routh–Hurwitz’s Stability Test 66 3.3 Root Locus 69 3.3.1 Number of Branches and Terminal Points 70 3.3.2 Real Axis Locus 71 3.3.3 Breakaway and Break-in Points 73 3.4 PID Control 76 3.4.1 PI Controller 77 3.4.2 PD Controller 78 3.4.3 Tuning of PID Controllers 81 3.5 Frequency Response Methods 83 3.5.1 Bode Plot 85 3.5.2 Nyquist (Polar) Plot 89 3.5.3 Nyquist Stability Criterion 91 3.6 Relative Stability 95 3.6.1 Phase and Gain Margins 95 3.6.2 Bandwidth 101 3.7 Compensator Design 104 3.7.1 Lead Compensator 104 3.7.2 Lag Compensator 108 3.7.3 Lead–lag Compensator 108 3.8 Discrete-time Control 110 3.8.1 Discrete-time Representation 110 3.8.2 The z-transform 111 3.8.3 Transformation from Continuous Time to Discrete Time 112 3.8.4 Mapping s-Plane into z-Plane 112 3.8.5 Difference Equation and Transfer Function 113 3.8.6 Digital PID Control 115 3.9 Concluding Remarks 115 Problems 116 Notes and References 120 4 Power Electronic Control Design Challenges 123 4.1 Analysis of Buck Converter 123 4.1.1 Designing a Buck Converter 126 4.1.2 The Need for a Controller 128 4.1.3 Dynamic State of a Power Converter 133 4.1.4 Averaging Method 133 4.1.5 Small Signal Model of Buck Converter 135 4.1.6 Transfer Function of Buck Converter 136 4.1.7 Control of Buck Converter 136 4.2 Transfer Function of Boost Converter 140 4.2.1 Control of Boost Converter 141 4.2.2 Two-loop Control of Boost Converter 144 4.2.3 Some Practical Issues 150 4.3 Concluding Remarks 151 Problems 151 Notes and References 152 5 State Space Analysis and Design 153 5.1 State Space Representation of Linear Systems 154 5.1.1 Continuous-time Systems 154 5.1.2 Discrete-time Systems 155 5.2 Solution of State Equation of a Continuous-time System 156 5.2.1 State Transition Matrix 156 5.2.2 Properties of State Transition Matrix 158 5.2.3 State Transition Equation 159 5.3 Solution of State Equation of a Discrete-time System 160 5.3.1 State Transition Matrix 161 5.3.2 Computation of State Transition Matrix 161 5.3.3 Discretization of a Continuous-time System 162 5.4 Relation Between State Space Form and Transfer Function 164 5.4.1 Continuous-time System 164 5.4.2 Discrete-time System 166 5.5 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 167 5.5.1 Eigenvalues 167 5.5.2 Eigenvectors 168 5.6 Diagonalization of a Matrix Using Similarity Transform 170 5.6.1 Matrix with Distinct Eigenvalues 170 5.6.2 Matrix with Repeated Eigenvalues 173 5.7 Controllability of LTI Systems 174 5.7.1 Implication of Cayley–Hamilton Theorem 176 5.7.2 Controllability Test Condition 176 5.8 Observability of LTI Systems 178 5.9 Pole Placement Through State Feedback 180 5.9.1 Pole Placement with Integral Action 183 5.9.2 Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) 185 5.9.3 Discrete-time State Feedback with Integral Control 187 5.10 Observer Design (Full Order) 187 5.10.1 Separation Principle 188 5.11 Control of DC-DC Converter 190 5.11.1 Steady State Calculation 192 5.11.2 Linearized Model of a Boost Converter 195 5.11.3 State Feedback Control of a Boost Converter 196 5.12 Concluding Remarks 200 Problems 201 Notes and References 204 6 Discrete-time Control 207 6.1 Minimum Variance (MV) Prediction and Control 208 6.1.1 Discrete-time Models for SISO Systems 208 6.1.2 MV Prediction 209 6.1.3 MV Control Law 212 6.1.4 One-step-ahead Control 214 6.2 Pole Placement Controller 218 6.2.1 Pole Shift Control 222 6.3 Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) 225 6.3.1 Simplified GPC Computation 233 6.4 Adaptive Control 234 6.5 Least-squares Estimation 235 6.5.1 Matrix Inversion Lemma 237 6.5.2 Recursive Least-squares (RLS) Identification 238 6.5.3 Bias and Consistency 242 6.6 Self-tuning Controller 244 6.6.1 MV Self-tuning Control 244 6.6.2 Pole Shift Self-tuning Control 248 6.6.3 Self-tuning Control of Boost Converter 249 6.7 Concluding Remarks 252 Problems 253 Notes and References 254 7 DC-AC Converter Modulation Techniques 257 7.1 Single-phase Bridge Converter 258 7.1.1 Hysteresis Current Control 259 7.1.2 Bipolar Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) 263 7.1.3 Unipolar Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation 265 7.2 SPWM of Three-phase Bridge Converter 267 7.3 Space Vector Modulation (SVM) 271 7.3.1 Calculation of Space Vectors 272 7.3.2 Common Mode Voltage 273 7.3.3 Timing Calculations 274 7.3.4 An Alternate Method for Timing Calculations 277 7.3.5 Sequencing of Space Vectors 279 7.4 SPWM with Third Harmonic Injection 282 7.5 Multilevel Converters 285 7.5.1 Diode-clamped Multilevel Converter 290 7.5.2 Switching States of Diode-clamped Multilevel Converters 291 7.5.3 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter 295 7.5.4 Cascaded Multilevel Converter 302 7.5.5 Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) 302 7.5.6 PWM of Multilevel Converters 303 7.6 Concluding Remarks 306 Problems 307 Notes and References 307 8 Control of DC-AC Converters 311 8.1 Filter Structure and Design 311 8.1.1 Filter Design 313 8.1.2 Filter with Passive Damping 315 8.2 State Feedback Based PWM Voltage Control 315 8.2.1 HPF-based Control Design 318 8.2.2 Observer-based Current Estimation 321 8.3 State Feedback Based SVPWM Voltage Control 323 8.4 Sliding Mode Control 324 8.4.1 Sliding Mode Voltage Control 326 8.5 State Feedback Current Control 330 8.6 Output Feedback Current Control 333 8.7 Concluding Remarks 336 Problems 337 Notes and References 338 9 VSC Applications in Custom Power 341 9.1 DSTATCOM in Voltage Control Mode 342 9.1.1 Discrete-time PWM State Feedback Control 346 9.1.2 Discrete-time Output Feedback PWM Control 348 9.1.3 Voltage Control Using Four-leg Converter 351 9.1.4 The Effect of System Frequency 353 9.1.5 Power Factor Correction 357 9.2 Load Compensation 360 9.2.1 Classical Load Compensation Technique 360 9.2.2 Load Compensation Using VSC 363 9.3 Other Custom Power Devices 367 9.4 Concluding Remarks 370 Problems 370 Notes and References 373 10 Microgrids 377 10.1 Operating Modes of a Converter 380 10.2 Grid Forming Converters 381 10.2.1 PI Control in dq-domain 382 10.2.2 State Feedback Control in dq-domain 385 10.3 Grid Feeding Converters 389 10.4 Grid Supporting Converters for Islanded Operation of Microgrids 392 10.4.1 Active and Reactive Over a Feeder 393 10.4.2 Inductive Grid 394 10.4.3 Resistive Grid 398 10.4.4 Consideration of Line Impedances 400 10.4.5 Virtual Impedance 402 10.4.6 Inclusion of Nondispatchable Sources 405 10.4.7 Angle Droop Control 406 10.5 Grid-connected Operation of Microgrid 411 10.6 DC Microgrids 415 10.6.1 P-V Droop Control 417 10.6.2 The Effect of Line Resistances 419 10.6.3 I-V Droop Control 421 10.6.4 DCMG Operation with DC-DC Converters 423 10.7 Integrated AC-DC System 424 10.7.1 Dual Active Bridge (DAB) 425 10.7.2 AC Utility Connected DCMG 429 10.8 Control Hierarchies of Microgrids 430 10.8.1 Primary Control 430 10.8.2 Secondary Control 432 10.8.3 Tertiary Control 433 10.9 Smart Distribution Networks: Networked Microgrids 434 10.9.1 Interconnection of Networked Microgrids 435 10.10 Microgrids in Cluster 439 10.10.1 The Concept of Power Exchange Highway (PEH) 442 10.10.2 Operation of DC Power Exchange Highway (DC-PEH) 444 10.10.3 Overload Detection and Surplus Power Calculation 445 10.10.4 Operation of DC-PEH 447 10.10.5 Dynamic Droop Gain Selection 448 10.11 Concluding Remarks 456 Problems 457 Notes and References 460 11 Harmonics in Electrical and Electronic Systems 465 11.1 Harmonics and Interharmonics 465 11.1.1 High-frequency Harmonics (2–150 kHz) 467 11.1.2 EMI in the Frequency Range of 150 kHz–30 MHz 468 11.1.3 Common Mode and Differential Mode Harmonics and Noises 469 11.1.4 Stiff and Weak Grids 470 11.2 Power Quality Factors and Definitions 471 11.2.1 Harmonic Distortion 471 11.2.2 Power and Displacement Factors 473 11.3 Harmonics Generated by Power Electronics in Power Systems 474 11.3.1 Harmonic Analysis at a Load Side (a Three-phase Inverter) 477 11.3.2 Harmonic Analysis at a Grid Side (a Three-phase Rectifier) 479 11.3.3 Harmonic Analysis at Grid Side (Single-phase Rectifier with and without PF Correction System) 484 11.3.4 Harmonic Analysis at Grid Side (AFE) 488 11.4 Power Quality Regulations and Standards 491 11.4.1 IEEE Standards 491 11.4.2 IEEE 519 491 11.4.3 IEEE 1547 494 11.4.4 IEEE 1662-2008 494 11.4.5 IEEE 1826-2012 495 11.4.6 IEEE 1709-2010 496 11.4.7 IEC Standards 497 11.5 Concluding Remarks 499 Notes and References 499 Index 501

