Endocrinology Books

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Book SynopsisThis illuminating book draws on the author's personal experience to provide organized approaches to neurological conditions such as memory disorder, language disorder and disorders of reflex and weakness. Orienting clinicians to challenging areas of neurology, discussion of controversial subjects is presented with previously unpublished data.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments; Introduction; 1. The amnesic syndrome; 2. Aphasia, apraxia and agnosia; 3. Spurious symptoms and behaviors; 4. Hallucinations; 5. Grasping and the grasp reflex; 6. Asterixis; 7. Discussion of the upper motor neuron syndrome; 8. Some aspects of the lower motor neuron syndrome; 9. The limbic 'system'; 10. Vibration sensation, the posterior columns and related topics; 11. Trans neuronal effects; 12. Spinal nerve roots; 13. Ischemic-Hypoxic encephalopathy; 14. The liver-brain relationship in Wilson disease; 15. Wernicke disease; 16. Delayed neurologic disorders after a toxic or metabolic insult; 17. Transolfactory spread in the pathogenesis of meningoencephalitis; 18. Neurologic disorders in endocarditis; 19. Secondary abscess formation in primary brain lesions; 20. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: the early years; Index.

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Book SynopsisA practical approach to the field of androgen excess or deprivation in women's health. The content includes multiple viewpoints on the most common disorders in this class, such as polycystic ovary disease, hirsutism and menopausal issues. Each chapter provides a combination of long-lasting clinical principles in the diagnosis and management of these patients along with a state-of-the-art review. This text takes an innovative approach to uncommon conditions (such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, transgender conditions). In addition to presenting clinical insights, and a review of the basic science underpinning these conditions, it focuses on key concepts that can be derived from these rare conditions to the entire field. This book is an essential addition to the library for any busy clinician who is looking for a practical reference guide but also for the sub-specialist who is looking for new and thought-provoking insights in this complex scientific area.Table of ContentsPreface; Part I. Managing the Basics: 1. Hirsutism: managing the basics Héctor F. Escobar-Morreale; 2. Alopecia: managing the basics Thamer Mubki and Jerry Shapiro; 3. Polycystic ovary syndrome: managing the basics Keith Hansen; 4. Sexual dysfunction, including hypoactive sexual desire disorder: diagnosis and treatment recommendations Ricki Pollycove and James Simon; Part II. The Scientific Essentials: 5. The androgen receptor: basic structure and function Leo Plouffe; 6. Androgens in postmenopausal women: their intracrine formation and inactivation in peripheral tissues Fernand Labrie; 7. Diagnostic criteria of polycystic ovary syndrome Heather R. Burks and Robert A. Wild; 8. Androgen effects on the skin Grace E. Kim and Alex B. Kimball; 9. Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular risk Robert A. Wild; 10. Effects of androgens on female genital tract Abdulmaged M. Traish and Andre T. Guay; Part III. Learning from the Extremes: 11. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in females Candice P. Holliday and Botros Rizk; 12. Cushing syndrome in females Christopher B. Rizk, Andrew S. Fischer and Sylvia Hsu; 13. Androgen-producing ovarian tumors Patricia Carney; 14. Cognitive and behavioral impact of androgen disorders in females: learning from complete androgen insensitivity syndrome and congenital adrenal hyperplasia Amy B. Wisniewski; 15. Testosterone replacement in aging male: lessons learned from the Women's Health Initiative David Muram and Craig F. Donatucci; Part IV. The Tool Kit: 16. History and physical examination polycystic ovary syndrome: detecting too much or too little John J. Kohorst, Andrew S. Fischer and Christopher B. Rizk; 17. Androgen assays: of mice and men Keith A. Hansen; 18. Magnetic resonance imaging of the adrenal gland Sajal S. Pokharel and Ihab R. Kamel; 19. Androgens and DHEA in postmenopausal medicine Lila E. Nachtigall and Jeffrey A. Goldstein; 20. Lifestyle, diet and exercise in polycystic ovarian syndrome Elizabeth Burt and Rina Agrawal; 21. Polycystic ovarian syndrome ovulation induction Carolyn Alexander; 22. Ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome Shawky Z. A. Badawy and Botros Rizk; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis innovative, introductory text is authored by key subject leaders in clinical neuroendocrinology with decades of research and teaching experience. Addressing the need for a concise description of human neuroendocrine systems, this important review of various significant basic science advances is relevant for all levels of experience. An indispensable resource for a variety of learners, this book will also enable biomedical science graduate students to extend their knowledge using its valuable clinical context. Beautifully illustrated, this text integrates basic scientific principles with clinical cases and includes several illustrated imaging studies, and in-depth discussions of basic principles and their interpretations. Extensive reference lists of clinical papers, teaching resources and a selection of review questions are included with each chapter, emphasizing the real-life importance of basic neuroendocrine principles in human health and disease. Clinical reviews are included Table of ContentsDedication; Preface; Acknowledgements; 1. Basic principles in clinical neuroendocrinology I: receptor mechanisms; 2. Basic principles in clinical neuroendocrinology II: assays, rhythms and pulses; 3. Neuroendocrinology of female reproduction; 4. Neuroendocrine regulation of appetite and body weight; 5. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis; 6. Hypothalamic regulation of thyroid function; 7. Hypothalamic regulation of prolactin secretion; 8. Regulation of growth hormone secretion; 9. Posterior pituitary; 10. An introduction to sellar masses; Appendix; Index.

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Book SynopsisIt is estimated that 86 million adult Americans have prediabetes and with that, a risk of developing T2DM (type 2 diabetes) within one in ten patients. About 29 million people have actual diabetes, most with T2DM. It was estimated in 2012 that about 208,000 people under the age of 20 have diabetes in the United States, but there is little data available on the prevalence of diabetes in the adolescent population. A recent study looking at 12-19 year olds from 2005-2014 found the prevalence of diabetes at 0.8%, with 28.5% undiagnosed and the prevalence of prediabetes 17.7%, more common among boys (22%) than girls (13.2%). With about 9% of the total US population having diabetes, this a public health issue of considerable proportions. In this book, the reader embarks on a journey through the medical history of the discovery and treatment of diabetes mellitus. It is the story of the human mind steadfastly seeking to understand its world a story worth telling again and again that has saved millions of lives from a premature death of misery in the 20th and now 21st century.

