Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisTough Test Questions? Missed Lectures? Not Enough Time?Fortunately for you, thereâs Schaum's. This all-in-one-package includes more than 700 fully solved problems, examples, and practice exercises to sharpen your problem-solving skills. Plus, you will have access to 20 detailed videos featuring instructors who explain the most commonly tested problems--it's just like having your own virtual tutor! You'll find everything you need to build confidence, skills, and knowledge for the highest score possible.More than 40 million students have trusted Schaum'sto help them succeed in the classroom and on exams.Schaum's is the key to faster learning and higher gradesin every subject. Each Outline presents all the essentialcourse information in an easy-to-follow, topic-by-topicformat. You also get hundreds of examples, solved problems, and practice exercises to test your skills.This Schaum's Outline gives you 700 fully solved problems Extra practiTable of Contents1. Introduction2. Control Systems Terminology 3. Differential Equations, Difference Equations, and Linear Systems 4. The LaPlace Transform5. The Z-Transform 6. Stability7. Transfer Functions 8. Block Diagram Algebra and Transfer Functions of Systems 9. Signal Flow Graphs 10. System Sensitivity Measures and Classification of Feedback Systems 11. Analysis and Design of Feedback Control Systems: Objectives and Methods 12. Nyquist Analysis13. Nyquist Design 14. Root-Locus Design 15. Bode Analysis 16. Bode Design 17. Nichols Chart Analysis 18. Nichols Chart Design 19. Introduction to Nonlinear Control Systems20. Introduction to Advanced Systems21. Topics in Control Systems22. Analysis and Design

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.A state-of-the-art guide to capacitors and their applicationsThis practical resource provides a comprehensive overview of capacitor technology and its evolution to keep pace with the emerging electrical and electronics industry. Computers, mobile devices, power supplies, automobiles, and other systems are consuming unprecedented quantities of capacitors. This book discusses capacitor physics, raw materials, and the latest manufacturing processes and describes how to select appropriate products for specific applications. Testing methods to ensure optimum capacitor performance are also included in this cuttinTable of Contents1. Introduction to Capacitors2. Properties of Dielectrics3. Polypropylene and Polyester Film4. Metallized Films5. Types of Capacitors6. Power Factor Correction Capacitors7. Switching of Capacitors8. Harmonics in Power Systems9. Power Quality Management10. Electrolytic Capacitors11. Ceramic Capacitors12. Mica Capacitors13. Ultracapacitors: The Future of Energy Storage14. Auto ignition and CDI capacitors15. Electronic Grade Capacitors16. Capacitors for RFI Suppression17. Energy Storage and Pulse Capacitors18. Application in Electronic Circuits 19. Capacitors for Power Electronics20. Manufacture of Paper/Plastic Film Capacitors21. Capacitor Failures and their MitigationIndex

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Introduction to real time simulation for modern power electronics 2. Power electronics devices 3. Modeling of power electronics devices 4. Modelling of circuit components 5. Modeling of power electronics converters 6. Numerical solver of power electronics converters 7. CPU-based real-time simulation of power electronics 8. FPGA-based real-time simulation of power electronics 9. Hardware-in-the-loop of power electronics 10. Case Studies of power electronics real-time simulations in industrial applications 11. Advances and trends in power electronics real-time simulation 12. Outlooks on power electronics real-time simulation

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Book SynopsisThe paradigm of multi-agent' cooperative control is the challenge frontier for new control system application domains, and as a research area it has experienced a considerable increase in activity in recent years. This volume, the result of a UCLA collaborative project with Caltech, Cornell and MIT, presents cutting edge results in terms of the dimensions of cooperative control from leading researchers worldwide. This dimensional decomposition allows the reader to assess the multi-faceted landscape of cooperative control. Cooperative Control of Distributed Multi-Agent Systems is organized into four main themes, or dimensions, of cooperative control: distributed control and computation, adversarial interactions, uncertain evolution and complexity management. The military application of autonomous vehicles systems or multiple unmanned vehicles is primarily targeted; however much of the material is relevant to a broader range of multi-agent systems including cooperative robotics, distTable of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. Part I. Introduction. 1. Dimensions of cooperative control (Jeff S. Shamma and Gurdal Arslan). 1.1 Why cooperative control? 1.2 Dimensions of cooperative control. 1.3 Future directions. Acknowledgements. References Part II. Distributed Control and Computation. 2. Design of behavior of swarms: From flocking to data fusion using microfilter networks (Reza Olfati-Saber). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Consensus problems. 2.3 Flocking behavior for distributed coverage. 2.4 Microfilter networks for cooperative data fusion. Acknowledgements. References. 3. Connectivity and convergence of formations (Sonja Glavaski, Anca Williams and Tariq Samad). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Problem formulation. 3.3 Algebraic graph theory. 3.4 Stability of vehicle formations in the case of time-invariant communication. 3.5 Stability of vehicle formations in the case of time-variant communication. 3.6 Stabilizing feedback for the time-variant communication case. 3.7 Graph connectivity and stability of vehicle formations. 3.8 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 4. Distributed receding horizon control: stability via move suppression (William B. Dunbar). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 System description and objective. 4.3 Distributed receding horizon control. 4.4 Feasibility and stability analysis. 4.5 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 5. Distributed predictive control: synthesis, stability and feasibility (Tam´as Keviczky, Francesco Borrelli and Gary J. Balas). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Problem formulation. 5.3 Distributed MPC scheme. 5.4 DMPC stability analysis. 5.5 Distributed design for identical unconstrained LTI subsystems. 5.6 Ensuring feasibility. 5.7 Conclusion. References. 6. Task assignment for mobile agents (Brandon J. Moore and Kevin M. Passino). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Background. 6.3 Problem statement. 6.4 Assignment algorithm and results. 6.5 Simulations. 6.6 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. 7. On the value of information in dynamic multiple-vehicle routing problems (Alessandro Arsie, John J. Enright and Emilio Frazzoli ). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Problem formulation. 7.3 Control policy description. 7.4 Performance analysis in light load. 7.5 A performance analysis for sTP, mTP/FG and mTP policies. 7.6 Some numerical results. 7.7 Conclusions. References. 8. Optimal agent cooperation with local information (Eric Feron and Jan DeMot). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Notation and problem formulation. 8.3 Mathematical problem formulation. 8.4 Algorithm overview and LP decomposition. 8.5 Fixed point computation. 8.6 Discussion and examples. 8.7 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 9. Multiagent cooperation through egocentric modeling (Vincent Pei-wen Seah and Jeff S. Shamma). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Centralized and decentralized optimization. 9.3 Evolutionary cooperation. 9.4 Analysis of convergence. 9.5 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. Part III. Adversarial Interactions. 10. Multi-vehicle cooperative control using mixed integer linear programming (Matthew G. Earl and Raffaello D’Andrea). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Vehicle dynamics. 10.3 Obstacle avoidance. 10.4 RoboFlag problems. 10.5 Average case complexity. 10.6 Discussion. 10.7 Appendix: Converting logic into inequalities. Acknowledgements. References. 11. LP-based multi-vehicle path planning with adversaries (Georgios C. Chasparis and Jeff S. Shamma). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Problem formulation. 11.3 Optimization set-up. 11.4 LP-based path planning. 11.5 Implementation. 11.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 12. Characterization of LQG differential games with different information patterns (Ashitosh Swarup and Jason L. Speyer). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Formulation of the discrete-time LQG game. 12.3 Solution of the LQG game as the limit to the LEG Game. 12.4 LQG game as the limit of the LEG Game. 12.5 Correlation properties of the LQG game filter in the limit. 12.6 Cost function properties—effect of a perturbation in up. 12.7 Performance of the Kalman filtering algorithm. 12.8 Comparison with the Willman algorithm. 12.9 Equilibrium properties of the cost function: the saddle interval. 12.10 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. Part IV. Uncertain Evolution. 13 Modal estimation of jump linear systems: an information theoretic viewpoint (Nuno C. Martins and Munther A. Dahleh). 13.1 Estimation of a class of hidden markov models. 13.2 Problem statement. 13.3 Encoding and decoding. 13.4 Performance analysis. 13.5 Auxiliary results leading to the proof of theorem. Acknowledgements. References. 14. Conditionally-linear filtering for mode estimation in jump-linear systems (Daniel Choukroun and Jason L. Speyer). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Conditionally-Linear Filtering. 14.3 Mode-estimation for jump-linear systems. 14.4 Numerical Example. 14.5 Conclusion. 14.6 Appendix A: Inner product of equation (14.14). 14.7 Appendix B: Development of the filter equations (14.36) to (14.37). Acknowledgements. References. 15. Cohesion of languages in grammar networks (Y. Lee, T.C. Collier, C.E. Taylor and E.P. Stabler). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Evolutionary dynamics of languages. 15.3 Topologies of language populations. 15.4 Language structure. 15.5 Networks induced by structural similarity. 15.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. Part V. Complexity Management. 16. Complexity management in the state estimation of multi-agent systems (Domitilla Del Vecchio and Richard M. Murray). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Motivating example. 16.3 Basic concepts. 16.4 Problem formulation. 16.5 Problem solution. 16.6 Example: the RoboFlag Drill. 16.7 Existence of discrete state estimators on a lattice. 16.8 Extensions to the estimation of discrete and continuous variables. 16.9 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 17. Abstraction-based command and control with patch models (V. G. Rao, S. Goldfarb and R. D’Andrea). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Overview of patch models. 17.3 Realization and verification. 17.4 Human and artificial decision-making. 17.5 Hierarchical control. 17.6 Conclusion. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe subject of computational plasticity encapsulates the numerical methods used for the finite element simulation of the behaviour of a wide range of engineering materials considered to be plastic - i.e. those that undergo a permanent change of shape in response to an applied force.Table of ContentsPart One Basic concepts 1 Introduction 1.1 Aims and scope 1.2 Layout 1.3 General scheme of notation 2 ELEMENTS OF TENSOR ANALYSIS 2.1 Vectors 2.2 Second-order tensors 2.3 Higher-order tensors 2.4 Isotropic tensors 2.5 Differentiation 2.6 Linearisation of nonlinear problems 3 THERMODYNAMICS 3.1 Kinematics of deformation 3.2 Infinitesimal deformations 3.3 Forces. Stress Measures 3.4 Fundamental laws of thermodynamics 3.5 Constitutive theory 3.6 Weak equilibrium. The principle of virtual work 3.7 The quasi-static initial boundary value problem 4 The finite element method in quasi-static nonlinear solid mechanics 4.1 Displacement-based finite elements 4.2 Path-dependent materials. The incremental finite element procedure 4.3 Large strain formulation 4.4 Unstable equilibrium. The arc-length method 5 Overview of the program structure 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The main program 5.3 Data input and initialisation 5.4 The load incrementation loop. Overview 5.5 Material and element modularity 5.6 Elements. Implementation and management 5.7 Material models: implementation and management Part Two Small strains 6 The mathematical theory of plasticity 6.1 Phenomenological aspects 6.2 One-dimensional constitutive model 6.3 General elastoplastic constitutive model 6.4 Classical yield criteria 6.5 Plastic flow rules 6.6 Hardening laws 7 Finite elements in small-strain plasticity problems 7.1 Preliminary implementation aspects 7.2 General numerical integration algorithm for elastoplastic constitutive equations 7.3 Application: integration algorithm for the isotropically hardening von Mises model 7.4 The consistent tangent modulus 7.5 Numerical examples with the von Mises model 7.6 Further application: the von Mises model with nonlinear mixed hardening 8 Computations with other basic plasticity models 8.1 The Tresca model 8.2 The Mohr-Coulomb model 8.3 The Drucker-Prager model 8.4 Examples 9 Plane stress plasticity 9.1 The basic plane stress plasticity problem 9.2 Plane stress constraint at the Gauss point level 9.3 Plane stress constraint at the structural level 9.4 Plane stress-projected plasticity models 9.5 Numerical examples 9.6 Other stress-constrained states 10 Advanced plasticity models 10.1 A modified Cam-Clay model for soils 10.2 A capped Drucker-Prager model for geomaterials 10.3 Anisotropic plasticity: the Hill, Hoffman and Barlat-Lian models 11 Viscoplasticity 11.1 Viscoplasticity: phenomenological aspects 11.2 One-dimensional viscoplasticity model 11.3 A von Mises-based multidimensional model 11.4 General viscoplastic constitutive model 11.5 General numerical framework 11.6 Application: computational implementation of a von Mises-based model 11.7 Examples 12 Damage mechanics 12.1 Physical aspects of internal damage in solids 12.2 Continuum damage mechanics 12.3 Lemaitre's elastoplastic damage theory 12.4 A simplified version of Lemaitre's model 12.5 Gurson's void growth model 12.6 Further issues in damage modelling Part Three Large strains 13 Finite strain hyperelasticity 13.1 Hyperelasticity: basic concepts 13.2 Some particular models 13.3 Isotropic finite hyperelasticity in plane stress 13.4 Tangent moduli: the elasticity tensors 13.5 Application: Ogden material implementation 13.6 Numerical examples 13.7 Hyperelasticity with damage: the Mullins effect 14 Finite strain elastoplasticity 14.1 Finite strain elastoplasticity: a brief review 14.2 One-dimensional finite plasticity model 14.3 General hyperelastic-based multiplicative plasticity model 14.4 The general elastic predictor/return-mapping algorithm 14.5 The consistent spatial tangent modulus 14.6 Principal stress space-based implementation 14.7 Finite plasticity in plane stress 14.8 Finite viscoplasticity 14.9 Examples 14.10 Rate forms: hypoelastic-based plasticity models 14.11 Finite plasticity with kinematic hardening 15 Finite elements for large-strain incompressibility 15.1 The F-bar methodology 15.2 Enhanced assumed strain methods 15.3 Mixed u/p formulations 16 Anisotropic finite plasticity: Single crystals 16.1 Physical aspects 16.2 Plastic slip and the Schmid resolved shear stress 16.3 Single crystal simulation: a brief review 16.4 A general continuum model of single crystals 16.5 A general integration algorithm 16.6 An algorithm for a planar double-slip model 16.7 The consistent spatial tangent modulus 16.8 Numerical examples 16.9 Viscoplastic single crystals Appendices A Isotropic functions of a symmetric tensor A.1 Isotropic scalar-valued functions A.1.1 Representation A.1.2 The derivative of anisotropic scalar function A.2 Isotropic tensor-valued functions A.2.1 Representation A.2.2 The derivative of anisotropic tensor function A.3 The two-dimensional case A.3.1 Tensor function derivative A.3.2 Plane strain and axisymmetric problems A.4 The three-dimensional case A.4.1 Function computation A.4.2 Computation of the function derivative A.5 A particular class of isotropic tensor functions A.5.1 Two dimensions A.5.2 Three dimensions A.6 Alternative procedures B The tensor exponential B.1 The tensor exponential function B.1.1 Some properties of the tensor exponential function B.1.2 Computation of the tensor exponential function B.2 The tensor exponential derivative B.2.1 Computer implementation B.3 Exponential map integrators B.3.1 The generalised exponential map midpoint rule C Linearisation of the virtual work C.1 Infinitesimal deformations C.2 Finite strains and deformations C.2.1 Material description C.2.2 Spatial description D Array notation for computations with tensors D.1 Second-order tensors D.2 Fourth-order tensors D.2.1 Operations with non-symmetric tensors References Index

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Book SynopsisFundamental Principles of Optical Lithography: The Science of Microfabrication presents a complete theoretical and practical treatment of the topic of lithography for both students and researchers. This sole-authored text includes optional computer simulation exercises as well as problems at the end of each chapter.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction to Semiconductor Lithography. 1.1 Basics of IC Fabrication. 1.2 Moore’s Law and the Semiconductor Industry. 1.3 Lithography Processing. Problems. 2. Aerial Image Formation – The Basics. 2.1 Mathematical Description of Light. 2.2 Basic Imaging Theory. 2.3 Partial Coherence. 2.4 Some Imaging Examples. Problems. 3. Aerial Image Formation – The Details. 3.1 Aberrations. 3.2 Pupil Filters and Lens Apodization. 3.3 Flare. 3.4 Defocus. 3.5 Imaging with Scanners Versus Steppers. 3.6 Vector Nature of Light. 3.7 Immersion Lithography. 3.8 Image Quality. Problems. 4. Imaging in Resist: Standing Waves and Swing Curves. 4.1 Standing Waves. 4.2 Swing Curves. 4.3 Bottom Antirefl ection Coatings. 4.4 Top Antirefl ection Coatings. 4.5 Contrast Enhancement Layer. 4.6 Impact of the Phase of the Substrate Refl ectance. 4.7 Imaging in Resist. 4.8 Defi ning Intensity. Problems. 5. Conventional Resists: Exposure and Bake Chemistry. 5.1 Exposure. 5.2 Post-Apply Bake. 5.3 Post-exposure Bake Diffusion. 5.4 Detailed Bake Temperature Behavior. 5.5 Measuring the ABC Parameters. Problems. 6. Chemically Amplifi ed Resists: Exposure and Bake Chemistry. 6.1 Exposure Reaction. 6.2 Chemical Amplifi cation. 6.3 Measuring Chemically Amplifi ed Resist Parameters. 6.4 Stochastic Modeling of Resist Chemistry. Problems. 7. Photoresist Development. 7.1 Kinetics of Development. 7.2 The Development Contrast. 7.3 The Development Path. 7.4 Measuring Development Rates. Problems. 8. Lithographic Control in Semiconductor Manufacturing. 8.1 Defi ning Lithographic Quality. 8.2 Critical Dimension Control. 8.3 How to Characterize Critical Dimension Variations. 8.4 Overlay Control. 8.5 The Process Window. 8.6 H–V Bias. 8.7 Mask Error Enhancement Factor (MEEF). 8.8 Line-End Shortening. 8.9 Critical Shape and Edge Placement Errors. 8.10 Pattern Collapse. Problems. 9. Gradient-Based Lithographic Optimization: Using the Normalized Image Log-Slope. 9.1 Lithography as Information Transfer. 9.2 Aerial Image. 9.3 Image in Resist. 9.4 Exposure. 9.5 Post-exposure Bake. 9.6 Develop. 9.7 Resist Profi le Formation. 9.8 Line Edge Roughness. 9.9 Summary. Problems. 10. Resolution Enhancement Technologies. 10.1 Resolution. 10.2 Optical Proximity Correction (OPC). 10.3 Off-Axis Illumination (OAI). 10.4 Phase-Shifting Masks (PSM). 10.5 Natural Resolutions. Problems. Appendix A. Glossary of Microlithographic Terms. Appendix B. Curl, Divergence, Gradient, Laplacian. Appendix C. The Dirac Delta Function. Index.

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Book SynopsisA self-contained and practical book providing step-by-step guidance to the design and construction of cleanrooms, appropriate testing methodologies, and operation for the minimization of contamination This second edition has been comprehensively revised and includes extensive updates to the two chapters that contain information on cleanroom standards and guidelines. The chapter on risk management has been extensively revised, especially the section on risk assessment. Other new subjects that have been added to the various chapters are those on clean-build, determination of air supply volumes for non-unidirectional airflow cleanrooms, RABS (Restricted Access Barrier Systems), contamination recovery test methods, entry of large items into a cleanroom, glove allergy problems, and how to develop a cleanroom cleaning programme. Used for in-house training and a textbook in colleges, this volume is for cleanroom personnel at all levels. It provides novices with an introductiTable of ContentsAbout the Author. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 1.1 What is a Cleanroom? 1.2 The Need for Cleanrooms. 1.3 Types of Cleanrooms. 1.4 What is Cleanroom Technology? 2 The History of Cleanrooms. 2.1 The Earliest Years. 2.2 Ventilated Operating Rooms. 2.3 Early Industrial Cleanrooms. 2.4 Unidirectional Airflow Cleanrooms. 3 Cleanroom Classification Standards. 3.1 The History of Standards. 3.2 The Basis of Cleanroom Standards. 3.3 Federal Standard 209. 3.4 ISO Standard 14644-1:1999. 3.5 Pharmaceutical Cleanroom Classification. 3.6 Classification of Cleanrooms with Airborne Chemical Contamination. 3.7 Classification of Cleanrooms with Surface Contamination. 4 Information Sources. 4.1 The International Confederation of Contamination Control Societies (ICCCS). 4.2 The ICEB. 4.3 International Cleanroom Standards. 4.4 Cleanroom Books. 4.5 Recommended Practices and Guides of the Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (IEST). 4.6 Cleanroom Journals and Magazines. 4.7 Sources of Pharmaceutical Cleanroom Documents. 4.8 Training Videos/DVDs. 5 Non-unidirectional Airflow and Ancillary Cleanrooms. 5.1 Non-unidirectional Airflow Cleanrooms. 5.2 Ancillary Cleanrooms. 6 Unidirectional Airflow Cleanrooms. 6.1 Types of Unidirectional Cleanrooms. 6.2 Vertical Unidirectional Airflow Cleanrooms. 6.3 Horizontal Unidirectional Airflow Rooms. 6.4 The Application of Unidirectional Airflow. 7 Separative Clean Air Devices and Containment Zones. 7.1 Unidirectional Airflow Devices. 7.2 Mini-environments, Isolators and RABS. 7.3 Containment Zones. 8 Construction and Clean-build. 8.1 Constructional Materials and Methods. 8.2 Outgassing and Electrostatic Properties. 8.3 Clean-build. 9 High Efficiency Air Filtration. 9.1 Air Filters Used in Cleanrooms. 9.2 The Construction of High Efficiency Filters. 9.3 Particle Removal Mechanisms. 9.4 Testing of High Efficiency Filters. 9.5 Scan Testing of High Efficiency Filters. 9.6 Filter Housings for High Efficiency Filters. 9.7 Removal of Airborne Chemical Contamination. 10 Cleanroom Testing and Monitoring. 10.1 Principles of Cleanroom Testing. 10.2 Cleanroom Tests. 10.3 Testing in Relation to Room Type and Occupation State. 10.4 Re-testing to Demonstrate Compliance. 10.5 Monitoring of Cleanrooms. 11 Measurement of Air Quantities and Pressure Differences. 11.1 Air Quantities. 11.2 Differential Pressure Tests. 12 Air Movement Control: Containment, Visualization and Recovery. 12.1 Cleanroom Containment Leak Testing. 12.2 Air Movement Control within a Cleanroom. 12.3 Recovery Test Methods. 12.4 Recovery Rate Requirement in the EU GGMP. 13 Filter Installation Leak Testing. 13.1 The Use of Aerosol Test Challenges. 13.2 Artificial Aerosol Test Challenges. 13.3 Apparatus for Measuring Aerosol Penetration. 13.4 Methods of Testing Filters and Filter Housings. 13.5 Repair of Leaks. 14 Airborne Particle Counts. 14.1 Airborne Particle Counters. 14.2 Continuous Monitoring Apparatus for Airborne Particles. 14.3 Particle Counting in Different Occupancy States. 14.4 Measurement of Particle Concentrations. 14.5 Worked Example of ISO 14644-1 Test Method. 15 Microbial Sampling. 15.1 Microbial Sampling of the Air. 15.2 Microbial Deposition onto Surfaces. 15.3 Microbial Surface Sampling. 15.4 Personnel Sampling. 16 Operating a Cleanroom: Managing the Risk from Contamination. 16.1 Step 1: Identification of Sources and Routes of Contamination. 16.2 Step 2: Risk Assessment and the Control of Sources of Contamination. 16.3 Step 3: Establish an Effective Monitoring Programme. 16.4 Step 4: Verification and Reappraisal of the System. 16.5 Step 5: Documentation. 16.6 Step 6: Staff Training. 17 Cleanroom Disciplines. 17.1 People Allowed into Cleanrooms. 17.2 Personal Items Not Allowed into the Cleanroom. 17.3 Disciplines within the Cleanroom. 17.4 Maintenance and Service Personnel. 18 Entry and Exit of Personnel. 18.1 Prior to Arriving at the Cleanroom. 18.2 Changing into Cleanroom Garments. 18.3 Exit Changing Procedures. 19 Materials, Equipment and Machinery. 19.1 Choice of Materials for use in a Cleanroom. 19.2 Items Supplied from Outside Manufacturing Sources. 19.3 Wrapping and Transportation of Materials. 19.4 Transfer of Items and Small Pieces of Equipment through a Material Transfer Airlock. 19.5 Entry of Heavy Machinery and Bulky Items. 19.6 Transfer of Materials through Hatches and Sterilisers. 20 Cleanroom Clothing. 20.1 Sources and Routes of Inert Airborne Particle Dispersion. 20.2 Routes and Sources of Microbial Dispersion. 20.3 Types of Cleanroom Clothing. 20.4 Processing of Cleanroom Garments and Change Frequency. 20.5 The Effect of Laundering and Wear. 20.6 Testing of Cleanroom Clothing. 20.7 Static Dissipative Properties of Clothing. 21 Cleanroom Masks and Gloves. 21.1 Cleanroom Masks. 21.2 Cleanroom Gloves. 22 Cleaning a Cleanroom. 22.1 Why a Cleanroom must be Cleaned. 22.2 Cleaning Methods and the Physics of Cleaning Surfaces. 22.3 Implements Used to Clean Cleanrooms. 22.4 Liquids Used in Cleaning Cleanrooms. 22.5 How Should a Cleanroom be Cleaned? 22.6 Cleaning Programme. 22.7 Test Methods. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe first edition of this book published in 2004 and has proved to be both a valuable textbook and a handy desk reference. This new edition continues to provide students with an accessible guide to an important field. Fully updated, it has five new chapters that incorporate the recent developments in the field.Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition. Preface to the Second Edition. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. Characterization. 3 Simulation of Microfabrication Processes. 4 Silicon. 5 Thin-Film Materials and Processes. 6 Epitaxy. 7 Advanced Thin Films. 8 Pattern Generation. 9 Optical Lithography. 10 Advanced Lithography. 11 Etching. 12 Wafer Cleaning and Surface Preparation. 13 Thermal Oxidation. 14 Diffusion. 15 Ion Implantation. 16 CMP: Chemical–Mechanical Polishing. 17 Bonding. 18 Polymer Microprocessing. 19 Glass Microprocessing. 20 Anisotropic Wet Etching. 21 Deep Reactive Ion Etching. 22 Wafer Engineering. 23 Special Processes and Materials. 24 Serial Microprocessing. 25 Process Integration. 26 MOS Transistor Fabrication. 27 Bipolar Transistors. 28 Multilevel Metallization. 29 Surface Micromachining. 30 MEMS Process Integration. 31 Process Equipment. 32 Equipment for Hot Processes. 33 Vacuum and Plasmas. 34 CVD and Epitaxy Equipment. 35 Cleanrooms. 36 Yield and Reliability. 37 Economics of Microfabrication. 38 Moore's Law and Scaling Trends. 39 Microfabrication at Large. Appendix A Properties of Silicon. Appendix B Constants and Conversion Factors. Appendix C Oxide and Nitride Thickness by Color. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntroductory Digital Signal Processing with Computer Applications Second Edition Paul A. Lynn formerly: Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK and Wolfgang Fuerst United Nations, New York, USA An excellent introductory book (Review of the First Edition in the International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education) .Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition ix Preface to the Second Edition xiii 1 Introduction 1 2 Time-Domain Analysis 32 3 Frequency-Domain Analysis: The Discrete Fourier Series and the Fourier Transform 65 4 Frequency-Domain Analysis: the z-Transform 98 5 Design of Nonrecursive Digital Filters 132 6 Design of Recursive Digital Filters 167 7 The Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms 211 8 FFT Processing 251 9 Random Digital Signals 284 10 Random DSP 316 Appendix A1 Computer Programs 351 Appendix A2 Continuous-time Fourier Analysis 433 Answers to Selected Problems 467 Bibliography 473 Index 475

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Book SynopsisCloud Computing: Business Trends and Technologies provides a broad introduction to Cloud computing technologies and their applications to IT and telecommunications businesses (i.e. , the network function virtualization, NFV). To this end, the book is expected to serve as a textbook in a graduate course on Cloud computing.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Acknowledgments xi 1 Introduction 1 References 6 2 The Business of Cloud Computing 7 2.1 IT Industry Transformation through Virtualization and Cloud 7 2.2 The Business Model Around Cloud 13 2.2.1 Cloud Providers 14 2.2.2 Software and Service Vendors 15 2.3 Taking Cloud to the Network Operators 15 References 18 3 CPU Virtualization 19 3.1 Motivation and History 20 3.2 A Computer Architecture Primer 21 3.2.1 CPU, Memory, and I/O 21 3.2.2 How the CPU Works 23 3.2.3 In-program Control Transfer: Jumps and Procedure Calls 25 3.2.4 Interrupts and Exceptions—the CPU Loop Refined 28 3.2.5 Multi-processing and its Requirements—The Need for an Operating System 34 3.2.6 Virtual Memory—Segmentation and Paging 38 3.2.7 Options in Handling Privileged Instructions and the Final Approximation of the CPU Loop 42 3.2.8 More on Operating Systems 44 3.3 Virtualization and Hypervisors 48 3.3.1 Model, Requirements, and Issues 49 3.3.2 The x86 Processor and Virtualization 52 3.3.3 Dealing with a Non-virtualizable CPU 55 3.3.4 I/O Virtualization 57 3.3.5 Hypervisor Examples 60 3.3.6 Security 65 References 69 4 Data Networks—The Nervous System of the Cloud 71 4.1 The OSI Reference Model 74 4.1.1 Host-to-Host Communications 74 4.1.2 Interlayer Communications 76 4.1.3 Functional Description of Layers 79 4.2 The Internet Protocol Suite 85 4.2.1 IP—The Glue of the Internet 87 4.2.2 The Internet Hourglass 98 4.3 Quality of Service in IP Networks 102 4.3.1 Packet Scheduling Disciplines and Traffic Specification Models 103 4.3.2 Integrated Services 105 4.3.3 Differentiated Services 109 4.3.4 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 112 4.4 WAN Virtualization Technologies 117 4.5 Software-Defined Network 120 4.6 Security of IP 125 References 129 5 Networking Appliances 131 5.1 Domain Name System 131 5.1.1 Architecture and Protocol 134 5.1.2 DNS Operation 140 5.1.3 Top-Level Domain Labels 142 5.1.4 DNS Security 145 5.2 Firewalls 149 5.2.1 Network Perimeter Control 153 5.2.2 Stateless Firewalls 155 5.2.3 Stateful Firewalls 158 5.2.4 Application-Layer Firewalls 161 5.3 NAT Boxes 163 5.3.1 Allocation of Private IP Addresses 165 5.3.2 Architecture and Operation of the NAT Boxes 168 5.3.3 Living with NAT 172 5.3.4 Carrier-Grade NAT 180 5.4 Load Balancers 184 5.4.1 Load Balancing in a Server Farm 185 5.4.2 A Practical Example: A Load-Balanced Web Service 187 5.4.3 Using DNS for Load Balancing 188 References 191 6 Cloud Storage and the Structure of a Modern Data Center 193 6.1 Data Center Basics 195 6.1.1 Compute 196 6.1.2 Storage 196 6.1.3 Networking 198 6.2 Storage-Related Matters 198 6.2.1 Direct-Attached Storage 200 6.2.2 Network-Attached Storage 208 6.2.3 Storage Area Network 215 6.2.4 Convergence of SAN and Ethernet 221 6.2.5 Object Storage 230 6.2.6 Storage Virtualization 233 6.2.7 Solid-State Storage 236 References 242 7 Operations, Management, and Orchestration in the Cloud 245 7.1 Orchestration in the Enterprise 247 7.1.1 The Service-Oriented Architecture 253 7.1.2 Workflows 255 7.2 Network and Operations Management 259 7.2.1 The OSI Network Management Framework and Model 261 7.2.2 Policy-Based Management 264 7.3 Orchestration and Management in the Cloud 267 7.3.1 The Life Cycle of a Service 268 7.3.2 Orchestration and Management in OpenStack 274 7.4 Identity and Access Management 287 7.4.1 Implications of Cloud Computing 289 7.4.2 Authentication 291 7.4.3 Access Control 295 7.4.4 Dynamic Delegation 299 7.4.5 Identity Federation 302 7.4.6 OpenStack Keystone (A Case Study) 303 References 309 Appendix: Selected Topics 313 A.1 The IETF Operations and Management Standards 313 A.1.1 SNMP 313 A.1.2 COPS 316 A.1.3 Network Configuration (NETCONF) Model and Protocol 319 A.2 Orchestration with TOSCA 324 A.3 The REST Architectural Style 329 A.3.1 The Origins and Development of Hypermedia 329 A.3.2 Highlights of the World Wide Web Architecture 332 A.3.3 The Principles of REST 334 A.4 Identity and Access Management Mechanisms 336 A.4.1 Password Management 336 A.4.2 Kerberos 338 A.4.3 Access Control Lists 341 A.4.4 Capability Lists 342 A.4.5 The Bell–LaPadula Model 343 A.4.6 Security Assertion Markup Language 345 A.4.7 OAuth 2.0 347 A.4.8 OpenID Connect 349 A.4.9 Access Control Markup Language 351 References 353 Index 355