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsBiography xix Preface xxi Organization of the Book xxiii Acknowledgments xxv About the Companion Website xxvi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Prologue 1 1.2 The Past 1 1.3 The Present 2 1.4 The Future 2 1.5 New Developments 3 1.6 Epilogue 3 1.7 The Electric Power System 4 1.8 Distribution System Devices 5 1.8.1 Substation Devices 6 1.8.1.1 Power Transformers 6 1.8.1.2 Switchgear 7 1.8.1.3 Compensating Devices 7 1.8.1.4 Protection Equipment 8 1.8.1.5 Control and Monitoring Devices 8 1.8.2 Primary System Components 8 1.8.2.1 Feeders and Laterals 9 1.8.2.2 Switches 9 1.8.2.3 Compensating Devices 10 1.8.2.4 Protection Equipment 10 1.8.2.5 Control and Monitoring Devices 11 1.8.2.6 Distribution Transformers 11 1.8.2.7 Types of Primary Systems 11 1.8.3 Secondary System Components 11 1.9 Frequently Asked Questions on Distribution Systems 12 Reference 12 2 Distribution System Transformers 13 2.1 Definition 13 2.2 Types of Distribution Transformers 13 2.2.1 Overhead Transformers 13 2.2.2 Underground Transformers 14 2.3 Standards 14 2.3.1 Loading of Transformers 14 2.3.2 Types of Cooling 15 2.3.2.1 OA – Oil-Immersed Self-Cooled 15 2.3.2.2 OA/FA – Oil-Immersed Self-Cooled/Forced-Air Cooled 15 2.3.2.3 OA/FA/FOA – Oil-immersed Self-Cooled/Forced-Air Cooled/Forced-Oil Forced-Air Cooled 16 2.3.2.4 FOA – Oil-Immersed Forced-Oil Cooled with Forced-Air Cooled 16 2.3.2.5 OW– Oil-ImmersedWater Cooled 16 2.3.2.6 FOW– Oil-Immersed Forced-Oil Cooled with Forced-Water Cooled 17 2.3.2.7 AA – Dry-Type Self-cooled 17 2.3.2.8 AFA – Dry-Type Forced-Air Cooled 17 2.3.2.9 AA/FA – Dry-Type Self-cooled/Forced-Air Cooled 17 2.3.3 Terminal Markings and Polarity 17 2.3.4 Insulation Class 17 2.4 Single-Phase Transformer 18 2.4.1 Model for a Single-Phase Transformer 18 2.4.2 Performance Analysis 20 2.4.3 Regulation 20 2.4.4 Taps 21 2.5 Distribution Transformer Connections 21 2.5.1 Example 22 2.5.2 Parallel Operation of Three-wire Transformers 23 2.5.3 Single-Phase Autotransformers 25 2.6 Three-Phase Transformer Connections 26 2.6.1 Analysis of Y/Δ Transformer with Unbalanced Load 27 2.6.2 Analysis of Y/Y Transformer 29 2.6.3 Three-winding Transformer 31 Problems 33 References 34 3 Distribution Line Models 35 3.1 Overview 35 3.2 Conductor Types and Sizes 35 3.2.1 Sizes 35 3.2.2 Overhead Feeders 35 3.2.3 Underground Feeders 36 3.2.4 Conductor Data 37 3.3 Generalized Carson’s Models 38 3.4 Series Impedance Models of Overhead Lines 39 3.4.1 Three-phase Line 39 3.4.2 Single- and Two-phase Line Modeling 42 3.4.3 Three-phase Line Example 42 3.5 Series Impedance Models of Underground Lines 44 3.5.1 Nonconcentric Neutral Cables 44 3.5.2 Concentric Neutral Cables 45 3.5.2.1 Single-phase Cable 45 3.5.2.2 Three-phase Cable 46 Problems 49 References 52 4 Distribution System Analysis 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Modeling of Source Impedance 53 4.3 Load Models 54 4.3.1 Load Model I 54 4.3.2 Load Model II 56 4.3.3 Load Model III 56 4.3.4 Load Model IV 57 4.4 Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) 57 4.5 Power Flow Studies 61 4.5.1 Line Model 62 4.5.2 Load and DER Model 63 4.5.3 Computing Currents 65 4.5.4 Power Flow Algorithm 66 4.6 Voltage Regulation 68 4.6.1 Voltage Regulation Definition 68 4.6.2 Approximate Method for Voltage Regulation 69 4.6.3 Voltage Drop on Radial Feeders with Uniformly Distributed Load 72 4.6.4 Voltage Drop on a Radial Feeder Serving a Triangular Area 74 4.7 Fault Calculations 75 4.7.1 Prefault System 76 4.7.2 Three-phase Fault 78 4.7.3 Double-Line-to-Ground (DLG) Fault 79 4.7.4 Single-Line-to-Ground (SLG) Fault 80 4.7.5 Line-to-Line (LL) Fault 80 4.7.6 Symmetrical Component-based Fault Analysis 81 4.7.6.1 Three-phase Fault 82 4.7.6.2 DLG Fault 83 4.7.6.3 SLG Fault 84 4.7.6.4 LL Fault 85 Problems 86 References 88 5 Distribution System Planning 89 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Traditional vs. Modern Approaches to Planning 90 5.3 Long-term Load Forecasting 90 5.4 Load Characteristics 92 5.4.1 Customer Classes 92 5.4.2 Loads in a Modern House 94 5.4.3 Time Aggregation 95 5.4.4 Diversity and Coincidence 96 5.4.5 Demand Factor 101 5.4.6 Load Duration Curve 101 5.4.7 Load Factor 103 5.4.8 Loss Factor 103 5.5 Design Criteria and Standards 105 5.5.1 Voltage Standards 105 5.5.2 Conservation Voltage Reduction 106 5.6 Distribution System Design 107 5.6.1 Substation Design 107 5.6.2 Design of Primary Feeders 108 5.6.3 Design of Secondary Systems 111 5.6.4 Underground Distribution Systems 111 5.6.5 Rural vs. Urban Systems 113 5.7 Cold Load Pickup (CLPU) 114 5.7.1 CLPU Fundamentals 114 5.7.2 CLPU Models 115 5.7.3 Impacts of CLPU 116 5.7.4 Operating Limits 117 5.8 Asset Management 117 Problems 118 References 121 6 Economics of Distribution Systems 123 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Basic Concepts 123 6.2.1 Interest Rate 123 6.2.2 Inflation 124 6.2.3 Discount Rate 124 6.2.4 Time Value of Money 124 6.2.5 Annuity 125 6.2.6 PresentWorth of Annuity 125 6.2.7 PresentWorth of Geometric Series 125 6.3 Selection of Devices: Conductors and Transformers 126 6.3.1 Distribution Feeder Conductors 126 6.3.1.1 Conductor Economics 126 6.3.1.2 Reach of Feeders 129 6.3.1.3 Optimal Selection of Conductors for Feeders 132 6.3.1.4 Example 135 6.3.2 Economic Evaluation of Transformers 136 6.4 Tariffs and Pricing 138 6.4.1 Electricity Rates 138 6.4.1.1 Energy 138 6.4.1.2 Demand 139 6.4.1.3 Time of Use (TOU) 139 6.4.1.4 Critical Peak Pricing (CPP) 139 6.4.1.5 Critical Peak Rebates (CPRs) 139 6.4.1.6 Interruptible Rates 140 6.4.1.7 Power Factor-Based Rates 140 6.4.1.8 Real-Time Price 140 6.4.1.9 Net Metering 140 6.4.2 Understanding Electricity Bills 141 6.4.2.1 Monthly Rate 141 6.4.3 Rural Electric Cooperatives (RECs) 142 6.4.4 Municipal Utilities 142 Problems 143 References 146 7 Distribution System Operation and Automation 147 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 Distribution Automation 148 7.3 Communication Infrastructure 151 7.4 Distribution Automation Functions 151 7.4.1 Outage Management 153 7.4.2 Feeder Reconfiguration 154 7.4.3 Voltage and var Management 155 7.4.3.1 Transformer LTC Operation 155 7.4.3.2 Capacitor Operation 156 7.4.3.3 Regulator Operation 157 7.4.3.4 Smart Inverters 157 7.4.4 Monitoring and Control 159 7.4.4.1 Transformer Life Extension 159 7.4.4.2 Recloser/Circuit Breaker Monitoring and Control 160 7.5 Cost–Benefit of Distribution Automation 160 7.5.1 Higher Energy Sales 162 7.5.2 Reduced Labor for Fault Location 162 7.5.3 O&M of Switches and Controllers 162 7.5.4 Lesser Low-Voltage Complaints 162 7.6 Cost–Benefit Case Studies 163 References 165 8 Analysis of Distribution System Operation Functions 169 8.1 Introduction 169 8.2 Outage Management 169 8.2.1 Trouble Call Analysis 171 8.2.1.1 Outage Location Using Escalation Methods 172 8.2.1.2 Rule-Based Escalation 173 8.2.1.3 Test Cases 175 8.3 Voltage and var Control 178 8.3.1 Load Tap Changer 178 8.3.2 Line Regulators 179 8.3.3 Capacitors 179 8.3.4 Capacitor Placement 180 8.3.4.1 Illustrative Example 181 8.3.5 Capacitor Switching and Control 185 8.4 Distribution System Reconfiguration 185 8.4.1 Multiobjective Reconfiguration Problem 185 8.4.1.1 Minimization of Real Loss 186 8.4.1.2 Transformer Load Balancing 186 8.4.1.3 Minimization of Voltage Deviation 187 8.4.2 Illustrative Example 187 8.5 Distribution System Restoration 188 8.5.1 Step-by-Step Restoration 189 8.5.2 Restoration Times 191 8.5.3 Derivation of Restoration Times 192 8.5.4 Optimal Operation and Design for Restoration During CLPU 193 8.5.4.1 Thermally Limited System 193 8.5.4.2 Voltage Drop Limited System 194 References 195 9 Distribution System Reliability 197 9.1 Motivation 197 9.2 Basic Definitions 198 9.3 Reliability