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Book SynopsisSomatic growth is a crucial component in the development of an organism. Growth is manifested in many levels during an organisms lifespan; rapid intrauterine growth is followed by extrauterine development that subsides with age. The control of growth is exerted via particularly complex and multifaceted mechanisms that affect every cell of the body, regulating the balance between the anabolic and catabolic processes, and it is intimately entwined with almost every physiological function. The central component of this regulatory system is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis that controls not only all of the endocrine organs of the body, but also regulates the growth of every cell via growth hormone (GH) release. It would certainly exceed the scope of the present book to summarize the growth-related complex peripheral actions of the various hormonal systems of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis. GH secretion is modulated primarily by the somatotropic axis, which is one of the functional components of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis and integrates the stimulatory and inhibitory actions of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin upon GH release, respectively. Therefore, in the present volume we attempt to give an overview of the regulatory components of a somatotropic axis with a special emphasis on the regulatory input provided by hypothalamic hormonal and neurotransmitter/neuromodulator systems. Since it is particularly complicated to extrapolate animal data to human physiology, the authors focus on human results while animal studies are detailed only if they provide a better understanding to how growth is regulated in humans. This process has proven to be difficult due to the scarcity of human studies in this field.

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Book SynopsisThis book, which is entitled "Regucalcin: Metabolic Regulation and Disease", introduces the recent topics regarding the involvement of regucalcin in metabolic regulation and its related diseases. Cell signaling system may be potent interest in the fields of biomedical research. Regucalcin, which was discovered as a calcium-binding protein in 1978, is demonstrated to play a potential role as a suppressor in manifold intracellular signaling process linked to transcription activity. With growing studies, regucalcin has been demonstrated to play a multifunctional role in the regulation of the function of various types of cells and tissues, including the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis, various enzymes activity, cell signal transduction, nuclear function and gene expression, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and other cellular events. Regucalcin plays a pivotal role in maintaining cell homeostasis and protecting from disorders with ageing. This book focuses recent highlighted information regarding the role of regucalcin in metabolic regulation and its related diseases with aging. This book is constituted of 6 chapters as described in the following. This book will be of interest to graduate students, researchers, scientists and physicians focused on the fields of molecular and cellular biology, biomedical sciences, and clinical challenges.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a complete review of multiple metabolic disorders and the use of phytochemicals for their prevention and treatment. Moreover, some plant species used for the extraction of these chemical components are listed and described. When describing metabolic disorders, authors describe main health alterations of each one, providing the most current figures and statistics worldwide. Medicinal plants used in traditional medicine for treatment and scientific information related to their potential to prevent or treat each conditions are also discussed. Authors also include a complete scientific background check, complete analysis of all phytochemicals recommended for each disorder, a description of the mechanism(s) of action and in vivo and/or in vitro studies. Within this volume, a series of 16 species, recommended to treat or prevent the previously described disorders, are presented with their botanical information, traditional use in different cultures and countries, and the available scientific information validating their health benefits.Table of ContentsPreface; Diabetes Mellitus; The Use of Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia; Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Their Relationship with Chronic Diseases of Metabolic Origin; Nasturtium officinale L.: A Plant with Nutraceutical Potential; Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze; The Nutraceutical Potential of Cinnamon; Hibiscus sabdariffa L.: A Flower with Health Benefits; Salvia and Its Potential to Treat Metabolic Disorders; Phytochemical Composition of Beetroot and Its Possible Effect on Human Health; Barberry: Medicinal Properties and Usage for Metabolic Disorders Prevention; Theobroma Cacao: Cocoa Bean Shells as a Source of Phenolic Compounds to Prevent Metabolic Syndrome; Consumption of Lupinus mutabilis Sweet in the Prevention and Management of Diabetes Mellitus Type-2; Allium: Case Studies; Stevia rebaudiana: Aqueous Extraction of Diterpenoid Glycosides as a Potential Replacement for Artificial Sweeteners; Pharmacognosis and Phytochemical Study of Leaves, Flowers, Fruit Shells, and Seeds of Two Varieties of Nephelium lappaceum L. Cultivated in Ecuador; Calahuala (Polypodium Spp); Turmeric Oil: Potential Alternative for the Treatment of Metabolic Epilepsy; Capsicum Spp as a Medicinal Plant for the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders; Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents with Obesity from a Mexican Public Junior High School; Use of Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Parkinsons Disease: A Brief Review; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe authors first discuss pituicytomas, rare primary glial neoplasms that arise in the neurohypophysis (or posterior portion) of the pituitary gland. They typically present with signs and symptoms of a slow growing, non-hormonally active mass of the sellar and suprasellar region, compressing adjacent structures. Following this, the clinical and pathologic features of spindle cell oncocytomas are discussed. Spindle cell oncocytomas are rare tumors, accounting for less than 0.5% of sellar masses. Tumors typically present in adults and most commonly manifest with visual disturbances and pituitary hypofunction. Additionally, the authors review the clinical and pathological features of gangliocytomas, rare benign tumors of the neuroaxis. They are most commonly seen in children and young adults, and most often arise in the cerebellum as part of Cowden's disease, or in the sellar region. The clinicopathologic features of granular tumors, rare neoplasms that most commonly arise in the neurohypophysis or posterior portion of the pituitary gland, are also discussed. This compilation goes on to examine the adrenal glands, paired structures located superior to the kidneys in the retroperitoneal space. Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens are synthesized respectively in the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculatis and zona reticularis that make up the cortex, while the inner adrenal medulla produces the catecholamines and peptides. The risk of developing adrenal insufficiency among glucocorticoid users is assessed, and risk factors are identified. Glucocorticoids are widely used for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions and malignancies, as well as after organ transplantation. The closing study explores hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, a potent and complex response to heat stress in domestic livestock. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is activated during stress, which leads to the secretion of cortisol and aldosterone from the adrenal gland.Table of ContentsPreface; Pituicytoma: A Clinicopathologic Review of a Rare Glial Neoplasm of the Pituitary; Spindle Cell Oncocytomas of the Pituitary Gland; Mixed Gangliocytoma-Pituitary Adenoma of the Pituitary Gland; Granular Cell Tumor of the Pituitary Gland; The Adrenal Glands: Function, Regulation and Disorders; Glucocorticoid-Induced Adrenal Insufficiency: Potential Risk Predictors and Diagnosis; Significance of Adrenal Gland for Heat Stress Amelioration in Livestock; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe syndrome X or metabolic syndrome may be defined as a constellation of several interrelated risk factors of metabolic origin which includes centrally distributed obesity, decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, elevated blood pressure and hyperglycemia. Persons with syndrome X are at twice the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, and are at about five-fold the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus as compare to persons with this syndrome. There are considerable evidences of important ethnic differences in the prevalence of syndrome X, its components and sequelae. The prevalence varied between ethnic groups even within the same geographical location. Apart from multifactorial (genetic vs. environmental) nature, there are intriguing metabolic and anthropometric differences found across different ethnic groups. The estimates vary by ethnicity, for instance, high prevalence in non-European groups such as Black African-Caribbeans, Hispanics, indigenous populations of North America, South Asians, and the Western Pacific Region and lower prevalence in Chinese populations, and European-White. Public health strategies that are well known to be important for chronic disease prevention in general can substantially reduce the prevalence of syndrome X. Population-specific studies will be important in identifying subgroups for which syndrome X is a health issue and for which disease management strategies are needed. Simultaneously, studies to identify different biomarkers associated with syndrome X that are linked with the development of specific chronic diseases, such as CVD and diabetes, will significantly enhance the early detection of these diseases. Existing preventions strategies, if implemented in population subgroups at highest risk, may have a substantial effect on reducing these trends. The prevalence of syndrome X increases with advancing age suggests that the efforts to increase awareness of prevention strategies must begin early. Intensive treatment and effective targeting efforts would help in avoiding future sequelae of syndrome X across different ethnicity. This book will be an assemblage of similarities and differences in the risk of syndrome X and related disorders among different ethnic groups