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Book SynopsisPresenting a rigorous introduction to the theoretical principles and techniques of electrical machine design, Design of Rotating Electrical Machines outlines a detailed, step-by-step sequence of machine design, providing an invaluable guide on how to approach rotating electrical machine design.Trade Review“The insight gained by this book will provide the reader with an advantage in understanding the inner workings of motors and to be able to optimize designs for maximum efficiency.” (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1 November 2014)Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Authors xiii Abbreviations and Symbols xv 1 Principal Laws and Methods in Electrical Machine Design 1 1.1 Electromagnetic Principles 1 1.2 Numerical Solution 8 1.3 The Most Common Principles Applied to Analytic Calculation 12 1.3.1 Flux Line Diagrams 16 1.3.2 Flux Diagrams for Current-Carrying Areas 22 1.4 Application of the Principle of Virtual Work in the Determination of Force and Torque 25 1.5 Maxwell’s Stress Tensor; Radial and Tangential Stress 32 1.6 Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance 36 1.7 Per Unit Values 42 1.8 Phasor Diagrams 45 Bibliography 47 2 Windings of Electrical Machines 48 2.1 Basic Principles 49 2.1.1 Salient-Pole Windings 49 2.1.2 Slot Windings 53 2.1.3 End Windings 54 2.2 Phase Windings 54 2.3 Three-Phase Integral Slot Stator Winding 57 2.4 Voltage Phasor Diagram and Winding Factor 64 2.5 Winding Analysis 72 2.6 Short Pitching 74 2.7 Current Linkage of a Slot Winding 81 2.8 Poly-Phase Fractional Slot Windings 94 2.9 Phase Systems and Zones of Windings 97 2.9.1 Phase Systems 97 2.9.2 Zones of Windings 99 2.10 Symmetry Conditions 101 2.10.1 Symmetrical Fractional Slot Windings 101 2.11 Base Windings 104 2.11.1 First-Grade Fractional Slot Base Windings 104 2.11.2 Second-Grade Fractional Slot Base Windings 105 2.11.3 Integral Slot Base Windings 106 2.12 Fractional Slot Windings 108 2.12.1 Single-Layer Fractional Slot Windings 108 2.12.2 Double-Layer Fractional Slot Windings 117 2.13 Single- and Double-Phase Windings 124 2.14 Windings Permitting a Varying Number of Poles 127 2.15 Commutator Windings 129 2.15.1 Lap Winding Principles 133 2.15.2 Wave Winding Principles 136 2.15.3 Commutator Winding Examples, Balancing Connectors 139 2.15.4 AC Commutator Windings 143 2.15.5 Current Linkage of the Commutator Winding and Armature Reaction 144 2.16 Compensating Windings and Commutating Poles 146 2.17 Rotor Windings of Asynchronous Machines 149 2.18 Damper Windings 152 Bibliography 153 3 Design of Magnetic Circuits 155 3.1 Air Gap and its Magnetic Voltage 161 3.1.1 Air Gap and Carter Factor 161 3.1.2 Air Gaps of a Salient-Pole Machine 166 3.1.3 Air Gap of Nonsalient-Pole Machine 172 3.2 Equivalent Core Length 173 3.3 Magnetic Voltage of a Tooth and a Salient Pole 176 3.3.1 Magnetic Voltage of a Tooth 176 3.3.2 Magnetic Voltage of a Salient Pole 180 3.4 Magnetic Voltage of Stator and Rotor Yokes 180 3.5 No-Load Curve, Equivalent Air Gap and Magnetizing Current of the Machine 183 3.6 Magnetic Materials of a Rotating Machine 186 3.6.1 Characteristics of Ferromagnetic Materials 189 3.6.2 Losses in Iron Circuits 194 3.7 Permanent Magnets in Rotating Machines 203 3.7.1 History and Development of Permanent Magnets 203 3.7.2 Characteristics of Permanent Magnet Materials 205 3.7.3 Operating Point of a Permanent Magnet Circuit 210 3.7.4 Demagnetization of Permanent Magnets 217 3.7.5 Application of Permanent Magnets in Electrical Machines 219 3.8 Assembly of Iron Stacks 226 Bibliography 227 4 Inductances 229 4.1 Magnetizing Inductance 230 4.2 Leakage Inductances 233 4.2.1 Division of Leakage Flux Components 235 4.3 Calculation of Flux Leakage 238 4.3.1 Skewing Factor and Skew Leakage Inductance 239 4.3.2 Air-Gap Leakage Inductance 243 4.3.3 Slot Leakage Inductance 248 4.3.4 Tooth Tip Leakage Inductance 259 4.3.5 End Winding Leakage Inductance 260 Bibliography 264 5 Resistances 265 5.1 DC Resistance 265 5.2 Influence of Skin Effect on Resistance 266 5.2.1 Analytical Calculation of Resistance Factor 266 5.2.2 Critical Conductor Height in Slot 276 5.2.3 Methods to Limit the Skin Effect 277 5.2.4 Inductance Factor 278 5.2.5 Calculation of Skin Effect in Slots Using Circuit Analysis 279 5.2.6 Double-Sided Skin Effect 287 Bibliography 292 6 Design Process of Rotating Electrical Machines 293 6.1 Eco-Design Principles of Rotating Electrical Machines 293 6.2 Design Process of a Rotating Electrical Machine 294 6.2.1 Starting Values 294 6.2.2 Main Dimensions 297 6.2.3 Air Gap 305 6.2.4 Winding Selection 309 6.2.5 Air-Gap Flux Density 310 6.2.6 The No-Load Flux of an Electrical Machine and the Number of Winding Turns 311 6.2.7 New Air-Gap Flux Density 316 6.2.8 Determination of Tooth Width 317 6.2.9 Determination of Slot Dimensions 318 6.2.10 Determination of the Magnetic Voltages of the Air Gap, and the Stator and Rotor Teeth 323 6.2.11 Determination of New Saturation Factor 326 6.2.12 Determination of Stator and Rotor Yoke Heights and Magnetic Voltages 326 6.2.13 Magnetizing Winding 327 6.2.14 Determination of Stator Outer and Rotor Inner Diameter 329 6.2.15 Calculation of Machine Characteristics 329 Bibliography 330 7 Properties of Rotating Electrical Machines 331 7.1 Machine Size, Speed, Different Loadings and Efficiency 331 7.1.1 Machine Size and Speed 331 7.1.2 Mechanical Loadability 333 7.1.3 Electrical Loadability 337 7.1.4 Magnetic Loadability 338 7.1.5 Efficiency 340 7.2 Asynchronous Motor 342 7.2.1 Current Linkage and Torque Production of an Asynchronous Machine 342 7.2.2 Impedance and Current Linkage of a Cage Winding 349 7.2.3 Characteristics of an Induction Machine 356 7.2.4 Equivalent Circuit Taking Asynchronous Torques and Harmonics into Account 361 7.2.5 Synchronous Torques 367 7.2.6 Selection of the Slot Number of a Cage Winding 369 7.2.7 Construction of an Induction Motor 371 7.2.8 Cooling and Duty Types 373 7.2.9 Examples of the Parameters of Three-Phase Industrial Induction Motors 378 7.2.10 Asynchronous Generator 380 7.2.11 Wound Rotor Induction Machine 382 7.2.12 Asynchronous Motor Supplied with Single-Phase Current 383 7.3 Synchronous Machines 388 7.3.1 Inductances of a Synchronous Machine in Synchronous Operation and in Transients 390 7.3.2 Loaded Synchronous Machine and Load Angle Equation 400 7.3.3 RMS Value Phasor Diagrams of a Synchronous Machine 407 7.3.4 No-Load Curve and Short-Circuit Test 417 7.3.5 Asynchronous Drive 419 7.3.6 Asymmetric-Load-Caused Damper Currents 423 7.3.7 Shift of Damper Bar Slotting from the Symmetry Axis of the Pole 424 7.3.8 V Curve of a Synchronous Machine 426 7.3.9 Excitation Methods of a Synchronous Machine 426 7.3.10 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines 427 7.3.11 Synchronous Reluctance Machines 456 7.4 DC Machines 468 7.4.1 Configuration of DC Machines 468 7.4.2 Operation and Voltage of a DC Machine 470 7.4.3 Armature Reaction of a DC machine and Machine Design 474 7.4.4 Commutation 475 7.5 Doubly Salient Reluctance Machine 479 7.5.1 Operating Principle of a Doubly Salient Reluctance Machine 479 7.5.2 Torque of an SR Machine 480 7.5.3 Operation of an SR Machine 481 7.5.4 Basic Terminology, Phase Number and Dimensioning of an SR Machine 485 7.5.5 Control Systems of an SR Motor 489 7.5.6 Future Scenarios for SR Machines 491 Bibliography 492 8 Insulation of Electrical Machines 495 8.1 Insulation of Rotating Electrical Machines 497 8.2 Impregnation Varnishes and Resins 503 8.3 Dimensioning of an Insulation 506 8.4 Electrical Reactions Ageing Insulation 509 8.5 Practical Insulation Constructions 510 8.5.1 Slot Insulations of Low-Voltage Machines 511 8.5.2 Coil End Insulations of Low-Voltage Machines 512 8.5.3 Pole Winding Insulations 512 8.5.4 Low-Voltage Machine Impregnation 513 8.5.5 Insulation of High-Voltage Machines 513 8.6 Condition Monitoring of Insulation 515 8.7 Insulation in Frequency Converter Drives 518 Bibliography 521 9 Losses and Heat Transfer 523 9.1 Losses 524 9.1.1 Resistive Losses 524 9.1.2 Iron Losses 526 9.1.3 Additional Losses 526 9.1.4 Mechanical Losses 527 9.1.5 Decreasing Losses 529 9.1.6 Economics of Energy Savings 533 9.2 Heat Removal 534 9.2.1 Conduction 534 9.2.2 Radiation 538 9.2.3 Convection 541 9.3 Thermal Equivalent Circuit 548 9.3.1 Analogy between Electrical and Thermal Quantities 548 9.3.2 Average Thermal Conductivity of a Winding 549 9.3.3 Thermal Equivalent Circuit of an Electrical Machine 550 9.3.4 Modeling of Coolant Flow 560 9.3.5 Solution of Equivalent Circuit 565 9.3.6 Cooling Flow Rate 568 Bibliography 568 Appendix A 570 Appendix B 572 Index 575

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Book SynopsisUpdated with color and gray scale illustrations, a companion website housing supplementary material, and new sections covering recent developments in antenna analysis and design This book introduces the fundamental principles of antenna theory and explains how to apply them to the analysis, design, and measurements of antennas.Table of ContentsPreface xiii About the Companion Website xix 1 Antennas 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Types of Antennas 3 1.3 Radiation Mechanism 7 1.4 Current Distribution on a Thin Wire Antenna 15 1.5 Historical Advancement 18 1.6 Multimedia 21 References 22 2 Fundamental Parameters and Figures-of-Merit of Antennas 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Radiation Pattern 25 2.3 Radiation Power Density 35 2.4 Radiation Intensity 37 2.5 Beamwidth 40 2.6 Directivity 41 2.7 Numerical Techniques 55 2.8 Antenna Efficiency 60 2.9 Gain, Realized Gain 61 2.10 Beam Efficiency 65 2.11 Bandwidth 65 2.12 Polarization 66 2.13 Input Impedance 75 2.14 Antenna Radiation Efficiency 79 2.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length and Equivalent Areas 81 2.16 Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area 86 2.17 Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation 88 2.18 Antenna Temperature 96 2.19 Multimedia 100 References 103 Problems 105 3 Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary Potential Functions 127 3.1 Introduction 127 3.2 The Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J 128 3.3 The Vector Potential F for A magnetic Current Source m 130 3.4 Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J) and Magnetic (M) Current Sources 131 3.5 Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation 132 3.6 Far-Field Radiation 136 3.7 Duality Theorem 137 3.8 Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems 138 References 143 Problems 143 4 Linear Wire Antennas 145 4.1 Introduction 145 4.2 Infinitesimal Dipole 145 4.3 Small Dipole 155 4.4 Region Separation 158 4.5 Finite Length Dipole 164 4.6 Half-Wavelength Dipole 176 4.7 Linear Elements Near or On Infinite Perfect Electric Conductors (PEC), Perfect Magnetic Conductors (PMC) and Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) Surfaces 179 4.8 Ground Effects 203 4.9 Computer Codes 216 4.10 Multimedia 216 References 218 Problems 220 5 Loop Antennas 235 5.1 Introduction 235 5.2 Small Circular Loop 236 5.3 Circular Loop of Constant Current 250 5.4 Circular Loop with Nonuniform Current 259 5.5 Ground and Earth Curvature Effects for Circular Loops 268 5.6 Polygonal Loop Antennas 269 5.7 Ferrite Loop 270 5.8 Mobile Communication Systems Applications 272 5.9 Multimedia 272 References 275 Problems 277 6 Arrays: Linear, Planar, and Circular 285 6.1 Introduction 285 6.2 Two-Element Array 286 6.3 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude and Spacing 293 6.4 N-Element Linear Array: Directivity 312 6.5 Design Procedure 318 6.6 N-Element Linear Array: Three-Dimensional Characteristics 319 6.7 Rectangular-to-Polar Graphical Solution 322 6.8 N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Spacing, Nonuniform Amplitude 323 6.9 Superdirectivity 345 6.10 Planar Array 348 6.11 Design Considerations 360 6.12 Circular Array 363 6.13 Multimedia 367 References 367 Problems 368 7 Antenna Synthesis and Continuous Sources 385 7.1 Introduction 385 7.2 Continuous Sources 386 7.3 Schelkunoff Polynomial Method 387 7.4 Fourier Transform Method 392 7.5 Woodward-Lawson Method 398 7.6 Taylor Line-Source (Tschebyscheff-Error) 404 7.7 Taylor Line-Source (One-Parameter) 408 7.8 Triangular, Cosine, and Cosine-Squared Amplitude Distributions 415 7.9 Line-Source Phase Distributions 416 7.10 Continuous Aperture Sources 417 7.11 Multimedia 420 References 420 Problems 421 8 Integral Equations, Moment Method, and Self and Mutual Impedances 431 8.1 Introduction 431 8.2 Integral Equation Method 432 8.3 Finite Diameter Wires 439 8.4 Moment Method Solution 448 8.5 Self-Impedance 455 8.6 Mutual Impedance Between Linear Elements 463 8.7 Mutual Coupling in Arrays 474 8.8 Multimedia 480 References 480 Problems 482 9 Broadband Dipoles and Matching Techniques 485 9.1 Introduction 485 9.2 Biconical Antenna 487 9.3 Triangular Sheet, Flexible and Conformal Bow-Tie, and Wire Simulation 492 9.4 Vivaldi Antenna 496 9.5 Cylindrical Dipole 500 9.6 Folded Dipole 505 9.7 Discone and Conical Skirt Monopole 512 9.8 Matching Techniques 513 9.9 Multimedia 523 References 524 Problems 525 10 Traveling Wave and Broadband Antennas 533 10.1 Introduction 533 10.2 Traveling Wave Antennas 533 10.3 Broadband Antennas 549 10.4 Multimedia 580 References 580 Problems 582 11 Frequency Independent Antennas, Antenna Miniaturization, and Fractal Antennas 591 11.1 Introduction 591 11.2 Theory 592 11.3 Equiangular Spiral Antennas 593 11.4 Log-Periodic Antennas 598 11.5 Fundamental Limits of Electrically Small Antennas 614 11.6 Antenna Miniaturization 619 11.7 Fractal Antennas 627 11.8 Multimedia 633 References 633 Problems 635 12 Aperture Antennas 639 12.1 Introduction 639 12.2 Field Equivalence Principle: Huygens’ Principle 639 12.3 Radiation Equations 645 12.4 Directivity 648 12.5 Rectangular Apertures 648 12.6 Circular Apertures 667 12.7 Design Considerations 675 12.8 Babinet’s Principle 680 12.9 Fourier Transforms in Aperture Antenna Theory 684 12.10 Ground Plane Edge Effects: The Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 702 12.11 Multimedia 707 References 707 Problems 709 13 Horn Antennas 719 13.1 Introduction 719 13.2 E-Plane Sectoral Horn 719 13.3 H-Plane Sectoral Horn 733 13.4 Pyramidal Horn 743 13.5 Conical Horn 756 13.6 Corrugated Horn 761 13.7 Aperture-Matched Horns 766 13.8 Multimode Horns 769 13.9 Dielectric-Loaded Horns 771 13.10 Phase Center 773 13.11 Multimedia 774 References 775 Problems 778 14 Microstrip and Mobile Communications Antennas 783 14.1 Introduction 783 14.2 Rectangular Patch 788 14.3 Circular Patch 815 14.4 Quality Factor, Bandwidth, and Efficiency 823 14.5 Input Impedance 826 14.6 Coupling 827 14.7 Circular Polarization 830 14.8 Arrays and Feed Networks 832 14.9 Antennas for Mobile Communications 837 14.10 Dielectric Resonator Antennas 847 14.11 Multimedia 858 References 862 Problems 867 15 Reflector Antennas 875 15.1 Introduction 875 15.2 Plane Reflector 875 15.3 Corner Reflector 876 15.4 Parabolic Reflector 884 15.5 Spherical Reflector 920 15.6 Multimedia 923 References 923 Problems 925 16 Smart Antennas 931 16.1 Introduction 931 16.2 Smart-Antenna Analogy 931 16.3 Cellular Radio Systems Evolution 933 16.4 Signal Propagation 939 16.5 Smart Antennas’ Benefits 942 16.6 Smart Antennas’ Drawbacks 943 16.7 Antenna 943 16.8 Antenna Beamforming 946 16.9 Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) 960 16.10 Smart-Antenna System Design, Simulation, and Results 964 16.11 Beamforming, Diversity Combining, Rayleigh-Fading, and Trellis-Coded Modulation 972 16.12 Other Geometries 975 16.13 Multimedia 976 References 976 Problems 980 17 Antenna Measurements 981 17.1 Introduction 981 17.2 Antenna Ranges 982 17.3 Radiation Patterns 1000 17.4 Gain Measurements 1003 17.5 Directivity Measurements 1010 17.6 Radiation Efficiency 1012 17.7 Impedance Measurements 1012 17.8 Current Measurements 1014 17.9 Polarization Measurements 1014 17.10 Scale Model Measurements 1019 References 1024 Appendix I: f(x) = sin(x)x1027 Appendix II: f N (x) = | sin(Nx)||N sin(x) N = 1, 3, 5, 10, 20| 1029 Appendix III: Cosine and Sine Integrals 1031 Appendix IV: Fresnel Integrals 1033 Appendix V: Bessel Functions 1035 Appendix VI: Identities 1041 Appendix VII: Vector Analysis 1045 Appendix VIII: Method of Stationary Phase 1055 Appendix IX: Television, Radio, Telephone, and Radar Frequency Spectrums 1061 Index 1065

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Book SynopsisThe why, what and how of the electric vehicle powertrain Empowers engineering professionals and students with the knowledge and skills required to engineer electric vehicle powertrain architectures, energy storage systems, power electronics converters and electric drives. The modern electric powertrain is relatively new for the automotive industry, and engineers are challenged with designing affordable, efficient and high-performance electric powertrains as the industry undergoes a technological evolution. Co-authored by two electric vehicle (EV) engineers with decades of experience designing and putting into production all of the powertrain technologies presented, this book provides readers with the hands-on knowledge, skills and expertise they need to rise to that challenge. This four-part practical guide provides a comprehensive review of battery, hybrid and fuel cell EV systems and the associated energy sources, power electronics, machines, and drives. Introduces and holisTrade ReviewHayes and Goodarzi have focused their considerable talent and experience to teaching the inner workings of the electric car. Readers, whether engineers, students, or the interested public will find this book a treasure trove of knowledge on modern automotive technology. In conclusion, what a great book! —John M Miller, J-N-J Miller Design Services PLLC, Longview, Texas, USA I highly recommend 'Electric Powertrain: Energy Systems, Power Electronics and Drives for Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles' by Dr John G. Hayes and Dr G. Abas Goodarzi. I use this book as my core teaching text on my module Transportation Power and Systems 3, which I teach to third year BEng and MEng Mechanical Engineering undergraduates in Queen's University Belfast. This book captures the fundamentals and in-depth aspects of the key elements of the course I teach including drive cycles, power trains for hybrids, vehicle dynamics, batteries and machines. The worked examples are excellent. The text book is very well laid out with superb well thought-out practical problems at the end of each chapter. This book is very relevant to those who wish to expand their knowledge of hybrid vehicles. It seamlessly integrates the electrical, civil and mechanical disciplines in this growing and multidisciplinary area. This is especially important considering the sustainable direction of land-based transport will take over the next decade as we strive to combat global warming and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. —Dr Aoife Foley, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, United KingdomTable of ContentsPreface xix Acknowledgments xxi Textbook Structure and Suggested Teaching Curriculum xxii About the Companion Web Site xxiv Part 1 Vehicles and Energy Sources 1 1 Electromobility and the Environment 3 1.1 A Brief History of the Electric Powertrain 4 1.1.1 Part I – The Birth of the Electric Car 4 1.1.2 Part II – The Resurgent Electric Powertrain 5 1.1.3 Part III – Success at Last for the Electric Powertrain 6 1.2 Energy Sources for Propulsion and Emissions 10 1.2.1 Carbon Emissions from Fuels 12 1.2.2 Greenhouse Gases and Pollutants 13 1.3 The Advent of Regulations 15 1.3.1 Regulatory Considerations and Emissions Trends 17 1.3.2 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Regulations 18 1.4 Drive Cycles 19 1.4.1 EPA Drive Cycles 19 1.5 BEV Fuel Consumption, Range, and mpge 24 1.6 Carbon Emissions for Conventional and Electric Powertrains 25 1.6.1 Well-to-Wheel and Cradle-to-Grave Emissions 27 1.6.2 Emissions due to the Electrical Grid 28 1.7 An Overview of Conventional, Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Electric Systems 29 1.7.1 Conventional IC Engine Vehicle 30 1.7.2 BEVs 30 1.7.3 HEVs 31 1.7.4 FCEV 33 1.7.5 A Comparison by Efficiency of Conventional, Hybrid, Battery, and Fuel Cell Vehicles 34 1.7.6 A Case Study Comparison of Conventional, Hybrid, Battery, and Fuel Cell Vehicles 35 1.8 A Comparison of Automotive and Other Transportation Technologies 36 References 37 Further Reading 38 Problems 38 Assignments 39 2 Vehicle Dynamics 40 2.1 Vehicle Load Forces 40 2.1.1 Basic Power, Energy, and Speed Relationships 41 2.1.2 Aerodynamic Drag 42 2.1.3 Rolling Resistance 45 2.1.4 Vehicle Road-Load Coefficients from EPA Coast-Down Testing 46 2.1.5 Battery Electric Vehicle Range at Constant Speed 49 2.1.6 Gradability 51 2.2 Vehicle Acceleration 52 2.2.1 Regenerative Braking of the Vehicle 54 2.2.2 Traction Motor Characteristics 54 2.2.3 Acceleration of the Vehicle 57 2.3 Simple Drive Cycle for Vehicle Comparisons 60 References 62 Further Reading 62 Problems 62 Sample MATLAB Code 63 Assignment: Modeling of a BEV 66 3 Batteries 68 3.1 Introduction to Batteries 68 3.1.1 Batteries Types and Battery Packs 68 3.1.2 Basic Battery Operation 73 3.1.3 Basic Electrochemistry 74 3.1.4 Units of Battery Energy Storage 76 3.1.5 Capacity Rate 77 3.1.6 Battery Parameters and Comparisons 79 3.2 Lifetime and Sizing Considerations 81 3.2.1 Examples of Battery Sizing 84 3.2.2 Battery Pack Discharge Curves and Aging 86 3.3 Battery Charging, Protection, and Management Systems 88 3.3.1 Battery Charging 88 3.3.2 Battery Failure and Protection 88 3.3.3 Battery Management System 89 3.4 Battery Models 90 3.4.1 A Simple Novel Curve Fit Model for BEV Batteries 92 3.4.2 Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Efficiency of Battery Pack 95 3.4.3 A Simple Curve-Fit Model for HEV Batteries 96 3.4.4 Charging 97 3.4.5 Determining the Cell/Pack Voltage for a Given Output\Input Power 99 3.4.6 Cell Energy and Discharge Rate 100 3.5 Example: The Fuel Economy of a BEV Vehicle with a Fixed Gear Ratio 102 References 105 Further Reading 106 Problems 106 Appendix: A Simplified Curve-Fit Model for BEV Batteries 108 4 Fuel Cells 111 4.1 Introduction to Fuel Cells 111 4.1.1 Fuel Cell Vehicle Emissions and Upstream Emissions 113 4.1.2 Hydrogen Safety Factors 113 4.2 Basic Operation 114 4.2.1 Fuel Cell Model and Cell Voltage 116 4.2.2 Power and Efficiency of Fuel Cell and Fuel Cell Power Plant System 118 4.2.3 Fuel Cell Characteristic Curves 119 4.3 Sizing the Fuel Cell Plant 120 4.3.1 Example: Sizing a Fuel Cell 121 4.3.2 Toyota Mirai 121 4.3.3 Balance of Plant 121 4.3.4 Boost DC-DC Converter 122 4.4 Fuel Cell Aging 122 4.5 Example: Sizing Fuel Cell System for Heavy Goods Tractor–Trailer Combination 124 4.6 Example: Fuel Economy of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle 125 References 129 Problems 129 Assignments 130 5 Conventional and Hybrid Powertrains 131 5.1 Introduction to HEVs 131 5.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption 134 5.2.1 Example: Energy Consumption, Power Output, Efficiency, and BSFC 135 5.3 Comparative Examples of Conventional, Series, and Series-Parallel Hybrid Systems 138 5.3.1 Example: Fuel Economy of IC Engine Vehicle with Gasoline or Diesel Engine 138 5.3.2 Example: Fuel Economy of Series HEV 144 5.3.3 Example: Fuel Economy of Series-Parallel HEV 146 5.3.4 Summary of Comparisons 148 5.4 The Planetary Gears as a Power-Split Device 148 5.4.1 Powertrain of 2004 Toyota Prius 150 5.4.2 Example: CVT Operating in Electric Drive Mode (Vehicle Launch and Low Speeds) 151 5.4.3 Example: CVT Operating in Full-Power Mode 153 5.4.4 Example: CVT Operating in Cruising and Generating Mode 154 References 155 Problems 155 Assignments 156 Part 2 Electrical Machines 159 6 Introduction to Traction Machines 161 6.1 Propulsion Machine Overview 161 6.1.1 DC Machines 162 6.1.2 AC Machines 163 6.1.3 Comparison of Traction Machines 167 6.1.4 Case Study – Mars Rover Traction Motor 169 6.2 Machine Specifications 170 6.2.1 Four-Quadrant Operation 170 6.2.2 Rated Parameters 171 6.2.3 Rated Torque 172 6.2.4 Rated and Base Speeds 172 6.2.5 Rated Power 172 6.2.6 Peak Operation 173 6.2.7 Starting Torque 173 6.3 Characteristic Curves of a Machine 173 6.3.1 Constant-Torque Mode 173 6.3.2 Constant-Power Mode 174 6.3.3 Maximum-Speed Mode 174 6.3.4 Efficiency Maps 174 6.4 Conversion Factors of Machine Units 176 References 177 7 The Brushed DC Machine 178 7.1 DC Machine Structure 178 7.2 DC Machine Electrical Equivalent Circuit 180 7.3 DC Machine Circuit Equations 182 7.3.1 No-Load Spinning Loss 183 7.3.2 No-Load Speed 184 7.3.3 Maximum Power 184 7.3.4 Rated Conditions 184 7.4 Power, Losses, and Efficiency in the PM DC Machine 185 7.5 Machine Control using Power Electronics 186 7.5.1 Example: Motoring using a PM DC Machine 186 7.6 Machine Operating as a Motor or Generator in Forward or Reverse Modes 189 7.6.1 Example: Generating/Braking using a PM DC Machine 190 7.6.2 Example: Motoring in Reverse 191 7.7 Saturation and Armature Reaction 191 7.7.1 Example: Motoring using PM DC Machine and Machine Saturation 192 7.8 Using PM DC Machine for EV Powertrain 193 7.8.1 Example: Maximum Speeds using PM DC Machine 194 7.9 Using WF DC Machine for EV Powertrain 195 7.9.1 Example: Motoring using WF DC Machine 197 7.10 Case Study – Mars Rover Traction Machine 199 7.11 Thermal Characteristics of Machine 201 7.11.1 Example of Steady-State Temperature Rise 202 7.11.2 Transient Temperature Rise 203 7.11.3 Example of Transient Temperature Rise 203 References 204 Problems 204 8 Induction Machines 206 8.1 Stator Windings and the Spinning Magnetic Field 207 8.1.1 Stator Magnetic Flux Density 209 8.1.2 Space-Vector Current and the Rotating Magnetic Field 211 8.2 Induction Machine Rotor Voltage, Current, and Torque 216 8.2.1 Rotor Construction 216 8.2.2 Induction Machine Theory of Operation 216 8.3 Machine Model and Steady-State Operation 219 8.3.1 Power in Three-Phase Induction Machine 222 8.3.2 Torque in Three-Phase Induction Machine 223 8.3.3 Phasor Analysis of Induction Motor 225 8.3.4 Machine Operation When Supplied by Current Source 225 8.4 Variable-Speed Operation of Induction Machine 234 8.4.1 Constant Volts per hertz Operation 235 8.4.2 Variable-Speed Operation 235 8.5 Machine Test 240 8.5.1 DC Resistance Test 240 8.5.2 Locked-Rotor Test 240 8.5.3 No-Load Test 242 References 244 Further Reading 244 Problems 245 Sample MATLAB Code 246 9 Surface-Permanent-Magnet AC Machines 249 9.1 Basic Operation of SPM Machines 249 9.1.1 Back EMF of a Single Coil 249 9.1.2 Back EMF of Single Phase 250 9.1.3 SPM Machine Equations 253 9.2 Per-Phase Analysis of SPM Machine 255 9.2.1 Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit Model for SPM Machine 256 9.2.2 Phasor Analysis of SPM Machine 257 9.2.3 Machine Saturation 263 9.2.4 SPM Torque–Speed Characteristics 264 9.2.5 High-Speed Operation of SPM Machine above Rated Speed 266 9.2.6 Machine Characteristics for Field-Weakened Operation 270 References 272 Further Reading 273 Problems 273 MATLAB Code 274 10 Interior-Permanent-Magnet AC Machine 276 10.1 Machine Structure and Torque Equations 276 10.2 d- and q-Axis Inductances 278 10.2.1 Example: Estimating the d-axis and q-axis Inductances for 2004 Toyota Prius Motor 281 10.3 IPM Machine Test 281 10.3.1 No-Load Spin Test 282 10.3.2 DC Torque Test 282 10.4 Basic Theory and Low-Speed Operation 286 10.4.1 Example: Motoring at Rated Condition 287 10.4.2 Maximum Torque per Ampere (MTPA) 289 10.4.3 Maximum Torque per Volt (MTPV) or Maximum Torque per Flux (MTPF) 289 10.5 High-Speed Operation of IPM Machine 289 10.5.1 Example: Motoring at High Speed using IPM Machine 289 10.6 dq Modeling of Machines 291 10.6.1 Constant Current Transformation 292 10.6.2 Constant Power Transformation 294 References 295 Further Reading 295 Problems 296 Assignments 298 Part 3 Power Electronics 299 11 DC-DC Converters 301 11.1 Introduction 301 11.2 Power Conversion – Common and Basic Principles 304 11.2.1 The Basic Topologies 306 11.2.2 The Half-Bridge Buck-Boost Bidirectional Converter 307 11.3 The Buck or Step-Down Converter 307 11.3.1 Analysis of Voltage Gain of Buck Converter in CCM 309 11.3.2 BCM Operation of Buck Converter 317 11.3.3 DCM Operation of Buck Converter 319 11.4 The Boost or Step-up Converter 325 11.4.1 Analysis of Voltage Gain of Boost Converter in CCM 326 11.4.2 BCM Operation of Boost Converter 330 11.4.3 DCM Operation of Boost Converter 332 11.5 Power Semiconductors 336 11.5.1 Power Semiconductor Power Loss 337 11.5.2 Total Semiconductor Power Loss and Junction Temperature 341 11.6 Passive Components for Power Converters 342 11.6.1 Example: Inductor Sizing 342 11.6.2 Capacitor Sizing 343 11.7 Interleaving 343 11.7.1 Example: Two-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter 345 References 346 Further Reading 346 Problems 346 Assignments 349 Appendix I 349 Appendix II: Buck-Boost Converter 349 Appendix III: Silicon Carbide Converters and Inverters 352 12 Isolated DC-DC Converters 353 12.1 Introduction 353 12.1.1 Advantages of Isolated Power Converters 353 12.1.2 Power Converter Families 354 12.2 The Forward Converter 355 12.2.1 CCM Currents in Forward Converter 357 12.2.2 CCM Voltages in Forward Converter 362 12.2.3 Sizing the Transformer 365 12.3 The Full-Bridge Converter 365 12.3.1 Operation of Hard-Switched Full-Bridge Converter 367 12.3.2 CCM Currents in Full-Bridge Converter 370 12.3.3 CCM Voltages in the Full-Bridge Converter 376 12.4 Resonant Power Conversion 377 12.4.1 LCLC Series-Parallel Resonant Converter 377 12.4.2 Desirable Converter Characteristics for Inductive Charging 378 12.4.3 Fundamental-Mode Analysis and Current-Source Operation 381 12.4.4 Simulation 385 References 388 Further Reading 388 Problems 388 Assignments 390 Appendix I: RMS and Average Values of Ramp and Step Waveforms 390 Appendix II: Flyback Converter 391 13 Traction Drives and Three-Phase Inverters 392 13.1 Three-Phase Inverters 392 13.2 Modulation Schemes 393 13.2.1 Sinusoidal Modulation 395 13.2.2 Sinusoidal Modulation with Third Harmonic Addition 396 13.2.3 Overmodulation and Square Wave 398 13.3 Sinusoidal Modulation 398 13.3.1 Modulation Index m 399 13.3.2 Inverter Currents 401 13.3.3 Switch, Diode, and Input Average Currents 401 13.3.4 Switch, Diode, DC Link, and Input Capacitor RMS Currents 403 13.3.5 Example: Inverter Currents 404 13.4 Inverter Power Loss 405 13.4.1 Conduction Loss of IGBT and Diode 405 13.4.2 Switching Loss of IGBT Module 405 13.4.3 Total Semiconductor Power Loss and Junction Temperature 407 13.4.4 Example: Regenerative Currents 408 References 409 Further Reading 409 Problems 410 Assignments 411 14 Battery Charging 412 14.1 Basic Requirements for Charging System 412 14.2 Charger Architectures 414 14.3 Grid Voltages, Frequencies, and Wiring 416 14.4 Charger Functions 418 14.4.1 Real Power, Apparent Power, and Power Factor 419 14.5 Charging Standards and Technologies 422 14.5.1 SAE J1772 422 14.5.2 VDE-AR-E 2623-2-2 425 14.5.3 CHAdeMo 425 14.5.4 Tesla 425 14.5.5 Wireless Charging 425 14.6 The Boost Converter for Power Factor Correction 427 14.6.1 The Boost PFC Power Stage 428 14.6.2 Sizing the Boost Inductor 430 14.6.3 Average Currents in the Rectifier 431 14.6.4 Switch and Diode Average Currents 432 14.6.5 Switch, Diode, and Capacitor RMS Currents 434 14.6.6 Power Semiconductors for Charging 434 References 438 Further Reading 438 Problems 439 Assignments 440 15 Control of the Electric Drive 441 15.1 Introduction to Control 441 15.1.1 Feedback Controller Design Approach 442 15.2 Modeling the Electromechanical System 443 15.2.1 The Mechanical System 443 15.2.2 The PM DC Machine 446 15.2.3 The DC-DC Power Converter 447 15.2.4 The PI Controller 447 15.3 Designing Torque Loop Compensation 448 15.3.1 Example: Determining Compensator Gain Coefficients for Torque Loop 449 15.4 Designing Speed Control Loop Compensation 449 15.4.1 Example: Determining Compensator Gain Coefficients for Speed Loop 451 15.5 Acceleration of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) using PM DC Machine 451 15.6 Acceleration of BEV using WF DC Machine 452 References 455 Problems 455 Assignment and Sample MATLAB Codes 456 Part 4 Electromagnetism 459 16 Introduction to Electromagnetism, Ferromagnetism, and Electromechanical Energy Conversion 461 16.1 Electromagnetism 462 16.1.1 Maxwell’s Equations 462 16.2 Ferromagnetism 467 16.2.1 Magnetism and Hysteresis 467 16.2.2 Hard and Soft Ferromagnetic Materials 470 16.3 Self-Inductance 473 16.3.1 Basic Inductor Operation 474 16.3.2 Inductor Equations 475 16.3.3 Reluctance 478 16.3.4 Energy Stored in Magnetic Field 481 16.3.5 Core Loss 482 16.3.6 Copper Loss 484 16.3.7 Inductor Sizing using Area Product 487 16.3.8 High-Frequency Operation and Skin Depth 488 16.4 Hard Ferromagnetic Materials and Permanent Magnets 489 16.4.1 Example: Remanent Flux Density 490 16.4.2 Example: The Recoil Line 492 16.4.3 Example: Air Gap Flux Density due to a Permanent Magnet 494 16.4.4 Maximum Energy Product 494 16.4.5 Force due to Permanent Magnet 494 16.4.6 Electromagnet 497 16.5 The Transformer 498 16.5.1 Theory of Operation 498 16.5.2 Transformer Equivalent Circuit 500 16.5.3 Transformer Voltages and Currents 501 16.5.4 Sizing the Transformer using the Area-Product (AP) Method 505 16.6 The Capacitor 506 16.6.1 Sizing Polypropylene High-Voltage Capacitor 508 16.7 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 509 16.7.1 Ampere’s Force Law 509 16.7.2 General Expression for Torque on Current-Carrying Coil 510 16.7.3 Torque, Flux Linkage, and Current 511 16.7.4 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction 512 16.7.5 Lenz’s Law and Fleming’s Right Hand Rule 512 References 513 Further Reading 514 Further Viewing 515 Problems 515 Assignments 518 Reference Conversion Table 519 Index 521