Indices 201 9.3.1 Basic Parameters 201 9.3.2 Sustained Interruption Indices 202 9.3.2.1 System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) 202 9.3.2.2 System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) 202 9.3.2.3 Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI) 203 9.3.2.4 Customer Total Average Interruption Duration Index (CTAIDI) 203 9.3.2.5 Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (CAIFI) 203 9.3.2.6 Average Service Availability Index (ASAI) 203 9.3.2.7 Customers Experiencing Multiple Interruptions (CEMIn) 204 9.3.2.8 Customers Experiencing Long Interruption Durations (CELID) 204 9.3.3 Load-based Indices 204 9.3.3.1 Average System Interruption Frequency Index (ASIFI) 204 9.3.3.2 Average System Interruption Duration Index (ASIDI) 205 9.3.4 Momentary Interruption Indices 205 9.3.4.1 Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index (MAIFI) 205 9.3.4.2 The Momentary Average Interruption Event Frequency Index (MAIFIE) 205 9.3.4.3 Customers Experiencing Multiple Sustained Interruption and Momentary Interruption Events Index (CEMSMIn) 205 9.3.5 Sustained Interruption Example 206 9.3.6 Momentary Interruption Example 208 9.4 Major Event Day Classification 209 9.5 Causes of Outages 210 9.5.1 Trees 211 9.5.2 Lightning 211 9.5.3 Wind 212 9.5.4 Icing 213 9.5.5 Animals/Birds 213 9.5.6 Vehicular Traffic 214 9.5.7 Age of Components 214 9.5.8 Conductor Size 214 9.6 Outage Recording 214 9.7 Predictive Reliability Assessment 216 9.7.1 Component Failure Models 216 9.7.2 Network Reduction 217 9.7.3 Markov Modeling 219 9.7.4 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 223 9.7.4.1 FMEA Method Assumptions 223 9.7.4.2 FMEA Procedure 223 9.7.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 225 9.8 Regulation of Reliability 226 Problems 227 References 229 10 Distribution System Grounding 231 10.1 Basics of Grounding 231 10.1.1 Need for Grounding 231 10.1.2 Approaches for Grounding 231 10.1.3 Effects of Grounding on System Models 233 10.2 Neutral Grounding 233 10.2.1 Neutral Shift Due to Ground Faults 233 10.2.2 Types of Neutral Grounding 234 10.2.3 Standards for Neutral Grounding 234 10.3 Substation Safety 234 10.4 National Electric Safety Code (NESC) 236 10.5 National Electric Code (NEC) 236 References 238 11 Distribution System Protection 239 11.1 Overview and Philosophy 239 11.2 Role of Protection Studies 240 11.3 Protection of Power-carrying Devices 241 11.4 Classification of Protective and Switching Devices 241 11.4.1 Single-action Fuses 241 11.4.1.1 Expulsion Fuses 242 11.4.1.2 Vacuum Fuses 243 11.4.1.3 Current-limiting Fuses 243 11.4.1.4 Distribution Fuse Cutouts 244 11.4.2 Automatic Circuit Reclosers 244 11.4.2.1 Recloser Classifications 247 11.4.3 Sectionalizers 247 11.4.4 Circuit Breakers 249 11.4.5 Time Overcurrent Relays 250 11.4.6 Static or Solid-state Relays 254 11.4.7 Digital or Numerical Relays 254 11.4.8 Load Break Switch 255 11.4.9 Circuit Interrupter 255 11.4.10 Disconnecting Switch 255 11.4.11 Sectionalizing Switch 255 11.4.12 Example Distribution System 255 11.5 New Generation of Devices 256 11.5.1 Smart Switching Devices 256 11.5.1.1 Smart Fuses 257 11.5.1.2 Smart Reclosers (Interrupters) 257 11.5.1.3 Smart Circuit Breakers 257 11.6 Basic Rules of Classical Distribution Protection 257 11.6.1 Operational Convention for Protective Devices 258 11.6.2 Protecting Feeder Segments and Taps 258 11.7 Coordination of Protective Devices 258 11.7.1 General Coordination Rule 259 11.7.2 Fuse–Fuse Coordination 259 11.7.2.1 Model for Fuses 259 11.7.2.2 Rule for Fuse–Fuse Coordination 260 11.7.3 Recloser–Fuse Coordination 262 11.7.4 Recloser–Sectionalizer Coordination 270 11.7.4.1 Rule for Coordination 270 11.7.5 Circuit Breaker–Recloser Coordination 270 11.7.5.1 Models for Relay-controlled Circuit Breakers 270 11.7.5.2 Rule for Coordination 270 11.8 New Digital Sensing and Measuring Devices 272 11.8.1 Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) 272 11.8.2 Microphasor Measurement Units 272 11.8.3 Optical Line Current Sensors 273 11.8.4 Optical Voltage Sensors 274 11.8.5 Digital Pressure and Temperature Sensors 274 11.8.6 Evolving Sensors 274 11.9 Emerging Protection System Design and Coordination 274 Problems 275 References 277 12 Power Quality for Distribution System 279 12.1 Definition of Power Quality 279 12.2 Impacts of Power Quality 280 12.2.1 The Customer Side 280 12.2.2 The Utility Side 281 12.2.3 Importance of Power Quality 281 12.2.4 Cost of Power Quality 281 12.3 Harmonics and PQ Indices 281 12.3.1 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) 281 12.3.1.1 Properties of THD 282 12.3.2 Total Demand Distortion (TDD) 283 12.3.3 Power Factor (PF) 283 12.3.4 Standards for Harmonic Control 284 12.4 Momentary Interruptions 286 12.5 Voltage Sag and Swell 286 12.5.1 Definition 286 12.5.2 ITI (CBEMA) Curve 287 12.6 Flicker 289 Problems 290 References 290 13 Distributed Energy Resources and Microgrids 293 13.1 Introduction 293 13.2 DER Resources and Models 293 13.2.1 Wind Generation 293 13.2.2 Solar Generation 295 13.2.3 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) 296 13.2.4 Microturbine 298 13.2.5 Electric Vehicles 298 13.3 Interconnection Issues 299 13.4 Variable Solar Power 299 13.5 Microgrids 303 13.5.1 Microgrid Types by Supply and Structure 303 13.5.1.1 ac Microgrids 303 13.5.1.2 dc Microgrids 304 13.5.1.3 Hybrid Microgrids 305 13.5.1.4 Networked Microgrids 305 13.5.2 Microgrid Modes of Operation 305 13.5.2.1 Grid-Connected Mode 305 13.5.2.2 Islanded Mode 306 13.5.3 Grid-Following vs. Grid-Forming Inverters 308 13.5.4 Microgrid Protection Challenges and Requirements 309 13.5.5 Examples of Microgrid in Operation 310 13.5.5.1 CERTS Microgrid 310 13.5.5.2 IIT Microgrid 311 13.5.5.3 Philadelphia Navy Yard Microgrid 312 13.6 Off-Grid Electrification 312 13.6.1 Designing Off-Grid Systems 313 13.6.1.1 Load Estimation 313 13.6.1.2 Resource Assessment 313 13.6.1.3 Optimal System Design 313 13.6.1.4 Other Factors 314 References 314 Appendix A Per-unit Representation 317 A.1 Single-phase Systems 317 A.2 Three-phase Systems 318 A.2.1 Per-unit Values for Δ-Connected Systems 318 A.2.2 Per-unit Values for Δ-Connected Systems 319 A.3 Base Values for Transformers 319 A.4 Change of Base 320 A.5 Advantages of Per-unit Representation 320 Appendix B Symmetrical Components 323 Index 327

Read more less

Book SynopsisPower System Relaying An updated edition of the gold standard in power system relaying texts In the newly revised fifth edition of Power System Relaying, a distinguished team of engineers delivers a thorough update to an essential text used by countless univer??sities and industry courses around the world. The book explores the fundamentals of relaying and power system phenomena, including stability, protection, and reliability. The latest edition provides readers with substantial updates to transformer protection, rotating machinery protection, nonpilot distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, power system phenomena, and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection. It also includes an expanded introduction to the elements of protection systems. Problems and solutions round out the new material and offer an indispensable self-contained study environment. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to protective relaying, including discussions of effective grounding and power system bus configurations In-depth explorations of relay operating principles and current and voltage transformersFulsome discussions of nonpilot overcurrent and distance protection of transmission and distribution lines, as well as pilot protection of transmission lines Comprehensive treatments of rotating machinery protection and bus, reactor, and capacitor protection Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students studying power system engineering, Power System Relaying is an ideal resource for practicing engineers involved with power systems and academic researchers studying power system protection.Table of ContentsFront matter Preface to the Fifth Edition Preface to the First Edition 1 Introduction to Protective Relaying 2 Relay Operating Principles 3 Current and Voltage Transformers 4 Nonpilot Overcurrent Protection of Transmission and Distribution Lines 5 Nonpilot Distance Protection of Transmission Lines 6 Pilot Protection of Transmission Lines 7 Rotating Machinery Protection 8 Transformer Protection 9 Bus, Reactor, and Capacitor Protection 10 Power System Phenomena and Relaying Considerations 11 Relaying for System Performance 12 Switching Schemes and Procedures 13 Monitoring the Performance of Power Systems 14 Improved Protection with Wide Area Measurements (WAMS) 15 Protection Considerations for Renewable Resources 16 Solutions Appendix A: IEEE Device Numbers and Functions Appendix B: Symmetrical Components Appendix C: Power Equipment Parameters Appendix D: Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay Characteristics Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn all-in-one resource on power system protection fundamentals, practices, and applications Made up of an assembly of electrical components, power system protections are a critical piece of the electric power system. Despite its central importance to the safe operation of the power grid, the information available on the topic is limited in scope and detail. In Power System Protection: Fundamentals and Applications, a team of renowned engineers delivers an authoritative and robust overview of power system protection ideal for new and early-career engineers and technologists. The book offers device- and manufacturer-agnostic fundamentals using an accessible balance of theory and practical application. It offers a wealth of examples and easy-to-grasp illustrations to aid the reader in understanding and retaining the information provided within. In addition to providing a wealth of information on power system protection applications for generation, transmission, aTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxiii 1 What Is Power System Protection, Why Is It Required and Some Basics? 1 1.1 What Is Power System Protection? 1 1.2 Why Is Power System Protections Required? 2 1.3 Some Basic Protection System Terms and Information 6 References 12 2 Basic Power System Protection Components 13 2.1 General Description 13 2.2 Power System Protection Components 13 2.3 Physical Implementation 21 2.4 Power System Isolation Devices and Control Interfaces 23 2.5 Redundancy Arrangements 24 3 AC Signal Sources 27 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Current Transformers 27 3.3 Voltage Sources 53 References 56 4 Basic Types of Protection Relays and Their Operation 57 4.1 General 57 4.3 Overcurrent 59 4.4 Differential 77 4.5 Distance 86 Reference 94 5 Protection Information Representation, Nomenclature, and Jargon 95 5.1 General 95 5.2 Protection Drawing Types 95 5.3 Nomenclature and Device Numbers 108 5.4 Classification of Relays 112 5.5 Protection Jargon 114 Reference 116 6 Per-Unit System and Fault Calculations 117 6.1 General 117 6.2 Per-Unit 118 6.3 Fundamental Need for Fault Information 125 6.4 Symmetrical Components 128 6.5 Sequence Impedances of Power Apparatus 131 6.6 Balanced Fault Analysis 139 6.7 Sequence Networks 140 6.8 Summary of Unbalance Fault Calculations 144 6.9 High-Level Summary of the Fault Calculation Process 147 6.10 Useful Fault Calculation Formulas/Methods 148 6.11 Fault Calculation Examples 149 References 157 7 Protection Zones 159 7.1 Protection Zones General 159 7.2 Zones Defined 159 7.3 Zone Overlap Around Breakers 161 7.4 Protection Zoning at Stations 163 7.5 Protection Zones in General 170 7.6 Backup Protection 177 7.7 CT Configuration and Protection Trip Zones 178 7.8 Where Protections Zones do not Overlap Around Breakers 182 7.9 Lines Terminating Directly on Buses at a HV Switching Station 183 8 Transformer Protection 185 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 General Principles 185 8.3 Differential Protection Power Transformers 186 8.4 Percent Differential Protection Autotransformers 220 8.5 Transformer Percent Differential Setting Examples 227 Reference 235 9 Bus Protection 237 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Typical Bus Arrangements 237 9.3 Bus Protection Requirements 239 9.4 Methods of Protecting Buses 239 9.5 Example High Impedance Differential Protection Setting 264 Reference 267 10 Breaker Failure Protection and Automatic Reclosing 269 10.1 Introduction 269 10.2 Breaker Failure General Background 269 10.3 Breaker Automatic Reclosing General Background 283 11 Station Protection 285 11.1 Introduction 285 11.2 Types of Stations 285 11.3 Station and Protection Architecture 287 11.4 Station Switchgear Type 300 11.5 Sub-Transmission Types and Station Grounding 302 11.6 Master Ground 303 12 Capacitor Bank Protection 307 12.1 Capacitor Banks 307 12.2 Purpose for Shunt Capacitors on Power System Networks 307 12.3 Capacitor Bank Construction 308 12.4 Capacitor Bank Protection 319 12.5 Capacitor Bank Breakers 324 12.6 Capacitor Bank Sample Settings 324 Reference 333 13 Synchronous Generator Protection 335 13.1 Introduction 335 13.2 General 336 13.3 Generator/Unit Transformer Protections 340 13.4 Current Transformers 355 13.5 Generator Protection Sample Settings 356 13.6 Generator Control and Protection Systems Coordination 363 13.7 General Generator Tripping Requirements 369 13.8 Breaker Failure Initiation 370 Reference 370 14 Transmission Line Protection 371 14.1 General 371 14.2 Basic Line Protection Requirements 371 14.3 Impedance Relays and Why Not Just Overcurrent Relays 372 14.4 Distance Relay Response to Fault Types 376 14.5 Apparent Impedance 381 14.6 Redundancy/Backup 388 14.7 Tele-Protection (Also Known as Pilot-Protection) 390 14.8 General Implications 399 14.9 Peripheral Requirements of Distance Protection 400 14.10 Tele-Protection (Pilot-Protection) A Historical Perspective 408 14.11 Tele-Protection via Power Line Carrier 408 14.12 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) 409 14.13 Three-Terminal Lines 410 14.14 Distributed Generation 413 14.15 Distance Relay Response to Resistive Faults 421 14.16 Power System Considerations 428 14.17 Line Current Differential Protection 433 14.18 Pilot Wire Protection 439 14.19 Power System Considerations 440 14.20 Line Setting Application Example 443 References 453 15 Subtransmission/Distribution Feeder Protection 455 15.1 Subtransmission/Distribution Characteristics 455 15.2 Definitions/Characteristics 455 15.3 Distribution Feeder Protection Devices 459 15.4 Protection Coordination Principles 482 15.5 Feeder Energization 491 15.6 Subtransmission Feeder Protection 493 15.7 Impact of Distributed Generators (DGs) on Distribution Feeder Protection 509 15.8 Feeder Protection Application Settings Example 516 References 522 Index 523

Read more less

Book SynopsisAdvanced Control of Power Converters Unique resource presenting advanced nonlinear control methods for power converters, plus simulation, controller design, analyses, and case studies Advanced Control of Power Converters equips readers with the latest knowledge of three control methods developed for power converters: nonlinear control methods such as sliding mode control, Lyapunov-function-based control, and model predictive control. Readers will learn about the design of each control method, and simulation case studies and results will be presented and discussed to point out the behavior of each control method in different applications. In this way, readers wishing to learn these control methods can gain insight on how to design and simulate each control method easily. The book is organized into three clear sections: introduction of classical and advanced control methods, design of advanced control methods, and case studies. Each control method is supporTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii List of Abbreviations xvii Preface xix Acknowledgment xxi About the Companion Website xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General Remarks 1 1.2 Basic Closed-Loop Control for Power Converters 3 1.3 Mathematical Modeling of Power Converters 