worldwide, and reviews potential mechanisms for ethnic differences. It would certain help in translational research for early intervention and better prevention of syndrome X and its associated public health burden worldwide.Table of ContentsPreface; Ethnicity and Syndrome X; Transnational Migration as a Risk Factor for Syndrome X; Ethnic Diversities and Risk Factors with Syndrome X in South Africa; A Comparative Study on Nutritional Status among Tribal and Non-tribal Mothers in Rajshahi District Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study; Comparative Analysis of Total Body Parameters and Functional Characteristics of Mongolian Rural and Urban Children and Adolescents; Metabolic Syndrome among Indian Females: A Review; Prevalence of Undernutrition, Obesity and Hypertension among Adult Shabars and Mahalis of Bankura District of West Bengal, India; Effect of Human Migration on Hypertension, Cardiovascular Diseases, Type 2 Diabetes and Their Associations with Metabolic Syndrome among the Asian Indians; Ethnic Differences in Proinflammatory State and Syndrome X: An Overview; Anthropometric Measures, Body Composition and the Risk of Hypertension: A Study on Indian Tribes; Cardio-Metabolic Risk among the High Altitude Inhabitants: A Brief Review; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a complete review of multiple metabolic disorders and the use of phytochemicals for their prevention and treatment. When describing each metabolic disorder, all authors describe de main health alterations, providing the most current figures and statistics worldwide; medicinal plants used in traditional medicine for its treatment and scientific information related to their potential to prevent or treat each condition. Authors also include a complete scientific background check, complete analysis of all phytochemicals recommended for each disorder, a description of the mechanism(s) of action and in vivo and/or in vitro studies. Within this volume, a series of 3 plant species, recommended to treat or prevent the previously described disorders, are presented with their botanical information, traditional use in different cultures and countries, and the available scientific information validating their health benefits. Besides six main metabolic disorders are described, providing a full scientific background for its general understanding, and three study cases are presented, where metabolic disorders are analyzed and approached from different medical and pharmaceutical angles.Table of ContentsPreface; Obesity: A Metabolic Disorder; Medicinal Plants with the Potential to Treat Hypertension: Studies That Were Done in the Last Decade; Metabolic Processes in Cancer; Alzheimers Disease: Causes and Possible Alternative Herbal Treatment; Cancer of Infectious Origin and Nutrition; Moringa oleifera and its Multiple Benefits for Human Health; Rutaceae: An Approach to Rue; Ginger: Analysis of the Raw Rhizome, Essential Oil and Alcohol Extract of Two Varieties Grown in Ecuador; New Horizons in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinsons Disease; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a complete review of multiple metabolic disorders and the use of phytochemicals for their prevention and treatment. When describing each metabolic disorder, all authors describe the main health alterations, providing the most current figures and statistics worldwide; medicinal plants used in traditional medicine for its treatment and scientific information related to their potential to prevent or treat each condition. Authors also include a complete scientific background check, comprehensive analysis of all phytochemicals recommended for each disorder, a description of the mechanism(s) of action and in vivo and/or in vitro studies. Within this volume, a series of 7 plant species, recommended to treat or prevent the previously described disorders, are presented with their botanical information, traditional use in different cultures and countries, and the available scientific information validating their health benefits. Besides, six main metabolic disorders are described, providing a full scientific background for its general understanding, and three study cases are presented, where metabolic disorders are analysed and approached from different medical and pharmaceutical angles. Chapter 1 -- Soybean contains a great nutritional value, which makes it an excellent food for the human diet. It has large amounts of protein and lipids and also provides fibre, calcium, iron, zinc, and several vitamins. For these reasons, the possible benefits of soy consumption for human health have been studied. Although the results obtained to date have not been conclusive, thanks to its high content of isoflavones (phytochemicals with estrogenic activity), soy is attributed with anti-inflammatory, antioxidants and antifungals properties. Moreover, soybeans could provide significant benefits to patients with cardiovascular diseases, cancer, or diabetes. Chapter 2 -- Oil, proteins, vitamins, fibres, and phytochemicals present in the avocado plant have shown the excellent capability of not only addressing the prevalence of these metabolic diseases but also being safe and having minimal side effects. The general objective of this book chapter is to review the bioactive compounds and their action to promote health benefits in the prevention and management of metabolic disorders. Chapter 3 -- Heliopsis longipes roots, which contain affinin, has been used in traditional cuisine as a spice for its pungent. Due to its tingling and numbing properties, it is frequently applied to heal diverse pains such as toothache, earache, and headache. Within this chapter, its applications on anti-inflammatory activity, local anaesthetic, analgesic, anti-mutagenic, and antioxidant activity, will be reviewed. Chapter 4 -- The species Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., represents a good source of nutrients and antioxidants in the diet of consumers. This chapter aims to offer a simple and economical alternative formulation of artisan conserves prepared with nopal, in which the antioxidant activity was evaluated. Chapter 5 -- Metabolic syndrome is known as a group of metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. The cost of health for companies is very high for workers who have obesity or metabolic syndrome compared to healthy workers. Metabolic syndrome is closely related to obesity, and this, in turn, is associated with a poor diet (high intake of carbohydrates and fats). This chapter explains the decrement of risk factors in workers of Young Living Ecuador Farm based on the Health Belief Model. Chapter 6 -- The objective of this chapter book was to analyse the evidence obtained by clinical studies reported by scientific literature. Clinical studies have employed different components or products of grapes, such as pulp, freeze-dried grape, extracts, wine, and a distinct dose of resveratrol, to demonstrate their biological properties against diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity. Chapter 7 -- The main purpose of this chapter is to describe the analysis of whether glycated haemoglobin values could be used as a limit marker for earlier diagnosis of type 2 DM in overweight patients. This was a nonexperimental, analytical, retrospective, longitudinal study of 100 overweight patients diagnosed with type 2 DM. The study was carried out in 2014 at Teodoro Maldonado Carbo Hospital, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Chapter 8 -- Rosemary is classified not only as spice or ornamental but also as a medicinal plant. It is an important source of volatile and non-volatile compounds. The proportion of them varies in function of diverse factors as a region of growth, environment, extraction treatment, and others. Thanks to its composition, rosemary owners several properties such as anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, among others, thus the importance of this plant over metabolic diseases is presented in this chapter. Chapter 9 - Agave has been used in traditional medicine as an aesthetic, anticonvulsant, antipyretic, urinary antiseptic, cathartic, cicatricial, and regenerative, diuretic, emmenagogue, and eupeptic. Agave extracts and derived agave products have been used to prevent several metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and cancer. However, more studies are needed to support these effects.Table of ContentsPreface; Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]: Health Benefits on the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cancer, and Diabetes; Avocado (Persea americana): Phytochemicals and Health Benefits against Metabolic Disorders; Aztec Root and Its Use in Metabolic Disorders; Artisanal Formulation of Opuntia Ficus-Indica Preserves: Food Products as a Potential Source of Antioxidants; Nutritional Intervention in Workers of the Young Living Ecuador Farm to Reduce the Risk Factors Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome Based on the Health Belief Model: A Pilot Study; Use of Grapes, Grape-Extracts, and Resveratrol to Prevent Obesity and Diabetes; Glycated Hemoglobin as a Limit Marker for Early Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus in Overweight Patients (Metabolic Syndrome); Rosemary as a Treatment for Metabolic Disorders; Biological Properties of Agave and Derived Agave Products; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis 8-chapter book is written by experts from China, Mexico, Portugal, United Kingdom and the United States of America. The book is focused on estrogen receptor structure, functions and clinical significance. Though we are unable to address all aspects of the estrogen receptors, we have analysed and discussed estrogen receptors or their isoforms in some major estrogen receptor-related disorders including cancers, endocrine diseases, respiratory diseases and obesity. The information provided by this book should aid our understanding the role of estrogen receptors in human diseases. This book will be of great value not only for clinicians interested in estrogen receptor-related diseases but also for basic scientists working in the field of estrogen receptors.Table of ContentsPreface; The Role of Estrogen Receptors Alpha in Breast Carcinogenesis: An Overview; Molecular Mechanisms That Modulate the Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Breast Cancer; Clinical Relevance of Biomarkers in Oestrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer; Estrogen Receptor Alpha: Structure, Functions and Clinical Aspects in Endocrine System; Estrogen Signaling Pathway in Lung Cancer and Its Impact on Therapy; Estrogen Receptor Structure: Expression and Role in Gender Differences of Airway Diseases; Estrogen Receptor Alpha 36 in Cancers; Estrogen Receptors and Obesity, with Focus on Adipose Tissues; Index.