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the Third, Expanded and Completely Revised, Edition: From the Fundamentals to Beyond 5G xxv Preface and Acknowledgements to the Second Edition xxix Preface and Acknowledgements to the First Edition xxx List of Abbreviations xxxiii List of Symbols xxxv About the Companion Website xxxvii Part I Introduction 1 1 Applications and Requirements of Wireless Services 3 1.1 History 3 1.2 Types of Services 7 1.3 Requirements for the Services 12 1.4 Economic and Social Aspects 17 Exercises: Sec. 36.1 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 18 2 Technical Challenges of Wireless Communications 19 2.1 Broadcast Effect 19 2.2 Multi-path Propagation 19 2.3 Spectrum Limitations 23 2.4 Limited Energy 25 2.5 User Mobility 26 Exercises: Sec. 36.2 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 26 3 Wireless System Design Overview 27 3.1 Noise-limited Systems and Link Budgets 27 3.2 Digital Modulation and Receiver Signal Processing 34 3.3 Multi-user Systems 39 3.4 Summary 44 Exercises: Sec. 36.3 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 45 Part II Wireless Propagation Channels 47 4 Propagation Mechanisms 49 4.1 Free Space Attenuation 49 4.2 Reflection and Transmission 52 4.3 Diffraction 57 4.4 Scattering by Rough Surfaces 64 4.5 Waveguiding 66 4.6 Atmospheric Absorption 67 4.7 Deterministic Channel Modeling 67 4.8 Appendices: App4.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 71 App. 4.A: Derivation of the d-4 Law 71 App. 4.B: Diffraction Coefficients for Diffraction by a Wedge or Cylinder 71 Further Reading 71 Exercises: Sec. 36.4 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 71 5 Statistical Description of the Wireless Channel 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 The Time-Invariant Two-Path Model 74 5.3 The Time-Variant Two-Path Model 76 5.4 Small-Scale Fading Without a Dominant Component 77 5.5 Small-Scale Fading with a Dominant Component 85 5.6 Doppler Spectra and Statistics of Temporal Channel Variations 89 5.7 Temporal Fading Characterization 92 5.8 Large-Scale Fading 95 5.9 Appendices: App5.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 99 App. 5.A: The Central Limit Theorem 99 App. 5.B: Derivation of the Rayleigh Distribution 99 App. 5.C: Derivation of the Level Crossing Rate 99 Further Reading 99 Exercises: Sec. 36.5 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 99 6 Wideband and Directional Channel Characterization 101 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 The Causes of Delay Dispersion 102 6.3 System-Theoretic Description of Wireless Channels 105 6.4 The WSSUS Model 108 6.5 Condensed Parameters 110 6.6 Ultra Wideband Channels 115 6.7 Directional Description 117 6.8 Appendices: App6.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 121 App. 6A: Validity of WSSUS in Mobile Radio 121 App. 6B: Instantaneous Channel Parameters 121 Further Reading 121 Exercises: Sec. 36.6 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 122 7 Channel Models 123 7.1 Narrowband Models 123 7.2 Delay Dispersion Models 132 7.3 Angular Dispersion 135 7.4 Joint Dispersion Characteristics and Clustering 136 7.5 Generalized Tapped-Delay Line Models 140 7.6 Geometry-Based Stochastic Channel Models 143 7.7 Semi-Deterministic Models 146 7.8 Blockage 148 7.9 Special Models 148 7.10 Appendices: App7.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 151 App. 7.A: The Okumura-Hata Model 151 App. 7.B: The COST 231-Walfish-Ikegami Model 151 App. 7.C: The COST 207 GSM Model 151 App. 7.D: The 3GPP Spatial Channel Model 151 App. 7.E: The 802.15.4a UWB Channel Model 151 App. 7.F: The COST 259/273/2100 Channel Model 152 Further Reading 152 Exercises: Sec. 36.7 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 152 8 Antennas 153 8.1 Introduction and Brief Characterization 153 8.2 Characterization of Antennas 157 8.3 Popular Antenna Types 165 8.5 Special Aspects of Antennas for BS and UE 177 Further Reading 181 Exercises: Sec. 36.8 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 181 9 Channel Sounding 183 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Time-Domain Measurements 186 9.3 Frequency Domain Analysis 188 9.5 Directionally Resolved Measurements 192 9.6 Appendices: App9.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 201 App. 9.A: The ESPRIT Algorithm 201 App. 9.B: Guidelines for Evaluation of Channel Measurements 201 Further Reading 201 Exercises: Sec. 36.9 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 201 Part III Wireless Communication Over a Single Link 203 10 Modulation Formats 205 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 209 10.3 Widely Used PAM Modulation Formats 212 10.4 Multi-Pulse Modulation 223 10.5 Summary of Spectral Efficiencies 233 10.6 Appendix: App10.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 233 App. 10.A: Interpretation of MSK as OQPSK 233 Further Reading 233 Exercises: Sec. 36.10 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 233 11 Demodulation 235 11.1 Demodulator Structure and Error Probability in Additive White Gaussian Noise Channels 235 11.2 Error Probability in Flat-Fading Channels 244 11.3 Error Probability in Delay- and Frequency-Dispersive Fading Channels 250 Further Reading 257 Exercises: Sec. 36.11 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 257 12 Diversity 259 12.1 Introduction 259 12.2 Microdiversity 260 12.3 Macrodiversity and Simulcast 266 12.4 Combination of Signals 267 12.5 Error Probability in Fading Channels with Diversity Reception 273 12.6 Appendix: App12.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 277 App. 12.A: Correlation Coefficient of Two Signals with Frequency Separation 277 Further Reading 277 Exercises: Sec. 36.12 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 278 13 Channel Coding and Information Theory 279 13.1 Fundamentals of Coding and Information Theory 279 13.2 Block Codes 284 13.3 Convolutional Codes 288 13.4 Trellis Coded Modulation 297 13.5 Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM) 301 13.6 Turbo Codes 302 13.7 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 306 13.8 Polar Codes 310 13.9 Comparison of Capacity-Approaching Codes 314 13.10 Coding for the Fading Channel 315 13.10.1 Interleaving 315 13.10.2 Block Codes and Convolutional Codes 317 13.10.3 Concatenated Codes 318 13.10.4 Trellis Coded Modulation in Fading Channels 318 13.11 Information-Theoretic Performance Limits of Fading Channels 318 13.11.1 Ergodic Capacity vs. Outage Capacity 318 13.11.2 Capacity for Channel State Information at the Receiver (CSIR) Only 319 13.11.3 Capacity for CSIT and CSIR – Waterfilling 320 13.12 Automatic Repeat Request 320 Further Reading 321 Exercises: Sec. 36.13 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 322 14 Equalizers 323 14.1 Introduction 323 14.2 Linear Equalizers 326 14.3 Decision Feedback Equalizers 331 14.4 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation – Viterbi Detector 333 14.5 Comparison of Equalizer Structures 335 14.6 Fractionally Spaced Equalizers 335 14.8 Predistortion at the Transmitter 337 14.9 Appendices: App14.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 338 App. 14.A: Equivalence of Peak Distortion and Zero-Forcing Criterion 338 App. 14.B: Derivation of the Mean-Square Error Criterion 338 App. 14.C: The Recursive Least Squares Algorithm 338 Further Reading 338 Exercises: Sec. 36.14 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 338 15 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 339 15.1 Introduction 339 15.2 Principle of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 339 15.3 Implementation of Transceivers 340 15.4 Frequency-Selective Channels 341 15.6 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 350 15.7 Inter Carrier Interference 352 15.8 Synchronization 355 15.9 Adaptive Power Allocation, Modulation, and Coding 359 15.10 Generalizations of OFDM 362 15.10.1 General Framework – Gabor Systems 362 15.10.2 Filters (Pulses) 363 15.10.3 Lattices 364 15.10.4 Dichotomy of Multi-Carrier Schemes 364 15.10.5 Filtered Multitone (FMT) and UFMC 366 15.10.6 Generalized FDM 366 15.10.7 Staggered Multitone – FBMC/OQAM 367 15.11 Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum 368 15.11.1 MC-CDMA 368 15.11.2 DFT-Spread OFDM 370 15.12 Orthogonal Time Frequency Spreading (OTFS) 371 15.12.1 Introduction 371 15.12.2 Mathematical Description 371 15.12.3 Implementation as Overlay 373 15.12.4 Diversity and Channel Gain 373 Further Reading 374 Exercises: Sec. 36.15 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 374 16 Multiple Antenna Systems – SIMO, MISO, and MIMO 375 16.1 Diversity and Beamforming 375 16.2 Spatial Multiplexing 395 Further Reading 430 Exercises: Sec. 36.16 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 430 17 Hardware Aspects 431 17.1 Introduction 431 17.2 General Concepts 434 17.3 ADCs and DACs 438 17.4 Amplifiers 440 17.5 Filters, Power Dividers, and Phase Shifters 444 17.6 Oscillators 447 17.7 Mixers and Frequency Conversion 453 17.8 Transceiver Structures 453 17.9 Spectrum Masks 456 17.10 Full Duplex 457 17.11 Appendices: App17.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 459 App. 17.A: Two-port Network and S-parameters 459 App. 17.B: Matching 459 Further Reading 459 Exercises: Sec. 36.22 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 459 Part IV Wireless Communication with Multiple Users 461 18 Multiple Access 463 18.1 Introduction 463 18.2 Performance Limits for Multiple Access 464 18.3 Contention-Free Multiple Access 467 18.4 Contention Multiple Access 471 18.5 Duplexing 479 18.6 Broadcast and Multi-Cast 481 Further Reading 481 Exercises: Sec. 36.18 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 481 19 Spread Spectrum Systems 483 19.1 Frequency Hopping Multiple Access (FHMA) 483 19.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum – Single-User Case 485 19.3 Code-Division-Multiple-Access Systems 490 19.4 Time Hopping Impulse Radio 496 Further Reading 499 Exercises: Sec. 36.19 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 500 20 Resource Allocation: Scheduling, Power Control, and Admission Control 501 20.1 Rate and Latency Requirements for Different Kinds of Traffic 501 20.2 Dichotomy of Resource Allocation 505 20.3 Resource Allocation in OFDMA with Infinite Backlog 506 20.4 Resource Allocation in CDMA with Infinite Backlog 512 20.5 Scheduling with Random Data Arrivals 513 20.6 Multi-Channel Systems and Admission Control 518 20.7 Machine Learning for Resource Allocation 524 Further Reading 525 Exercises: Sec. 36.20 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 525 21 Principles of Cellular Networks 527 21.1 Frequency Reuse 527 21.2 Cell Planning with Symmetric BS Deployment 528 21.3 Inter-Cell Interference Reduction 533 21.4 Cell Planning with Irregular Deployment 539 21.5 CDMA-Based Cellular Systems 547 21.6 Handover 549 21.7 Heterogeneous Networks 550 21.8 Backhaul 555 21.9 Other Methods for Increasing Capacity 555 Further Reading 556 Exercises: Sec. 36.21 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 556 22 Multiple Antennas for Multi-User Systems – MU-MIMO, Massive MIMO, and CoMP 557 22.1 Introduction and Intuition 557 22.2 System Model 559 22.3 Performance Limits 562 22.4 Linear Processing for Uplink 565 22.5 Linear Processing for the Downlink 567 22.6 Beamforming Based on Second-Order Statistics 573 22.7 Channel Estimation and Feedback 574 22.8 Scheduling for MU-MIMO 575 22.9 Massive MIMO Theory 579 22.10 Massive MIMO Implementation Aspects 589 22.10.1 Antenna Configurations and Propagation Channels 589 22.10.2 Hybrid Beamforming Transceivers 591 ∗ 22.10.3 Implementation Aspects – Load Modulators 594 ∗ 22.10.4 Low-Resolution ADCs 595 22.11 Base Station Cooperation and Distributed Antenna Systems 596 22.11.1 Principle of Capacity Increase 596 22.11.2 Single-Cell MIMO versus CoMP-JP 598 22.11.3 Challenges Related to Channel Information Acquisition 598 22.11.4 Imperfect Backhaul 600 22.11.5 Cell-Free MIMO 601 ∗ 22.12 Appendix: App22.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 604 App. 22.A: Smart Antennas for CDMA 604 Further Reading 604 Exercises: Sec. 36.22 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 604 23 Ad hoc Networks, Device-to-Device Communications, and Mesh Networks 605 23.1 Introduction and Motivation 605 23.2 Applications 606 23.3 Node Types and Hierarchical Structure 607 23.4 Neighbor Discovery and Channel Estimation 608 23.5 Scheduling of Single-Hop Transmissions 612 23.6 Routing and Resource Allocation for Multi-Hop Networks 614 23.7 Routing and Resource Allocation in Collaborative Networks 624 23.9 Energy Management 630 23.10 Cellular vs. D2D Mode in Hybrid Networks 632 23.11 Mesh Networks 632 Further Reading 634 Exercises: Sec. 36.23 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 634 Part V Advanced Transmission Techniques and Special Features 635 24 Speech Coding 637Gernot Kubin 24.1 Introduction 637 24.2 The Sound of Speech 639 24.3 Stochastic Models for Speech 642 24.4 Quantization and Coding 645 24.5 From Speech Transmission to Acoustic Telepresence 651 Further Reading 653 Exercises: Sec. 36.24 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 653 25 Video Coding 655Anthony Vetro 25.1 Introduction 655 25.2 Transform and Quantization 657 25.3 Prediction 659 25.4 Entropy Coding 661 25.5 Video Coding Standards 662 25.6 Video Coding Extensions 665 25.7 Error Control 668 25.8 Video Streaming 671 Further Reading 673 Exercises: Sec. 36.25 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 673 26 Cognitive Radio 675 26.1 Types of Cognitive Radio 675 26.2 Cognitive Transceiver Architecture 678 26.3 Principles of Interweaving 679 26.4 Spectrum Sensing 679 26.5 Spectrum Management 683 26.6 Spectrum Sharing 683 26.7 Overlay 686 26.8 Underlay Hierarchical Access – Ultra Wide Bandwidth System Communications 687 Further Reading 690 Exercises: Sec. 36.26 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 690 27 Relaying, Cooperative Communications, and Network Coding 691 27.1 Introduction and Motivation 691 27.2 Fundamentals of Relaying 692 27.3 Relaying with Multiple, Parallel Relays 696 27.4 Applications 703 27.5 Network Coding 704 Further Reading 709 Exercises: Sec. 36.27 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 710 28 Advanced Interference Processing: Multi-User Detection, Nonorthogonal Multiple Access, and Interference Alignment 711 28.1 Introduction and Motivation 711 28.2 Multi-User Detectors 711 28.3 NOMA in the Power Domain 715 28.4 NOMA in the Code Domain 721 28.5 Interference Alignment 723 Further Reading 728 Exercises: Sec. 36.28 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 728 29 Localization 729 29.1 Introduction and Motivation 729 29.2 Principles of TOA/TDOA 730 29.3 NLOS Detection, Mitigation, and Exploitation 741 29.4 Direction-Of-Arrival (DoA) 744 29.5 RSSI and Fingerprinting 745 29.6 Global Positioning System (GPS) 747 29.7 Localization in Cellular Systems 751 29.8 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 754 29.9 Cooperative Localization 755 29.10 Tracking 757 29.10.1 Motivation for Tracking 757 29.10.2 Linear Kalman Filters 757 29.10.3 Extended Kalman Filters 759 29.10.4 Accuracy Improvements of Kalman Filters 760 ∗ 29.11 Machine Learning for Localization 761 29.11.1 Types of ML Problems 761 29.11.2 Supervised Learning 762 29.11.3 Training and Preprocessing 763 29.11.4 Other Learning Solutions 764 Further Reading 764 Exercises: Sec. 36.29 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 764 Part VI System Design and Standardization 765 30 System Design and Standardization 767 30.1 From Components to Systems 767 30.2 Motivation and Operation of Standards 769 30.3 Some Important Standards 773 30.4 Appendices: App30.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 775 App. 30.A: 2G Cellular - GSM 775 App. 30.B: 3G Cellular - WCDMA/UMTS 775 App. 30.C: Cordless Telephony - DECT 776 Exercises: Sec. 36.30 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 776 31 4G Cellular – 3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE) 777 31.1 Introduction 777 31.3 Physical Layer 784 31.4 Logical and Physical Channels 799 31.5 Physical Layer Procedures 807 31.6 Carrier Aggregation and License-Assisted Access 811 31.7 CoMP, Dual Connectivity, and Hetnet Support 812 31.8 Relaying 814 31.9 LTE for Machine-Type Applications 815 31.10 Device-to-Device Communications – Sidelink 817 31.10.1 Motivation, Architecture, and Channel Structure 817 31.10.2 Synchronization 818 31.10.3 Discovery 819 31.10.4 Communications 819 Glossary for LTE 820 Further Reading 822 Exercises: Sec. 36.31 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 822 32 5G Cellular – 3GPP New Radio (NR) 823 32.1 Introduction 823 32.2 System Overview 825 32.3 Physical Layer 830 32.4 Physical and Logical Channels 843 32.5 Physical Layer Procedures 851 32.6 Carrier Aggregation and License-Assisted Access 854 32.7 CoMP, Dual Connectivity, and HetNet Support 856 32.8 Relaying 856 32.9 NR for Machine-Type Communications 857 32.10 Device-to-Device Communications – Sidelink 858 32.10.1 Motivation, Architecture, and Channel Structure 858 32.10.2 Synchronization 859 32.10.3 Discovery and Resource Allocation 859 32.10.4 Communications 859 Glossary for 5G-NR 860 Further Reading 862 Exercises: Sec. 36.32 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 862 33 Wireless Local Area Networks 863 33.1 Introduction 863 33.2 802.11a/g – OFDM-Based LANs 867 33.3 802.11n – High-throughput Transmission 870 33.5 IEEE 802.11ac 883 33.6 802.11ax/Wi-Fi 6 886 Glossary for WiFi 892 Further Reading 894 Exercises: Sec. 36.33 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 894 34 PAN and Internet of Things – Bluetooth and Zigbee 895 34.1 Bluetooth 895 34.2 Zigbee 907 Glossary 912 Further Reading 912 Exercises: Sec. 36.34 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 912 35 Beyond 5G 913 35.1 Motivation and Process 913 35.2 Applications 913 35.3 Network Design in B5G 916 35.4 Spectrum Usage for B5G 918 35.5 Physical and MAC Layer Aspects 918 35.6 Real-Time Processing and RF Transceiver Design 922 35.7 Use of Machine Learning 923 35.8 A Final Word on New Technologies 924 Further Reading 925 Exercises: Sec. 36.35 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 925 References 927 Index 953 About the Author 963