4 1.4 Basic Control Objectives 6 1.4.1 Closed-Loop Stability 6 1.4.2 Settling Time 10 1.4.3 Steady-State Error 11 1.4.4 Robustness to Parameter Variations and Disturbances 12 1.5 Performance Evaluation 12 1.5.1 Simulation-Based Method 12 1.5.2 Experimental Method 13 1.6 Contents of the Book 13 References 15 2 Introduction to Advanced Control Methods 17 2.1 Classical Control Methods for Power Converters 17 2.2 Sliding Mode Control 18 2.3 Lyapunov Function-Based Control 22 2.3.1 Lyapunov’s Linearization Method 23 2.3.2 Lyapunov’s Direct Method 24 2.4 Model Predictive Control 27 2.4.1 Functional Principle 27 2.4.2 Basic Concept 28 2.4.3 Cost Function 29 References 30 3 Design of Sliding Mode Control for Power Converters 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Sliding Mode Control of DC–DC Buck and Cuk Converters 33 3.3 Sliding Mode Control Design Procedure 44 3.3.1 Selection of Sliding Surface Function 44 3.3.2 Control Input Design 46 3.4 Chattering Mitigation Techniques 48 3.4.1 Hysteresis Function Technique 48 3.4.2 Boundary Layer Technique 49 3.4.3 State Observer Technique 50 3.5 Modulation Techniques 51 3.5.1 Hysteresis Modulation Technique 51 3.5.2 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Technique 52 3.5.3 Space Vector Modulation Technique 53 3.6 Other Types of Sliding Mode Control 54 3.6.1 Terminal Sliding Mode Control 54 3.6.2 Second-Order Sliding Mode Control 54 References 55 4 Design of Lyapunov Function-Based Control for Power Converters 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Lyapunov-Function-Based Control Design Using Direct Method 59 4.3 Lyapunov Function-Based Control of DC–DC Buck Converter 62 4.4 Lyapunov Function-Based Control of DC–DC Boost Converter 67 References 71 5 Design of Model Predictive Control 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Predictive Control Methods 73 5.3 FCS Model Predictive Control 75 5.3.1 Design Procedure 76 5.3.2 Tutorial 1: Implementation of FCS-MPC for Three-Phase VSI 80 5.4 CCS Model Predictive Control 86 5.4.1 Incremental Models 86 5.4.2 Predictive Model 88 5.4.3 Cost Function in CCSMPC 92 5.4.4 Cost Function Minimization 93 5.4.5 Receding Control Horizon Principle 96 5.4.6 Closed-Loop of an MPC System 97 5.4.7 Discrete Linear Quadratic Regulators 97 5.4.8 Formulation of the Constraints in MPC 99 5.4.9 Optimization with Equality Constraints 103 5.4.10 Optimization with Inequality Constraints 105 5.4.11 MPC for Multi-Input Multi-Output Systems 108 5.4.12 Tutorial 2: MPC Design For a Grid-Connected VSI in dq Frame 109 5.5 Design and Implementation Issues 112 5.5.1 Cost Function Selection 112 5.5.1.1 Examples for Primary Control Objectives 113 5.5.1.2 Examples for Secondary Control Objectives 114 5.5.2 Weighting Factor Design 114 5.5.2.1 Empirical Selection Method 115 5.5.2.2 Equal-Weighted Cost-Function-Based Selection Method 116 5.5.2.3 Lookup Table-Based Selection Method 117 References 118 6 MATLAB/Simulink Tutorial on Physical Modeling and Experimental Setup 121 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Building Simulation Model for Power Converters 121 6.2.1 Building Simulation Model for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter Based on Sliding Mode Control 122 6.2.2 Building Simulation Model for Three-Phase Rectifier Based on Lyapunov-Function-Based Control 126 6.2.3 Building Simulation Model for Quasi-Z Source Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverter Based on Model Predictive Control 131 6.2.4 Building Simulation Model for Distributed Generations in Islanded AC Microgrid 137 6.3 Building Real-Time Model for a Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 142 6.4 Building Rapid Control Prototyping for a Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 154 6.4.1 Components in the Experimental Testbed 155 6.4.1.1 Grid Simulator 155 6.4.1.2 A Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier Prototype 156 6.4.1.3 Measurement Board 157 6.4.1.4 Programmable Load 158 6.4.1.5 Controller 158 6.4.2 Building Control Structure on OP- 5707 158 References 162 7 Sliding Mode Control of Various Power Converters 163 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 163 7.2.1 Mathematical Modeling of Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 164 7.2.2 Sliding Mode Control 165 7.2.3 PWM Signal Generation Using Hysteresis Modulation 168 7.2.3.1 Single-Band Hysteresis Function 168 7.2.3.2 Double-Band Hysteresis Function 168 7.2.4 Switching Frequency Computation 170 7.2.4.1 Switching Frequency Computation with Single-Band Hysteresis Modulation 170 7.2.4.2 Switching Frequency Computation with Double-Band Hysteresis Modulation 171 7.2.5 Selection of Control Gains 172 7.2.6 Simulation Study 174 7.2.7 Experimental Study 177 7.3 Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 180 7.3.1 Physical Model Equations for a Three-Phase Grid-Connected VSI with an LCL Filter 181 7.3.2 Control System 182 7.3.2.1 Reduced State-Space Model of the Converter 183 7.3.2.2 Model Discretization and KF Adaptive Equation 187 7.3.2.3 Sliding Surfaces with Active Damping Capability 188 7.3.3 Stability Analysis 189 7.3.3.1 Discrete-Time Equivalent Control Deduction 189 7.3.3.2 Closed-Loop System Equations 191 7.3.3.3 Test of Robustness Against Parameters Uncertainties 192 7.3.4 Experimental Study 192 7.3.4.1 Test of Robustness Against Grid Inductance Variations 192 7.3.4.2 Test of Stability in Case of Grid Harmonics Near the Resonance Frequency 196 7.3.4.3 Test of the VSI Against Sudden Changes in the Reference Current 196 7.3.4.4 Test of the VSI Under Distorted Grid 198 7.3.4.5 Test of the VSI Under Voltage Sags 198 7.3.5 Computational Load and Performances of the Control Algorithm 199 7.4 Three-Phase AC–DC Rectifier 200 7.4.1 Nonlinear Model of the Unity Power Factor Rectifier 200 7.4.2 Problem Formulation 202 7.4.3 Axis-Decoupling Based on an Estimator 203 7.4.4 Control System 205 7.4.4.1 Kalman Filter 206 7.4.4.2 Practical Considerations: Election of Q and R Matrices 208 7.4.4.3 Practical Considerations: Computational Burden Reduction 208 7.4.5 Sliding Mode Control 209 7.4.5.1 Inner Control Loop 209 7.4.5.2 Outer Control Loop 210 7.4.6 Hysteresis Band Generator with Switching Decision Algorithm 212 7.4.7 Experimental Study 215 7.5 Three-Phase Transformerless Dynamic Voltage Restorer 224 7.5.1 Mathematical Modeling of Transformerless Dynamic Voltage Restorer 224 7.5.2 Design of Sliding Mode Control for TDVR 225 7.5.3 Time-Varying Switching Frequency with Single-Band Hysteresis 227 7.5.4 Constant Switching Frequency with Boundary Layer 229 7.5.5 Simulation Study 231 7.5.6 Experimental Study 233 7.6 Three-Phase Shunt Active Power Filter 240 7.6.1 Nonlinear Model of the SAPF 240 7.6.2 Problem Formulation 242 7.6.3 Control System 243 7.6.3.1 State Model of the Converter 243 7.6.3.2 Kalman Filter 245 7.6.3.3 Sliding Mode Control 246 7.6.3.4 Hysteresis Band Generator with SDA 247 7.6.4 Experimental Study 248 7.6.4.1 Response of the SAPF to Load Variations 249 7.6.4.2 SAPF Performances Under a Distorted Grid 253 7.6.4.3 SAPF Performances Under Grid Voltage Sags 254 7.6.4.4 Spectrum of the Control Signal 254 References 257 8 Design of Lyapunov Function-Based Control of Various Power Converters 261 8.1 Introduction 261 8.2 Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 261 8.2.1 Mathematical Modeling and Controller Design 261 8.2.2 Controller Modification with Capacitor Voltage Feedback 264 8.2.3 Inverter-Side Current Reference Generation Using Proportional- Resonant Controller 264 8.2.4 Grid Current Transfer Function 266 8.2.5 Harmonic Attenuation and Harmonic Impedance 267 8.2.6 Results 270 8.3 Single-Phase Quasi-Z-Source Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter 277 8.3.1 Quasi-Z-Source Network Modeling 277 8.3.2 Grid-Connected Inverter Modeling 280 8.3.3 Control of Quasi-Z-Source Network 281 8.3.4 Control of Grid-Connected Inverter 281 8.3.5 Reference Generation Using Cascaded PR Control 282 8.3.6 Results 283 8.4 Single-Phase Uninterruptible Power Supply Inverter 287 8.4.1 Mathematical Modeling of Uninterruptible