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Book SynopsisDiabetes mellitus is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the modern world. Persistent hyperglycaemia is responsible for several complications of diabetes, such as diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic autonomic neuropathy, diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic foot ulcer, gestational diabetes, and diabetic mastopathy. With the advancement of technology, several new drugs have been developed for treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications. Moreover, alternative and complementary medicines have also been employed to manage diabetes and its associated complications. Despite the availability of a plethora of therapeutic agents, the management of diabetes and diabetic complications is an uphill battle associated with several limitations. Various leading research groups across the world are investing billions of dollars to develop impeccable solutions for the treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications. This book focuses on the understanding of recent advancements in the pathogenesis of diabetes and diabetic complications, the molecular basis of the disease and recent advancements in diabetic treatment. The chapters are specifically dedicated to different complications associated with diabetes. Moreover, recent advances in treatments and medications in clinical trials for these complications are explained. Some chapters are dedicated to the use of herbal medicines, alternative and complementary therapy and personalized medicines. Furthermore, the role of epigenetics in diabetic complications is described, as well as the role of antidiabetic drugs and their interactions. Due to its widespread prevalence, diabetes is presently considered a pandemic. This book provides contemporary information to researchers and health care practitioners about diabetes and diabetic complications, which may pave the way for designing new strategies to manage diabetes and diabetic complications. Moreover, the insights on alternative and complementary medicines will help in providing a background for inclusion of these medicines as an important therapeutic option for treatment of diabetes.Table of ContentsPreface; Comprehending Type-I Diabetes Mellitus; Comprehending Type-II Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes and Diabetic Complications: Current Status and Future Prospective; Molecular Basis of Diabetic Nephropathy; Diabetic Neuropathy: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Management; Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Management; Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Potential Target Sites; Diabetic Mastopathy: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Management; Diabetic Foot Ulcer: Pathogenies and Treatment Strategies; Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Pathogenesis and Treatment; Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy: Pathogenesis and Treatment; The Role of Epigenetic in Complications of Diabetes-Mellitus; Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Complications of Diabetes; Diabetes in Pregnancy Gestational Diabetes Mellitus; Novel Pharmacological Approaches for Diabetic Complications; Personalized Medicine for Management of Diabetic Complications; Pharmacokinetics of Antidiabetic Drugs and Their Interactions; Diabetic Complications and Non-Conventional Therapies; Drugs in Clinical Research for Management of Diabetic Complications; Herbal Approach in Management of Diabetes and Its Complications; Quality of Life (QoL) in Diabetes Mellitus; Index.