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Book SynopsisReceive comprehensive instruction on the fundamentals of wireless security from three leading international voices in the field Security in Wireless Communication Networksdelivers a thorough grounding in wireless communication security. The distinguished authors pay particular attention to wireless specific issues, like authentication protocols for various wireless communication networks,encryption algorithms and integrity schemes on radio channels, lessons learned from designing secure wireless systems and standardization for security in wireless systems. The book addresses how engineers, administrators, and others involved in the design and maintenance of wireless networks can achieve security while retaining the broadcast natureof the system, with all of its inherent harshness and interference. Readers will learn: A comprehensive introduction to the background of wireless communication network security, including a broad overview of wireless communication networks, security serviTable of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xxiii About the Companion Website xxv Part I Introduction and Mathematics Background 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 General Computer Communication Network Architecture 3 1.1.1 Wired Communication Network Infrastructure 3 1.1.2 Wireless Communication Network Infrastructure 4 1.2 Different Types of Wireless Communication Systems 5 1.2.1 Classification of Wireless Communication Systems 5 1.2.1.1 Based on Coverage 5 1.2.1.2 Based on Topology 6 1.2.1.3 Based on Mobility 6 1.2.2 Wireless Personal Area Networks 7 1.2.3 Wireless Local Area Networks 7 1.2.4 Wireless Wide Area Networks 7 1.3 Network Security and Wireless Security 9 1.3.1 Network Security 9 1.3.2 Security Threats in Wireless Networks 10 1.4 Summary 11 2 Basic Network Security Concepts 13 2.1 Security Attacks 13 2.1.1 Passive Attacks 13 2.1.1.1 Eavesdropping 13 2.1.1.2 Traffic Analysis 14 2.1.2 Active Attacks 15 2.2 Security Services 16 2.2.1 Access Control 17 2.2.2 Authentication 17 2.2.3 Confidentiality 18 2.2.4 Integrity 18 2.2.5 Non-repudiation 19 2.2.6 Availability 19 2.3 Security Mechanisms 21 2.3.1 Encipherment 21 2.3.2 Authentication 21 2.3.3 Access Control 22 2.3.4 Digital Signature 22 2.3.5 Data Integrity 23 2.3.6 Traffic Padding and Routing Control 23 2.3.7 Notarization 24 2.4 Other Security Concepts 24 2.4.1 Levels of Impact 24 2.4.2 Cryptographic Protocols 25 2.5 Summary 25 3 Mathematical Background 27 3.1 Basic Concepts in Modern Algebra and Number Theory 27 3.1.1 Group 27 3.1.1.1 Abelian Group 28 3.1.1.2 Cyclic Group 28 3.1.2 Ring 29 3.1.3 Field 29 3.2 Prime Numbers, Modular Arithmetic, and Divisors 30 3.2.1 Prime Numbers 30 3.2.2 Modular Arithmetic 30 3.2.3 Divisors and GCD 31 3.2.4 Multiplicative Inverse 33 3.3 Finite Field and Galois Field 34 3.4 Polynomial Arithmetic 35 3.4.1 Ordinary Polynomial Arithmetic 35 3.4.2 Polynomial Arithmetic in Finite Fields 36 3.4.3 Modular Polynomial Arithmetic 37 3.4.4 Computational Considerations 39 3.4.5 Generating a Finite Field with a Generator 40 3.5 Fermat’s Little Theorem, Euler’s Totient Function, and Euler’s Theorem 41 3.5.1 Fermat’s Little Theorem 41 3.5.2 Euler Totient Function 𝜙(n) 42 3.5.3 Euler’s Theorem 43 3.6 Primality Testing 44 3.7 Chinese Remainder Theorem 46 3.8 Discrete Logarithm 48 3.9 Summary 49 Part II Cryptographic Systems 51 4 Cryptographic Techniques 53 4.1 Symmetric Encryption 53 4.2 Classical Cryptographic Schemes 53 4.2.1 Classical Substitution Ciphers 54 4.2.1.1 Caesar Cipher 54 4.2.1.2 Monoalphabetic Cipher 55 4.2.1.3 Playfair Cipher 57 4.2.1.4 Polyalphabetic Cipher 58 4.2.1.5 Autokey Cipher 59 4.2.1.6 One-Time Pad 60 4.2.2 Classical Transposition Ciphers 60 4.2.2.1 Rail Fence Cipher 60 4.2.2.2 Row Transposition Cipher 60 4.2.2.3 Product Cipher 61 4.2.3 More Advanced Classical Ciphers 61 4.2.3.1 Rotor Machines 61 4.2.3.2 Steganography 61 4.3 Stream Cipher 62 4.3.1 Rivest Cipher 4 62 4.4 Modern Block Ciphers 63 4.4.1 Overview of Modern Block Ciphers 63 4.4.2 Feistel Block Cipher 64 4.4.2.1 Ideal Block Cipher 64 4.4.2.2 Feistel Cipher Structure 65 4.4.3 Block Cipher Design 67 4.5 Data Encryption Standards (DES) 67 4.5.1 Overview of DES 67 4.5.2 Initial Permutation (IP) 68 4.5.3 DES Round Function 69 4.5.3.1 DES S-Boxes 71 4.5.3.2 DES Permutation Function 72 4.5.4 DES Key Schedule 72 4.5.5 DES Security 74 4.5.6 Multiple Encryption and DES 75 4.6 Summary 76 5 More on Cryptographic Techniques 77 5.1 Advanced Encryption Standards 77 5.1.1 The AES Cipher: Rijndael 77 5.1.2 AES Data Structure 77 5.1.3 Details in Each Round 79 5.1.3.1 Substitute Bytes 79 5.1.3.2 Shift Rows 81 5.1.3.3 Mix Columns 81 5.1.3.4 Add Round Key 82 5.1.3.5 AES Key Expansion 82 5.1.3.6 AES Decryption 84 5.1.3.7 AES Implementation Aspects 84 5.2 Block Cipher Modes of Operation 85 5.2.1 Electronic Codebook (ECB) Mode 85 5.2.2 Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode 86 5.2.3 Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode 87 5.2.4 Output Feedback (OFB) Mode 88 5.2.5 The Counter (CTR) Mode 89 5.2.6 Last Block in Different Modes 90 5.2.7 XTS-AES Mode 90 5.3 Public Key Infrastructure 92 5.3.1 Basics of Public Key Cryptography 92 5.3.2 Public-Key Applications 94 5.3.3 Security of Public Key Schemes 94 5.4 The RSA Algorithm 95 5.4.1 RSA Key Setup 95 5.4.2 RSA Encryption and Decryption 96 5.4.3 RSA Security Analysis 96 5.4.3.1 Factoring Problem 97 5.4.3.2 Timing attacks 97 5.4.3.3 Chosen Ciphertext Attacks 97 5.5 Diffie–Hellman (D–H) Key Exchange 97 5.5.1 Finite-Field Diffie–Hellman 97 5.5.2 Elliptic-Curve Diffie–Hellman 98 5.5.3 Diffie–Hellman Key Exchange Vulnerability 98 5.6 Summary 99 6 Message Authentication, Digital Signature, and Key Management 101 6.1 Message Authentication 101 6.1.1 Message Authentication Functions 101 6.1.2 Message Authentication Code 102 6.1.3 Hash Functions 103 6.1.4 Size of MAC and Hash Value 104 6.2 MAC and Hash Algorithms 105 6.2.1 Data Authentication Algorithm 105 6.2.2 A Basic Hash Function Structure 106 6.2.3 Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) 106 6.2.4 SHA-512 107 6.2.4.1 SHA-512 Compression Function 108 6.2.4.2 SHA-512 Round Function 109 6.2.5 Whirlpool 111 6.2.6 Other MAC Functions 112 6.2.6.1 Keyed Hash Functions as MACs 112 6.2.6.2 Cipher-Based MAC 113 6.3 Digital Signature and Authentication 114 6.3.1 Digital Signature Properties 115 6.3.2 Digital Signature Standard and Algorithm 116 6.3.3 The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm 117 6.3.3.1 ECDSA Domain Parameters 117 6.3.3.2 ECDSA Private/Public Keys 118 6.3.3.3 ECDSA Digital Signature Generation 119 6.3.3.4 ECDSA Digital Signature Verification 120 6.3.4 Authentication Protocols 120 6.4 Key Management 122 6.4.1 Key Distribution with Symmetric Key Encryptions 122 6.4.2 Symmetric Key Distribution Using Public Key Cryptosystems 123 6.4.3 Distribution of Public Keys 124 6.4.4 Public Key Infrastructure 126 6.4.5 X.509 Authentication Service 126 6.5 Summary 128 Part III Security for Wireless Local Area Networks 129 7 WLAN Security 131 7.1 Introduction to WLAN 131 7.1.1 Wi-Fi Operating Modes 131 7.1.2 Challenges in WLAN Security 132 7.1.3 Tricks that Fail to Protect WLAN 133 7.2 Evolution of WLAN Security 133 7.3 Wired Equivalent Privacy 135 7.3.1 WEP Access Control 135 7.3.2 WEP Integrity and Confidentiality 136 7.3.3 WEP Key Management 136 7.3.4 WEP Security Problems 137 7.3.4.1 Problems in WEP Access Control 138 7.3.4.2 Problems in WEP Integrity 138 7.3.4.3 Problems in WEP Confidentiality 138 7.3.4.4 Problems in WEP Key Management 139 7.3.5 Possible WEP Security Enhancement 140 7.4 IEEE 802.1X Authentication Model 140 7.4.1 An Overview of IEEE 802.1X 140 7.4.2 Protocols in IEEE 802.1X 141 7.4.3 Mapping the IEEE 802.1X model to WLAN 143 7.5 IEEE 802.11i Standard 143 7.5.1 Overview of IEEE 802.11i 143 7.5.2 IEEE 802.11i Access Control 143 7.5.3 IEEE 802.1i Key Management 145 7.5.4 IEEE 802.11i Integrity and Confidentiality 147 7.5.4.1 TKIP Mode 147 7.5.4.2 AES-CCMP Mode 148 7.5.5 Function Michael 148 7.5.6 Weakness in 802.11i 150 7.6 Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 and Opportunistic Wireless Encryption 150 7.6.1 WPA3-Personal 150 7.6.2 WPA3-Enterprise 150 7.6.3 Opportunistic Wireless Encryption 151 7.7 Summary 152 8 Bluetooth Security 153 8.1 Introduction to Bluetooth 153 8.1.1 Overview of Bluetooth Technology 153 8.1.2 Bluetooth Vulnerabilities and Threats 154 8.1.2.1 Bluesnarfing 155 8.1.2.2 Bluejacking 155 8.1.2.3 Bluebugging 155 8.1.2.4 Car Whisperer 155 8.1.2.5 Fuzzing Attacks 155 8.1.3 Bluetooth Security Services and Security Modes 156 8.1.3.1 Bluetooth Security Services 156 8.1.3.2 Bluetooth Security Modes 156 8.2 Link Key Generation 157 8.2.1 Link Key Generation for Security Modes 2 and 3 157 8.2.2 Link Key Generation for Security Mode 4 158 8.2.3 Association Model in Mode 4 159 8.2.3.1 Numeric comparison 159 8.2.3.2 Out-of-Band (OOB) 160 8.2.3.3 Passkey entry 162 8.3 Authentication, Confidentiality, and Trust and Service Levels 163 8.3.1 Authentication 163 8.3.2 Confidentiality 164 8.3.3 Trust and Security Service Levels 165 8.4 Cryptographic Functions for Security Modes 1, 2, and 3 166 8.4.1 SAFER+ 166 8.4.1.1 Overview of the SAFER+ Structure 166 8.4.1.2 SAFER+ Round Function 166 8.4.1.3 SAFER+ Key Schedule for 128-Bit Key 168 8.4.2 Function E1(⋅) 168 8.4.3 Function E21(⋅) 170 8.4.4 Function E22(⋅) 170 8.4.5 Function E3(⋅) 171 8.4.6 Function E0(⋅) 171 8.5 Cryptographic Functions in Security Mode 4 (SSP) 173 8.5.1 Function P192(⋅) 173 8.5.2 Function f1(⋅) 174 8.5.3 Function g(⋅) 174 8.5.3.1 Function f2(⋅) 174 8.5.3.2 Function f3(⋅) 174 8.6 Summary 174 9 Zigbee Security 177 9.1 Introduction to Zigbee 177 9.1.1 Overview of Zigbee 177 9.1.2 Security Threats Against Zigbee 178 9.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Security Features 179 9.2.1 Security Levels 179 9.2.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Frame Structure 180 9.3 Zigbee Upper Layer Security 182 9.3.1 Zigbee Security Models 182 9.3.2 Security Keys in Zigbee 183 9.3.3 Zigbee Network Layer Security 184 9.3.4 Zigbee Application Support Layer Security 184 9.3.5 Other Security Features in Zigbee 185 9.4 Security-Related MAC PIB Attributes 187 9.5 Mechanisms Used in Zigbee Security 188 9.5.1 AES-CTR 188 9.5.2 AES-CBC-MAC 189 9.5.3 Overview of the AES-CCM 189 9.5.4 Nonces Applied to the Security Mechanisms 189 9.5.5 Matyas–Meyer–Oseas Hash Function 190 9.6 Summary 191 10 RFID Security 193 10.1 Introduction to RFID 193 10.1.1 Overview of RFID Subsystems 193 10.1.2 Types of RFID Tags 193 10.1.3 RFID Transactions 194 10.1.4 RFID Frequency Bands 194 10.2 Security Attacks, Risks, and Objectives of RFID Systems 195 10.2.1 Security Attacks to RFID Systems 195 10.2.2 RFID Privacy Risks 195 10.2.3 Security Objectives 196 10.3 Mitigation Strategies and Countermeasures for RFID Security Risks 196 10.3.1 Cryptographic Strategies 196 10.3.1.1 Encryption 196 10.3.1.2 One-Way Hash Locks 196 10.3.1.3 EPC Tag PINs 197 10.3.2 Anti-Collision Algorithms 197 10.3.2.1 Tree-Walking 197 10.3.2.2 The Selective Blocker Tag 197 10.3.3 Other Mitigation Strategies 198 10.3.3.1 Physical Shielding Sleeve (The Faraday Cage) 198 10.3.3.2 Secure Reader Protocol 1.0 198 10.4 RFID Security Mechanisms 199 10.4.1 Hash Locks 199 10.4.1.1 Default Hash Locking 199 10.4.1.2 Randomized Hash Locking 200 10.4.2 HB Protocol and the Enhancement 200 10.4.2.1 HB Protocol 200 10.4.2.2 HB+ Protocol 202 10.4.2.3 HB++ Protocol 203 10.5 Summary 205 Part IV Security for Wireless Wide Area Networks 207 11 GSM Security 209 11.1 GSM System Architecture 209 11.1.1 Mobile Station 209 11.1.2 Base Station Subsystem 210 11.1.3 Network Subsystem 211 11.2 GSM Network Access Security Features 212 11.2.1 GSM Entity Authentication 212 11.2.2 GSM Confidentiality 214 11.2.3 GSM Anonymity 215 11.2.4 Detection of Stolen/Compromised Equipment in GSM 215 11.3 GSM Security Algorithms 215 11.3.1 Algorithm A3 216 11.3.2 Algorithm A8 216 11.3.3 Algorithm COMP128 216 11.3.4 Algorithm A5 220 11.3.4.1 A5∕1 220 11.3.4.2 Algorithm A5∕2 223 11.4 Attacks Against GSM Security 225 11.4.1 Attacks Against GSM Authenticity 225 11.4.1.1 Attacks Against GSM Confidentiality 226 11.4.2 Other Attacks against GSM Security 227 11.5 Possible GSM Security Improvements 227 11.5.1 Improvement over Authenticity and Anonymity 227 11.5.2 Improvement over Confidentiality 228 11.5.3 Improvement of the Signaling Network 228 11.6 Summary 228 12 UMTS Security 229 12.1 UMTS System Architecture 229 12.1.1 User Equipment 229 12.1.2 UTRAN 230 12.1.3 Core Network 231 12.2 UMTS Security Features 231 12.3 UMTS Network Access Security 232 12.3.1 Authentication and Key Agreement 232 12.3.1.1 The AKA Mechanism 232 12.3.1.2 Authentication Vector Generation 234 12.3.1.3 AKA on the UE Side 236 12.3.2 Confidentiality 237 12.3.3 Data Integrity 238 12.3.4 User Identity Confidentiality 239 12.4 Algorithms in Access Security 240 12.4.1 Encryption Algorithm f8 240 12.4.1.1 Integrity Algorithm f9 241 12.4.2 Description of KASUMI 242 12.4.2.1 An Overview of KASUMI Algorithm 242 12.4.2.2 Round Function Fi(⋅) 244 12.4.2.3 Function FL 244 12.4.2.4 Function FO 244 12.4.2.5 Function FI 245 12.4.2.6 S-boxes S7 and S9 245 12.4.2.7 Key Schedule 247 12.4.3 Implementation and Operational Considerations 248 12.5 Other UMTS Security Features 249 12.5.1 Mobile Equipment Identification 249 12.5.2 Location Services 249 12.5.3 User-to-USIM Authentication 249 12.6 Summary 250 13 LTE Security 251 13.1 LTE System Architecture 251 13.2 LTE Security Architecture 253 13.3 LTE Security 255 13.3.1 LTE Key Hierarchy 255 13.3.2 LTE Authentication and Key Agreement 257 13.3.3 Signaling Protection 258 13.3.3.1 Protection of Radio-Specific Signaling 259 13.3.3.2 Protection of User-Plane Traffic 259 13.3.4 Overview of Confidentiality and Integrity Algorithms 259 13.3.4.1 Confidentiality Mechanism 259 13.3.4.2 Integrity Mechanism 260 13.3.5 Non-3GPP Access 261 13.4 Handover Between eNBs 261 13.4.1 Overview 261 13.4.2 Key Handling in Handover 262 13.4.2.1 Initialization 262 13.4.2.2 Intra-eNB Key Handling 264 13.4.2.3 Intra-MME Key Handling 265 13.4.2.4 Inter-MME Key Handling 266 13.5 Security Algorithms 268 13.5.1 128-EEA2 268 13.5.2 128-EIA2 269 13.5.3 EEA3 270 13.5.4 EIA3 271 13.6 Security for Interworking Between LTE and Legacy Systems 273 13.6.1 Between LTE and UMTS 273 13.6.1.1 Idle Mode Mobility from E-UTRAN to UTRAN 273 13.6.1.2 Idle Mode Mobility from UTRAN to E-UTRAN 274 13.6.1.3 Handover Mode from E-UTRAN to UTRAN 275 13.6.1.4 Handover Mode from UTRAN to E-UTRAN 276 13.6.2 Between E-UTRAN and GERAN 277 13.6.2.1 Idle Mode 277 13.6.2.2 Handover Mode 277 13.7 Summary 278 Part V Security for Next Generation Wireless Networks 279 14 Security in 5G Wireless Networks 281 14.1 Introduction to 5GWireless Network Systems 281 14.1.1 The Advancement of 5G 281 14.1.2 5GWireless Network Systems 282 14.2 5G Security Requirements and Major Drives 283 14.2.1 Security Requirements for 5GWireless Networks 283 14.2.2 Major Drives for 5GWireless Security 284 14.2.2.1 Supreme Built-in-Security 284 14.2.2.2 Flexible Security Mechanisms 285 14.2.2.3 Automation 285 14.2.3 Attacks in 5G Wireless Networks 286 14.2.3.1 Eavesdropping and Traffic Analysis 286 14.2.3.2 Jamming 286 14.2.3.3 DoS and DDoS 287 14.2.3.4 Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) 287 14.3 A 5G Wireless Security Architecture 287 14.3.1 New Elements in 5G Wireless Security Architecture 287 14.3.2 A 5G Wireless Security Architecture 288 14.3.2.1 Network Access Security (I) 288 14.3.2.2 Network Domain Security (II) 289 14.3.2.3 User Domain Security (III) 289 14.3.2.4 Application Domain Security (IV) 289 14.4 5GWireless Security Services 289 14.4.1 Cryptography in 5G 289 14.4.2 Identity Management 290 14.4.3 Authentication in 5G 291 14.4.3.1 Flexible Authentication 291 14.4.3.2 Authentication Through Legacy Cellular System 291 14.4.3.3 SDN Based Authentication in 5G 293 14.4.3.4 Authentication of D2D in 5G 294 14.4.3.5 Authentication of RFID in 5G 294 14.4.4 Data Confidentiality in 5G 295 14.4.4.1 Power Control 295 14.4.4.2 Artificial Noise and Signal Processing 297 14.4.5 Handover Procedure and Signaling Load Analysis 297 14.4.6 Availability in 5G 297 14.4.7 Location and Identity Anonymity in 5G 300 14.5 5G Key Management 300 14.5.1 3GPP 5G Key Architecture 300 14.5.2 Key Management in 5G Handover 301 14.5.3 Key Management for D2D Users 302 14.6 Security for New Communication Techniques in 5G 303 14.6.1 Heterogeneous Network and Massive MIMO in 5G 303 14.6.2 Device-to-Device Communications in 5G 304 14.6.3 Software-Defined Network in 5G 306 14.6.4 Internet-of-Things in 5G 308 14.7 Challenges and Future Directions for 5G Wireless Security 308 14.7.1 New Trust Models 308 14.7.2 New Security Attack Models 308 14.7.3 Privacy Protection 309 14.7.4 Flexibility and Efficiency 309 14.7.5 Unified Security Management 309 14.8 Summary 310 15 Security in V2X Communications 311 15.1 Introduction to V2X Communications 311 15.1.1 Generic System Architecture of V2X Communications 311 15.1.2 Dedicated Short Range Communications 312 15.1.3 Cellular Based V2X Communications 313 15.2 Security Requirements and Possible Attacks in V2X Communications 314 15.2.1 Security Requirements 314 15.2.2 Attacks in V2X Communications 315 15.2.3 Basic Solutions 316 15.3 IEEEWAVE Security Services for Applications and Management Messages 316 15.3.1 Overview of the WAVE Protocol Stack and Security Services 316 15.3.2 Secure Data Service and Security Service Management Entity 318 15.3.3 CRL Verification Entity and P2P Certificate Distribution Entity 319 15.4 Security in Cellular Based V2X Communications 320 15.4.1 LTE-V2X Communication Security 320 15.4.2 5G-V2X Communication Security 322 15.5 Cryptography and Privacy Preservation in V2X Communications 323 15.5.1 Identity Based Schemes 323 15.5.2 Group Signature Based Schemes 325 15.5.3 Batch Verification Schemes 326 15.5.4 Reputation and Trust Based Schemes 327 15.5.5 Identity Anonymity Preservation 328 15.5.6 Location Anonymity Preservation 328 15.6 Challenges and Future Research Directions 329 15.6.1 Highly Efficient Authentication Schemes 329 15.6.2 Efficient Revocation Mechanisms 330 15.6.3 Advancing OBU and TPD Technologies 330 15.6.4 Advancing Cryptography and Privacy Preservation Schemes 330 15.6.5 Advancing Solutions to HetNet, SDN, and NFV 330 15.6.6 Advancing Artificial Intelligence in V2X Communication Security 330 15.7 Summary 331 References 333 Index 345

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Book SynopsisLeverage the power of Git to smooth out the development cycle Professional Git takes a professional approach to learning this massively popular software development tool, and provides an up-to-date guide for new users.Trade Review"This is a deep and immersive guide to Git, with plenty to teach those who've been using it for a while, yet goes out of its way to be welcoming to new Git users coming from other version control systems." (The MagPi, June 2017)Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION xxiii PART I: UNDERSTANDING GIT CONCEPTS CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS GIT? 3 CHAPTER 2: KEY CONCEPTS 19 CHAPTER 3: THE GIT PROMOTION MODEL 31 PART II: USING GIT CHAPTER 4: CONFIGURATION AND SETUP 49 CHAPTER 5: GETTING PRODUCTIVE 73 CHAPTER 6: TRACKING CHANGES 105 CHAPTER 7: WORKING WITH CHANGES OVER TIME AND USING TAGS 131 CHAPTER 8: WORKING WITH LOCAL BRANCHES 159 CHAPTER 9: MERGING CONTENT 193 CHAPTER 10: SUPPORTING FILES IN GIT 245 CHAPTER 11: DOING MORE WITH GIT 263 CHAPTER 12: UNDERSTANDING REMOTES—BRANCHES AND OPERATIONS 321 CHAPTER 13: UNDERSTANDING REMOTES—WORKFLOWS FOR CHANGES 355 CHAPTER 14: WORKING WITH TREES AND MODULES IN GIT 381 CHAPTER 15: EXTENDING GIT FUNCTIONALITY WITH GIT HOOKS 423 Summary 441 INDEX 443

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Book SynopsisIntroduces risk assessment with key theories, proven methods, and state-of-the-art applications Risk Assessment: Theory, Methods, and Applicationsremains one of the few textbooks to address current risk analysis and risk assessment with an emphasis on the possibility of sudden, major accidents across various areas of practicefrom machinery and manufacturing processes to nuclear power plants and transportation systems. Updated to align with ISO 31000 and other amended standards, this all-new2nd Editiondiscusses the main ideas and techniques for assessing risk today. The book begins with an introduction of risk analysis, assessment, and management, and includes a new section on the history of risk analysis. It covers hazards and threats, how to measure and evaluate risk, and risk management. It also adds new sections on risk governance and risk-informed decision making; combining accident theories and criteria for evaluating data sources; and subjectTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Companion Site xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Risk in Our Modern Society 1 1.2 Important Trends 2 1.3 Major Accidents 4 1.4 History of Risk Assessment 4 1.5 Applications of Risk Assessment 9 1.6 Objectives, Scope, and Delimitation 11 1.7 Problems 12 References 13 2 The Words of Risk Analysis 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Risk 16 2.3 What Can Go Wrong? 20 2.4 What is the Likelihood? 38 2.5 What are the Consequences? 44 2.6 Additional Terms 49 2.7 Problems 54 References 56 3 Main Elements of Risk Assessment 59 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Risk Assessment Process 60 3.3 Risk Assessment Report 76 3.4 Risk Assessment in Safety Legislation 81 3.5 Validity and Quality Aspects of a Risk Assessment 82 3.6 Problems 83 References 84 4 Study Object and Limitations 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Study Object 87 4.3 Operating Context 91 4.4 System Modeling and Analysis 92 4.5 Complexity 95 4.6 Problems 97 References 98 5 Risk Acceptance 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Risk Acceptance Criteria 99 5.3 Approaches to Establishing Risk Acceptance Criteria 106 5.4 Risk Acceptance Criteria for Other Assets than Humans 114 5.5 Closure 115 5.6 Problems 115 References 117 6 Measuring Risk 121 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Risk Metrics 121 6.3 Measuring Risk to People 123 6.4 Risk Matrices 148 6.5 Reduction in Life Expectancy 154 6.6 Choice and Use of Risk Metrics 156 6.7 Risk Metrics for Other Assets 158 6.8 Problems 159 References 163 7 Risk Management 167 7.1 Introduction 167 7.2 Scope, Context, and Criteria 170 7.3 Risk Assessment 170 7.4 Risk Treatment 171 7.5 Communication and Consultation 172 7.6 Monitoring and Review 173 7.7 Recording and Reporting 174 7.8 Stakeholders 175 7.9 Risk and Decision-Making 176 7.10 Safety Legislation 179 7.11 Problems 180 References 180 8 Accident Models 183 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Accident Classification 183 8.3 Accident Investigation 188 8.4 Accident Causation 188 8.5 Accident Models 190 8.6 Energy and Barrier Models 193 8.7 Sequential Accident Models 195 8.8 Epidemiological Accident Models 201 8.9 Event Causation and Sequencing Models 208 8.10 Systemic Accident Models 213 8.11 Combining Accident Models 228 8.12 Problems 229 References 230 9 Data for Risk Analysis 235 9.1 Types of Data 235 9.2 Quality and Applicability of Data 238 9.3 Data Sources 239 9.4 Expert Judgment 250 9.5 Data Dossier 254 9.6 Problems 254 References 257 10 Hazard Identification 259 10.1 Introduction 259 10.2 Checklist Methods 263 10.3 Preliminary Hazard Analysis 266 10.4 Job Safety Analysis 278 10.5 FMECA 287 10.6 HAZOP 295 10.7 STPA 306 10.8 SWIFT 316 10.9 Comparing Semiquantitative Methods 322 10.10 Master Logic Diagram 322 10.11 Change Analysis 324 10.12 Hazard Log 327 10.13 Problems 331 References 335 11 Causal and Frequency Analysis 339 11.1 Introduction 339 11.2 Cause and Effect Diagram Analysis 341 11.3 Fault Tree Analysis 344 11.4 Bayesian Networks 370 11.5 Markov Methods 384 11.6 Problems 396 References 400 12 Development of Accident Scenarios 401 12.1 Introduction 401 12.2 Event Tree Analysis 402 12.3 Event Sequence Diagrams 426 12.4 Cause–Consequence Analysis 426 12.5 Hybrid Causal Logic 428 12.6 Escalation Problems 429 12.7 Consequence Models 429 12.8 Problems 431 References 435 13 Dependent Failures and Events 437 13.1 Introduction 437 13.2 Dependent Failures and Events 437 13.3 Dependency in Accident Scenarios 439 13.4 Cascading Failures 441 13.5 Common-Cause Failures 442 13.6 𝛽-Factor Model 452 13.7 Binomial Failure Rate Model 456 13.8 Multiple Greek Letter Model 457 13.9 𝛼-Factor Model 459 13.10 Multiple 𝛽-Factor Model 461 13.11 Problems 461 References 462 14 Barriers and Barrier Analysis 465 14.1 Introduction 465 14.2 Barriers and Barrier Classification 466 14.3 Barrier Management 474 14.4 Barrier Properties 476 14.5 Safety-Instrumented Systems 477 14.6 Hazard–Barrier Matrices 487 14.7 Safety Barrier Diagrams 488 14.8 Bow-Tie Diagrams 490 14.9 Energy Flow/Barrier Analysis 490 14.10 Layer of Protection Analysis 493 14.11 Barrier and Operational Risk Analysis 502 14.12 Systematic Identification and Evaluation of Risk Reduction Measures 512 14.13 Problems 518 References 520 15 Human Reliability Analysis 525 15.1 Introduction 525 15.2 Task Analysis 536 15.3 Human Error Identification 543 15.4 HRA Methods 552 15.5 Problems 573 References 574 16 Risk Analysis and Management for Operation 579 16.1 Introduction 579 16.2 Decisions About Risk 581 16.3 Aspects of Risk to Consider 583 16.4 Risk Indicators 585 16.5 Risk Modeling 594 16.6 Operational Risk Analysis – Updating the QRA 596 16.7 MIRMAP 598 16.8 Problems 601 References 602 17 Security Assessment 605 17.1 Introduction 605 17.2 Main Elements of Security Assessment 608 17.3 Industrial Control and Safety Systems 615 17.4 Security Assessment 617 17.5 Security Assessment Methods 625 17.6 Application Areas 626 17.7 Problems 627 References 628 18 Life Cycle Use of Risk Analysis 631 18.1 Introduction 631 18.2 Phases in the Life Cycle 631 18.3 Comments Applicable to all Phases 634 18.4 Feasibility and Concept Selection 635 18.5 Preliminary Design 637 18.6 Detailed Design and Construction 639 18.7 Operation and Maintenance 641 18.8 Major Modifications 641 18.9 Decommissioning and Removal 643 18.10 Problems 643 References 643 19 Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis 645 19.1 Introduction 645 19.2 Uncertainty 647 19.3 Categories of Uncertainty 648 19.4 Contributors to Uncertainty 651 19.5 Uncertainty Propagation 656 19.6 Sensitivity Analysis 661 19.7 Problems 663 References 664 20 Development and Applications of Risk Assessment 667 20.1 Introduction 667 20.2 Defense and Defense Industry 668 20.3 Nuclear Power Industry 670 20.4 Process Industry 674 20.5 Offshore Oil and Gas Industry 678 20.6 Space Industry 681 20.7 Aviation 683 20.8 Railway Transport 685 20.9 Marine Transport 686 20.10 Machinery Systems 689 20.11 Food Safety 690 20.12 Other Application Areas 692 20.13 Closure 695 References 697 Appendix A Elements of Probability Theory 701 A.1 Introduction 701 A.2 Outcomes and Events 701 A.3 Probability 706 A.4 Random Variables 710 A.5 Some Specific Distributions 718 A.6 Point and Interval Estimation 728 A.7 Bayesian Approach 732 A.8 Probability of Frequency Approach 733 References 739 Appendix B Acronyms 741 Author Index 747 Subject Index 753

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAcknowledgement xv Acronyms xvii Notations xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Birth of Satellite Communications 1 1.2 Development of Satellite Communications 1 1.3 Configuration of a Satellite Communications System 3 1.4 Types of Orbit 11 1.5 Radio Regulations 16 1.6 Technology Trends 21 1.7 Services 23 1.8 The Way Forward 25 2 Orbits and Related Issues 29 2.1 Keplerian Orbits 29 2.2 Useful Orbits for Satellite Communication 53 2.3 Perturbations of Orbits 80 2.4 Conclusion 110 3 Baseband Digital Signals, Packet Networks, and Quality of Service (QOS) 113 3.1 Baseband Signals 114 3.2 Performance Objectives 123 3.3 Availability Objectives 124 3.4 Delay 126 3.5 IP Packet Transfer QOS and Network Performance 128 3.6 Conclusion 133 4 Digital Communications Techniques 135 4.1 Baseband Formatting 137 4.2 Digital Modulation 138 4.3 Channel Coding 153 4.4 Channel Coding and the Power–Bandwidth Trade-Off 157 4.5 Coded Modulation 162 4.6 End-To-End Error Control 169 4.7 Digital Video Broadcasting via Satellite (DVB-S) 170 4.8 Second Generation DVB-S (DVB-S2) 175 4.9 New Features of DVB-S2X 183 4.10 Conclusion 184 5 Uplink, Downlink, and Overall Link Performance; Intersatellite Links 189 5.1 Configuration of a Link 190 5.2 Antenna Parameters 190 5.3 Radiated Power 196 5.4 Received Signal Power 197 5.5 Noise Power Spectral Density at the Receiver Input 203 5.6 INDIVIDUAL LINK PERFORMANCE 213 5.7 Influence of the Atmosphere 219 5.8 Mitigation of Atmospheric Impairments 238 5.9 Overall Link Performance with Transparent Satellite 241 5.10 Overall Link Performance with Regenerative Satellite 252 5.11 Link Performance with Multibeam Antenna Coverage vs. Monobeam Coverage 257 5.12 Intersatellite Link Performance 265 6 Multiple Access 275 6.1 Layered Data Transmission 275 6.2 Traffic Parameters 276 6.3 TRAFFIC ROUTING 280 6.4 ACCESS TECHNIQUES 281 6.5 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (FDMA) 284 6.6 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA) 290 6.7 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA) 303 6.8 FIXED AND ON-DEMAND ASSIGNMENT 314 6.9 RANDOM ACCESS 317 6.10 CONCLUSION 322 7 Satellite Networks 325 7.1 Network Reference Models and Protocols 325 7.2 Reference Architecture for Satellite Networks 329 7.3 Basic Characteristics of Satellite Networks 330 7.4 Satellite On-Board Connectivity 334 7.5 Connectivity Through Intersatellite Links (ISLs) 347 7.6 Satellite Broadcast Networks 353 7.7 Broadband Satellite Networks 356 7.8 Transmission Control Protocol 387 7.9 IPV6 OVER SATELLITE NETWORKS 393 7.10 CONCLUSION 396 8 Earth Stations 401 8.1 Station Organisation 401 8.2 Radio-Frequency Characteristics 402 8.3 The Antenna Subsystem 415 8.4 The Radio-Frequency Subsystem 450 8.5 Communication Subsystems 459 8.6 The Network Interface Subsystem 466 8.7 Monitoring and Control; Auxiliary Equipment 474 8.8 Conclusion 476 9 The Communication Payload 479 9.1 Mission and Characteristics of the Payload 479 9.2 Transparent Repeater 482 9.3 Regenerative Repeater 509 9.4 Multibeam Antenna Payload 511 9.5 Introduction to Flexible Payloads 520 9.6 Solid State Equipment Technology 522 9.7 Antenna Coverage 523 9.8 Antenna Characteristics 543 9.9 Conclusion 569 10 The Platform 573 10.1 Subsystems 575 10.2 Attitude Control 576 10.3 The Propulsion Subsystem 595 10.4 The Electric Power Supply 610 10.5 Telemetry, Tracking, and Command (TTC) and On-Board Data Handling (OBDH) 629 10.6 Thermal Control and Structure 648 10.7 Developments and Trends 655 11 Satellite Installation and Launch Vehicles 659 11.1 Installation in Orbit 659 11.2 Launch Vehicles 685 12 The Space Environment 721 12.1 Vacuum 721 12.2 The Mechanical Environment 722 12.3 Radiation 726 12.4 Flux of High-Energy Particles 730 12.5 The Environment During Installation 734 13 Reliability and Availability of Satellite Communications Systems 737 13.1 Introduction to Reliability 737 13.2 Satellite System Availability 741 13.3 Subsystem Reliability 743 13.4 Component Reliability 749 References 754 Index 755