Power Supply Inverter 287 8.4.2 Controller Design 288 8.4.3 Criteria for Selecting Control Parameters 290 8.4.4 Results 292 8.5 Three-Phase Voltage-Source AC–DC Rectifier 298 8.5.1 Mathematical Modeling of Rectifier 298 8.5.2 Controller Design 301 8.5.3 Results 304 References 307 9 Model Predictive Control of Various Converters 309 9.1 CCS MPC Method for a Three-Phase Grid-Connected VSI 309 9.1.1 Model Predictive Control Design 310 9.1.1.1 VSI Incremental Model with an Embedded Integrator 310 9.1.1.2 Predictive Model of the Converter 311 9.1.1.3 Cost Function Minimization 312 9.1.1.4 Inclusion of Constraints 313 9.1.2 MATLAB ® /Simulink ® Implementation 315 9.1.3 Simulation Studies 322 9.2 Model Predictive Control Method for Single-Phase Three-Level Shunt Active Filter 325 9.2.1 Modeling of Shunt Active Filter (SAPF) 325 9.2.2 The Energy-Function-Based MPC 328 9.2.2.1 Design of Energy-Function-Based MPC 328 9.2.2.2 Discrete-Time Model 331 9.2.3 Experimental Studies 332 9.2.3.1 Steady-State and Dynamic Response Tests 333 9.2.3.2 Comparison with Classical MPC Method 337 9.3 Model Predictive Control of Quasi-Z Source Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverter 341 9.3.1 qZS Four-Leg Inverter Model 341 9.3.2 MPC Algorithm 345 9.3.2.1 Determination of References 345 9.3.2.2 Discrete-Time Models of the System 346 9.3.2.3 Cost Function Optimization 347 9.3.2.4 Control Algorithm 347 9.3.3 Simulation Results 349 9.4 Weighting Factorless Model Predictive Control for DC–DC SEPIC Converters 352 9.4.1 Principle of Control Strategy 352 9.4.1.1 Conventional Model Predictive Current Control 355 9.4.1.2 Cost Function Analysis of Conventional MPC 356 9.4.1.3 Cost Function Design of Presented MPC in [11] 358 9.4.1.4 Output Voltage Control 361 9.4.2 Experimental Results 362 9.4.2.1 Switching Frequency Control Test 362 9.4.2.2 Dynamic Response Test Under Input Voltage Variation 363 9.4.2.3 Dynamic Response Test Under Load Change 366 9.4.2.4 Influence of Parameter Mismatch 367 9.5 Model Predictive Droop Control of Distributed Generation Inverters in Islanded AC Microgrid 370 9.5.1 Conventional Droop Control 370 9.5.2 Control Technique 373 9.5.2.1 Reference Voltage Generation Through Droop Control 373 9.5.2.2 Model Predictive Control 374 9.5.3 Simulation Results 376 9.6 FCS-MPC for a Three-Phase Shunt Active Power Filter 378 9.6.1 System Modeling 381 9.6.2 Control Technique 383 9.6.3 FCS-MPC with Reduced States 384 9.6.3.1 Vector Selection Based on Vector Operation 384 9.6.3.2 Cost Function Minimization Procedure 387 9.6.3.3 Kalman Filter 387 9.6.4 Experimental Results 389 9.7 FCS-MPC for a Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 395 9.7.1 Modeling of Single-Phase T-Type Rectifier 395 9.7.2 Model Predictive Control 397 9.7.2.1 Sensorless Grid Voltage Estimation 397 9.7.2.2 Reference Current Generation 400 9.7.2.3 MPC for the T-Type Rectifier 400 9.7.2.4 MPC for the Power Decoupling Circuit 402 9.7.3 Experimental Studies 404 9.7.3.1 Steady-State Analysis 404 9.7.3.2 Robustness Analysis 404 9.8 Predictive Torque Control of Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Generator Fed by a Matrix Converter 408 9.8.1 Overview of the System Model 411 9.8.1.1 Topology Overview 411 9.8.1.2 Mathematical Model of the CDFIG 412 9.8.1.3 Mathematical Model of the Matrix Converter 414 9.8.2 Predictive Torque Control of CDFIG 415 9.8.2.1 Outer Loop 416 9.8.2.2 Internal Model of the Controller 416 9.8.2.3 Cost Function Minimization 418 9.8.3 Simulation Results 418 9.9 An Enhanced Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control Method with Self-Balancing Capacitor Voltages for Three-Level T-Type Rectifiers 420 9.9.1 Overview of the System Model 422 9.9.2 Problem Definition 424 9.9.3 Derivation of Lyapunov-Energy Function 425 9.9.4 Discrete-Time Model 428 9.9.5 Experimental Studies 429 References 431 Index 435

Read more less

Book SynopsisSMART GRIDS for SMART CITIES Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this first volume in a two-volume set focuses on an interdisciplinary perspective on the financial, environmental, and other benefits of smart grid technologies and solutions for smart cities. What makes a regular electric grid a smart grid? It comes down to digital technologies that enable two-way communication between a utility and its customers, as opposed to the traditional electric grid, where power flows in one direction. Based on statistics and available research, smart grids globally attract the largest investment venues in smart cities. Smart grids and city buildings that are connected in smart cities contribute to significant financial savings and improve the economy. The smart grid has many components, including controls, computers, automation, and new technologies and equipment working together. These technologies cooperate with the electrical grid to respond digitally to our quickly changingTable of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Carbon-Free Fuel and the Social Gap: The Analysis 1 Saravanan Chinnusamy, Milind Shrinivas Dangate and Nasrin I. Shaikh 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Objectives 3 1.3 Study Areas 3 1.3.1 Community A 4 1.3.2 Community B 4 1.3.3 community c 5 1.3.4 Community d 5 1.4 Data Collection 6 1.5 Data Analysis 9 1.6 Conclusion 10 References 13 2 Opportunities of Translating Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging Through Energy Management Systems in DC Microgrid 15 A. Matheswaran, P. Prem, C. Ganesh Babu and K. Lakshmi 2.1 Introduction 16 2.1.1 Telecom Sector in India 16 2.1.2 Overview of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 17 2.1.3 Electric Vehicle in India 19 2.1.4 Evolution of EV Charging Station 21 2.2 Translating Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging 21 2.2.1 Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging – A Substitute or Complementary Solution? 21 2.2.2 Proposed Methodology 23 2.2.3 System Description 24 2.2.3.1 Solar PV Array 24 2.2.3.2 DC-DC Boost Converter 25 2.2.3.3 Rectifier 25 2.2.3.4 Battery Backup System 26 2.2.3.5 Charge Controller 27 2.2.3.6 Bidirectional Converter 28 2.3 Implementation of Energy Management System in Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 29 2.3.1 Introduction 29 2.3.2 Control Strategies 30 2.3.2.1 MPPT Control 31 2.3.2.2 Charge Controller Control 31 2.3.2.3 Bidirectional Converter Control 32 2.3.3 Power Supervisory and Control Algorithm (PSCA) 33 2.3.3.1 Grid Available Mode 33 2.3.3.2 Grid Fault Mode 33 2.3.4 Results and Discussions 35 2.3.4.1 Grid Available Mode 35 2.3.4.2 Grid Failure Mode 35 2.4 Conclusion 35 References 38 3 A Review on Advanced Control Techniques for Multi-Input Power Converters for Various Applications 41 Kodada Durga Priyanka and Abitha Memala Wilson Duraisamy 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Multi-Input Magnetically Connected Power Converters 46 3.2.1 Dual-Source Power DC to DC Converter with Buck-Boost Arrangement 46 3.2.2 Bidirectional Multi-Input Arrangement 47 3.2.3 Full-Bridge Boost DC-DC Converter Formation 48 3.2.4 Multi-Input Power Converter with Half-Bridge and Full Bridge Configuration 49 3.3 Electrically Coupled Multi-Input Power DC-DC Converters 50 3.3.1 Combination of Electrically Linked Multi-Input DC/DC Power Converter 50 3.3.2 Multi-Input Power Converters in Series or Parallel Connection 51 3.3.3 Multi-Input DC/DC Fundamental Power Converters 52 3.3.4 Multiple-Input Boost Converter for RES 53 3.3.5 Multi-Input Buck-Boost/Buck/Boost-Boost Based Converter 54 3.3.6 Multi-Input Buck-Boost/Buck/Boost-Boost Based Converter 55 3.3.7 Multi-Input DC/DC Converter Using ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching) 57 3.3.8 Multi-Input DC-DC Converter Based Three Switches Leg 57 3.3.9 Multi-Input Converter Constructed on Switched Inductor/Switched Capacitor/Diode Capacitor 58 3.3.10 High/Modular VTR Multi-Input Converters 59 3.3.11 Multi/Input and Multi/Output (MIMO) Power Converter 60 3.4 Electro Magnetically Coupled Multi-Input Power DC/DC Converters 61 3.4.1 Direct Charge Multi-Input DC/DC