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Book SynopsisPolycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is known as a common gynaecologic and endocrinology disease with multiple short and long-term consequences. It is one of the most common causes for hyperandrogenism and anovulation (therefore hirsutism, acne, menstrual dysfunction and infertility); increases the risk for metabolic syndrome, Type 2 diabetes and, still debated, cardiovascular disease. It represents a substantial psychological, social and economic burden for womens reproductive life span. In this book, Chapter One reviews the aetiology and pathogenesis of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, with the objective to set the ground for future research that could help elucidate which patients have risk of developing the disorder and what triggers this risk, so strategies to prevent it could be found. Chapter Two focuses on the most recent studies about PCOS and the current models of its genetic pathogenesis. In addition, it emphasizes the significance of genetic factors and the possibility of developing plausible candidate gene families for diagnosis and to improve therapeutic approaches for PCOS treatment. Chapter Three evaluates the available therapeutic strategies for the treatment of women with PCOS also focusing on diet in order to assess the possible impact on the clinical effects associated with it. Chapter Four reviews the most recent data regarding useful and promising adjuvant therapies in PCOS and its mechanisms of action, in order to expand its use on those patients who do not respond to conventional management. Chapter Five focuses on current existing markers of Insulin resistance (IR).

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Book SynopsisDiabetes mellitus is a chronic disease of absolute or relative insulin deficiency or resistance characterised by disturbances in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. It is estimated that between 5-10% of the population suffer from this disease. This syndrome is a contributing factor in a large percentage of deaths from heart attacks and strokes as well as renal failure and vascular disease. About 90% of the cases of diabetes mellitus fall into Type 2 where obesity plays a major role. Research in the field is wide-spread ranging from causes to treatment. This book brings together leading research from throughout the world.

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Book SynopsisPancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine through a tube called the pancreatic duct. These enzymes help digest fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in food. The pancreas also releases the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. These hormones help the body use the glucose it takes from food for energy. Normally, digestive enzymes do not become active until they reach the small intestine, where they begin digesting food. But if these enzymes become active inside the pancreas, they start ''digesting'' the pancreas itself. Acute pancreatitis occurs suddenly and lasts for a short period of time and usually resolves. Chronic pancreatitis does not resolve itself and results in a slow destruction of the pancreas. In severe cases, bleeding, tissue damage, and infection may occur. Pseudocysts, accumulations of fluid and tissue debris, may also develop. And enzymes and toxins may enter the bloodstream, injuring the heart, lungs, and kidneys, or other organs. This new book presents the latest research from around the world in this field.

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Book SynopsisEstrogens are a group of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the oestrus cycle, and functioning as the primary female sex hormone. Estrogens are used as part of some oral contraceptives, in oestrogen replacement therapy of postmenopausal women, and in hormone replacement therapy for transwomen. Like all steroid hormones, estrogens readily diffuse across the cell membrane; inside the cell, they interact with oestrogen receptors. Additionally, estrogens have been shown to activate a G protein-coupled receptor. This book gathers leading research from around the world.

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Book SynopsisNeuroendocrinology is the study of the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. The concept arose from the recognition that the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland is closely controlled by the brain, especially by the hypothalamus. This book presents the latest research in the field from around the world.

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Book SynopsisAlthough sex hormones are generally thought to be involved mainly in reproductive functions, they are also involved in antioxidant mechanisms, in cardiovascular and brain functions, and in incidence of some diseases. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the development, regulation and disorders relating to sex hormones. Topics discussed include sex hormones are their implication in metabolic disease, and neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer''s disease, depression and migraine; the non-reproductive effects of sex hormones and the cardiovascular system; the sources and presence of steroid sex hormones in freshwater ecosystems and sex hormone receptors and epigenetics in breast cancer.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors provide current research in the study of the anatomy, diseases and health implications of the pancreas. The pancreas consists of two organs in one; the exocrine gland secretes enzymes into the digestive tract, and the endocrine gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream. Topics discussed in this compilation include the development of the islets of Langerhans in the human fetal pancreas; autophagy in pancreatic diseases; characteristics of primary cystic pancreatic neoplasms; embryology of the pancreas and associated anomalies; emerging therapeutic options for metastatic exocrine pancreatic cancer; minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenetcomy; and minimally invasive pancreatectomy.