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive tutorial on photovoltaic technology now fully updated to include solar storage and the latest methods for on-site plant measurements Starting with the basic principles of solar energy, this fully updated, practical text explains the fundamentals of semiconductor physics and the structure and functioning of the solar cell. It describes the latest measurement techniques for solar modules, and the planning and operation of grid-connected and off-grid PV systems. It also looks at other thin film cells, hybrid wafer cells, and concentrator systems. Additionally, this Second Edition covers solar modules and solar generators; system technology of grid connected plants; the storage of solar energy; photovoltaic measurement technology; the planning and operation of grid-connected systems; economic efficiency of PV systems; and the future development of PV. Presents the latest advances in PV R&D and industry deployment Updated Table of ContentsPreface to the First International Edition xv Preface to the Second International Edition xvii Abbreviations xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Why Photovoltaics? 1 1.1.2 Who Should Read This Book? 2 1.1.3 Structure of the Book 2 1.2 What Is Energy? 3 1.2.1 Definition of Energy 3 1.2.2 Units of Energy 4 1.2.3 Primary, Secondary, and End Energy 5 1.2.4 Energy Content of Various Substances 6 1.3 Problems with Today’s Energy Supply 7 1.3.1 Growing Energy Requirements 7 1.3.2 Tightening of Resources 8 1.3.3 Climate Change 9 1.3.4 Hazards and Disposal 11 1.4 Renewable Energies 11 1.4.1 The Family of Renewable Energies 11 1.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Energies 12 1.4.3 Previous Development of Renewable Energies 13 1.5 Photovoltaics – The Most Important in Brief 13 1.5.1 What Does “Photovoltaics” Mean? 13 1.5.2 What Are Solar Cells and Solar Modules? 14 1.5.3 How Is a Typical Photovoltaic Plant Structured? 14 1.5.4 What Does a Photovoltaic Plant “Bring?” 15 1.6 History of Photovoltaics 16 1.6.1 How It all Began 16 1.6.2 The First Real Solar Cells 17 1.6.3 From Space to Earth 19 1.6.4 From Toy to Energy Source 20 2 Solar Radiation 23 2.1 Properties of Solar Radiation 23 2.1.1 Solar Constant 23 2.1.2 Spectrum of the Sun 23 2.1.3 Air Mass 25 2.2 Global Radiation 25 2.2.1 Origin of Global Radiation 25 2.2.2 Contributions of Diffuse and Direct Radiation 26 2.2.3 Global Radiation Maps 28 2.3 Calculation of the Position of the Sun 30 2.3.1 Declination of the Sun 30 2.3.2 Calculating the Path of the Sun 32 2.4 Radiation on Tilted Surfaces 35 2.4.1 Radiation Calculation with the Three-component Model 35 2.4.1.1 Direct Radiation 35 2.4.1.2 Diffuse Radiation 36 2.4.1.3 Reflected Radiation 37 2.4.2 Radiation Estimates with Diagrams and Tables 38 2.4.3 Yield Gain through Tracking 41 2.5 Radiation Availability and World Energy Consumption 41 2.5.1 The Solar Radiation Energy Cube 41 2.5.2 The Sahara Miracle 45 3 Fundamentals of Semiconductor Physics 47 3.1 Structure of a Semiconductor 47 3.1.1 Bohr’s Atomic Model 47 3.1.2 Periodic Table of Elements 49 3.1.3 Structure of the Silicon Crystal 49 3.1.4 Compound Semiconductors 49 3.2 Band Model of a Semiconductor 51 3.2.1 Origin of Energy Bands 51 3.2.2 Differences in Isolators, Semiconductors, and Conductors 53 3.2.3 Intrinsic Carrier Concentration 53 3.3 Charge Transport in Semiconductors 55 3.3.1 Field Currents 55 3.3.2 Diffusion Currents 56 3.4 Doping of Semiconductors 57 3.4.1 n-Doping 57 3.4.2 p-Doping 58 3.5 The p–n Junction 59 3.5.1 Principle of Method of Operation 59 3.5.2 Band Diagram of the p–n Junction 61 3.5.3 Behavior with Applied Voltage 62 3.5.4 Diode Characteristics 63 3.6 Interaction of Light and Semiconductors 64 3.6.1 Phenomenon of Light Absorption 64 3.6.1.1 Absorption Coefficient 65 3.6.1.2 Direct and Indirect Semiconductors 65 3.6.2 Light Reflection on Surfaces 67 3.6.2.1 Reflection Factor 67 3.6.2.2 Antireflection Coating 69 4 Structure and Method of Operation of Solar Cells 71 4.1 Consideration of the Photodiode 71 4.1.1 Structure and Characteristics 71 4.1.2 Equivalent Circuit 73 4.2 Method of Function of the Solar Cell 73 4.2.1 Principle of the Structure 73 4.2.2 Recombination and Diffusion Length 74 4.2.3 What Happens in the Individual Cell Regions? 75 4.2.3.1 Absorption in the Emitter 75 4.2.3.2 Absorption in the Space Charge Region 76 4.2.3.3 Absorption Within the Diffusion Length of the Electrons 76 4.2.3.4 Absorption Outside the Diffusion Length of the Electrons 76 4.2.4 Back-surface Field 77 4.3 Photocurrent 77 4.3.1 Absorption Efficiency 78 4.3.2 Quantum Efficiency 79 4.3.3 Spectral Sensitivity 79 4.4 Characteristic Curve and Characteristic Parameters 80 4.4.1 Short-circuit Current ISC 81 4.4.2 Open-circuit Voltage V OC 82 4.4.3 Maximum Power Point (MPP) 82 4.4.4 Fill Factor (FF) 82 4.4.5 Efficiency 𝜂 83 4.4.6 Temperature Dependence of Solar Cells 83 4.5 Electrical Description of Real Solar Cells 85 4.5.1 Simplified Model 85 4.5.2 Standard Model (Single-diode Model) 86 4.5.3 Two-diode Model 86 4.5.4 Determining the Parameters of the Equivalent Circuit 88 4.6 Considering Efficiency 90 4.6.1 Spectral Efficiency 91 4.6.2 Theoretical Efficiency 94 4.6.3 Losses in Real Solar Cells 96 4.6.3.1 Optical Losses, Reflection on the Surface 96 4.6.3.2 Electrical Losses and Ohmic Losses 98 4.7 High-efficiency Cells 99 4.7.1 Buried-contact Cell 99 4.7.2 Point-contact Cell (IBC Cell) 99 4.7.3 PERL and PERC Cell 101 5 Cell Technologies 103 5.1 Production of Crystalline Silicon Cells 103 5.1.1 From Sand to Silicon 103 5.1.1.1 Production of Polysilicon 103 5.1.1.2 Production of Monocrystalline Silicon 105 5.1.1.3 Production of Multicrystalline Silicon 106 5.1.2 From Silicon to Wafer 107 5.1.2.1 Wafer Production 107 5.1.2.2 Wafers from Ribbon Silicon 107 5.1.3 Production of Standard Solar Cells 108 5.1.4 Production of Solar Modules 111 5.2 Cells of Amorphous Silicon 112 5.2.1 Properties of Amorphous Silicon 112 5.2.2 Production Process 113 5.2.3 Structure of the Pin Cell 113 5.2.4 Staebler–Wronski Effect 115 5.2.5 Stacked Cells 116 5.2.6 Combined Cells of Micromorphous Material 118 5.2.7 Integrated Series Connection 119 5.3 Further Thin Film Cells 120 5.3.1 Cells of Cadmium-Telluride 120 5.3.2 CIS Cells 121 5.4 Hybrid Wafer Cells 123 5.4.1 Combination of c-Si and a-Si (HIT Cell) 123 5.4.2 Stacked Cells of III/V Semiconductors 124 5.5 Other Cell Concepts 125 5.6 Concentrator Systems 126 5.6.1 Principle of Radiation Bundling 126 5.6.2 What Is the Advantage of Concentration? 127 5.6.3 Examples of Concentrator Systems 128 5.6.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Concentrator Systems 128 5.7 Ecological Questions on Cell and Module Production 129 5.7.1 Environmental Effects of Production and Operation 129 5.7.1.1 Example of Cadmium-Telluride 129 5.7.1.2 Example of Silicon 129 5.7.2 Availability of Materials 130 5.7.2.1 Silicon 130 5.7.2.2 Cadmium-Telluride 131 5.7.2.3 Cadmium Indium Selenide 131 5.7.2.4 III/V Semiconductors 132 5.7.3 Energy Amortization Time and Yield Factor 132 5.8 Summary 135 6 Solar Modules and Solar Generators 139 6.1 Properties of Solar Modules 139 6.1.1 Solar Cell Characteristic Curve in All Four Quadrants 139 6.1.2 Parallel Connection of Cells 139 6.1.3 Series Connection of Cells 141 6.1.4 Use of Bypass Diodes 142 6.1.4.1 Reducing Shading Losses 142 6.1.4.2 Prevention of Hotspots 144 6.1.5 Typical Characteristic Curves of Solar Modules 147 6.1.5.1 Variation of the Irradiance 147 6.1.5.2 Temperature Behavior 147 6.1.6 Special Case Thin-film Modules 149 6.1.7 Examples of Data Sheet Information 150 6.2 Connecting Solar Modules 150 6.2.1 Parallel Connection of Strings 150 6.2.2 What Happens in Case of Cabling Errors? 152 6.2.3 Losses Due to Mismatching 153 6.2.4 Smart Installation in Case of Shading 153 6.3 Direct Current Components 156 6.3.1 Principle of Plant Construction 156 6.3.2 Direct Current Cabling 156 6.4 Types of Plants 158 6.4.1 Ground-mounted Plants 158 6.4.2 Flat-roof Plants 161 6.4.3 Pitched-roof Systems 162 6.4.4 Facade Systems 164 7 System Technology of Grid-connected Plants 165 7.1 Solar Generator and Load 165 7.1.1 Resistive Load 165 7.1.2 DC/DC Converter 166 7.1.2.1 Idea 166 7.1.2.2 Buck Converter 166 7.1.2.3 Boost Converter 169 7.1.3 MPP Tracker 171 7.2 Construction of Grid-connected Systems 172 7.2.1 Feed-in Variations 172 7.2.2 Plant Concepts 173 7.3 Construction of Inverters 174 7.3.1 Tasks of the Inverter 175 7.3.2 Line-commutated and Self-commutated Inverter 175 7.3.3 Inverters Without Transformers 175 7.3.4 Inverters with Mains Transformer 177 7.3.5 Inverters with HF Transformer 178 7.3.6 Three-phase Feed-in 179 7.3.7 Further Clever Concepts 180 7.4 Efficiency of Inverters 181 7.4.1 Conversion Efficiency 181 7.4.2 European Efficiency 184 7.4.3 Clever MPP Tracking 185 7.5 Dimensioning of Inverters 186 7.5.1 Power Dimensioning 186 7.5.2 Voltage Dimensioning 187 7.5.3 Current Dimensioning 188 7.6 Requirements of the Grid Operators 188 7.6.1 Prevention of Stand-Alone Operation 188 7.6.2 Maximum Feed-in Power 190 7.6.3 Reactive Power Provision 191 7.7 Safety Aspects 194 7.7.1 Earthing of the Generator and Lightning Protection 194 7.7.2 Fire Protection 194 8 Storage of Solar Energy 197 8.1 Principle of Solar Storage 197 8.2 Batteries 198 8.2.1 Lead-acid Battery 199 8.2.1.1 Principle and Build-up 199 8.2.1.2 Types of Lead Batteries 201 8.2.1.3 Battery Capacity 203 8.2.1.4 Voltage Progression 203 8.2.1.5 Summary 204 8.2.2 Charge Controllers 204 8.2.2.1 Series Controller 204 8.2.2.2 Shunt Controller 205 8.2.2.3 MPP Controller 205 8.2.2.4 Examples of Products 206 8.2.3 Lithium Ion Battery 206 8.2.3.1 Principle and Build-up 207 8.2.3.2 Reactions During Charging and Discharging 208 8.2.3.3 Material Combinations and Cell Voltage 209 8.2.3.4 Safety Aspects 210 8.2.3.5 Charging Procedures 211 8.2.3.6 Battery Design 211 8.2.3.7 Lifespan 212 8.2.3.8 Application Areas 213 8.2.3.9 Summary 213 8.2.4 Sodium Sulfur Battery 213 8.2.4.1 Principle and Build-up 213 8.2.4.2 Peculiarities of the High Temperature Battery 214 8.2.4.3 Sodium Sulfur Batteries in Practice 215 8.2.4.4 Summary 216 8.2.5 Redox Flow Battery 216 8.2.5.1 Principle and Build-up 216 8.2.5.2 Behavior in Practice 218 8.2.5.3 Concrete Applications 219 8.2.5.4 Summary 220 8.2.6 Comparison of the Different Battery Types 220 8.3 Storage Use for Increase of Self-consumption 220 8.3.1 Self-consumption in Domestic Households 221 8.3.1.1 Solution Without Storage 222 8.3.1.2 Solution with Storage 223 8.3.1.3 Examples of Storage Systems 223 8.3.1.4 How Much Cost a Kilowatt-Hour? 225 8.3.1.5 The Smart Home 226 8.3.2 Self-consumption in Commercial Enterprises 227 8.3.2.1 Example Production Factory 227 8.3.2.2 Example Hospital 227 8.4 Storage Deployment from the Point of View of the Grid 228 8.4.1 Peak-shaving with Storages 229 8.4.2 Governmental Funding Program for Solar Storages 229 8.5 Stand-alone Systems 232 8.5.1 Principal Structure 232 8.5.2 Examples of Stand-alone Systems 232 8.5.2.1 Solar Home Systems 232 8.5.2.2 Hybrid Systems 234 8.5.3 Dimensioning Stand-alone Plants 235 8.5.3.1 Acquiring the Energy Consumption 235 8.5.3.2 Dimensioning the PV Generator 236 8.5.3.3 Selecting the Battery 238 9 Photovoltaic Metrology 241 9.1 Measurement of Solar Radiation 241 9.1.1 Global Radiation Sensors 241 9.1.1.1 Pyranometer 241 9.1.1.2 Radiation Sensors from Solar Cells 243 9.1.2 Measuring Direct and Diffuse Radiation 244 9.2 Measuring the Power of Solar Modules 245 9.2.1 Build-up of a Solar Module Power Test Rig 245 9.2.2 Quality Classification of Module Flashers 246 9.2.3 Determination of the Module Parameters 247 9.3 Peak Power Measurement at Site 248 9.3.1 Principle of Peak Power Measurement 248 9.3.2 Possibilities and Limits of the Measurement Principle 248 9.4 Thermographic Measuring Technology 249 9.4.1 Principle of Infrared Temperature Measurement 250 9.4.2 Bright Thermography of Solar Modules 251 9.4.3 Dark Thermography 254 9.5 Electroluminescence Measuring Technology 254 9.5.1 Principle of Measurement 254 9.5.2 Examples of Photos 255 9.5.3 Low-cost Outdoor Electroluminescence Measurements 257 9.6 Analysis of Potential Induced Degradation (PID) 259 9.6.1 Explanation of the PID Effect 260 9.6.2 Test of Modules for PID 262 9.6.3 EL Investigations to PID 263 10 Design and Operation of Grid-connected Plants 265 10.1 Planning and Dimensioning 265 10.1.1 Selection of Site 265 10.1.2 Shading 265 10.1.2.1 Shading Analysis 266 10.1.2.2 Near Shading 266 10.1.2.3 Self-shading 268 10.1.2.4 Optimized String Connection 269 10.1.3 Plant Dimensioning and Simulation Programs 270 10.1.3.1 Inverter Design Tools 270 10.1.3.2 Simulation Programs for Photovoltaic Plants 270 10.2 Economics of Photovoltaic Plants 272 10.2.1 The Renewable Energy Law 273 10.2.2 Return Calculation 273 10.2.2.1 Input Parameters 273 10.2.2.2 Amortization Time 274 10.2.2.3 Property Return 274 10.2.2.4 Profit Increase Through Self-consumption of Solar Power 276 10.2.2.5 Further Influences 276 10.3 Surveillance, Monitoring, and Visualization 277 10.3.1 Methods of Plant Surveillance 277 10.3.2 Monitoring PV Plants 278 10.3.2.1 Specific Yields 278 10.3.2.2 Losses 279 10.3.2.3 Performance Ratio 279 10.3.2.4 Concrete Measures for Monitoring 280 10.3.3 Visualization 280 10.4 Operating Results of Actual Installations 281 10.4.1 Pitched Roof Installation from 1996 281 10.4.2 Pitched Roof Installation from 2002 282 10.4.3 Flat Roof from 2008 283 11 Future Development 285 11.1 Potential of Photovoltaics 285 11.1.1 Theoretical Potential 285 11.1.2 Technically Useful Radiation Energy 285 11.1.2.1 Roofs 286 11.1.2.2 Facades 286 11.1.2.3 Traffic Routes 287 11.1.2.4 Free Areas 287 11.1.3 Technical Electrical Energy Generation Potential 287 11.1.4 Photovoltaics versus Biomass 288 11.2 Efficient Promotion Instruments 289 11.3 Price and Feed-in Tariff Development 290 11.3.1 Price Development of Solar Modules 290 11.3.2 Development of Feed-in Tariffs 292 11.4 Renewable Energies in Today’s Power Supply System 292 11.4.1 Structure of Electricity Generation 293 11.4.2 Types of Power Plants and Control Energy 293 11.4.3 Interplay Between Sun and Wind 294 11.4.4 Exemplary Electricity Generation Courses 295 11.5 Thoughts on Future Energy Supply 298 11.5.1 Consideration of Different Future Scenarios 298 11.5.2 Options to Store Electrical Energy 301 11.5.2.1 Pumped Storage Power Plants 301 11.5.2.2 Compressed Air Storage 301 11.5.2.3 Battery Storage 302 11.5.2.4 Electric Mobility 302 11.5.2.5 Hydrogen as Storage 302 11.5.2.6 Power to Gas: Methanation 303 11.5.3 Alternatives to Storage 304 11.5.3.1 Active Load Management by Smart Grids 304 11.5.3.2 Expansion of the Electricity Grids 304 11.5.3.3 Limitation of the Feed-in Power 304 11.5.3.4 Use of Flexible Power Plants 304 11.6 Conclusion 305 12 Exercises 307 A Solar Radiation Diagrams 317 B Checklist for Planning, Installing, and Operating a Photovoltaic Plant 327 C Physical Constants/Material Parameters 329 References 331 Further Information on Photovoltaics 339 Index 341

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Book SynopsisElectromagnetism for Engineers An easily accessible textbook to introduce the power of electromagnetism Electromagnetism can be a difficult subject to grasp and to teach. Much of what we take for granted in modern life is enabled by electromagnetic effects, but it isn't always easy to understand the impact of electromagnetism compared to other areas of engineering, such as mechanics, which are more tangibly observed and felt. Although electromagnetism is a crucial and important branch of physics with elegant mathematics, many students can find the study of electromagnetism inaccessible. It is crucial for students of electrical and electronic engineering and physics to have a strong understanding of electromagnetism and how it impacts communications, power generation and transmission, semiconductor devices, motors, and more. Electromagnetism for Engineers aims to develop a student's understanding of electromagnetism in the context of real effects and how they apply to such applicationsTable of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xi About the Author xii Symbols xiii About the Companion Website xv Part I Fundamentals of Electricity and Magnetism 1 1 Charge and Electric Fields 3 2 Electric Fields in Materials 15 3 Currents and Magnetic Fields 37 4 Magnetic Fields in Materials 51 5 The Maxwell Equations of Elecromagnetism 71 Part II Applications of Electromagnetism 83 6 Transmission Lines 85 7 Electromagnetic Waves in Dielectric Media 115 8 Antennas 131 9 Electromagnetic Waves at Dielectric Interfaces 143 10 Electromagnetic Waves in Conducting Media 161 11 Waveguides 173 12 Three-Phase Electrical Power 187 Epilogue 203 Index 205

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Book SynopsisAn essential guide to modern circuit board design based on simple physics and practical applications The fundamentals taught in circuit theory were never intended to work above a few megahertz, let alone at a gigahertz. While electronics is grounded in physics, most engineers' education in this area is too general and mathematical to be easily applied to the problem of high speed circuits. Left to their own devices, many engineers produce layouts that require expensive revisions in order to finally meet specifications. Fast Circuit Boards fills the gap in knowledge by providing clear, down-to-earth guidance on designing digital circuit boards that function at high clock rates. By making the direct connection between physics and fast circuits, this book instills the fundamental universal principles of information transfer to give engineers a solid basis for hardware design. Using simple tools, simple physics, and simple language, this invaluable resource wTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Electric and Magnetic Fields 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Electrons and the Force Field 8 1.3 The Electric Field and Voltage 11 1.4 Electric Field Patterns and Charge Distributions 14 1.5 Field Energy 17 1.6 Dielectrics 19 1.7 Capacitance 20 1.8 Capacitors 21 1.9 The D or Displacement Field 21 1.10 Mutual and Self Capacitance 22 1.11 Current Flow in a Capacitance 23 1.12 The Magnetic Field 24 1.13 The B Field of Induction 27 1.14 Inductance 28 1.15 Inductors 30 1.16 The Inductance of a Solenoid in Air 32 1.17 Magnetic Field Energy Stored in Space 33 1.18 Mutual Inductance 34 1.19 Transformer Action 35 1.20 Poynting’s Vector 35 1.21 Resistors and Resistance 36 Problem Set 39 Glossary 39 Answers to Problems 42 2 Transmission Lines—Part 1 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 The Ideal World 44 2.3 Transmission Line Representations 45 2.4 Characteristic Impedance 47 2.5 Waves and Wave Velocity 48 2.6 The Balance of Field Energies 50 2.7 A Few Comments on Transmission Lines 51 2.8 The Propagation of a Wave on a Transmission Line 51 2.9 Initial Wave Action 53 2.10 Reflections and Transmissions at Impedance Transitions 55 2.11 The Unterminated (Open) Transmission Line 57 2.12 The Short‐Circuited Transmission Line 61 2.13 Voltage Doubling and Rise Time 61 2.14 Matched Shunt Terminated Transmission Lines 64 2.15 Matched Series Terminated Transmission Lines 68 2.16 Extending a Transmission Line 69 2.17 Skin Effect 70 Problem Set 71 Glossary 72 Answers to Problems 74 3 Transmission Lines—Part 2 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Energy Sources 75 3.3 The Ground Plane/Power Plane as an Energy Source 77 3.4 What Is a Capacitor? 77 3.5 Turning Corners 79 3.6 Practical Transmissions 80 3.7 Radiation and Transmission Lines 81 3.8 Multilayer Circuit Boards 83 3.9 Vias 85 3.10 Layer Crossings 85 3.11 Vias and Stripline 87 3.12 Stripline and the Power Plane 87 3.13 Stubs 88 3.14 Traces and Ground (Power) Plane Breaks 89 3.15 Characteristic Impedance of Traces 89 3.16 Microstrip 90 3.17 Centered Stripline 93 3.18 Asymmetric Stripline 94 3.19 Two‐Layer Boards 95 3.20 Sine Waves on Transmission Lines 95 3.21 Shielded Cables 96 3.22 Coax 97 3.23 Transfer Impedance 97 3.24 Waveguides 100 3.25 Balanced Lines 101 3.26 Circuit Board Materials 101 Problem Set 102 Glossary 102 Answers to Problems 104 4 Interference 105 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 Radiation—General Comments 106 4.3 The Impedance of Space 107 4.4 Field Coupling to Open Parallel Conductors (Sine Waves) 107 4.5 Cross‐Coupling 108 4.6 Shielding—General Comments 110 4.7 Even‐Mode Rejection 111 4.8 Ground—A General Discussion 112 4.9 Grounds on Circuit Boards 115 4.10 Equipment Ground 116 4.11 Guard Shields 116 4.12 Forward Referencing Amplifiers 117 4.13 A/D Converters 118 4.14 Utility Transformers and Interference 118 4.15 Shielding of Distribution Power Transformers 119 4.16 Electrostatic Discharge 120 4.17 Aliasing Errors 122 Glossary 123 5 Radiation 125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Standing Wave Ratio 126 5.3 The Transmission Coefficient τ 127 5.4 The Smith Chart 127 5.5 Smith Chart and Wave Impedances (Sine Waves) 130 5.6 Stubs and Impedance Matching 133 5.7 Radiation—General Comments 134 5.8 Radiation from Dipoles 134 5.9 Radiation from Loops 136 5.10 Effective Radiated Power for Sinusoids 137 5.11 Apertures 137 5.12 Honeycomb Filters 138 5.13 Shielded Enclosures 139 5.14 Screened Rooms 139 5.15 Line Filters 140 Glossary 141 Appendix A: Sine Waves in Circuits 143 A. 1 Introduction 143 A. 2 Unit Circle and Sine Waves 143 A. 3 Angles, Frequency, and rms 145 A. 4 The Reactance of an Inductor 147 A. 5 The Reactance of a Capacitor 148 A. 6 An Inductor and a Resistor in Series 150 A. 7 A Capacitor and a Resistor in Series 151 A. 8 The Arithmetic of Complex Numbers 152 A. 9 Resistance, Conductance, Susceptance, Reactance, Admittance, and Impedance 153 A.10 Resonance 155 A.11 Answers to Problems 156 Appendix B: Square‐Wave Frequency Spectrum 159 B.1 Introduction 159 B.2 Ideal Square Waves 159 B.3 Square Waves with a Rise Time 161 Appendix C: The Decibel 163 Appendix D: Abbreviations and Acronyms 165 Index 173

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Book SynopsisA practical guide for putting PMBOK concepts to work A Project Manager's Book of Tools and Techniques is an invaluable resource for students and working professionals alike. Whether you're preparing for the PMP exam or just looking to optimize your project management skills, this book provides detailed explanations for over 100 essential tools described in the Project Management Institute's A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) Sixth Edition. Going beyond theory and concept to real-world practice, these tools and techniques are the how of effective project management; from planning, to implementation, to oversight, and beyond, all phases of the project are represented here to help you more effectively apply critical PMBOK concepts. Comprehensive examples illustrate real-world implementation, and detailed discussion provides expert guidance for both new and experienced project management professionals. KnowiTable of ContentsAcknowledgments vii Introduction ix Part 1 Data Gathering 1 1.0 Data Gathering Techniques 2 1.1 Benchmarking 3 1.2 Brainstorming 6 1.3 Check Sheets 8 1.4 Checklists 10 1.5 Focus Groups 12 1.6 Statistical Sampling 14 Part 2 Data Analysis 17 2.0 Data Analysis Techniques 18 2.1 Alternatives Analysis 19 2.2 Cost Benefi t Analysis 24 2.3 Cost of Quality 27 2.4 Decision Tree 31 2.5 Earned Value Analysis 36 2.6 Infl uence Diagrams 41 2.7 Make-or-Buy Analysis 44 2.8 Performance Index 46 2.9 Regression Analysis 48 2.10 Reserve Analysis 51 2.11 Root Cause Analysis 55 2.12 Sensitivity Analysis 58 2.13 Stakeholder Analysis 63 2.14 SWOT Analysis 67 2.15 Technical Performance Analysis 70 2.16 Variance Analysis 72 2.17 What-If Analysis 74 Part 3 Data Representation 77 3.0 Data Representation Techniques 78 3.1 Cause-and-Effect Diagram 79 3.2 Control Charts 82 3.3 Flowcharts 87 3.4 Histograms 90 3.5 Logical Data Model 93 3.6 Mind Mapping 96 3.7 Probability and Impact Matrix 98 3.8 Resource Breakdown Structure 101 3.9 Responsibility Assignment Matrix 103 3.10 Scatter Diagrams 106 3.11 Stakeholder Mapping 108 Part 4 Estimating 111 4.0 Estimating Techniques 112 4.1 Analogous Estimating 113 4.2 Bottom-Up Estimating 116 4.3 Estimate at Completion 119 4.4 Estimate to Complete 123 4.5 Parametric Estimating 126 4.6 To-Complete Performance Index 128 4.7 Three-Point Estimating 131 4.8 Variance at Completion 134 Part 5 Interpersonal and Team Skills 137 5.0 Interpersonal and Team Skills 138 5.1 Confl ict Management 139 5.2 Decision Making 145 5.3 Nominal Group Technique 151 5.4 Problem Solving 153 Part 6 Other Techniques 157 6.0 Other Techniques 158 6.1 Context Diagram 159 6.2 Critical Path Method 161 6.3 Funding Limit Reconciliation 170 6.4 Inspection 172 6.5 Leads and Lags 174 6.6 Precedence Diagramming Method 177 6.7 Prompt Lists 181 6.8 Prototypes 184 6.9 Resource Optimization 186 6.10 Rolling-Wave Planning 189 6.11 Schedule Compression 192 Appendix: Case Study Scenarios 197 Index 203

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Book SynopsisFully updated and authoritative reference to wind energy technology written by leading academic and industry professionals The newly revised Third Edition of the Wind Energy Handbook delivers a fully updated treatment of key developments in wind technology since the publication of the book's Second Edition in 2011. The criticality of wakes within wind farms is addressed by the addition of an entirely new chapter on wake effects, including 'engineering' wake models and wake control. Offshore, attention is focused for the first time on the design of floating support structures, and the new 'PISA' method for monopile geotechnical design is introduced. The coverage of blade design has been completely rewritten, with an expanded description of laminate fatigue properties and new sections on manufacturing methods, blade testing, leading-edge erosion and bend-twist coupling. These are complemented by new sections on blade add-ons and noise in the aerodynamics chapters, which now also include a description of the Leishman-Beddoes dynamic stall model and an extended introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis. The importance of the environmental impact of wind farms both on- and offshore is recognized by expanded coverage, and the requirements of the Grid Codes to ensure wind energy plays its full role in the power system are described. The conceptual design chapter has been extended to include a number of novel concepts, including low induction rotors, multiple rotor structures, superconducting generators and magnetic gearboxes. References and further reading resources are included throughout the book and have been updated to cover the latest literature. As in previous editions, the core subjects constituting the essential background to wind turbine and wind farm design are covered. These include: The nature of the wind resource, including geographical variation, synoptic and diurnal variations, and turbulence characteristicsThe aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines, including the actuator disc concept, rotor disc theory, the vortex cylinder model of the actuator disc and the Blade-Element/Momentum theoryDesign loads for horizontal axis wind turbines, including the prescriptions of international standardsAlternative machine architecturesThe design of key componentsWind turbine controller design for fixed and variable speed machinesThe integration of wind farms into the electrical power systemWind farm design, siting constraints, and the assessment of environmental impact Perfect for engineers and scientists learning about wind turbine technology, the Wind Energy Handbook will also earn a place in the libraries of graduate students taking courses on wind turbines and wind energy, as well as industry professionals whose work requires a deep understanding of wind energy technology.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xxi Preface to Second Edition xxiii Preface to Third Edition xxv Acknowledgements for the First Edition xxix Acknowledgements for the Second Edition xxxi Acknowledgements for the Third Edition xxxiii List of Symbols xxxv Figures C1 and C2 -- coordinate systems xlv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical development of wind energy 1 1.2 Modern wind turbines 6 1.3 Scope of the book 8 2 The wind resource 11 2.1 The nature of the wind 11 2.2 Geographical variation in the wind resource 13 2.3 Long-term wind speed variations 14 2.4 Annual and seasonal variations 14 2.5 Synoptic and diurnal variations 16 2.6 Turbulence 16 2.7 Gust wind speeds 30 2.8 Extreme wind speeds 31 2.9 Wind speed prediction and forecasting 35 2.10 Turbulence in complex terrain 37 3 Aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines 39 3.1 Introduction 40 3.2 The actuator disc concept 41 3.3 Rotor disc theory 45 3.4 Vortex cylinder model of the actuator disc 49 3.5 Rotor blade theory (blade-element/momentum theory) 59 3.6 Actuator line theory, including radial variation 65 3.7 Breakdown of the momentum theory 66 3.8 Blade geometry 68 3.9 The effects of a discrete number of blades 77 3.10 Stall delay 92 3.11 Calculated results for an actual turbine 95 3.12 The performance curves 98 3.13 Constant rotational speed operation 102 3.14 Pitch regulation 106 3.15 Comparison of measured with theoretical performance 107 3.16 Estimation of energy capture 109 3.17 Wind turbine aerofoil design 113 3.18 Add-ons (including blade modifications independent of the main structure) 121 3.19 Aerodynamic noise 126 Appendix A.3 Lift and drag of aerofoils 133 A3.1 Drag 134 A3.2 The boundary layer 135 A3.3 Boundary layer separation 136 A3.4 Laminar and turbulent boundary layers and transition 138 A3.5 Definition of lift and its relationship to circulation 141 A3.6 The stalled aerofoil 145 A3.7 The lift coefficient 145 A3.8 Aerofoil drag characteristics 147 4 Further aerodynamic topics for wind turbines 153 4.1 Introduction 153 4.2 The aerodynamics of turbines in steady yaw 153 4.3 Circular wing theory applied to a rotor in yaw 180 4.4 Unsteady flow 189 4.5 Unsteady aerofoil aerodynamics 194 4.6 Dynamic stall 201 4.7 Computational fluid dynamics 207 5 Design loads for HAWTs 227 5.1 National and international standards 227 5.2 Basis for design loads 228 5.3 Turbulence and wakes 231 5.4 Extreme loads 233 5.5 Fatigue loading 240 5.6 Stationary blade loading 240 5.7 Blade loads during operation 248 5.8 Blade dynamic response 277 5.9 Blade fatigue stresses 302 5.10 Hub and low-speed shaft loading 309 5.11 Nacelle loading 312 5.12 Tower loading 315 5.13 Wind turbine dynamic analysis codes 325 5.14 Extrapolation of extreme loads from simulations 331 Appendix A.5 Dynamic response of stationary blade in turbulent wind 345 A5.1 Introduction 345 A5.2 Frequency response function 345 A5.3 Resonant displacement response ignoring wind variations along the blade 347 A5.4 Effect of across wind turbulence distribution on resonant displacement response 349 A5.5 Resonant root bending moment 352 A5.6 Root bending moment background response 354 A5.7 Peak response 355 A5.8 Bending moments at intermediate blade positions 358 6 Conceptual design of horizontal axis wind turbines 361 6.1 Introduction 361 6.2 Rotor diameter 361 6.3 Machine rating 370 6.4 Rotational speed 375 6.5 Number of blades 379 6.6 Teetering 388 6.7 Power control 391 6.8 Braking systems 398 6.9 Fixed-speed, two-speed, variable-slip, and variable-speed operation 400 6.10 Other drive trains and generators 411 6.11 Drive train mounting arrangement options 419 6.12 Drive train compliance 425 6.13 Rotor position with respect to tower 426 6.14 Tower stiffness 427 6.15 Multiple rotor structures 430 6.16 Augmented flow 435 6.17 Personnel safety and access issues 435 7 Component design 441 7.1 Blades 441 7.2 Pitch bearings 519 7.3 Rotor hub 521 7.4 Gearbox 524 7.5 Generator 537 7.6 Mechanical brake 548 7.7 Nacelle bedplate 555 7.8 Yaw drive 555 7.9 Tower 558 7.10 Foundations 570 8 The controller 579 8.1 Functions of the wind turbine controller 580 8.2 Closed-loop control: issues and objectives 583 8.3 Closed-loop control: general techniques 589 8.4 Closed-loop control: analytical design methods 617 8.5 Pitch actuators 629 8.6 Control system implementation 631 9 Wake effects and wind farm control 637 9.1 Introduction 637 9.2 Wake characteristics 638 9.3 Active wake control methods 652 9.4 Wind farm control and the grid system 658 10 Onshore wind turbine installations and wind farms 665 10.1 Project development 666 10.2 Landscape and visual impact assessment 678 10.3 Noise 687 10.4 Electromagnetic interference 698 10.5 Ecological assessment 706 11 Wind energy and the electric power system 717 11.1 Introduction 717 11.2 Wind turbine electrical systems 721 11.3 Wind farm electrical systems 730 11.4 Connection of wind farms to distribution networks 735 11.5 Grid codes and the connection of large wind farms to transmission networks 742 11.6 Wind energy and the generation system 750 11.7 Power quality 756 Appendix A.11 Simple calculations for the connection of wind turbines 766 A11.1 The per-unit system 766 A11.2 Power flows, slow voltage variations, and network losses 767 12 Offshore wind turbines and wind farms 771 12.1 Offshore wind farms 771 12.2 The offshore wind resource 776 12.3 Design loads 781 12.4 Machine size optimisation 822 12.5 Reliability of offshore wind turbines 824 12.6 Fixed support structures -- overview 828 12.7 Fixed support structures 829 12.8 Floating support structures 883 12.9 Environmental assessment of offshore wind farms 908 12.10 Offshore power collection and transmission systems 913 References 922 Appendix A.12 Costs of electricity 931 A12.1 Levelised cost of electricity 931 A12.2 Strike price and contract for difference 931 Index 933

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Book SynopsisAN AUTHORITATIVE GUIDE THAT EXPLAINS THE EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF BOW TIE ANALYSIS, A QUALITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT AND BARRIER MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGY From a collaborative effort of the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) and the Energy Institute (EI) comes an invaluable book that puts the focus on a specific qualitative risk management methodology bow tie barrier analysis. The book contains practical advice for conducting an effective bow tie analysis and offers guidance for creating bow tie diagrams for process safety and risk management. Bow Ties in Risk Management clearly shows how bow tie analysis and diagrams fit into an overall process safety and risk management framework. Implementing the methods outlined in this book will improve the quality of bow tie analysis and bow tie diagrams across an organization and the industry. This important guide: Explains the proven concept of bow tie barrier analysis for the preventing and mitTable of ContentsList of Tables ix List of Figures xi Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii Glossary xv Acknowledgments xxiii Online Materials Accompanying this Book xxvii Preface xxix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose 1 1.2 Scope and Intended Audience 1 1.3 Organization of this Concept Book 2 1.4 Introduction to the Bow Tie Concept 4 1.5 Conclusions 12 2 THE BOW TIE MODEL 15 2.1 Bow Tie Model Elements 15 2.2 Hazard 17 2.3 Top Event 20 2.4 Consequences 24 2.5 Threats 27 2.6 Barriers 32 2.7 Degradation actors and Degradation Controls 45 2.8 Conclusions 51 3 BOW TIE DEVELOPMENT 53 3.1 Rationale for Bow Tie Development 53 3.2 Bow Tie workshop 53 3.3 Postow Tie Workshop Activities and Quality Checks 64 Conclusions 51 4 ADDRESSING HUMAN FACTORS IN BOW TIE ANALYSIS 69 4.1 Human and Organiational Factors Fundamentals 69 4.2 Standard and MultiLevel Bow Tie Approaches 74 4.3 Human and Organiational Factors as a Barrier or Degradation Control 80 4.4 Validating Human Performance in Barriers and Degradation Controls 84 4.5 Quantifying Human Reliability in Bow Ties 86 4.6 Conclusions 86 5 PRIMARY USES OF BOW TIES 89 5.1 Primary Use Examples 89 5.2 Linking Bow Ties to the Risk Management System 89 5.3 Communication of Major Accident Scenarios and Degradation Controls 94 5.4 Use of Bow Ties in Design and Operations 101 5.5 Identification of Safety Critical Information 107 5.6 Conclusions 113 6 BARRIER MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 115 6.1 Barrier Management Strategy 115 6.2 Barrier and Degradation Control Management Program 118 6.3 Organizational Learning 127 6.4 Conclusions 128 7 ADDITIONAL USES OF BOW TIES 131 7.1 Additional Use Examples 131 7.2 Linking Bow Ties to HAZOP, LOPA and SIL 131 7.3 Integrating Bow Ties into ALARP Demonstrations 134 7.4 Operationalizing Bow Ties (MOPO / SOOB) 135 7.5 Incident Investigation using Bow Ties 139 7.6 Real-time Dashboards using Bow Ties 142 7.7 Barrier and Degradation Control Verification 143 7.8 Bow Tie Chaining 144 7.9 Enterprise-wide Analysis and Window on Systemic Risks 146 7.10 Conclusions 147 APPENDIX A – SOFTWARE TOOLS 149 Software used for Bow Tie Diagrams 149 APPENDIX B – CASE STUDY 153 Introduction 153 Volatile Hydrocarbons under Pressure in a Pipeline 153 APPENDIX C – MULTI-LEVEL BOW TIES 161 Multilevel Bow Tie for Tank Overfill 161 References 171 Index 177