Power Converter 61 3.4.2 Boost-Integrated Full-Bridge DC-DC Power Converter 62 3.4.3 Isolated Dual-Port Power Converter for Immediate Power Management 63 3.4.4 Dual Port Converter with Non-Isolated and Isolated Ports 63 3.4.5 Multi-Port ZVS And ZCS DC-DC Converter 64 3.4.6 Combined DC-Link and Magnetically Coupled DC/DC Power Converter 65 3.4.7 Three-Level Dual-Input DC-DC Converter 65 3.4.8 Half-Bridge Tri-Modal DC-DC Converter 66 3.4.9 Bidirectional Converter with Various Collective Battery Storage Input Sources 75 3.5 Different Control Methods Used in Multi-Input DC-DC Power Converters 75 3.5.1 Proportional Integral Derivation Controller (PID) 76 3.5.2 Model Predictive Control Method (MPC) 77 3.5.3 State Space Modelling (SSM) 78 3.5.4 Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) 79 3.5.5 Sliding Mode Control (SMC) 80 3.6 Comparison and Future Scope of Work 82 3.6.1 Comparison and Discussion 82 3.7 Conclusion 85 References 86 4 Case Study: Optimized LT Cable Sizing for an IT Campus 101 O.V. Gnana Swathika, K. Karthikeyan, Umashankar Subramaniam and K.T.M.U. Hemapala Abbreviations 102 4.1 Introduction 102 4.2 Methodology 103 4.2.1 Algorithm for Cable Sizing 103 4.3 Results and Discussion 103 4.3.1 Feeder Schedule 104 4.3.2 Design Consideration for LT Power Cable 104 4.3.3 Cable Sizing & Voltage Drop Calculation 107 4.4 Conclusion 114 References 114 5 Advanced Control Architecture for Interlinking Converter in Autonomous AC, DC and Hybrid AC/DC Micro Grids 115 M. Padma Lalitha, S. Suresh and A. Viswa Pavani 5.1 Introduction 116 5.2 Prototype Model of IC 117 5.3 Implemented Photo Voltaic System 118 5.4 Highly Reliable and Efficient (HRE) Configurations 120 5.5 MATLAB Simulink Results 122 5.6 Conclusion 127 References 127 6 Optimal Power Flow Analysis in Distributed Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems 131 Neenu Thomas, T.N.P. Nambiar and Jayabarathi R. 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 System Development and Design Parameters 132 6.3 Proposed Algorithm 138 6.4 Results and Discussion 138 6.5 Conclusion 141 References 141 7 Reliability Assessment for Solar and Wind Renewable Energy in Generation System Planning 143 S. Vinoth John Prakash and P.K. Dhal 7.1 Introduction 144 7.2 Generation & Load Model 146 7.2.1 Generation Model-RBTS 146 7.2.2 Wind Power Generation Model 147 7.2.2.1 Wind Speed and Wind Turbine Output Model 147 7.2.3 Solar Power Generation Model 150 7.2.3.1 Solar Radiation and Solar Power Output Model 150 7.2.4 Load Model 152 7.3 Results and Analysis 152 7.3.1 Reliability Indices Evaluation for Different Scenario 153 7.4 Conclusion 155 References 156 8 Implementation of Savonius Blad Wind Tree Structure by Super Lift Luo Converter for Smart Grid Applications and Benefits to Smart City 159 Jency Joseph J., Anitha Mary X., Josh F. T., Vinoth Kumar K. and Vinodha K. 8.1 Introduction 160 8.2 Savonius Wind Turbine – Performance Design 160 8.3 Design Modules 163 8.4 Results and Discussion 167 8.5 Positive Output Super Lift Luo Converter 170 8.6 Conclusion 171 References 172 9 Analysis: An Incorporation of PV and Battery for DC Scattered System 175 M. Karuppiah, P. Dineshkumar, A. Arunbalaj and S. Krishnakumar 9.1 Introduction 176 9.2 Block Diagram of Proposed System 179 9.2.1 Determine the Load Profile 180 9.2.2 Duration of Autonomy and Recharge 180 9.2.3 Select the Battery Rating 181 9.2.4 Sizing the PV Array 182 9.2.5 Analysis of Boost Converter 184 9.2.5.1 To Select a Proper Inductor Value 187 9.2.5.2 To Select a Proper Capacitor Value 187 9.3 Proposed System Simulations 188 9.4 Conclusion 192 References 193 10 Dead Time Compensation Scheme Using Space Vector PWM for 3Ø Inverter 195 Sreeramula Reddy, Ravindra Prasad, Harinath Reddy and Suresh Srinivasan 10.1 Introduction 195 10.2 Concept of Space Vector PWM 197 10.3 Proteus Simulation 200 10.4 Hardware Setup 201 10.4.1 Total Harmonic Distortion 206 10.4.2 Hardware Configuration 209 10.5 Conclusion 210 References 211 11 Transformer-Less Grid Connected PV System Using TSRPWM Strategy with Single Phase 7 Level Multi-Level Inverter 213 S. Sruthi, K. Karthikumar, D. Narmitha, P. Chandra Sekhar and K. Karthi 11.1 Introduction 214 11.2 Proposed System 215 11.3 DC-DC Influence Converter 216 11.4 Controlling of 7-Level Inverter 218 11.5 Controlling for Boost Converter and Inverter 221 11.6 MATLAB Simulation Results 221 11.7 Conclusion 224 References 225 12 An Enhanced Multi-Level Inverter Topology for HEV Applications 227 Premkumar E. and Kanimozhi G. 12.1 Introduction 227 12.2 E-MLI Topology 228 12.2.1 Switching Operation of the E-MLI Topology 229 12.2.2 Diode-Clamped Multi-Level Inverter (DC-MLI) 232 12.3 PWM for the E-MLI Topology 233 12.3.1 SPWM Based Switching for the E-MLI Topology 234 12.3.2 Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) Scheme for DC-MLI 234 12.4 Simulation Results & Discussions 236 12.5 Conclusion 249 References 249 13 Improved Sheep Flock Heredity Algorithm-Based Optimal Pricing of RP 253 P. Booma Devi, Booma Jayapalan and A.P. Jagadeesan 13.1 Introduction 254 13.2 RP Flow Tracing 257 13.2.1 Intent Function 257 13.2.1.1 System’s Price Loss After RP Compensation 257 13.2.1.2 SVC Support Price for RP 258 13.2.1.3 Diesel Generator RP Production Price 258 13.2.1.4 Minimization Function 258 13.3 Existing Methodologies 259 13.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 259 13.3.1.1 PSO Parameter Settings 259 13.3.2 Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO) 260 13.3.2.1 Flowchart for HPSO 260 13.4 Proposed Methodology 261 13.4.1 Improved Sheep Flock Heredity Algorithm 261 13.4.2 ISFHA Algorithm 263 13.5 Case Study 263 13.5.1 Realistic Seventy-Five Bus Indian System Wind Farm 263 13.6 Conclusion 266 References 267 14 Dual Axis Solar Tracking with Weather Monitoring System by Using IR and LDR Sensors with Arduino UNO 269 Rajesh Babu Damala and Rajesh Kumar Patnaik 14.1 Introduction 269 14.2 Associated Hardware Components Details 270 14.2.1 Arduino Uno 270 14.2.2 L293D Motor Driver 271 14.2.3 LDR Sensor 272 14.2.4 Solar Panel 273 14.2.5 RPM 10 Motor 274 14.2.6 Jumper Wires 274 14.2.7 16×2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Module with I2C 275 14.2.8 DTH11 Sensor 276 14.2.9 Rain Drop Sensor 276 14.3 Methodology 277 14.3.1 Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Working Model 277 14.3.2 Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Schematic Diagram 279 14.4 Results and Discussion 279 14.5 Conclusion 281 References 282 15 Missing Data Imputation of an Off-Grid Solar Power Model for a Small-Scale System 285 Aadyasha Patel, Aniket Biswal and O.V. Gnana Swathika Abbreviations and Nomenclature 286 15.1 Overview 286 15.2 Literature Review 287 15.3 AI/ML for Imputation of Missing Values 288 15.3.1 Cbr 288 15.3.2 Mice 290 15.3.3 Results and Discussion 291 15.3.3.1 Data Collection 291 15.3.3.2 Error Metrics 292 15.3.3.3 Comparison Between CBR and MICE 293 15.4 Applications of MICE in Imputation 296 15.5 Summary 296 References 297 16 Power Theft in Smart Grids and Microgrids: Mini Review 299 P. Tejaswi and O.V. Gnana Swathika 16.1 Introduction 299 16.2 Smart Grids/Microgrids Security Threats and Challenges 300 16.2.1 Security Threats to Smart Grid/Microgrid by Classification of Sources 301 16.2.1.1 Smart Grid/Microgrid Threats Sources in Technical Point of View 302 16.2.2 Sources of Smart Grids/Microgrids Threats in Non-Technical Point of View 304 16.2.2.1 Security of Environment 304 16.2.2.2 Regulatory Policies of Government 304 16.3 Conclusion 304 References 304 17 Isolated SEPIC-Based DC-DC Converter for Solar Applications 309 Varun Mukesh Lal, Pranay Singh Parihar and Kanimozhi. G 17.1 Introduction 309 17.2 Converter Operation and Analysis 311 17.2.1 Mode A 311 17.2.2 Mode B 313 17.3 Design Equations 314 17.4 Simulation Results 316 17.5 Conclusion 321 References 321 18 Hybrid Converter for Stand-Alone Solar Photovoltaic System 323 R.R. Rubia Gandhi and C. Kathirvel 18.1 Introduction 324 18.2 Review on Converter Topology 324 18.3 Block Diagram 325 18.4 Existing Converter Topology 326 18.5 