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Book SynopsisEstrogens are a family of hormones that potently regulate reproductive, cardiovascular, bone, brain, and other physiology by altering gene expression. In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of the biochemistry, therapeutic uses and physiological effects of hormones. Topics include the physiological effects of oestrogen in fish and its application; estrogens in osteoarthritis and inflammation; estrogens as mediators of obesity-induced inflammation; the transcriptional effect of estrogens on gene expression; and the role of estrogens in regulating the gender disparity of hepatocellular carcinoma.

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Book SynopsisThis book follows an up to date authoritative style on the subject of parathyroid glands and their disorder. This book seeks to expand the horizon of parathyroid hormone use and provides in depth information on surgical techniques for managing its disorder. There are four sections on anatomy, function, disorder and treatment. The first three show how these areas are interconnected and the fourth on techniques for managing parathyroid disease. While short enough to be read as a treatise on parathyroid glands it is also authoritative enough to be used as a reference text.

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Book SynopsisThe renin angiotensin system (RAS) maintains the cardiovascular homeostasis and is involved in the pathogenesis of several disorders related to heart and kidney. There are several peptides under RAS in which angiotensin (Ang) II is the major contributor. In this book, the authors present topical research on angiotensin. Some of the topics discussed include the influence of renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system genes on hypertrophy development in hypertrophic caradiomyopathy; cardiac renin angiotensin system and exercise training; the role of the counter-regulatory renin angiotensin system in the heart and new roles for the neuropeptide angiotensin II.

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Book SynopsisWomen are born with a finite number of oocytes and throughout the reproductive ageing process (which starts prior to birth and develops in a continuum), the progressive loss of these oocytes (during atresia or ovulation) is observed, which does not necessarily happen at a constant rate. The reproductive failure is what signals menopause. In this new book, the authors discuss the management, complications and social perceptions relating to menopause. Topics included in this complication examine the biopsychosocial conceptualization and assessment of menopausal symptoms; management of typically ignored but increased risk factors for dysparaneua, HIV and other STDs; perceptions about menopause and hormonal therapy in Brazilian women; oestrogen deficiency in bone diseases in female hemodialysis patients; and estrogen dose in postmenopausal hormonal therapy.

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Book SynopsisThe constellation of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia within an individual, is referred to as metabolic syndrome (MetS), and is increasing in prevalence in the United States and world-wide. Patients with MetS have a heightened probability of developing type 2 diabetes and atherothromotic disease. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the classification, risk factors and health impact of metabolic syndrome. Topics include the pathophysiological changes to the vasculature and inflammation within the skeletal muscle that accompany MetS; metabolic syndrome in children; role of triglyceride modifier genetic variants in the development of MetS; subclinical atherosclerosis and risk of stroke in metabolic syndrome; nuclear receptors and MetS; vascular repair by endothelial progenitor cells in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome; chromium mediations of glucose tolerance; and sleep disturbances and glucose variability.

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Book SynopsisThe hallmark of insulin resistance is an obstacle to glucose uptake, resulting in hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is rapidly increasing world-wide and is becoming an important health problem. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of insulin resistance including: the pathophysiological basis for antioxidant therapy of insulin resistance; new insight into the regulation of insulin resistance; burn injury and its association with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia which complicates clinical management; and lipoprotein lipase and its role in insulin resistance.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors discuss the chemical structure, biosynthesis and role in disease of triglycerides. Topics include lipid levels in neuropsychiatric disorders; the role of circadian clocks in the absorption and metabolism of dietary triglycerides; serum lipoprotein lipase mass as a novel biomarker of insulin sensitivity; and the effect of plasma lipids and APOE genotype on cognitive decline.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors present current research in the study of hormones and behavior. Topics include the neuroendocrine regulation of sedation and excitation in neonatal chicks; the behavior of the mother and vasopressin; inhibited TRHergic pathway of amygdala and insular cortex may participate in high anxiety levels and decreased food intake of dehydrated-induced anorexic rats; the difference between morning and evening thyrotropin response to protirelin(TRH); altered energy balance in response to sleep restriction; hormones in breast carcinogenesis; ecdysteriods and honeybee social behaviors; and changes in appetite-associated hormone and feeding behavior in advanced age.

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Book SynopsisThe renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a major hormonal system that plays an essential role in regulating salt-water balance and blood pressure. In this book, the authors discuss the physiology, role in disease and health implications of RAS. Topics include the function of the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system in ISIAH rats with stress-sensitive arterial hypertension; RAS implications for eye diseases, obesity and diabetes, and cardiovascular disease; intensive blockade of renin-angiotensin systems; glomerular renin-angiotensin system activation; the role of vitamin D in RAS; the renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms; and a discussion on whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are a contradiction for contrast-induced nephropathy prophylaxis?

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Book SynopsisMelatonin was discovered in 1958 and has been the object of study from many points of view, including its synthesis, features, functions, and mechanisms of action in plants and animals. At present, there has been a tremendous amount of knowledge about this molecule. Initially considered a simple pineal neurohormone responsible for the regulation of the circadian rhythms of reproduction, it is now considered an outstanding molecule with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuromodulatory and cytoprotective properties. This book reviews the presence, mechanisms of action, and regulation of melatonin in plants, vertebrates, and mammals including humans. Clinical aspects of melatonin in human pathology are also covered. Among them, melatonin may be useful in the integrative aspects of cancer therapy either as a unique agent or in combination with other standard therapies. Administration of melatonin did not only show a promising role on the inhibition of numerous cancer pathways by its oncostatic properties, but also improved the quality of life and functional status in patients suffering from aggressive cancers, such as breast, prostate, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancer. The book also collects evidence from many research laboratories with special emphasis on the clinical aspects and potential uses of melatonin in several diseases. In light of the new findings, the information provided in this book has huge importance for considering melatonin in clinical practice for a wide range of diseases, and also for the development of new selective agonists of receptors and intracellular targets of melatonin.