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Book SynopsisThe essential roadmaps for enterprise cloud adoption As cloud technologies continue to challenge the fundamental understanding of how businesses work, smart companies are moving quickly to adapt to a changing set of rules. Adopting the cloud requires a clear roadmap backed by use cases, grounded in practical real-world experience, to show the routes to successful adoption. The Cloud Adoption Playbook helps business and technology leaders in enterprise organizations sort through the options and make the best choices for accelerating cloud adoption and digital transformation. Written by a team of IBM technical executives with a wealth of real-world client experience, this book cuts through the hype, answers your questions, and helps you tailor your cloud adoption and digital transformation journey to the needs of your organization. This book will help you: Discover how the cloud can fulfill major business needsAdopt a standardized Cloud Adoption Framework and understand the key dimensTable of ContentsForeword xxi Introduction xxiii 1 Business Drivers 1 Addressing Challenges for the Enterprise 1 What Drives a Business to the Cloud? 3 What Do You Gain from Cloud? 5 Implications to the Enterprise 7 Summary 9 2 Framework Overview 11 The Framework 13 Key dimensions of cloud adoption 15 Steps in the adoption journey 16 Ten Key Actions of the Framework 17 1. Involve the right people 17 2. Achieve business and technology alignment 18 3. Take a holistic approach across dimensions 19 4. Assume an outside-in, client-centered approach 20 5. Open the aperture to new possibilities 20 6. Show progress and quick wins 21 7. Collaborate actively 23 8. Balance sustained and disruptive innovation 23 9. Establish success criteria 24 10. Account for a multicloud hybrid model 24 Summary 25 3 Strategy 27 What Does a Cloud Strategy Mean for the CIO? 28 What Do We Really Mean by “Strategy”? 28 Developing a Cloud Strategy 30 What Are the Complete Dimensions of a Cloud Strategy? 31 What Key Considerations Should a Cloud Strategy Address? 34 Service types 35 Deployment models 36 Roles 37 Controls 39 Vendor relationships 41 What Prescriptive Steps Are Required to Develop a Cloud Strategy? 44 Step 1: Define business objectives and constraints 44 Step 2: Complete analysis of your workload portfolio 46 Step 3: Envision your future state and analyze your current state 48 Step 4: Assess your organization’s readiness 50 Step 5: Build an execution framework with defined strategic milestones 52 Step 6: Define proven approaches best suited to your organization 53 Summary 55 4 Culture and Organization 57 What Does the Cloud Mean for Human Resources? 57 What Do We Really Mean by “Culture”? 58 What cultural elements make cloud adoption easier or harder? 59 Talent and flexibility 69 Basic Squad Organization 71 SRE model and squads 73 Tribes and guilds 74 Cultural elements of the squad model 75 Advantages of a COC 77 What are the goals of a COC? 78 Life cycle of a COC 78 When a COC is not the right approach 79 Summary 81 5 Architecture and Technology 83 What Does Cloud Adoption Mean for Enterprise Architects? 83 Role of Enterprise Architects in Cloud Adoption 85 Workload assessment 85 Reference architectures 90 Example Microservices Reference Architecture 94 Style introduction 94 An example reference architecture 95 Reference Implementations 100 DevOps implementation 103 Resiliency patterns 104 Security 104 Management 105 Summary 105 6 Security and Compliance 107 What Does the Cloud Mean to the CISO? 107 Will My People, Processes, Tools, and Approaches Change? 108 How Is Cloud Adoption Affected by Compliance Issues? 111 How Do I Protect Against Data Breaches and Loss? 113 Key management 113 Certificate management 114 Data integrity 115 How Do I Protect Against Networking Vulnerabilities? 116 Cloud-hosted firewalls 116 Intrusion prevention systems 117 Distributed denial of service 117 Microsegmentation 118 What Does a Secure Cloud-Native System Look Like? 118 Identity and Access Management for Applications 120 Authentication 120 Multifactor authentication 121 Directory services 121 Reporting 121 Implementing identity and access for cloud-native applications 122 Secure DevOps 123 Dynamic analysis 124 Static analysis 124 How Do I Get Visibility to My Cloud Applications? 125 Summary 125 7 Emerging Innovation Spaces 127 Innovation as a Business Driver 127 Examples of Innovation 128 Data and analytics 128 Blockchain 130 Containers 132 IoT 134 Cognitive 135 Summary 136 8 Methodology 137 What Does the Cloud Mean for the VP of the VP of Method & and Tools? 137 Introducing the IBM Cloud Garage Method 138 Culture 139 Think 139 Code 140 Deliver 140 Run 141 Manage 141 Learn 142 Connections between Cloud and Agile 142 Lean Startup and Lean Development 144 Why Design Thinking Is the Missing Link 145 Starting a Project with the IBM Cloud Garage Method 146 Wrapping Up the Workshop 150 Our Approach to Project Inception 150 Starting Development 151 The Role of Technology Choices 154 Expanding to Deliver the MVP 154 The Role of Testing in the Squad Model 156 Customer Example 156 Summary 158 9 Service Management and Operations 159 What Does Cloud Mean for the VP of Operations? 159 Operational Transformation 160 Organizational changes 161 Process changes 164 Technology changes 165 Cultural changes 169 New Roles 171 Roles and responsibilities 171 Organizational alignment 173 Operational Readiness 178 Operationalizing the cloud 178 Operationalizing application readiness 180 Incident Management 182 Designing resilient applications for the cloud 182 Taking a fresh approach to incident management 183 Event management 184 Runbooks 185 Log management 187 Dashboards 187 Ticketing 188 Root-Cause Analysis and Postmortems 190 Root-cause analysis 190 Postmortem 192 Deployment, Release Management, and Change Management 194 Deployment 194 Release management 197 Change management 198 Configuration Management 199 Configuration items and relationships 200 CMDB/CMS 200 Discovery 201 Summary 202 10 Governance 203 Cloud Challenges 203 Regulatory requirements 204 Sourcing and standardization issues 204 Threats to security and reputation 205 Aspects of a Governance Model 206 Defining a Governance Model 207 Considerations for your governance model 208 Cloud center of competence 209 Chapters and guilds 211 Summary 213 Conclusion 215 Notes 219 Index 223

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Book SynopsisDiscover a comprehensive exploration of recent developments and fundamental concepts in the applications of metasurfaces. In Electromagnetic Metasurfaces: Theory and Applications, distinguished researchers and authors Karim Achouri and Christophe Caloz deliver an introduction to the fundamentals and applications of metasurfaces and an insightful analysis of recent and future developments in the field. The book describes the precursors and history of metasurfaces before continuing on to an exploration of the physical insights that can be gleaned from the material parameters of the metasurface. You'll learn how to compute the fields scattered by a metasurface with known material parameters being illuminated by an arbitrary incident field, as well as how to realize a practical metasurface and relate its material parameters to its physical structures. The authors provide examples to illustrate all the concepts discussed in the book to improve and simplify reaTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Metamaterials 1 1.2 Emergence of Metasurfaces 4 2 Electromagnetic Properties of Materials 9 2.1 Bianisotropic Constitutive Relations 10 2.2 Temporal Dispersion 14 2.2.1 Causality and Kramers-Kronig Relations 15 2.2.2 Lorentz Oscillator Model 17 2.3 Spatial Dispersion 23 2.4 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem 27 2.5 Poynting Theorem 32 2.6 Energy Conservation in Lossless-Gainless Systems 38 2.7 Classi_cation of Bianisotropic Media 41 3 Metasurface Modeling 43 3.1 E_ective Homogeneity 44 3.1.1 The Homogeneity Paradox 44 3.1.2 Theory of Periodic Structures 44 3.1.3 Scattering from Gratings 46 3.1.4 Homogenization 47 3.2 E_ective Zero Thickness 50 3.3 Sheet Boundary Conditions 53 3.3.1 Impedance Modeling 54 3.3.2 Polarizability Modeling 57 3.3.3 Susceptibility Modeling 60 3.3.4 Comparisons between the Models 66 4 Susceptibility Synthesis 69 4.1 Linear Time-Invariant Metasurfaces 69 4.1.1 Basic Assumptions 69 4.1.2 Birefringent Metasurfaces 76 4.1.3 Multiple-Transformation Metasurfaces 78 4.1.4 Relations between Susceptibilities and Scattering Parameters 81 4.1.5 Surface-Wave Eigenvalue Problem 92 4.1.5.1 Formulation of the Problem 92 4.1.5.2 Dispersion in a Symmetric Environments 96 4.1.6 Metasurfaces with Normal Polarizations 100 4.1.7 Illustrative Examples 104 4.1.7.1 Polarization Rotation 104 4.1.7.2 Multiple Nonreciprocal Transformations 109 4.1.7.3 Angle-Dependent Transformations 112 4.2 Time-Varying Metasurfaces 117 4.2.1 Formulation of the Problem 117 4.2.2 Harmonic-Generation Time-Varying Metasurface 120 4.3 Nonlinear Metasurfaces 121 4.3.1 Second-Order Nonlinearity 122 4.3.1.1 Frequency-Domain Approach 123 4.3.1.2 Time-Domain Approach 128 5 Scattered Field Computation 133 5.1 Fourier-Based Propagation Method 134 5.2 Finite-Di_erence Frequency-Domain Method 141 5.3 Finite-Di_erence Time-Domain Method 147 5.3.1 Time-Varying Dispersionless Metasurfaces 150 5.3.2 Time-Varying Dispersive Metasurfaces 156 5.4 Spectral-Domain Integral Equation Method 164 6 Practical Implementation 173 6.1 General Implementation Procedure 174 6.2 Basic Strategies for Full-Phase Coverage 178 6.2.1 Linear Polarization 179 6.2.1.1 Metallic Scattering Particles 179 6.2.1.2 Dielectric Scattering Particles 188 6.2.2 Circular Polarization 194 6.3 Full-Phase Coverage with Perfect Matching 198 6.4 Effects of Symmetry Breaking 207 6.4.1 Angular Scattering 208 6.4.2 Polarization Conversion 215 7 Applications 223 7.1 Angle-Independent Transformation 224 7.2 Perfect Matching 229 7.3 Generalized Refraction 234 7.3.1 Limitations of Conventional Synthesis Methods 234 7.3.2 Perfect Refraction using Bianisotropy 239 8 Conclusions 245 9 Appendix 249 9.1 Approximation of Average Fields at an Interface 249 9.2 Fields Radiated by a Sheet of Dipole Moments 252 9.3 Relations between Susceptibilities and Polarizabilities 255 Bibliography 260

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Book SynopsisPARTIAL DISCHARGES (PD) DETECTION, IDENTIFICATION AND LOCALIZATION Explore state-of-the-art partial discharge measurement techniques In Partial Discharges (PD) Detection, Identification and Localization, a team of distinguished electrical engineers delivers a comprehensive treatment of the behavior, modeling, measurement, monitoring, localization, and evaluation of partial discharges. It includes coverage of all major advancements in the field that have occurred over the last few decades. It also discusses partial discharge phenomena, detection methods, and strategies for analyzing and processing collected data. Mechanisms of insulation failure are explored, as is the denoising of partial discharge measurement data and the localization of partial discharge in large, high-voltage equipment. Non-electric principles and procedures are discussed, and the book offers a variety of tables, figures, and photographs to illustrate the concepts discussed within. Table of ContentsAuthor Biographies xi Foreword xiii Symbols and Abbreviations xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 2 1.2 Acknowledgments 3 1.3 Users 3 2 Physical Behavior of Partial Discharges 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 External Discharges 7 2.2.1 Tip with Negative Polarity 10 2.2.2 Tip with Positive Polarity 11 2.3 Internal Discharges 17 2.3.1 Discharges in Liquid Insulation 17 2.3.2 Discharges in Solid Insulation 18 2.4 Gliding Discharges 24 2.5 PD Quantities 24 References 29 3 Modeling of PD Behavior 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Network-Based Model 33 3.3 Field-Based Model 42 3.3.1 Stages of PD Behavior Modeling for DC Conditions 48 3.3.1.1 Stage 1: Inception of Ionization Processes 48 3.3.1.2 Stage 2: Establishment of an Electrical Dipole 49 3.3.1.3 Stage 3: Dissipation of the Electrical Dipole 49 3.3.2 Extended Modeling Parameters 49 3.3.3 Summary 52 References 53 4 Measurement of Partial Discharges 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Signal Properties 57 4.2.1 Device Under Test 57 4.2.2 High Voltage Circuit 58 4.3 Coupling Methods 59 4.3.1 Capacitive Coupling with Measuring Impedance 60 4.3.2 Inductive Coupling with High-Frequency Current Transformer 65 4.4 Signal Processing 68 4.4.1 Full Analog Processing 68 4.4.2 Semi-Digital Processing 68 4.4.3 Full Digital Processing 69 4.5 Measurement Principles 70 4.5.1 Narrow-Band Measurement 72 4.5.2 Wide-Band Measurement 76 4.5.3 Time Domain Integration 79 4.5.4 Radio Interference Voltage (RIV) Measurement 83 4.5.5 Synchronous Measurement for Multichannel Application 84 4.6 Noise Suppression and Reduction 86 4.6.1 Introduction 86 4.6.2 Noise Sources 87 4.6.2.1 Main Sources of Conducted Coupled Noise 87 4.6.2.2 Blocking Impedance and Filters 88 4.6.2.3 Electrodes and Wire 88 4.6.2.4 Coupling Capacitor 88 4.6.2.5 Floating Potential Elements 88 4.6.2.6 Pulse-Shaped and Harmonic Noise 89 4.6.2.7 Noise via Grounding System or Wire Loops 89 4.6.2.8 Mains Plug and Background Noise of the Measurement Instrument 89 4.6.3 Denoising Methods 89 4.6.3.1 Shielding 90 4.6.3.2 Filters 90 4.6.3.3 Balanced Bridge Measurements 90 4.6.3.4 Windowing 92 4.6.3.5 Gating 93 4.6.3.6 Clustering 93 4.7 Visualization and Interpretation of PD Events 96 4.7.1 Introduction 96 4.7.2 Classical Methods 97 4.7.3 Advanced Methods 99 4.7.4 Pulse Sequence Analysis 103 4.8 Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems 104 4.8.1 Introduction 104 4.8.2 Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Neural Networks 105 4.8.2.1 Learning Process 107 4.8.2.2 ANN Architecture 108 4.8.2.3 Common Principles 108 4.8.2.4 Applications for PD Classification and Localization 110 4.8.2.5 Basic Principles of PD Recognition 110 4.8.3 Expert System 116 4.8.3.1 Introduction 116 4.8.3.2 Application for PD Diagnostic 118 4.9 Calibration 119 4.9.1 Calibration of PD Measuring Circuit 119 4.9.2 Performance Test of PD Calibrators 122 References 124 5 Electromagnetic Methods for PD Detection 129 5.1 Introduction 129 5.2 PD Measurement by HF and VHF Sensors 129 5.2.1 PD Measurement by cc 129 5.2.1.1 Theory 129 5.2.1.2 cc Characteristics and Installation Aspect for PD Measurement 133 5.2.1.3 cc Installation 134 5.2.1.4 cc for PD Measurement 134 5.2.2 PD Measurement by Inductive Couplers 137 5.2.2.1 PD Measurement by High-Frequency Current Transformers 137 5.2.2.2 PD Measurement by Rogowski Coil 141 5.2.3 PD Measurement by DCS 144 5.2.3.1 Theory 144 5.2.3.2 DCS Structure and Characteristic 144 5.2.3.3 Application of DCS for Cable and Joint PD Measurement 146 5.3 PD Measurement by UHF Method 146 5.3.1 Theory 146 5.3.1.1 General Idea 146 5.3.1.2 Propagation and Attenuation of UHF Signal 147 5.3.1.3 UHF Signal Attenuation 150 5.3.2 UHF Sensors 150 5.3.3 UHF PD Measurement System 154 5.3.3.1 Sensitivity Verification for GIS PD Measurement 157 5.3.3.2 Determination of PD Measurement by UHF PD Technique 160 5.3.4 Application of UHF PD Measurement 161 5.3.4.1 PD Detection by UHF in GIS and GIL 161 5.3.4.2 UHF PD Detection in Transformers 161 5.3.4.3 Application of UHF PD Detection to Other High-Voltage Equipment 161 References 164 6 Non-electrical Methods for PD Measurement 167 6.1 Introduction 167 6.2 Optical PD Measurement 167 6.2.1 Theory 167 6.2.2 Principle for Optical PD Measurement Technique 169 6.2.3 Application of Optical PD Measurement 171 6.2.3.1 Insulators, Transformer Bushings, Surge Arrestors, Transmission Lines, and Fittings 171 6.2.3.2 Rotating Machines 172 6.3 Acoustic Emission PD Measurement 172 6.3.1 Theory 172 6.3.2 Acoustic Receivers and Acoustic Sensors 175 6.3.2.1 Hand-Held AE PD Receivers 175 6.3.2.2 Instrument-Based AE PD Detection 177 6.3.3 Acoustic Noises in AE PD Measurement 183 6.3.4 General Idea for AE PD Measurement 184 6.3.4.1 Sensitivity Check for AE PD Measurement 184 6.3.4.2 AE PD Measurement 184 6.3.5 Application of Acoustic PD Measurement for High-Voltage Apparatus 184 6.3.5.1 Detection of Corona and Surface Discharge from Outdoor Insulators or High- Voltage Conductors 184 6.3.5.2 PD Detection in Transformers 185 6.3.5.3 PD Detection by AE PD Measurement Technique in GIS and GIL 185 6.3.5.4 PD Detection in Rotating Machine by AE PD Measurement Technique 187 6.3.5.5 PD Detection for Other High-Voltage Equipment 188 6.4 Chemical Byproducts 188 6.4.1 Theory 188 6.4.2 Dissolved Gas Analysis for Liquid Insulation 188 6.4.2.1 Dissolved Gas Generation in Liquid Insulation 188 6.4.2.2 Application of DGA for PD Analysis 189 6.4.3 Decomposition Gas Analysis 194 6.4.3.1 Decomposition SF 6 Analysis for Gas-Insulated High-Voltage Equipment 194 6.4.4 Ozone Measurement and Analysis for Air-Cooled Hydrogenerators 195 References 195 7 PD Localization 199 7.1 Introduction 199 7.2 The Complexity of PD Localization 199 7.3 Classification of PD Localization 200 7.3.1 PD Localization for the Internal Insulation 200 7.3.2 PD Localization for the External Insulation 200 7.4 PD Localization Techniques for the Internal Insulation 200 7.4.1 Pulse Time Arrival Method 201 7.4.1.1 Concept of Pulse Time Arrival Method 201 7.4.1.2 Application of the Pulse Time Arrival Method for PD Localization in High Voltage Equipment 201 7.4.2 Auscultatory Method 205 7.4.2.1 Concept of Auscultatory Method 205 7.4.2.2 Application of the Auscultatory Method for PD Localization in a Transformer 206 7.4.3 Triangulation Method 206 7.4.3.1 Concept of Triangulation Method 206 7.4.3.2 Application of the Triangulation Method for PD Localization in a Transformer 210 7.4.4 Bouncing Particle Localization Method 216 7.5 PD Localization Techniques for the External Insulation 217 7.5.1 Application of the Corona Camera 217 7.5.2 Application of the Airborne Acoustic Probe 217 References 218 8 PD Measurement Under Direct and Impulse Voltage Stress Conditions 221 8.1 Introduction 221 8.2 PD Measurement at Direct Voltage Conditions 222 8.3 PD Measurement at Impulse Voltage Conditions 229 8.3.1 PD Measurement at Classical Impulse Voltage Conditions 230 8.3.2 PD Measurement at Repetitive Pulse Voltage Conditions 233 References 236 9 Monitoring of PD Behavior 239 9.1 Introduction 239 9.2 PD Monitoring 239 9.2.1 Off-Line and On-Line PD Measurement 240 9.2.1.1 Off-Line PD Monitoring 240 9.2.1.2 On-Line PD Monitoring 242 9.2.2 PD Monitoring System 247 9.2.2.1 PD Sensor 247 9.2.2.2 Data Acquisition 249 9.3 Application of PD Monitoring 254 9.3.1 Application of PD Monitoring for the Existing High-Voltage Equipment 254 9.3.2 Application of PD Monitoring for the New Equipment Supporting Smart Grid 255 9.4 Challenges for PD Monitoring in Future 256 References 258 10 Evaluation of PDs 261 10.1 Introduction 261 10.2 In-House and On-Site PD Testing 262 10.2.1 In-House PD Testing 263 10.2.2 On-Site PD Testing 263 10.3 How to Evaluate PD Test Results 264 10.4 Effect of PD on Insulation Degradation 264 10.5 Integrity of PD Measurement 266 10.6 PD Quantity 267 10.6.1 Discharge Magnitude 267 10.6.2 PDIV, PDEV, and Other PD Quantities 267 10.6.3 PD Quantity as Criteria for Evaluation of Insulation Condition 268 10.7 PD Patterns 270 10.7.1 Analysis of PD Patterns 270 10.7.2 PD Patterns as Criteria for Evaluation of Insulation Condition 271 10.8 PD Signal in Time Domain and Frequency Domain Analysis 275 10.9 PD Source as Criteria for Evaluation of Insulation Condition 280 10.10 Noise Patterns and Noise Reduction 280 10.10.1 Noise Patterns 280 10.10.2 Noise Reduction 281 10.11 Effective Evaluation of PD Phenomena 283 References 284 11 Standards 285 11.1 Standards 285 11.2 Technical Brochures 287 11.3 Books 289 References 289 12 Conclusions and Outlook 291 Index 293

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Book SynopsisPhotographers! Your guide is here! The demand for high-quality photographs is higher than ever. Whether you're building your influencer rating online, capturing the moments of a child's life, or are looking for ways to improve your skills, photography know-how is a must-have skill. Digital Photography For Dummies helps you do more than pointing, shooting, and hoping for the best or slapping a filter on a camera phone shot. This book introduces you to the camera settings and techniques that separate okay pictures from frame-worthy portraits. It then explains how to apply those skills to capturing your own portraits, landscape shots, and high-action photos. Develop a better eye for image composition Discover how to light photos better, including using natural light Learn to get quick results in auto settings or take full control in manual mode Discover the elements of exposure and how they influence the final product<Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 Part 1: Fast Track to Super Snaps 7 Chapter 1: Choosing the Right Camera 9 Chapter 2: Starting Out Right: Setup Do’s and Don’ts 39 Chapter 3: Shooting Your First Photos (and Movies) 71 Part 2: Taking Your Photography to the Next Level 89 Chapter 4: Starting to See Like a Photographer 91 Chapter 5: Taking Control of Exposure 109 Chapter 6: Adding Flash and Other Lights 135 Chapter 7: Manipulating Focus and Color 161 Part 3: Pro Tips for Capturing Specific Subjects 195 Chapter 8: Shooting Frame-Worthy Portraits 197 Chapter 9: Photographing Action 221 Chapter 10: Taking in the Scenery 245 Part 4: After the Shot 275 Chapter 11: Discovering Cool Playback Features 277 Chapter 12: Downloading, Editing, and Sharing Photos 291 Part 5: The Part of Tens 313 Chapter 13: Ten Fixes for Common Photo Flaws 315 Chapter 14: Ten Accessories to Enhance Your Photography 329 Index 341

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of Simulation and Hardware Implementation Example and Figures xiii Preface xv Acknowledgment xvii About the Companion Website xix Chapter 1 Power Electronics: An Enabling Technology 1 1.1 Introduction to Power Electronics 1 1.2 Applications and the Role of Power Electronics 2 1.3 Energy and the Environment: Role of Power Electronics in Providing Sustainable Electric Energy 4 1.4 Need for High Efficiency and High Power Density 8 1.5 Structure of Power Electronics Interface 9 1.6 Voltage-Link-Structure 11 1.7 Recent Advances in Solid-State Devices Based on Wide Bandgap (WBG) Materials 16 1.8 Use of Simulation and Hardware Prototyping 16 References 17 Problems 18 Chapter 2 Design of Switching Power-poles 21 2.1 Power Transistors and Power Diodes 21 2.2 Selection of Power Transistors 22 2.3 Selection of Power Diodes 24 2.4 Switching Characteristics and Power Losses in Power Poles 25 2.5 Justifying Switches and Diodes as Ideal 30 2.6 Design Considerations 31 2.7 The PWM IC 34 2.8 Hardware Prototyping 35 References 36 Problems 36 Appendix 2A Diode Reverse Recovery and Power Losses 37 Chapter 3 Switch-mode Dc-dc Converters: Switching Analysis, Topology Selection, and Design 41 3.1 DC-DC Converters 41 3.2 Switching Power-Pole in DC Steady State 41 3.3 Simplifying Assumptions 45 3.4 Common Operating Principles 46 3.5 Buck Converter Switching Analysis in DC Steady State 46 3.6 Boost Converter Switching Analysis in DC Steady State 51 3.7 Buck-Boost Converter Analysis in DC Steady State 57 3.8 Topology Selection 65 3.9 Worst-Case Design 66 3.10 Synchronous-Rectified Buck Converter for Very Low Output Voltages 66 3.11 Interleaving of Converters 71 3.12 Regulation of DC-DC Converters by PWM 71 3.13 Dynamic Average Representation of Converters in CCM 72 3.14 Bi-Directional Switching Power-Pole 74 3.15 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode (DCM) 75 References 86 Problems 86 Appendix 3A Average Representation in Discontinuous- Conduction Mode (DCM) 92 Chapter 4 Designing Feedback Controllers in Switch-mode Dc Power Supplies 97 4.1 Introduction and Objectives of Feedback Control 97 4.2 Review of Linear Control Theory 98 4.3 Linearization of Various Transfer Function Blocks 100 4.4 Feedback Controller Design in Voltage-Mode Control 106 4.5 Peak-Current Mode Control 113 4.6 Feedback Controller Design in DCM 123 References 124 Problems 124 Appendix 4A Bode Plots of Transfer Functions with Poles and Zeros 125 Appendix 4B Transfer Functions in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) 128 Appendix 4C Derivation of Parameters of the Controller Transfer Functions 134 Chapter 5 Rectification of Utility Input Using Diode Rectifiers 139 Rectifiers 139 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 Distortion and Power Factor 140 5.3 Classifying the “Front-End” of Power Electronic Systems 148 Electronic Systems 148 5.4 Diode-Rectifier Bridge “Front-End” 148 5.5 Means to Avoid Transient Inrush Currents at Starting 156 5.6 Front-Ends with Bi-Directional Power Flow 157 References 157 Problems 157 Chapter 6 Power-factor-correction (PFC) Circuits And Designing the Feedback Controller And Designing the Feedback Controller 159 6.1 Introduction 159 6.2 Operating Principle of Single-Phase PFCS 159 6.3 Control of PFCS 162 6.4 Designing the Inner Average-Current-Control Loop 163 6.5 Designing the Outer Voltage-Control Loop 165 6.6 Example of Single-Phase PFC Systems 167 6.7 Simulation Results 168 6.8 Feedforward of the Input Voltage 169 6.9 Other Control Methods for PFCS 169 References 170 Problems 170 Appendix 6A Proof that IˆS3/IˆL2 =1/2 Appendix 6b Proof That V ̃d I ĩ L(s)=1 I 2 Vˆs/Vd R I 2/ 1+ s (R /2)C Chapter 7 Magnetic Circuit Concepts 173 7.1 Ampere-Turns and Flux 173 7.2 Inductance l 174 7.3 Faraday’s Law: Induced Voltage in a Coil Due to Time-Rate of Change of Flux Linkage 176 7.4 Leakage and Magnetizing Inductances 177 7.5 Transformers 179 Reference 182 Problems 182 Chapter 8 Switch-mode Dc Power Supplies 185 8.1 Applications of Switch-Mode DC Power Supplies 185 8.2 Need for Electrical Isolation 186 8.3 Classification of Transformer-Isolated DC-DC Converters 186 8.4 Flyback Converters 186 8.5 Forward Converters 198 8.6 Full-Bridge Converters 204 8.7 Half-Bridge and Push-Pull Converters 209 8.8 Practical Considerations 209 References 210 Problems 211 Chapter 9 Design of High-frequency Inductors and Transformers 215 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 Basics of Magnetic Design 215 9.3 Inductor and Transformer Construction 216 9.4 Area-Product Method 216 9.5 Design Example of an Inductor 219 9.6 Design Example of a Transformer for a Forward Converter 221 9.7 Thermal Considerations 221 References 222 Problems 222 Chapter 10 Soft-switching in Dc-dc Converters and Half-bridge Resonant Converters 223 10.1 Introduction 223 10.2 Hard-Switching in Switching Power poles 223 10.3 Soft-switching in Switching Power-Poles 225 10.4 Half-Bridge Resonant Converter 228 References 230 Problems 230 Chapter 11 Applications of Switch-mode Power Electronics in Motor Drives, Uninterruptible Power Supplies, And Power Systems 231 11.1 Introduction 231 11.2 Electric Motor Drives 231 11.3 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) 244 11.4 Utility Applications of Switch-Mode Power Electronics 244 Reference 246 Problems 246 Chapter 12 Synthesis of Dc and Low-frequency Sinusoidal Ac Voltages for Motor Drives, Ups, and Power Systems Applications 249 12.1 Introduction 249 12.2 Bidirectional Switching Power-Pole as the Building Block 250 12.3 Converters for DC Motor Drives (−Vd 12.4 Synthesis of Low-Frequency AC 260 12.5 Single-Phase Inverters 261 12.6 Three-Phase Inverters 266 12.7 Multilevel Inverters 280 12.8 Converters For Bidirectional Power Flow 281 12.9 Matrix Converters (Direct Link System) 283 References 284 Problems 284 Chapter 13 Thyristor Converters 287 13.1 Introduction 287 13.2 Thyristors (SCRs) 287 13.3 Single-phase, Phase-controlled Thyristor Converters 289 13.4 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Thyristor Converters 294 13.5 Current-Link Systems 300 Reference 301 Problems 301 Chapter 14 Utility Applications of Power Electronics 303 14.1 Introduction 303 14.2 Power Semiconductor Devices and Their Capabilities 304 14.3 Categorizing Power Electronic Systems 305 14.4 Distributed Generation (DG) Applications 306 14.5 Power Electronic Loads 311 14.6 Power Quality Solutions 312 14.7 Transmission and Distribution (T&D) Applications 313 References 317 Problems 317 Index 319

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Book SynopsisMake your every wishAlexa's commandwith thisin-depth guidetothewildlypopular Amazon smart speaker You might be thinking,All I have to do is plug in my Echo device and start using it! And you'd be right. But if youreallywant to explore what that compact little device can do, thenAlexaForDummiesis your go-to resource.This bookshowsyouhow tocustomize your device to respond to yourrequestsandenhance your life. Alexa For Dummiestakes you on a tour of all things Alexa: its capabilities, tools, settings, and skills.Go beyond the basics ofplaying music, calling friends, reading the news, and checking the weather.You'll learn how to make Alexa private and secure, connect it to your smart home devices, and even make it sound like Samuel L. Jackson, if you feel like it.You can alsoextend its capabilitiesby adding new skills. Customize your device to respond to your voiceTroubleshoot when a light is signaling something's wrongAdd skills to play music and audiobooksCreate routines toturn on lights, adjust the thermostat,set your security alarm, and lock your doorsSync your smart devices throughout your homeUse Alexa to connect to a Zoom meeting or phone call with your friends or family No matter which device you haveEcho, Echo Dot, Echo Show, Echo Studio, Echo Flex, Echo Loop, Echo Buds, or Echo FramesAlexaForDummiesis the perfect companion.Ready to get started? Say Hey,Alexa, orderAlexaForDummies!Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 Part 1: Getting Started with Alexa 5 Chapter 1: Getting to Know Alexa 7 Chapter 2: Setting Up Alexa and Your Devices 21 Chapter 3: Learning Alexa Basics 43 Part 2: Having Fun with Alexa 59 Chapter 4: Playing Media 61 Chapter 5: Communicating with Alexa 89 Chapter 6: Using Alexa at Home 111 Chapter 7: Being More Productive 131 Part 3: Getting More out of Your Relationship with Alexa 149 Chapter 8: Asking Alexa Questions 151 Chapter 9: Adding Skills to Alexa 161 Chapter 10: Making Alexa Accessible 177 Part 4: Controlling Your Smart Home 191 Chapter 11: Setting Up Your Smart Home 193 Chapter 12: Uncovering Some Smarter Smart-Home Techniques 215 Part 5: The Part of Tens 237 Chapter 13: Ten (Times Ten) Ridiculously Fun Alexa Tricks 239 Chapter 14: Ten Things That Can Go Wrong (and How to Fix Them) 247 Chapter 15: Ten Ways to Beef Up Security and Privacy 263 Index