Proposed Tapped Boost Hybrid Converter 326 18.5.1 Novelty in the Circuit 327 18.5.2 Converter Modes of Operation 327 18.6 Derivation Part of Tapped Boost Hybrid Converter 327 18.6.1 Voltage Gain 328 18.6.2 Modulation Index 328 18.7 Design Specification of the Converter 329 18.8 Simulation Results for Both DC and AC Power Conversion 330 18.9 Hardware Results 330 18.10 TBHC Parameters for Simulation 332 18.11 Conclusion 334 References 334 19 Analysis of Three-Phase Quasi Switched Boost Inverter Based on Switched Inductor-Switched Capacitor Structure 337 P. Sriramalakshmi, Vachan Kumar, Pallav Pant and Reshab Kumar Sahoo 19.1 Introduction 337 19.1.1 Conventional Inverter (VSI) 339 19.1.2 Z-Source Inverter (ZSI) 339 19.1.3 SBI Based on SL-SC Structure 340 19.2 Working Modes of Three-Phase SL-SC Circuit 341 19.2.1 Shoot-Through State 341 19.2.2 Non-Shoot-Through State 342 19.3 Design of Three-Phase SL-SC Based Quasi Switched Boost Inverter 342 19.3.1 Steady State Analysis of SL-SC Topology 342 19.3.2 Design of Passive Elements 344 19.3.3 Design Equations 344 19.3.4 Design Specifications 344 19.4 Simulation Results and Discussions 344 19.4.1 Simulation Diagram of SBC PWM Technique 344 19.4.2 SBC PWM Technique 345 19.4.3 Switching Pulse Generated for the Power Switches 347 19.4.4 Expanded Switching Pulse 348 19.4.5 Input Current 348 19.4.6 Current in Inductor L 1 349 19.4.7 Current in Inductor L 2 349 19.4.8 Capacitor Voltage VC 2 350 19.4.9 dc Link Voltage 350 19.4.10 Output Load Voltage 351 19.4.11 Output Load Current 351 19.5 Performance Analysis 351 19.6 Conclusion 353 References 354 20 Power Quality Improvement and Performance Enhancement of Distribution System Using D-STATCOM 357 M. Sai Sandeep, N. Balaji, Muqthiar Ali and Suresh Srinivasan 20.1 Introduction 358 20.2 Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (d-statcom) 360 20.3 Modelling of Distribution System 361 20.3.1 Single Machine System 361 20.3.2 Modeling of IEEE 14 Bus System 362 20.4 Simulation Results & Discussions 363 20.4.1 Power Flow Analysis on Single Machine System 363 20.4.2 Different Modes of Operation of D-STATCOM on Single Machine System 365 20.4.3 Step Change in Reference Value of dc Link Voltage 368 20.5 IEEE-14 Bus Systems 370 20.6 Conclusion 374 References 374 Index 377

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xii Preface xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Multimodal Pose Estimation for Vehicle Navigation 2 1.2.1 Multi-Senor Pose Estimation 2 1.2.2 Pose Estimation with Constraints 4 1.2.3 Research Focus in Multimodal Pose Estimation 5 1.3 Secure Estimation 7 1.3.1 Secure State Estimation under Cyber Attacks 7 1.3.2 Secure Pose Estimation for Autonomous Vehicles 8 1.4 Contributions and Organization 9 Part I Multimodal Perception in Vehicle Pose Estimation 13 2 Heading Reference-Assisted Pose Estimation 15 2.1 Preliminaries 16 2.1.1 Stereo Visual Odometry 16 2.1.2 Heading Reference Sensors 17 2.1.3 Graph Optimization on a Manifold 17 2.2 Abstraction Model of Measurement with a Heading Reference 19 2.2.1 Loosely Coupled Model 19 2.2.2 Tightly Coupled Model 20 2.2.3 Structure of the Abstraction Model 22 2.2.4 Vertex Removal in the Abstraction Model 22 2.3 Heading Reference-Assisted Pose Estimation (HRPE) 24 2.3.1 Initialization 24 2.3.2 Graph Optimization 24 2.3.3 Maintenance of the Dynamic Graph 26 2.4 Simulation Studies 26 2.4.1 Accuracy with Respect to Heading Measurement Error 28 2.4.2 Accuracy with Respect to Sliding Window Size 28 2.4.3 Time Consumption with Respect to Sliding Window Size 28 2.5 Experimental Results 31 2.5.1 Experimental Platform 31 2.5.2 Pose Estimation Performance 33 2.5.3 Real-Time Performance 34 2.6 Conclusion 36 3 Road-Constrained Localization Using Cloud Models 37 3.1 Preliminaries 38 3.1.1 Scaled Measurement Equations for Visual Odometry 38 3.1.2 Cloud Models 39 3.1.3 Uniform Gaussian Distribution (UGD) 39 3.1.4 Gaussian-Gaussian Distribution (GGD) 42 3.2 Map-Assisted Ground Vehicle Localization 43 3.2.1 Measurement Representation with UGD 44 3.2.2 Shape Matching Between Map and Particles 45 3.2.3 Particle Resampling and Parameter Estimation 46 3.2.4 Framework Extension to Other Cloud Models 47 3.3 Experimental Validation on UGD 47 3.3.1 Configurations 47 3.3.2 Localization with Stereo Visual Odometry 48 3.3.3 Localization with Monocular Visual Odometry 49 3.3.4 Scale Estimation Results 52 3.3.5 Weighting Function Balancing 52 3.4 Experimental Validation on GGD 54 3.4.1 Experiments on KITTI 55 3.4.2 Experiments on the Self-Collected Dataset 61 3.5 Conclusion 63 4 GPS/Odometry/Map Fusion for Vehicle Positioning Using Potential Functions 65 4.1 Potential Wells and Potential Trenches 66 4.1.1 Potential Function Creation 67 4.1.2 Minimum Searching 71 4.2 Potential-Function-Based Fusion for Vehicle Positioning 74 4.2.1 Information Sources and Sensors 74 4.2.2 Potential Representation 76 4.2.3 Road-Switching Strategy 76 4.3 Experimental Results 78 4.3.1 Quantitative Results 78 4.3.2 Qualitative Evaluation 80 4.4 Conclusion 84 5 Multi-Sensor Geometric Pose Estimation 85 5.1 Preliminaries 86 5.1.1 Distance on Riemannian Manifolds 86 5.1.2 Probabilistic Distribution on Riemannian Manifolds 87 5.2 Geometric Pose Estimation Using Dynamic Potential Fields 88 5.2.1 State Space and Measurement Space 88 5.2.2 Dynamic Potential Fields on Manifolds 90 5.2.3 DPF-Based Information Fusion 91 5.2.4 Approximation of Geometric Pose Estimation 95 5.3 VO-Heading-Map Pose Estimation for Ground Vehicles 97 5.3.1 System Modeling 97 5.3.2 Road Constraints 98 5.3.3 Parameter Estimation on SE(3) 99 5.4 Experiments on KITTI Sequences 99 5.4.1 Overall Performance 99 5.4.2 Influence of Heading Error 102 5.4.3 Influence of Road Map Resolution 102 5.4.4 Influences of Parameters 104 5.5 Experiments on the NTU Dataset 105 5.5.1 Overall Performance 105 5.5.2 Phenomena Observed During Experiments 105 5.6 Conclusion 107 Part II Secure State Estimation for Mobile Robots 109 6 Filter-Based Secure Dynamic Pose Estimation 111 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 RelatedWork 113 6.3 Problem Formulation 114 6.3.1 System Model 114 6.3.2 Measurement Model 116 6.3.3 Attack Model 116 6.4 Estimator Design 117 6.5 Discussion of Parameter Selection 122 6.5.1 The Probability Subject to Deception Attacks 122 6.5.2 The Bound of Signal 𝝃k 123 6.6 Experimental Validation 123 6.6.1 Pose Estimation under Attack on a Single State 125 6.6.2 Pose Estimation under Attacks on Multiple States 127 6.7 Conclusion 130 7 UKF-Based Vehicle Pose Estimation under Randomly Occurring Deception Attacks 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Related Work 133 7.3 Pose Estimation Problem for Ground Vehicles under Attack 134 7.3.1 System Model 134 7.3.2 Attack Model 136 7.4 Design of the Unscented Kalman Filter 137 7.5 Numeric Simulation 141 7.6 Experiments 144 7.6.1 General Performance 145 7.6.2 Influence of Parameters 145 7.7 Conclusion 147 8 Secure Dynamic State Estimation with a Decomposing Kalman Filter 149 8.1 Introduction 149 8.2 Problem Formulation 151 8.3 Decomposition of the Kalman Filter By Using a Local Estimate 153 8.4 A Secure Information Fusion Scheme 158 8.5 Numerical Example 161 8.6 Conclusion 162 8.7 Appendix: Proof of Theorem 8.2 162 8.8 Proof of Theorem 8.4 165 9 Secure Dynamic State Estimation for AHRS 169 9.1 Introduction 169 9.2 Related Work 170 9.2.1 Attitude Estimation 170 9.2.2 Secure State Estimation 171 9.2.3 Secure Attitude Estimation 171 9.3 Attitude Estimation Using Heading References 172 9.3.1 Attitude Estimation from Vector Observations 172 9.3.2 Secure Attitude Estimation Framework and Modeling 173 9.4 Secure Estimator Design with a Decomposing Kalman Filter 174 9.4.1 Decomposition of the Kalman Filter Using a Local Estimate 176 9.4.2 A Least-Square Interpretation for the Decomposition 177 9.4.3 Secure State Estimate 178 9.5 Simulation Validation 181 9.5.1 Simulating Measurements with Attacks 182 9.5.2 Filter Performance 182 9.5.3 Influence of Parameter 𝛾 182 9.6 Conclusion 184 10 Conclusions 185 References 189 Index 207

Read more less