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Book SynopsisThis book contains a varied collection of chapters covering pinealectomy techniques used in current neuroscience research from over 19 internationally recognised scientists. In a total of 8 chapters, this book presents general information in pinealectomy covering topics from anatomy and histology of the pineal gland in animals to the melatonin system and different surgical techniques. This book forms an essential reference for anyone working in neuroscience, from beginner students to experienced researchers since basic information on different pinealectomy procedures used in animal models can be extremely hard to find.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers updates on the full range of contemporary GnRH knowledge, as articulated by authoritative contributors with extensive neurophysiology experience. In this new comprehensive volume, internationally-renowned experts explain what GnRH is, describe how it works, follow its associated pathology, and predict where future GnRH research is likely headed. These objectives are clearly developed by sixteen concise yet thorough chapters covering themes across human clinical medicine, veterinary science, marine organisms, and transitional states as observed in so-called "living fossils", as well as invertebrate biology. The authors depict GnRH fundamentals as a starting-point for examination of more recent data in this rapidly evolving field. Although ideally suited for the senior GnRH researcher, anyone with an early, basic interest in neuroendocrinology will also find this book highly approachable. Fully illustrated, indexed and annotated, this edition is an essential item in any modern personal or institutional GnRH library collection.

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Book SynopsisBone is a dynamic tissue that undergoes continual adaptation during vertebrate life to preserve skeletal size, shape, and structural integrity and to regulate mineral homeostasis. Bone mass is skilfully regulated through osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Bone mass is reduced through decreased osteoblastic bone formation and increased osteoclastic bone resorption. This decrease induces osteoporosis. Bone loss is also caused in various pathophysiologic states including inflammatory condition, obesity, diabetes, and cancer cell bone metastasis. In addition, malnutrition or undernutrition is often observed with increasing ages and is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis and consequences of bone fracture in the osteoporotic elderly. Nutritional and functional food factors may play a pivotal role in maintaining bone health, and this will be expected as a new biomedical treatment for osteoporosis.

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Book SynopsisEstradiol is the major steroid hormone which is involved in several organic functions, such as physiological sexual behaviour, development and maintenance of male and female reproductive organs, control of visceral secretion, modulation of immune system, and tumorigenesis. In this compilation, the authors discuss the synthesis, health effects and drug interactions of estradiol. Topics include the occurrence of estradiol in environmental waters; estradiol in the central nervous system and its role in neurodegeneration; the effects of estradiol on male and female reproductive tissues and the influence of endocrine disruptors; estradiol and prostate cancer; hydroxyestradiols and methoxyestradiols as endogenous factors associated to physiological and physiopathological conditions; oestrogen and functional gastrointestinal disorders; estradiol and memory; estradiol in the environment; use of combined therapy of estrogens with antidepressants; oestrogen and nitric oxide as a treatment for diabetes gastroparesis; estradiol synthesis after ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation; estradiol-mediated overmodulation of the neuroendocrine hormone dopamine is central to the pathophysiology of restless leg syndrome during pregnancy; and oestrogen modulation on oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity in the dorsal hippocampus.

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Book SynopsisLeptin was originally described for its role in obesity and energy homeostasis. This book focuses on the biosynthesis, functions and overall clinical significance of leptin. Leptin''s association to Alzheimer''s diseases and other cognitive disorders is discussed along with the leptin-renal axis; the relationship of leptin and melanoma; the inhibition of oncogenic effects of leptin by cAMP elevation in triple negative breast cancer cells; the leptin regulation of intestinal nutrients absorption; the implications of leptin in male reproductive function; the role of leptin in early life metabolism and its physiological, pathological, and potential therapeutic implications; the skeletal effects of leptin; the physiological roles of leptin in oral and maxillofacial region; the respiratory responses to microinjectons of leptin; and leptin as a reproductive modulator.

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Book SynopsisType 1 diabetes is a chronic auto-immune disease. Type 1 diabetes was previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes. Type 1 diabetes develops when the body''s immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, the only cells in the body that make the hormone insulin that regulates blood glucose. To survive, people with type 1 diabetes must have insulin delivered by injection or a pump. Topics discussed in this compilation include genetic and epigenetic studies of type 1 diabetes; blood pressure and diabetes during pregnancy; comparison of diseases-specific quality of life, metabolic control and cardiorespiratory fitness in physically active and inactive youths with type 1 diabetes; stem cells for the treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes; and the causes and potential complications of type 1 diabetes.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the current knowledge and recent developments to navigate cellular, molecular, and clinical aspects of natriuretic peptides and their receptors in health and disease. State-of-the-art technology in cell and molecular biology has been applied to delineate the expression, function, and regulation of natriuretic peptides and their receptors both in vitro and in vivo model systems. Transgenic and gene-targeted mouse models have clearly demonstrated that the absence of functional natriuretic peptides and/or their cognate receptors cannot only raise blood pressure but also cause severe hypertensive heart, similar to what is seen in untreated human hypertensive patients. The genetically engineered mouse models have been useful to reveal not only the actual functions of the genes for natriuretic peptides and their receptors, but more critically their modifying interactions with other genes. This book presents a comprehensive look at the past developments, current status, and future prospects of the natriuretic peptides and their receptor systems in bedside diagnosis, treatments, and therapeutic advancements. The book comprises of fourteen chapters from eminent scientists in their area of research expertise, and presents a wide range of reviews spanning the research works done on the natriuretic peptides and their receptors. Each chapter provides a comprehensive summary covering the aspects of physiology, molecular biology, and clinical implication of the accomplished experimental findings and future perspectives of research to be performed in this vital and important cardiovascular field. It is expected that this book will provide readers a focused overview of the status and perspectives of the natriuretic peptides and their receptors from the past accomplishments to exciting future investigations.