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Book SynopsisOBJECT DETECTION BY STEREO VISION IMAGES Since both theoretical and practical aspects of the developments in this field of research are explored, including recent state-of-the-art technologies and research opportunities in the area of object detection, this book will act as a good reference for practitioners, students, and researchers. Current state-of-the-art technologies have opened up new opportunities in research in the areas of object detection and recognition of digital images and videos, robotics, neural networks, machine learning, stereo vision matching algorithms, soft computing, customer prediction, social media analysis, recommendation systems, and stereo vision. This book has been designed to provide directions for those interested in researching and developing intelligent applications to detect an object and estimate depth. In addition to focusing on the performance of the system using high-performance computing techniques, a technical overview of certain tools, languages,Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Data Conditioning for Medical Imaging 1 Shahzia Sayyad, Deepti Nikumbh, Dhruvi Lalit Jain, Prachi Dhiren Khatri, Alok Saratchandra Panda and Rupesh Ravindra Joshi 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Importance of Image Preprocessing 2 1.3 Introduction to Digital Medical Imaging 3 1.3.1 Types of Medical Images for Screening 4 1.3.1.1 X-rays 4 1.3.1.2 Computed Tomography (CT) Scan 4 1.3.1.3 Ultrasound 4 1.3.1.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 5 1.3.1.5 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan 5 1.3.1.6 Mammogram 5 1.3.1.7 Fluoroscopy 5 1.3.1.8 Infrared Thermography 6 1.4 Preprocessing Techniques of Medical Imaging Using Python 6 1.4.1 Medical Image Preprocessing 6 1.4.1.1 Reading the Image 7 1.4.1.2 Resizing the Image 7 1.4.1.3 Noise Removal 8 1.4.1.4 Filtering and Smoothing 9 1.4.1.5 Image Segmentation 11 1.5 Medical Image Processing Using Python 13 1.5.1 Medical Image Processing Methods 16 1.5.1.1 Image Formation 17 1.5.1.2 Image Enhancement 19 1.5.1.3 Image Analysis 19 1.5.1.4 Image Visualization 19 1.5.1.5 Image Management 19 1.6 Feature Extraction Using Python 20 1.7 Case Study on Throat Cancer 24 1.7.1 Introduction 24 1.7.1.1 HSI System 25 1.7.1.2 The Adaptive Deep Learning Method Proposed 25 1.7.2 Results and Findings 27 1.7.3 Discussion 28 1.7.4 Conclusion 29 1.8 Conclusion 29 References 30 Additional Reading 31 Key Terms and Definition 32 2 Detection of Pneumonia Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques: An Analytical Study 33 Shravani Nimbolkar, Anuradha Thakare, Subhradeep Mitra, Omkar Biranje and Anant Sutar 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Literature Review 35 2.3 Learning Methods 41 2.3.1 Machine Learning 41 2.3.2 Deep Learning 42 2.3.3 Transfer Learning 42 2.4 Detection of Lung Diseases Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques 43 2.4.1 Dataset Description 43 2.4.2 Evaluation Platform 44 2.4.3 Training Process 44 2.4.4 Model Evaluation of CNN Classifier 46 2.4.5 Mathematical Model 47 2.4.6 Parameter Optimization 47 2.4.7 Performance Metrics 50 2.5 Conclusion 52 References 53 3 Contamination Monitoring System Using IOT and GIS 57 Kavita R. Singh, Ravi Wasalwar, Ajit Dharmik and Deepshikha Tiwari 3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 Literature Survey 58 3.3 Proposed Work 60 3.4 Experimentation and Results 61 3.4.1 Experimental Setup 61 3.5 Results 64 3.6 Conclusion 70 Acknowledgement 71 References 71 4 Video Error Concealment Using Particle Swarm Optimization 73 Rajani P. K. and Arti Khaparde 4.1 Introduction 74 4.2 Proposed Research Work Overview 75 4.3 Error Detection 75 4.4 Frame Replacement Video Error Concealment Algorithm 77 4.5 Research Methodology 77 4.5.1 Particle Swarm Optimization 78 4.5.2 Spatio-Temporal Video Error Concealment Method 78 4.5.3 Proposed Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 79 4.6 Results and Analysis 83 4.6.1 Single Frame With Block Error Analysis 85 4.6.2 Single Frame With Random Error Analysis 86 4.6.3 Multiple Frame Error Analysis 88 4.6.4 Sequential Frame Error Analysis 91 4.6.5 Subjective Video Quality Analysis for Color Videos 93 4.6.6 Scene Change of Videos 94 4.7 Conclusion 95 4.8 Future Scope 97 References 97 5 Enhanced Image Fusion with Guided Filters 99 Nalini Jagtap and Sudeep D. Thepade 5.1 Introduction 100 5.2 Related Works 100 5.3 Proposed Methodology 102 5.3.1 System Model 102 5.3.2 Steps of the Proposed Methodology 104 5.4 Experimental Results 104 5.4.1 Entropy 104 5.4.2 Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio 105 5.4.3 Root Mean Square Error 107 5.4.3.1 Qab/f 108 5.5 Conclusion 108 References 109 6 Deepfake Detection Using LSTM-Based Neural Network 111 Tejaswini Yesugade, Shrikant Kokate, Sarjana Patil, Ritik Varma and Sejal Pawar 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Related Work 112 6.2.1 Deepfake Generation 112 6.2.2 LSTM and CNN 112 6.3 Existing System 113 6.3.1 AI-Generated Fake Face Videos by Detecting Eye Blinking 113 6.3.2 Detection Using Inconsistence in Head Pose 113 6.3.3 Exploiting Visual Artifacts 113 6.4 Proposed System 114 6.4.1 Dataset 114 6.4.2 Preprocessing 114 6.4.3 Model 115 6.5 Results 117 6.6 Limitations 119 6.7 Application 119 6.8 Conclusion 119 References 119 7 Classification of Fetal Brain Abnormalities with MRI Images: A Survey 121 Kavita Shinde and Anuradha Thakare 7.1 Introduction 121 7.2 Related Work 123 7.3 Evaluation of Related Research 129 7.4 General Framework for Fetal Brain Abnormality Classification 129 7.4.1 Image Acquisition 130 7.4.2 Image Pre-Processing 130 7.4.2.1 Image Thresholding 130 7.4.2.2 Morphological Operations 131 7.4.2.3 Hole Filling and Mask Generation 131 7.4.2.4 MRI Segmentation for Fetal Brain Extraction 132 7.4.3 Feature Extraction 132 7.4.3.1 Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix 133 7.4.3.2 Discrete Wavelet Transformation 133 7.4.3.3 Gabor Filters 134 7.4.3.4 Discrete Statistical Descriptive Features 134 7.4.4 Feature Reduction 134 7.4.4.1 Principal Component Analysis 135 7.4.4.2 Linear Discriminant Analysis 136 7.4.4.3 Non-Linear Dimensionality Reduction Techniques 137 7.4.5 Classification by Using Machine Learning Classifiers 137 7.4.5.1 Support Vector Machine 138 7.4.5.2 K-Nearest Neighbors 138 7.4.5.3 Random Forest 139 7.4.5.4 Linear Discriminant Analysis 139 7.4.5.5 Naïve Bayes 139 7.4.5.6 Decision Tree (DT) 140 7.4.5.7 Convolutional Neural Network 140 7.5 Performance Metrics for Research in Fetal Brain Analysis 141 7.6 Challenges 142 7.7 Conclusion and Future Works 142 References 143 8 Analysis of COVID-19 Data Using Machine Learning Algorithm 147 Chinnaiah Kotadi, Mithun Chakravarthi K., Srihari Chintha and Kapil Gupta 8.1 Introduction 147 8.2 Pre-Processing 148 8.3 Selecting Features 149 8.4 Analysis of COVID-19–Confirmed Cases in India 152 8.4.1 Analysis to Highest COVID-19–Confirmed Case States in India 153 8.4.2 Analysis to Highest COVID-19 Death Rate States in India 153 8.4.3 Analysis to Highest COVID-19 Cured Case States in India 154 8.4.4 Analysis of Daily COVID-19 Cases in Maharashtra State 155 8.5 Linear Regression Used for Predicting Daily Wise COVID- 19 Cases in Maharashtra 156 8.6 Conclusion 157 References 157 9 Intelligent Recommendation System to Evaluate Teaching Faculty Performance Using Adaptive Collaborative Filtering 159 Manish Sharma and Rutuja Deshmukh 9.1 Introduction 160 9.2 Related Work 162 9.3 Recommender Systems and Collaborative Filtering 164 9.4 Proposed Methodology 165 9.5 Experiment Analysis 167 9.6 Conclusion 168 References 168 10 Virtual Moratorium System 171 Manisha Bhende, Muzasarali Badger, Pranish Kumbhar, Vedanti Bhatkar and Payal Chavan 10.1 Introduction 172 10.1.1 Objectives 172 10.2 Literature Survey 172 10.2.1 Virtual Assistant—BLU 172 10.2.2 HDFC Ask EVA 173 10.3 Methodologies of Problem Solving 173 10.4 Modules 174 10.4.1 Chatbot 174 10.4.2 Android Application 175 10.4.3 Web Application 175 10.5 Detailed Flow of Proposed Work 176 10.5.1 System Architecture 176 10.5.2 DFD Level 1 177 10.6 Architecture Design 178 10.6.1 Main Server 178 10.6.2 Chatbot 178 10.6.3 Database Architecture 180 10.6.4 Web Scraper 180 10.7 Algorithms Used 181 10.7.1 AES-256 Algorithm 181 10.7.2 Rasa NLU 181 10.8 Results 182 10.9 Discussions 183 10.9.1 Applications 183 10.9.2 Future Work 183 10.9.3 Conclusion 183 References 183 11 Efficient Land Cover Classification for Urban Planning 185 Vandana Tulshidas Chavan and Sanjeev J. Wagh 11.1 Introduction 185 11.2 Literature Survey 189 11.3 Proposed Methodology 191 11.4 Conclusion 192 References 192 12 Data-Driven Approches for Fake News Detection on Social Media Platforms: Review 195 Pradnya Patil and Sanjeev J. Wagh 12.1 Introduction 196 12.2 Literature Survey 196 12.3 Problem Statement and Objectives 201 12.3.1 Problem Statement 201 12.3.2 Objectives 201 12.4 Proposed Methodology 202 12.4.1 Pre-Processing 202 12.4.2 Feature Extraction 203 12.4.3 Classification 203 12.5 Conclusion 204 References 204 13 Distance Measurement for Object Detection for Automotive Applications Using 3D Density-Based Clustering 207 Anupama Patil, Manisha Bhende, Suvarna Patil and P. P. Shevatekar 13.1 Introduction 208 13.2 Related Work 210 13.3 Distance Measurement Using Stereo Vision 213 13.3.1 Calibration of the Camera 215 13.3.2 Stereo Image Rectification 215 13.3.3 Disparity Estimation and Stereo Matching 216 13.3.4 Measurement of Distance 217 13.4 Object Segmentation in Depth Map 218 13.4.1 Formation of Depth Map 218 13.4.2 Density-Based in 3D Object Grouping Clustering 218 13.4.3 Layered Images Object Segmentation 219 13.4.3.1 Image Layer Formation 221 13.4.3.2 Determination of Object Boundaries 222 13.5 Conclusion 223 References 224 14 Real-Time Depth Estimation Using BLOB Detection/ Contour Detection 227 Arokia Priya Charles, Anupama V. Patil and Sunil Dambhare 14.1 Introduction 227 14.2 Estimation of Depth Using Blob Detection 229 14.2.1 Grayscale Conversion 230 14.2.2 Thresholding 231 14.2.3 Image Subtraction in Case of Input with Background 232 14.2.3.1 Preliminaries 233 14.2.3.2 Computing Time 234 14.3 Blob 234 14.3.1 BLOB Extraction 234 14.3.2 Blob Classification 235 14.3.2.1 Image Moments 236 14.3.2.2 Centroid Using Image Moments 238 14.3.2.3 Central Moments 238 14.4 Challenges 241 14.5 Experimental Results 241 14.6 Conclusion 251 References 255 Index 257

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction xxi Assessment Test xxxiii Chapter 1 Overview of Google Cloud 1 Types of Cloud Services 2 Compute Resources 3 Storage 4 Networking 7 Specialized Services 8 Cloud Computing vs. Data Center Computing 8 Rent Instead of Own Resources 8 Pay- as- You- Go- for- What- You- Use Model 9 Elastic Resource Allocation 9 Specialized Services 10 Summary 10 Exam Essentials 10 Review Questions 12 Chapter 2 Google Cloud Computing Services 17 Computing Components of Google Cloud 18 Computing Resources 19 Storage Components of Google Cloud 23 Storage Resources 23 Databases 26 Networking Components of Google Cloud 28 Networking Services 28 Identity Management and Security 30 Development Tools 30 Additional Components of Google Cloud 31 Management and Observability Tools 31 Specialized Services 32 Summary 33 Exam Essentials 33 Review Questions 36 Chapter 3 Projects, Service Accounts, and Billing 41 How Google Cloud Organizes Projects and Accounts 42 Google Cloud Resource Hierarchy 42 Organization Policies 45 Managing Projects 46 Roles and Identities 49 Roles in Google Cloud 50 Granting Roles to Identities 50 Service Accounts 52 Billing 53 Billing Accounts 53 Billing Budgets and Alerts 56 Exporting Billing Data 57 Enabling APIs 59 Summary 60 Exam Essentials 61 Review Questions 62 Chapter 4 Introduction to Computing in Google Cloud 67 Compute Engine 68 Virtual Machine Images 68 Virtual Machines Are Contained in Projects 77 Virtual Machines Run in a Zone and Region 78 Users Need Privileges to Create Virtual Machines 79 Preemptible Virtual Machines 80 Custom Machine Types 81 Use Cases for Compute Engine Virtual Machines 82 App Engine 83 Structure of an App Engine Application 84 App Engine Standard and Flexible Environments 85 Use Cases for App Engine 86 Kubernetes Engine 87 Kubernetes Functionality 88 Kubernetes Cluster Architecture 88 Kubernetes Engine Use Cases 89 Anthos 90 Cloud Run 90 Cloud Run Use Cases 91 Cloud Functions 91 Cloud Functions Execution Environment 91 Cloud Functions Use Cases 93 Summary 93 Exam Essentials 95 Review Questions 96 Chapter 5 Computing with Compute Engine Virtual Machines 101 Creating and Configuring Virtual Machines with the Console 102 Main Virtual Machine Configuration Details 104 Advanced Configuration Details 109 Creating and Configuring Virtual Machines with Cloud SDK 117 Installing Cloud SDK 117 Example Installation on Ubuntu Linux 118 Creating a Virtual Machine with Cloud SDK 119 Creating a Virtual Machine with Cloud Shell 120 Basic Virtual Machine Management 121 Starting and Stopping Instances 121 Network Access to Virtual Machines 121 Monitoring a Virtual Machine 123 Cost of Virtual Machines 123 Guidelines for Planning, Deploying, and Managing Virtual Machines 125 Summary 125 Exam Essentials 126 Review Questions 127 Chapter 6 Managing Virtual Machines 131 Managing Single Virtual Machine Instances 132 Managing Single Virtual Machine Instances in the Console 132 Managing a Single Virtual Machine Instance with Cloud Shell and the Command Line 141 Introduction to Instance Groups 147 Creating and Removing Instance Groups and Templates 147 Instance Groups Load Balancing and Autoscaling 149 Guidelines for Managing Virtual Machines 150 Summary 150 Exam Essentials 151 Review Questions 152 Chapter 7 Computing with Kubernetes 157 Introduction to Kubernetes Engine 158 Kubernetes Cluster Architecture 159 Kubernetes Objects 159 Deploying Kubernetes Clusters 162 Deploying Kubernetes Clusters Using Cloud Console 162 Deploying Kubernetes Clusters Using Cloud Shell and Cloud SDK 167 Deploying Application Pods 168 Monitoring Kubernetes 172 Summary 172 Exam Essentials 173 Review Questions 174 Chapter 8 Managing Standard Mode Kubernetes Clusters 179 Viewing the Status of a Kubernetes Cluster 180 Viewing the Status of Kubernetes Clusters Using Cloud Console 180 Pinning Services to the Top of the Navigation Menu 182 Viewing the Status of Kubernetes Clusters Using Cloud SDK and Cloud Shell 188 Adding, Modifying, and Removing Nodes 193 Adding, Modifying, and Removing Nodes with Cloud Console 193 Adding, Modifying, and Removing Nodes with Cloud SDK and Cloud Shell 195 Adding, Modifying, and Removing Pods 196 Adding, Modifying, and Removing Pods with Cloud Console 196 Adding, Modifying, and Removing Pods with Cloud SDK and Cloud Shell 200 Adding, Modifying, and Removing Services 203 Adding, Modifying, and Removing Services with Cloud Console 203 Adding, Modifying, and Removing Services with Cloud SDK and Cloud Shell 205 Creating Repositories in the Artifact Registry 207 Viewing the Image Repository and Image Details with Cloud Console 207 Summary 209 Exam Essentials 209 Review Questions 210 Chapter 9 Computing with Cloud Run and App Engine 215 Overview of Cloud Run 216 Cloud Run Services 216 Cloud Run Jobs 217 Creating a Cloud Run Service 218 Creating a Cloud Run Job 222 App Engine Components 223 Deploying an App Engine Application 226 Deploying an App Using Cloud Shell and SDK 226 Scaling App Engine Applications 228 Splitting Traffic Between App Engine Versions 229 Summary 230 Exam Essentials 231 Review Questions 232 Chapter 10 Computing with Cloud Functions 237 Introduction to Cloud Functions 238 Events, Triggers, and Functions 238 Runtime Environments 239 Cloud Functions Receiving Events from Cloud Storage 241 Deploying a Cloud Function for Cloud Storage Events Using Cloud Console 241 Deploying a Cloud Function for Cloud Storage Events Using gcloud Commands 244 Cloud Functions Receiving Events from Pub/Sub 245 Deploying a Cloud Function for Cloud Pub/Sub Events Using Cloud Console 245 Deploying a Cloud Function for Cloud Pub/Sub Events Using gcloud Commands 246 Summary 247 Exam Essentials 247 Review Questions 249 Chapter 11 Planning Storage in the Cloud 253 Types of Storage Systems 254 Cache 255 Persistent Storage 257 Object Storage 258 Storage Types When Planning a Storage Solution 264 Storage Data Models 265 Object: Cloud Storage 266 Relational: Cloud SQL and Cloud Spanner 266 Analytical: BigQuery 268 NoSQL: Cloud Firestore and Bigtable 270 Choosing a Storage Solution: Guidelines to Consider 277 Summary 278 Exam Essentials 278 Review Questions 280 Chapter 12 Deploying Storage in Google Cloud 285 Deploying and Managing Cloud SQL 286 Creating and Connecting to a MySQL Instance 286 Creating a Database, Loading Data, and Querying Data 288 Backing Up MySQL in Cloud SQL 289 Deploying and Managing Firestore 292 Adding Data to a Firestore Database 292 Backing Up Firestore 294 Deploying and Managing BigQuery 294 Estimating the Cost of Queries in BigQuery 294 Viewing Jobs in BigQuery 296 Deploying and Managing Cloud Spanner 297 Deploying and Managing Cloud Pub/Sub 302 Deploying and Managing Cloud Bigtable 306 Deploying and Managing Cloud Dataproc 308 Managing Cloud Storage 314 Summary 316 Exam Essentials 316 Review Questions 317 Chapter 13 Loading Data into Storage 321 Loading and Moving Data to Cloud Storage 322 Loading and Moving Data to Cloud Storage Using the Console 322 Loading and Moving Data to Cloud Storage Using the Command Line 327 Importing and Exporting Data 328 Importing and Exporting Data: Cloud SQL 328 Importing and Exporting Data: Cloud Firestore 332 Importing and Exporting Data: BigQuery 332 Importing and Exporting Data: Cloud Spanner 337 Exporting Data from Cloud Bigtable 339 Importing and Exporting Data: Cloud Dataproc 340 Streaming Data to Cloud Pub/Sub 341 Summary 342 Exam Essentials 342 Review Questions 344 Chapter 14 Networking in the Cloud: Virtual Private Clouds and Virtual Private Networks 349 Creating a Virtual Private Cloud with Subnets 350 Creating a Virtual Private Cloud with Cloud Console 350 Creating a Virtual Private Cloud with gcloud 354 Creating a Shared Virtual Private Cloud Using gcloud 355 Deploying Compute Engine with a Custom Network 357 Creating Firewall Rules for a Virtual Private Cloud 359 Structure of Firewall Rules 360 Creating Firewall Rules Using Cloud Console 361 Creating Firewall Rules Using gcloud 364 Creating a Virtual Private Network 364 Creating a Virtual Private Network Using Cloud Console 364 Creating a Virtual Private Network Using gcloud 368 Summary 368 Exam Essentials 369 Review Questions 370 Chapter 15 Networking in the Cloud: DNS, Load Balancing, Google Private Access, and IP Addressing 375 Configuring Cloud DNS 376 Creating DNS Managed Zones Using Cloud Console 376 Creating DNS Managed Zones Using gcloud 381 Configuring Load Balancers 382 Types of Load Balancers 382 Configuring Load Balancers Using Cloud Console 383 Configuring Load Balancers Using gcloud 386 Google Private Access 389 Managing IP Addresses 389 Expanding CIDR Blocks 390 Reserving IP Addresses 390 Summary 391 Exam Essentials 392 Review Questions 394 Chapter 16 Deploying Applications with Cloud Marketplace and Cloud Foundation Toolkit 399 Deploying a Solution Using Cloud Marketplace 400 Browsing Cloud Marketplace and Viewing Solutions 400 Deploying Cloud Marketplace Solutions 403 Building Infrastructure Using the Cloud Foundation Toolkit 411 Deployment Manager Configuration Files 411 Deployment Manager Template Files 414 Launching a Deployment Manager Template 414 Cloud Foundation Toolkit 415 Config Connector 418 Summary 418 Exam Essentials 418 Review Questions 420 Chapter 17 Configuring Access and Security 425 Managing Identity and Access Management 426 Viewing Account IAM Assignments 426 Assigning IAM Roles to Accounts and Groups 428 Defining Custom IAM Roles 432 Managing Service Accounts 436 Managing Service Accounts with Scopes 436 Assigning a Service Account to a VM Instance 438 Viewing Audit Logs 440 Summary 441 Exam Essentials 441 Review Questions 443 Chapter 18 Monitoring, Logging, and Cost Estimating 447 Cloud Monitoring 448 Creating Dashboards 449 Using Metric Explorer 450 Creating Alerts 454 Cloud Logging 458 Log Routers and Log Sinks 458 Configuring Log Sinks 459 Viewing and Filtering Logs 459 Viewing Message Details 462 Using Cloud Diagnostics 463 Overview of Cloud Trace 463 Viewing Google Cloud Status 464 Using the Pricing Calculator 464 Summary 467 Exam Essentials 468 Review Questions 469 Appendix Answers to Review Questions 473 Chapter 1: Overview of Google Cloud 474 Chapter 2: Google Cloud Computing Services 476 Chapter 3: Projects, Service Accounts, and Billing 478 Chapter 4: Introduction to Computing in Google Cloud 480 Chapter 5: Computing with Compute Engine Virtual Machines 482 Chapter 6: Managing Virtual Machines 485 Chapter 7: Computing with Kubernetes 487 Chapter 8: Managing Standard Mode Kubernetes Clusters 489 Chapter 9: Computing with Cloud Run and App Engine 491 Chapter 10: Computing with Cloud Functions 494 Chapter 11: Planning Storage in the Cloud 496 Chapter 12: Deploying Storage in Google Cloud 498 Chapter 13: Loading Data into Storage 500 Chapter 14: Networking in the Cloud: Virtual Private Clouds and Virtual Private Networks 502 Chapter 15: Networking in the Cloud: DNS, Load Balancing, Google Private Access, and IP Addressing 504 Chapter 16: Deploying Applications with Cloud Marketplace and Cloud Foundation Toolkit 507 Chapter 17: Configuring Access and Security 509 Chapter 18: Monitoring, Logging, and Cost Estimating 511 Index 515

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsForeword xxix Preface xxxi Introduction xxxv Part I Technical Foundations 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Concepts and Relationships 3 Roles and Responsibilities 4 Network and Wireless Architects 4 Security, Risk, and Compliance Roles 5 Operations and Help Desk Roles 8 Support Roles 9 External and Third Parties 9 Security Concepts for Wireless Architecture 11 Security and IAC Triad in Wireless 11 Aligning Wireless Architecture Security to Organizational Risk 14 Factors Influencing Risk Tolerance 15 Assigning a Risk Tolerance Level 15 Considering Compliance and Regulatory Requirements 17 Compliance Regulations, Frameworks, and Audits 17 The Role of Policies, Standards, and Procedures 19 Segmentation Concepts 22 Authentication Concepts 23 Cryptography Concepts 27 Wireless Concepts for Secure Wireless Architecture 30 NAC and IEEE 802.1X in Wireless 33 SSID Security Profiles 34 Security 35 Endpoint Devices 35 Network Topology and Distribution of Users 37 Summary 43 Chapter 2 Understanding Technical Elements 45 Understanding Wireless Infrastructure and Operations 45 Management vs. Control vs. Data Planes 46 Cloud-Managed Wi-Fi and Gateways 48 Controller Managed Wi-Fi 52 Local Cluster Managed Wi-Fi 53 Remote APs 55 Summary 55 Understanding Data Paths 56 Tunneled 58 Bridged 59 Considerations of Bridging Client Traffic 59 Hybrid and Other Data Path Models 61 Filtering and Segmentation of Traffic 62 Summary 71 Understanding Security Profiles for SSIDs 72 WPA2 and WPA3 Overview 73 Transition Modes and Migration Strategies for Preserving Security 76 Enterprise Mode (802.1X) 77 Personal Mode (Passphrase with PSK/SAE) 87 Open Authentication Networks 94 Chapter 3 Understanding Authentication and Authorization 101 The IEEE 802.1X Standard 102 Terminology in 802.1X 103 High-Level 802.1X Process in Wi-Fi Authentication 105 RADIUS Servers, RADIUS Attributes, and VSAs 107 RADIUS Servers 107 RADIUS Servers and NAC Products 108 Relationship of RADIUS, EAP, and Infrastructure Devices 110 RADIUS Attributes 111 RADIUS Vendor-Specific Attributes 115 RADIUS Policies 116 RADIUS Servers, Clients and Shared Secrets 118 Other Requirements 121 Additional Notes on RADIUS Accounting 122 Change of Authorization and Disconnect Messages 123 EAP Methods for Authentication 127 Outer EAP Tunnels 129 Securing Tunneled EAP 132 Inner Authentication Methods 133 Legacy and Unsecured EAP Methods 137 Recommended EAP Methods for Secure Wi-Fi 138 MAC-Based Authentications 140 MAC Authentication Bypass with RADIUS 140 MAC Authentication Without RADIUS 147 MAC Filtering and Denylisting 147 Certificates for Authentication and Captive Portals 148 RADIUS Server Certificates for 802.1X 148 Endpoint Device Certificates for 802.1X 151 Best Practices for Using Certificates for 802.1X 152 Captive Portal Server Certificates 158 Best Practices for Using Certificates for Captive Portals 159 In Most Cases, Use a Public Root CA Signed Server Certificate 159 Understand the Impact of MAC Randomization on Captive Portals 159 Captive Portal Certificate Best Practices Recap 161 Summary 162 Captive Portal Security 163 Captive Portals for User or Guest Registration 163 Captive Portals for Acceptable Use Policies 165 Captive Portals for BYOD 166 Captive Portals for Payment Gateways 167 Security on Open vs. Enhanced Open Networks 167 Access Control for Captive Portal Processes 167 LDAP Authentication for Wi-Fi 168 The 4-Way Handshake in Wi-Fi 168 The 4-Way Handshake Operation 168 The 4-Way Handshake with WPA2-Personal and WPA3-Personal 170 The 4-Way Handshake with WPA2-Enterprise and WPA3-Enterprise 171 Summary 171 Chapter 4 Understanding Domain and Wi-Fi Design Impacts 173 Understanding Network Services for Wi-Fi 173 Time Sync Services 174 Time Sync Services and Servers 175 Time Sync Uses in Wi-Fi 175 DNS Services 177 DHCP Services 180 DHCP for Wi-Fi Clients 181 Planning DHCP for Wi-Fi Clients 184 DHCP for AP Provisioning 185 Certificates 186 Understanding Wi-Fi Design Impacts on Security 187 Roaming Protocols’ Impact on Security 188 Fast Roaming Technologies 193 System Availability and Resiliency 203 RF Design Elements 205 AP Placement, Channel, and Power Settings 205 Wi-Fi 6E 207 Rate Limiting Wi-Fi 208 Other Networking, Discovery, and Routing Elements 213 Summary 217 Part II Putting It All Together 219 Chapter 5 Planning and Design for Secure Wireless 221 Planning and Design Methodology 222 Discover Stage 223 Architect Stage 224 Iterate Stage 225 Planning and Design Inputs (Define and Characterize) 227 Scope of Work/Project 228 Teams Involved 230 Organizational Security Requirements 233 Current Security Policies 235 Endpoints 236 Users 239 System Security Requirements 239 Applications 240 Process Constraints 240 Wireless Management Architecture and Products 241 Planning and Design Outputs (Design, Optimize, and Validate) 241 Wireless Networks (SSIDs) 247 System Availability 249 Additional Software or Tools 249 Processes and Policy Updates 250 Infrastructure Hardening 251 Correlating Inputs to Outputs 252 Planning Processes and Templates 254 Requirements Discovery Template (Define and Characterize) 254 Sample Network Planning Template (SSID Planner) 261 Sample Access Rights Planning Templates 262 Notes for Technical and Executive Leadership 267 Planning and Budgeting for Wireless Projects 268 Consultants and Third Parties Can Be Invaluable 271 Selecting Wireless Products and Technologies 271 Expectations for Wireless Security 275 Summary 279 Chapter 6 Hardening the Wireless Infrastructure 281 Securing Management Access 282 Enforcing Encrypted Management Protocols 283 Eliminating Default Credentials and Passwords 293 Controlling Administrative Access and Authentication 296 Securing Shared Credentials and Keys 301 Addressing Privileged Access 303 Additional Secure Management Considerations 307 Designing for Integrity of the Infrastructure 308 Managing Configurations, Change Management, and Backups 309 Configuring Logging, Reporting, Alerting, and Automated Responses 313 Verifying Software Integrity for Upgrades and Patches 314 Working with 802.11w Protected Management Frames 316 Provisioning and Securing APs to Manager 321 Adding Wired Infrastructure Integrity 325 Planning Physical Security 331 Locking Front Panel and Console Access on Infrastructure Devices 334 Disabling Unused Protocols 337 Controlling Peer-to- Peer and Bridged Communications 339 A Note on Consumer Products in the Enterprise 339 Blocking Ad-Hoc Networks 341 Blocking Wireless Bridging on Clients 342 Filtering Inter-Station Traffic, Multicast, and mDNS 344 Best Practices for Tiered Hardening 353 Additional Security Configurations 354 Security Monitoring, Rogue Detection, and WIPS 355 Considerations for Hiding or Cloaking SSIDs 356 Requiring DHCP for Clients 359 Addressing Client Credential Sharing and Porting 360 Summary 362 Part III Ongoing Maintenance and Beyond 365 Chapter 7 Monitoring and Maintenance of Wireless Networks 367 Security Testing and Assessments of Wireless Networks 367 Security Audits 368 Vulnerability Assessments 370 Security Assessments 373 Penetration Testing 375 Ongoing Monitoring and Testing 376 Security Monitoring and Tools for Wireless 376 Wireless Intrusion Prevention Systems 377 Recommendations for WIPS 404 Synthetic Testing and Performance Monitoring 405 Security Logging and Analysis 407 Wireless-Specific Tools 410 Logging, Alerting, and Reporting Best Practices 416 Events to Log for Forensics or Correlation 417 Events to Alert on for Immediate Action 419 Events to Report on for Analysis and Trending 422 Troubleshooting Wi-Fi Security 424 Troubleshooting 802.1X/EAP and RADIUS 425 Troubleshooting MAC-based Authentication 428 Troubleshooting Portals, Onboarding, and Registration 431 Troubleshooting with Protected Management Frames Enabled 431 Training and Other Resources 432 Technology Training Courses and Providers 432 Vendor-Specific Training and Resources 435 Conferences and Community 436 Summary 437 Chapter 8 Emergent Trends and Non-Wi- Fi Wireless 439 Emergent Trends Impacting Wireless 440 Cloud-Managed Edge Architectures 440 Remote Workforce 441 Process Changes to Address Remote Work 443 Recommendations for Navigating a Remote Workforce 444 Bring Your Own Device 445 Zero Trust Strategies 455 Internet of Things 463 Enterprise IoT Technologies and Non-802.11 Wireless 465 IoT Considerations 466 Technologies and Protocols by Use Case 467 Features and Characteristics Impact on Security 502 Other Considerations for Secure IoT Architecture 507 Final Thoughts from the Book 508 Appendix A Notes on Configuring 802.1X with Microsoft NPS 513 Wi-Fi Infrastructure That Supports Enterprise (802.1X) SSID Security Profiles 513 Endpoints That Support 802.1X/EAP 514 A Way to Configure the Endpoints for the Specified Connectivity 515 An Authentication Server That Supports RADIUS 517 Appendix B Additional Resources 521 IETF RFCs 521 IEEE Standards and Documents 522 Wi-Fi Alliance 524 Blog, Consulting, and Book Materials 524 Compliance and Mappings 525 Cyber Insurance and Network Security 528 Appendix C Sample Architectures 531 Architectures for Internal Access Networks 532 Managed User with Managed Device 533 Headless/Non-User- Based Devices 539 Contractors and Third Parties 544 BYOD/Personal Devices with Internal Access 547 Guidance on WPA2-Enterprise and WPA3-Enterprise 549 Guidance on When to Separate SSIDs 550 Architectures for Guest/Internet-only Networks 551 Guest Networks 551 BYOD/Personal Devices with Internet-only Access 553 Determining Length of a WPA3-Personal Passphrase 555 Appendix D Parting Thoughts and Call to Action 559 The Future of Cellular and Wi-Fi 559 MAC Randomization 562 Index 567