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Book SynopsisThe book examines the noradrenaline-emotional psyches (brain-blood barrier) somatic-adrenaline axis. It conceptually updates research advances, diagnostic techniques and therapeutic methods. The authors enhance their discussions with clear illustrations and explicative texts written for researchers, professionals, educators and students alike, which favour its selection as an essential overview of recent medical and scientific advances, allowing the reader to have the satisfaction of finding first-rate accounts of important work. Comparative studies between immediately obtained adrenal vein samples (AVS) and 15 minutes thereafter show that the stress reactions induced by catheter manipulation had an effect on serum cortisol and aldosterone values. A transient increase in cortisol release from both adrenal glands occurs in the majority of the patients who undergo AVS. This stress reaction can influence the assessment of both the selectivity of the catheterisation during the sequential AVS technique and the lateralisation of aldosteronoma bearing gland. The separation of noradrenaline (NA) at brain and adrenaline at blood functions as a homeostatic lame axis by the blood-brain barrier blocking adrenaline feedback in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HTPA). This leads to postulate an evolution adaptation for the brain dominance over body, which allows a psychoanalytic treatment to function to signal turn-off and return to circadian homeostasis. Decreased glucose could stress the HTPA axis and leads to decreasing metabolites and releasing Mg2+ for integration of the brain-tissue network. Mg2+ changes adenylyl cyclase (AC) from a Ca2+-AC complex to an Mg2+-AC form with responsiveness to NA for short-term memory. The cAMP generated has been postulated for consolidation of long-term memory.

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Book SynopsisDescriptions of endocrinology will change in the years to come. Endocrinology is not only concerned about the diseases of the known endocrine organs. We know now organs that were not previously recognized as endocrine organs such as the heart and skin are in fact endocrine organs. Endocrinology is a science of knowledge transfer in the human body. Endocrine diseases like diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, hypertension and thyroid disorders are so common in the population. Each exceeds 10% of the total population. Endocrinologic evaluation of whole diseases of emergency situations and critical care situations are important, as well as known endocrine organ diseases in these units. Also, preoperative, perioperative, postoperative evaluation and management of endocrine diseases are very important. This book is the written first edition of a work that may be beneficial for endocrinology and internal medicine residents, surgeons, and medical students. The book purpose is to cover the up-to-date practical endocrine emergencies, perioperative evaluation and endocrine aspects of critical care. If you send us your comments, feedback and chapter headline suggestions, we can make changes in the new edition of this book according to suggestions.

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Book SynopsisStudies have shown that low quality of life is a risk factor for increased hospitalization, diminished adherence to treatment, and increased morbidity and mortality. Recently, quality of life has been an area of interest in endocrinology. Studies have demonstrated that it is reduced in disturbances such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, thyroid diseases, Cushing''s disease, and pituitary tumors. This book aims at reviewing recently published data on quality of life in endocrine diseases. It presents the available data on quality of life in non-functioning pituitary tumors, prolactinomas, acromegaly, GH deficiency, Cushing''s syndrome, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, hypogonadism, diabetes mellitus, and obesity.

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Book SynopsisThe human body''s endocrine system includes eight major glands, which make hormones and travel through the bloodstream to tissues or organs. In this book, the authors'' focus on the risk factors, genetics, diagnosis and management of gynecomastia (a benign condition characterized by enlargement of the male breast) and addresses the puzzling controversies surrounding menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and its health outcomes, which have been the subject of extensive investigation in recent years. The book concludes with a bibliography on recent titles published in the field that readers might find of interest.

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Book SynopsisDiabetes is a prevalent disorder throughout the world; it has become a universal topic for conversation superseding topics like heart disease or cancer. Self-care and taking responsibility for the illness are integrally important in diabetes so that the patient stays healthy and complications do not develop. Self-care consists of the following: a prescribed diabetes diet, indulging in daily physical activities and taking prescribed doses of insulin. Self-care is promoted through repeated education by doctors and allied health professionals who are knowledgeable in diabetes, pathophysiology and clinical diabetes care. The Handbook of Diabetes for General Practitioners is written for doctors to apprise the fundamentals of diabetes including its recognition as an entity, the discovery of insulin for the treatment of diabetes, pathophysiology of diabetes, and the development and progression of diabetic complications and how to minimize or prevent the complications. Also, several chapters are written to focus on the common flaws in the diagnosis and improper treatment of diabetes. Incorrect diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced hyperglycemia leads to the development of overt diabetes with a range of complications. Diabetic complications are serious, disabling and economically disastrous for healthcare providers. By reading this book, doctors and allied health professionals will be better prepared to deal with the adversities of diabetes to ultimately help their patients live a complication-free life.

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Book SynopsisThe prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been increasing worldwide, and it is becoming a public health concern. In this book, the pathophysiological risk factors of progression from normoglycemia to prediabetes and the lifestyle modifications and pharmacological interventions for preventing or delaying the development of glucose intolerance is examined. Furthermore, the insulin signaling pathway regulates the cellular uptake of glucose and wholebody metabolic homeostasis in mammalians. This book explores the improvement of estrogen signaling in preventing the comorbidities of insulin resistance. The next chapter focuses on nutritional management during the perioperative period, focusing on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. There are three major problems for nutritional management during the perioperative period. These problems are addressed and suggestions are made on how to alleviate them. Finally, Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal inherited disorder in Caucasians, affecting 1 in 2,500 - 2,800 live births. The last chapter examines impaired glucose tolerance in cystic fibrosis.

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Book SynopsisThyroid nodules are commonly diagnosed in adults, although they are rare in children affecting only 1% - 2% of this population. Since the late 1960''s, ultrasound (US) has become essential in the examination of the thyroid gland as a non-invasive, rapid and easily reproducible imaging study. This book provides the reader with a framework from which to develop a differential diagnosis, risk factors and evaluation plan for both children and adults presented with thyroid nodules. Risk factors and management of a thyroidectomy are presented as well, and the challenges it poses for the surgeon who undertakes endocrine surgery. The final chapter evaluates the association between Hashimoto''s thyroiditis and differentiated thyroid cancer.

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