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Book SynopsisTHE PROJECT MANAGER'S GUIDE TO MASTERING AGILE Updated guide to Agile methodologies, with real-world case studies and valuable frameworks for project managers moving to Agile The Project Manager's Guide to Mastering Agile helps project managers who are faced with the challenge of adapting their project management approach to an Agile environment, showing how these approaches can work jointly to improve project outcomes in any project, with discussion topics and real-world case studies that facilitate hands-on learning. It also provides project managers with the fundamental knowledge to take a leadership role in working with companies to develop a well-integrated, enterprise-level Agile Project Management approach to fit their business. The original edition of this book has been very successful and is used as a graduate-level textbook in several universities. This new edition builds on the success of the original edition and includes updated contenTable of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction to Agile Project Management The Chasm in Project Management Philosophies The Impact on the Project Management Profession The Evolution of Agile and Waterfall The Evolution of the Project Management Profession Agile Project Management Benefits Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Part 1: Fundamentals of Agile Chapter 2: Agile History and the Agile Manifesto Agile Early History Agile Manifesto (2001) Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 3: Scrum Overview Scrum Roles Scrum Framework General Scrum/Agile Principles Scrum Values Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 4: Agile Planning, Requirements, and Product Backlog Agile Planning Practices Agile Requirements Practices User Personas and Stories Product Backlog Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Part 2: Agile Project Management Chapter 5: Agile Development, Quality, and Testing Practices Agile Software Development Practices Agile Quality Management Practices Agile Testing Practices Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 6: Time-Boxing, Kanban, and Theory of Constraints The Importance of Flow Time-Boxing Kanban Process Theory of Constraints Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 7: Agile Estimation Agile Estimation Overview Agile Estimation Practices Velocity and burn-down/burn-up charts Summary of key points Discussion topics Chapter 8: Agile Project Management Role Agile Project Management Shifts in Thinking Potential Agile Project Management Roles Agile, PMI®, and PMBOK® Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 9: Agile Communications and Tools Agile Communications Practices Agile Project Management Tools Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 10: Learning to See the Big Picture Systems Thinking Complex Adaptive Systems Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 11: The Roots of Agile Influence of Total Quality Management (TQM) Influence of Lean Manufacturing Principles of Product Development Flow Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Part 3: Agile Project Management Planning and Management Chapter 12: Hybrid Agile Models What is a Hybrid Agile Model and Why Would You Use It? What Are the Benefits of a Hybrid Agile Model? What Is Different About a Hybrid Agile Model? Choosing the Right Approach Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 13: Value-driven Delivery Value-driven Delivery Overview Principles of Value-driven Delivery Customer-value Prioritization Overview Value-driven Delivery Tools Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 14: Adaptive Planning What is Adaptive Planning? Rolling Wave Planning Progressive Elaboration and Multi-level Planning Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 15: Agile Planning Practices and Tools Product/Project Vision Product Roadmaps Exploratory 360 Assessment Agile Functional Decomposition Agile Project Charter Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 16: Agile Stakeholder Management and Agile Contracts Why Is Stakeholder Management Important? What Is a Stakeholder? Stakeholder Management Process What's Different About Agile Stakeholder Management? Agile Contracts Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 17: Distributed Project Management in Agile What Is Distributed Project Management? Distributed Project Management Roles Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Part 4: Making Agile Work for a Business Chapter 18: Scaling Agile to an Enterprise Level Enterprise-Level Agile Challenges Enterprise-Level Obstacles to Overcome Enterprise-Level Implementation Considerations Enterprise-Level Management Practices Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 19: Scaling Agile for Multiple Team Projects Scrum of Scrums Approach Large Scale Scrum (LeSS) Nexus Scrum at Scale Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 20: Adapting an Agile Approach to Fit a Business The Impact of Different Business Environments on Agile Typical Levels of Management Corporate Culture and Values Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 21: Enterprise-Level Agile Transformations Planning an Agile Transformation Adaptive Project Governance Model Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Part 5: Enterprise-Level Agile Frameworks Chapter 22: Scaled Agile Framework SAFe Competency Areas SAFe Core Values Lean Agile Mindset SAFe Lean Agile Principles SAFe Artifacts and Supporting Capabilities Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 23: Disciplined Agile Delivery DA Full Delivery Lifecycles DA Roles DA Mindset DA Tool Kit Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 24: Managed Agile Development Framework Managed Agile Development Overview Objectives of Managed Agile Development Framework Description Roles and Responsibilities Summary of Key Points Discussion Topics Chapter 25: Summary of Enterprise-Level Frameworks High-level Comparison How These Frameworks Have Evolved Part 6: Case Studies Chapter 26: “Not-So-Successful” Case Studies Company A Company B Company C Chapter 27: Case Study—Valpak Background Overview Challenges Key Success Factors Results and Conclusions Lessons Learned Chapter 28: Case Study—Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Background Overview Project management approach Challenges Key Success Factors Conclusions Lessons Learned Chapter 29: Case Study—General Dynamics UK Limited. Background Overview Project Management Approach Challenges Key Success Factors Conclusions Lessons Learned Chapter 30: Agile Hardware Development Agile Hardware Development Overview How It’s Done at Tesla Overall Summary Chapter 31: Non-Software Case Studies Agile Home Remodeling Agile Book Publishing Chapter 32: Overall Summary Evolution of the Project Management Profession What To Do Differently General Recommendations Appendices Appendix A: Additional Reading Appendix B: Glossary of Terms Appendix C: Example Project/Program Charter Template Appendix D: Suggested Course Outline Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction xxi Assessment Testxxxii Chapter 1 Framing ML Problems 1 Translating Business Use Cases 3 Machine Learning Approaches 5 Supervised, Unsupervised, and Semi- supervised Learning 5 Classification, Regression, Forecasting, and Clustering 7 ML Success Metrics 8 Regression 12 Responsible AI Practices 13 Summary 14 Exam Essentials 14 Review Questions 15 Chapter 2 Exploring Data and Building Data Pipelines 19 Visualization 20 Box Plot 20 Line Plot 21 Bar Plot 21 Scatterplot 22 Statistics Fundamentals 22 Mean 22 Median 22 Mode 23 Outlier Detection 23 Standard Deviation 23 Correlation 24 Data Quality and Reliability 24 Data Skew 25 Data Cleaning 25 Scaling 25 Log Scaling 26 Z-score 26 Clipping 26 Handling Outliers 26 Establishing Data Constraints 27 Exploration and Validation at Big- Data Scale 27 Running TFDV on Google Cloud Platform 28 Organizing and Optimizing Training Datasets 29 Imbalanced Data 29 Data Splitting 31 Data Splitting Strategy for Online Systems 31 Handling Missing Data 32 Data Leakage 33 Summary 34 Exam Essentials 34 Review Questions 36 Chapter 3 Feature Engineering 39 Consistent Data Preprocessing 40 Encoding Structured Data Types 41 Mapping Numeric Values 42 Mapping Categorical Values 42 Feature Selection 44 Class Imbalance 44 Classification Threshold with Precision and Recall 45 Area under the Curve (AUC) 46 Feature Crosses 46 TensorFlow Transform 49 TensorFlow Data API (tf.data) 49 TensorFlow Transform 49 GCP Data and ETL Tools 51 Summary 51 Exam Essentials 52 Review Questions 53 Chapter 4 Choosing the Right ML Infrastructure 57 Pretrained vs. AutoML vs. Custom Models 58 Pretrained Models 60 Vision AI 61 Video AI 62 Natural Language AI 62 Translation AI 63 Speech- to- Text 63 Text- to- Speech 64 AutoML 64 AutoML for Tables or Structured Data 64 AutoML for Images and Video 66 AutoML for Text 67 Recommendations AI/Retail AI 68 Document AI 69 Dialogflow and Contact Center AI 69 Custom Training 70 How a CPU Works 71 GPU 71 TPU 72 Provisioning for Predictions 74 Scaling Behavior 75 Finding the Ideal Machine Type 75 Edge TPU 76 Deploy to Android or iOS Device 76 Summary 77 Exam Essentials 77 Review Questions 78 Chapter 5 Architecting ML Solutions 83 Designing Reliable, Scalable, and Highly Available ml Solutions 84 Choosing an Appropriate ML Service 86 Data Collection and Data Management 87 Google Cloud Storage (GCS) 88 BigQuery 88 Vertex AI Managed Datasets 89 Vertex AI Feature Store 89 NoSQL Data Store 90 Automation and Orchestration 91 Use Vertex AI Pipelines to Orchestrate the ML Workflow 92 Use Kubeflow Pipelines for Flexible Pipeline Construction 92 Use TensorFlow Extended SDK to Leverage Pre-built Components for Common Steps 93 When to Use Which Pipeline 93 Serving 94 Offline or Batch Prediction 94 Online Prediction 95 Summary 97 Exam Essentials 97 Review Questions 98 Chapter 6 Building Secure ML Pipelines 103 Building Secure ML Systems 104 Encryption at Rest 104 Encryption in Transit 105 Encryption in Use 105 Identity and Access Management 105 IAM Permissions for Vertex AI Workbench 106 Securing a Network with Vertex AI 109 Privacy Implications of Data Usage and Collection 113 Google Cloud Data Loss Prevention 114 Google Cloud Healthcare API for PHI Identification 115 Best Practices for Removing Sensitive Data 116 Summary 117 Exam Essentials 118 Review Questions 119 Chapter 7 Model Building 121 Choice of Framework and Model Parallelism 122 Data Parallelism 122 Model Parallelism 123 Modeling Techniques 125 Artificial Neural Network 126 Deep Neural Network (DNN) 126 Convolutional Neural Network 126 Recurrent Neural Network 127 What Loss Function to Use 127 Gradient Descent 128 Learning Rate 129 Batch 129 Batch Size 129 Epoch 129 Hyperparameters 129 Transfer Learning 130 Semi-supervised Learning 131 When You Need Semi-supervised Learning 131 Limitations of SSL 131 Data Augmentation 132 Offline Augmentation 132 Online Augmentation 132 Model Generalization and Strategies to Handle Overfitting and Underfitting 133 Bias Variance Trade- Off 133 Underfitting 133 Overfitting 134 Regularization 134 Summary 136 Exam Essentials 137 Review Questions 138 Chapter 8 Model Training and Hyperparameter Tuning 143 Ingestion of Various File Types into Training 145 Collect 146 Process 147 Store and Analyze 150 Developing Models in Vertex AI Workbench by Using Common Frameworks 151 Creating a Managed Notebook 153 Exploring Managed JupyterLab Features 154 Data Integration 155 BigQuery Integration 155 Ability to Scale the Compute Up or Down 156 Git Integration for Team Collaboration 156 Schedule or Execute a Notebook Code 158 Creating a User-Managed Notebook 159 Training a Model as a Job in Different Environments 161 Training Workflow with Vertex AI 162 Training Dataset Options in Vertex AI 163 Pre-built Containers 163 Custom Containers 166 Distributed Training 168 Hyperparameter Tuning 169 Why Hyperparameters Are Important 170 Techniques to Speed Up Hyperparameter Optimization 171 How Vertex AI Hyperparameter Tuning Works 171 Vertex AI Vizier 174 Tracking Metrics During Training 175 Interactive Shell 175 TensorFlow Profiler 177 What-If Tool 177 Retraining/Redeployment Evaluation 178 Data Drift 178 Concept Drift 178 When Should a Model Be Retrained? 178 Unit Testing for Model Training and Serving 179 Testing for Updates in API Calls 180 Testing for Algorithmic Correctness 180 Summary 180 Exam Essentials 181 Review Questions 182 Chapter 9 Model Explainability on Vertex AI 187 Model Explainability on Vertex AI 188 Explainable AI 188 Interpretability and Explainability 189 Feature Importance 189 Vertex Explainable AI 189 Data Bias and Fairness 193 ML Solution Readiness 194 How to Set Up Explanations in the Vertex AI 195 Summary 196 Exam Essentials 196 Review Questions 197 Chapter 10 Scaling Models in Production 199 Scaling Prediction Service 200 TensorFlow Serving 201 Serving (Online, Batch, and Caching) 203 Real- Time Static and Dynamic Reference Features 203 Pre-computing and Caching Prediction 206 Google Cloud Serving Options 207 Online Predictions 207 Batch Predictions 212 Hosting Third- Party Pipelines (MLFlow) on Google Cloud 213 Testing for Target Performance 214 Configuring Triggers and Pipeline Schedules 215 Summary 216 Exam Essentials 217 Review Questions 218 Chapter 11 Designing ML Training Pipelines 221 Orchestration Frameworks 223 Kubeflow Pipelines 224 Vertex AI Pipelines 225 Apache Airflow 228 Cloud Composer 229 Comparison of Tools 229 Identification of Components, Parameters, Triggers, and Compute Needs 230 Schedule the Workflows with Kubeflow Pipelines 230 Schedule Vertex AI Pipelines 232 System Design with Kubeflow/TFX 232 System Design with Kubeflow DSL 232 System Design with TFX 234 Hybrid or Multicloud Strategies 235 Summary 236 Exam Essentials 237 Review Questions 238 Chapter 12 Model Monitoring, Tracking, and Auditing Metadata 241 Model Monitoring 242 Concept Drift 242 Data Drift 243 Model Monitoring on Vertex AI 243 Drift and Skew Calculation 244 Input Schemas 245 Logging Strategy 247 Types of Prediction Logs 247 Log Settings 248 Model Monitoring and Logging 248 Model and Dataset Lineage 249 Vertex ML Metadata 249 Vertex AI Experiments 252 Vertex AI Debugging 253 Summary 253 Exam Essentials 254 Review Questions 255 Chapter 13 Maintaining ML Solutions 259 MLOps Maturity 260 MLOps Level 0: Manual/Tactical Phase 261 MLOps Level 1: Strategic Automation Phase 263 MLOps Level 2: CI/CD Automation, Transformational Phase 264 Retraining and Versioning Models 266 Triggers for Retraining 267 Versioning Models 267 Feature Store 268 Solution 268 Data Model 269 Ingestion and Serving 269 Vertex AI Permissions Model 270 Custom Service Account 270 Access Transparency in Vertex AI 271 Common Training and Serving Errors 271 Training Time Errors 271 Serving Time Errors 271 TensorFlow Data Validation 272 Vertex AI Debugging Shell 272 Summary 272 Exam Essentials 273 Review Questions 274 Chapter 14 BigQuery ML 279 BigQuery – Data Access 280 BigQuery ML Algorithms 282 Model Training 282 Model Evaluation 284 Prediction 285 Explainability in BigQuery ML 286 BigQuery ML vs. Vertex AI Tables 289 Interoperability with Vertex AI 289 Access BigQuery Public Dataset 289 Import BigQuery Data into Vertex AI 290 Access BigQuery Data from Vertex AI Workbench Notebooks 290 Analyze Test Prediction Data in BigQuery 290 Export Vertex AI Batch Prediction Results 290 Export BigQuery Models into Vertex AI 291 BigQuery Design Patterns 291 Hashed Feature 291 Transforms 291 Summary 292 Exam Essentials 293 Review Questions 294 Appendix Answers to Review Questions 299 Chapter 1: Framing ML Problems 300 Chapter 2: Exploring Data and Building Data Pipelines 301 Chapter 3: Feature Engineering 302 Chapter 4: Choosing the Right ML Infrastructure 302 Chapter 5: Architecting ML Solutions 304 Chapter 6: Building Secure ML Pipelines 305 Chapter 7: Model Building 306 Chapter 8: Model Training and Hyperparameter Tuning 307 Chapter 9: Model Explainability on Vertex AI 308 Chapter 10: Scaling Models in Production 308 Chapter 11: Designing ML Training Pipelines 309 Chapter 12: Model Monitoring, Tracking, and Auditing Metadata 310 Chapter 13: Maintaining ML Solutions 311 Chapter 14: BigQuery ML 313 Index 315

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Book SynopsisThe Engineering Design of Systems Comprehensive resource covering methods to design, verify, and validate systems with a model-based approach, addressing engineering of current software-centric systems The newly revised and updated Fourth Edition of The Engineering Design of Systems includes content addressing model-based systems engineering, digital engineering, digital threads, AI, SysML 1.0 and 2.0, digital twins, and GENESYS software. The authors explore system and software-centric architecture, allocations, and logical and physical architecture development, including revised terminologies for a variety of subsections throughout. Composed of 15 chapters, this book includes important new sections on modeling approaches for middle-out engineering, reverse engineering, and agile systems engineering, with a separate section on emerging trends within systems engineering to explore the most update-to-date methods. The authors include comprehensive diagrams and a separate chapter on a complete exercise of the System Engineering process, ranging from the operational concept to integration and qualification. To aid in reader comprehension and retention of concepts, the text is embedded with problems at the end of each chapter, along with relevant case studies. Sample topics covered in The Engineering Design of Systems include: Structural system models to executable models, verification and validation on systems of systems, and external systems and context modeling Digital engineering, digital threads, artificial/augmented intelligence (AI), stakeholder requirements, and scientific foundations for systems engineering Quantifying a context and external systems' model, including intended and unintended inputs, both deterministic and non-deterministic Functional architecture development, logical and physical architecture development, allocated architecture development, interface design, and decision analysis for design trades The Engineering Design of Systems is highly suitable as a main text for undergraduate and graduate students studying courses in system engineering design, systems architecture, and systems integration. The text is also valuable as a reference for practicing system architects, systems engineers, industrial engineers, engineering management professionals, and systems integrators.

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Master the principles and practices of industrial roboticsWritten by a pair of technology experts and accomplished educators, this comprehensive resource provides a solid foundation in applied industrial robotics and robot technology. You will get straightforward explanations of the latest components, techniques, and capabilities along with practical examples and detailed illustrations. The book takes a look at the entire field of roboticsâfrom design and production to deployment, operation, and maintenance. Valuable appendices provide information on specific robot models, pendants, and controllers.Robots and Robotics: Principles, Systems and Industrial Applications covers:<

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Two books in one! Up-to-date coverage of electrical and electronics systems for all types of aircraft -- plus a full student study guideThis thoroughly revised guide offers comprehensive explanations of the theory, design, and maintenance of current aircraft electrical and electronics systems. In-depth details on AC and DC systems for all varieties of aircraftâincluding the newest modelsâare provided, along withimproved diagrams and helpful troubleshooting techniques. You will get complete coverage of cutting-edge topics, including digital control systems, digital data transfer methods, fiber-optic technology, and the latest flight deck instrumentation systems. A student study guide is also incluTable of Contents1. Fundamentals of ElectricityThe Electron TheoryStatic ElectricityUnits of ElectricityTheory of MagnetismMagnetic DevicesMethods of Producing VoltageElectromagnetic Induction2. Applications of Ohm’s LawOhm’s LawTypes of CircuitsSolving Series CircuitsSolving Parallel CircuitsSeries-Parallel CircuitsKirchhoff’s LawsSolution of a Resistance Bridge CircuitPractical Applications of Ohm’s Law3. Aircraft Storage BatteriesDry Cells and BatteriesLead-Acid Storage BatteriesLead-Acid Battery Maintenance ProceduresBattery RatingsNickel-Cadmium Storage BatteriesNickel-Cadmium Battery Maintenance ProceduresInstallation of Aircraft Batteries4. Electric Wire and Wiring PracticesCharacteristics of Electric WireRequirements for Open WiringElectrical ConduitConnecting DevicesBonding and ShieldingWire Identification5. Alternating CurrentDefinition and CharacteristicsImpedancePolyphase AC CircuitsAlternating Current and the Airplane6. Electrical Control DevicesSwitchesCircuit-Protection DevicesResistorsCapacitorsInductorsTransformersDiodes and RectifiersTransistorsOther Solid-State DevicesPrinted Circuit BoardsCathode-Ray TubeFlat Panel Displays7. Digital ElectronicsThe Digital SignalDigital NumerologyBinary Code SystemsLogic GatesIntegrated CircuitsCommon Logic Circuit FunctionsMicroprocessorsComputer OperationsData Bus StandardsARINC 664 Data BusTroubleshooting Digital Circuits8. Electric Measuring InstrumentsMeter MovementsThe AmmeterThe VoltmeterThe OhmmeterAC Measuring InstrumentsThe MultimeterDigital MetersThe Oscilloscope9. Electric MotorsMotor TheoryMotor DesignAC MotorsInspection and Maintenance of Motors10. Generators and Related Control CircuitsGenerator TheoryDC Generator ConstructionStarter-GeneratorsGenerator ControlGenerator Inspection, Service, and Repair11. Alternators, Inverters, and Related ControlsAC GenerationAlternator ControlAC Generators–AC AlternatorsInvertersVariable-Speed Constant-Frequency Power Systems12. Power Distribution SystemsRequirements for Power Distribution SystemsMain Power Distribution SystemsPower Distribution on Composite AircraftVery Light Jet Electrical Power SystemsLarge-Aircraft Electrical Systems13. Design and Maintenance of Aircraft Electrical SystemsRequirements for Electrical SystemsAircraft LightsLarge-Aircraft Electrical SystemsMaintenance and Troubleshooting of Electrical Systems14. Radio TheoryRadio WavesAmplifiersFunctions of a TransmitterReceivers15. Communication and Navigation SystemsCommunicationsNavigation SystemsInstallation of Avionics EquipmentAntennas16. Weather Warning and Other Safety SystemsRadarDigital Airborne Weather Radar SystemsRadar MaintenanceLightning DetectionAviation Satellite WeatherGround Proximity Warning SystemsTraffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)17. Instruments and Autoflight SystemsRPM-Measuring InstrumentsTemperature IndicatorsSynchro SystemsFuel-Quantity IndicatorsElectromechanical Flight InstrumentsElectronic Flight SystemsAutomatic Flight Control SystemsTypical Automatic Pilot and Flight Control SystemThe Boeing B-757 Flight Management SystemAppendixGlossaryIndexStudy Guide follows Index

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.On-the-job electrical safety essentialsâthoroughly revised for the latest procedures and standardsThis fully updated electrical safety guide is a practical, illustrated source of life-saving information designed for specific work environments. The book has been fully revised and expanded to conform to every current major electrical standard, including NEC, NESC, NFPA70E, IEEE 1584, and OSHA. Written by experts in electrical operations, maintenance, engineering, construction, and safety, Electrical Safety Handbook, Fifth EditionTable of ContentsForeword Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Hazards of Electricity Introduction Hazard Analysis Shock Description Influencing Factors Arc Definition and Description Arc Energy Release Arc Energy Arc Energy Input Arcing Voltage Arc Surface Area Incident Energy Arc Burns Blast Affected Body Parts General Skin The Nervous System Muscular System The Heart The Pulmonary System Summary of Causes—Injury and Death Shock Effect Arc-Flash Effect Causes of Injury Causes of Death Protective Strategies References Chapter 2. Basic Physics of Electrical Hazards Introduction Electromagnetism Introduction The Four Fundamental Forces (Interactions) of Nature The Electromagnetic Spectrum Electrical Properties of Materials Conductors Nonconductors Physics Considerations in Electrical Fault Conditions Risks Bolted Fault Arcing Fault Review of Foundational Approaches to Interpreting Arcing Phenomena Summary References Chapter 3. Electrical Safety Equipment Introduction General Inspection and Testing Requirements for Electrical Safety Equipment Arc-Flash and Thermal Protection A Note on When to Use Thermal Protective Clothing Thermal Performance Evaluation Clothing Materials Non-Arc-Rated Materials Arc-Rated Materials Work Clothing Arc-Flash Suits Head, Eye, and Hand Protection Head and Eye Protection Hard Hats Safety Glasses, Goggles, and Face Shields Rubber Insulating Equipment Rubber Gloves Rubber Mats Rubber Blankets Rubber Covers Line Hose Rubber Sleeves In-Service Inspection and Periodic Testing of Rubber Goods Hot Sticks Description and Application When to Use How to Use Testing Requirements Insulated Tools Description and Application When to Use How to Use and Care For Barriers and Signs Barrier Tape Signs When and How to Use Safety Tags, Locks, and Locking Devices Safety Tags Locks and Multiple-Lock Devices Locking Devices When and Where to Use Lockout-Tagout Voltage-Measuring Instruments Safety Voltage Measurement Proximity Testers Contact Testers Selecting Voltage-Measuring Instruments Instrument Condition Low-Voltage Voltmeter Safety Standards Three-Step Voltage Measurement Process General Considerations for Low-Voltage Measuring Instruments Safety Grounding Equipment The Need for Safety Grounding Safety Grounding Switches Safety Grounding Jumpers Selecting Safety Grounding Jumpers Installation and Location Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupters Operating Principles Applications Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupters Safety Electrical One-Line Diagram The Electrician’s Safety Kit References Chapter 4. Safety Procedures and Methods Introduction Electrical Hazard Risk Assessments Working While Exposed to Electrical Hazards The Six-Step Safety Method Think—Be Aware Understand Your Procedures Follow Your Procedures Use Appropriate Safety Equipment Ask If You Are Unsure, and Do Not Assume Do Not Answer If You Do Not Know Job Briefings Definition What Should Be Included? When Should Job Briefings Be Held? Energized or De-Energized? The Fundamental Rules A Hot-Work Decision Tree After the Decision Is Made Safe Switching of Power Systems Introduction Remote Operation Operating Medium-Voltage Switchgear Operating Low-Voltage Switchgear Operating Molded-Case Breakers and Panelboards Operating Enclosed Switches and Disconnects Operating Open-Air Disconnects Operating Motor Starters Energy Control Programs General Energy Control Programs Specific Energy Control Programs Basic Energy Control Rules Lockout-Tagout Definition and Description When to Use Locks and Tags Locks without Tags or Tags without Locks Rules for Using Locks and Tags Responsibilities of Employees Sequence Lock and Tag Application Isolation Verification Removal of Locks and Tags Safety Ground Application Control Transfer Nonemployees and Contractors Lockout-Tagout Training Procedural Reviews Voltage-Measurement Techniques Purpose Instrument Selection Instrument Condition Three-Step Measurement Process What to Measure How to Measure Placement of Safety Grounds Safety Grounding Principles Safety Grounding Location Application of Safety Grounds The Equipotential Zone Removal of Safety Grounds Control of Safety Grounds Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations and Approach Distances Introduction Approach Distance Definitions Determining Shock Hazard Approach Distances Calculating the Arc-Flash Hazard Minimum Approach Distance (Arc-Flash Protection Boundary) Calculating the Required Level of Arc Protection (Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations) Introduction The Lee Method Methods Outlined in NFPA 70E IEEE Std 1584-2018 Software Solutions Required PPE for Crossing the Arc-Flash Hazard Boundary A Simplified Approach to the Selection of Protective Clothing Barriers and Warning Signs Illumination Conductive Clothing and Materials Confined Work Spaces Tools and Test Equipment General Authorized Users Visual Inspections Electrical Tests Wet and Hazardous Environments Field Marking of Potential Hazards The One-Minute Safety Audit References Chapter 5. Grounding and Bonding of Electrical Systems and Equipment Introduction Electric Shock Hazard General Requirements for Grounding and Bonding Grounding of Electrical Systems Grounding of Electrical Equipment Bonding of Electrically Conductive Materials and Other Equipment Performance of Fault Path Arrangement to Prevent Objectionable Current Alterations to Stop Objectionable Current Temporary Currents Not Classified as Objectionable Current Connection of Grounding and Bonding Equipment Protection of Ground Clamps and Fittings Clean Surfaces System Grounding Purposes of System Grounding Grounding Service-Supplied Alternating-Current Systems Conductors to Be Grounded—Alternating-Current Systems Main Bonding Jumper Grounding Electrode System Grounding Electrode System Resistance Grounding Electrode Conductor Grounding Conductor Connection to Electrodes Bonding Equipment Grounding Equipment to Be Grounded Grounding Cord- and Plug-Connected Equipment Equipment Grounding Conductors Sizing Equipment Grounding Conductors Use of Grounded Circuit Conductor for Grounding Equipment Ferroresonance Summary Chapter 6. Electrical Maintenance and Its Relationship to Safety Introduction The Safety-Related Case for Electrical Maintenance Overview Regulatory Relationship of Improperly Maintained Electrical Equipment to the Hazards of Electricity Maintenance and the Potential Impact on an Electrical Arc-Flash Hazards Associated with Electrical Maintenance The Economic Case for Electrical Maintenance Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) What Is Reliability-Centered Maintenance? A Brief History of RCM RCM in the Industrial and Utility Arena The Primary RCM Principles Failure Maintenance Actions in an RCM Program Impact of RCM on a Facilities Life Cycle Conclusion The Eight-Step Maintenance Program Introduction Step 1—Plan Step 2—Inspect Step 3—Clean Step 4—Tighten Step 5—Lubricate Step 6—Test Step 7—Record Step 8—Evaluate Summary Frequency of Maintenance Determining Testing Intervals Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) Introduction The Elements of CBM Data Analysis Methods for CBM Maintenance Requirements for Specific Equipment and Locations General Maintenance Requirements Substations, Switchgear, Panelboards, Motor Control Centers, and Disconnect Switches Fuse Maintenance Requirements Molded-Case Circuit Breakers Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breakers Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers Protective Relays Rotating Equipment Portable Electric Tools and Equipment Personal Safety and Protective Equipment Electrical Safety by Design Introduction Including Safety in Engineering Design Criteria Improved Engineering Standards Conclusion References Chapter 7. Regulatory and Legal Safety Requirements and Standards Introduction The Regulatory Bodies International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Other Electrical Safety Organizations The National Electrical Safety Code (NESC)—IEEE C-2 General Description Industries and Facilities Covered Technical and Safety Items Cov ered The National Electrical Code (NEC)—NFPA 70 General Description Industries and Facilities Covered Technical and Safety Items Covered Electrical Equipment Maintenance—NFPA 70B General Description Industries and Facilities Covered Technical and Safety Items Covered Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace—NFPA 70E General Description Industries and Facilities Covered Technical and Safety Items Covered American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards Overview General Industry Construction Industry Chapter 8. Accident Prevention, Accident Investigation, Rescue, and First Aid Introduction Accident Prevention Individual Responsibility Installation Safety Power System Studies First Aid General First Aid Resuscitation (Artificial Respiration) Heart-Lung Resuscitation Automated External Defibrillator (AED) How an AED Works When Should an AED Be Used? How to Use an Automated External Defibrillator What Risks Are Associated with Using an Automated External Defibrillator? Key Points about Automated External Defibrillators Rescue Techniques General Rescue Procedures Elevated Rescue Confined-Space Rescue Ground-Level Rescue Accident Investigation Purpose General Rules Data Gathering Accident Analysis Chapter 9. Medical Aspects of Electrical Trauma Introduction Statistical Survey Nonoccupational Electrical Trauma Electrical Events Electrocution and Electrical Fatalities Medical Aspects Nonelectrical Effects in Electrical Events Survivor Experience Worker Reflexes Triage and Medical Evacuation Medical and Surgical Intervention Hospitalization Experience Outpatient Care Rehabilitation Focus and Return to Work Planning Reentry to Employment Settings Plateau in Recovery References Chapter 10. Low-Voltage Safety Synopsis Introduction Low-Voltage Equipment Extension Cords Electric Hand Tools Current Transformers Grounding Low-Voltage Systems What Is a Ground? Bonding versus Grounding Voltage Hazards System Grounds Equipment Grounds Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters Safety Equipment Overview Hard Hats Eye Protection Arc Protection Rubber Insulating Equipment Voltage-Testing Devices Safety Procedures General Approach Distances Voltage Measurement Locking and Tagging Closing Protective Devices After Operation Electrical Safety Around Electronic Circuits The Nature of the Hazard Special Safety Precautions Stationary Battery Safety Introduction Basic Battery Construction Safety Hazards of Stationary Batteries Battery Safety Procedures Electrical Hazards of the Home-Based Business Electrical Hazards in the Home Working Alone Working with Employees Evaluating Electrical Safety Electrical Safety Checklists Electrical Inspections by Professionals Chapter 11. Medium- and High-Voltage Safety Synopsis Introduction High-Voltage Equipment Current Transformers Grounding Systems of over 1000 V What Is a Ground? Bonding versus Grounding Voltage Hazards System Grounds Equipment Grounds Safety Equipment Overview Hard Hats Eye Protection Arc Protection Rubber Insulating Equipment Voltage-Testing Devices Safety Procedures General Approach Distances Voltage Measurement Locking and Tagging Closing Protective Devices after Operation Chapter 12. Human Factors in Electrical Safety Introduction Overview Defense in Depth Evolution of Human Factors Visualization Cognitive Ergonomics Summary References Recommended Readings Chapter 13. Safety Management and Organizational Structure Introduction Changing the Safety Culture Electrical Safety Program Structure Electrical Safety Program Development Company Electrical Safety Team Company Safety Policy Assessing the Need Problems and Solutions Program Implementation Examples Company Safety Procedures Results Assessment Employee Electrical Safety Teams Reason Method Safety Meetings Who Attends What Material Should Be Covered When Meetings Should Be Held Where Meetings Should Be Held How Long Meetings Should Be Evaluation of Safety Meetings Outage Reports Safety Audits Description Purposes Procedure The Audit Team Audit Tools Follow-Up Internal versus External Audits Chapter 14. Safety Training Methods and Systems Introduction Safety Training Definitions Training Myths Conclusion Comparison of the Four Most Commonly Used Methods of Adult Training Introduction Classroom Presentation Computer-Based Training (CBT) and Web-Based Training (WBT) Video Training Conclusion Elements of a Good Training Program Element 1: Classroom Training Element 2: On-the-Job Training (OJT) Element 3: Self-Training Conclusion On-the-Job Training Setup Implementation Evaluation Conclusion Training Consultants and Vendors Canned Programs and Materials Tailored Programs Training Analysis Evaluating Training Vendors and Consultants Conclusion Training Program Setup—A Step-by-Step Method Introduction Background A Plan Analyze Design Develop Implement Evaluate Modify Glossary Index

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Book SynopsisA complete guide to the full spectrum of fundamental radar signal processing systemsâfully updated for the latest advancesThis thoroughly revised resource offers comprehensive coverage of foundational digital signal processing methods for both pulsed and FMCW radar. Developed from the authorâs extensive academic and professional experience, Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing, Third Edition covers all of the digital signal processing techniques that form the backbone of modern radar systems, revealing the common threads that unify them. The basic tools of linear systems, filtering, sampling, and Fourier analysis are used throughout to provide a unified tutorial approach. You will get end-of-chapter problems that reinforce and apply salient points as well as an online suite of tutorial MATLAB(R) demos and supplemental technical notes. Classroom instructors additionally receive a solutions manual and sample MATLAB tutorial demos.Coverage includes:<

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Book SynopsisElectricity: Principles and Applications, 9e, requires that students have no prior knowledge of electrical theory and principles and allows students with limited math and reading skills to gain a clear understanding of electricity and electrical devices. Mastering this material in this text will also provide students with the knowledge and skills needed to pursue further education in electricity and electronics.The 9th edition is now available in Connect with SmartBook for the first time. All of the features that Connect offers makes learning easier and more exciting for students and makes life simpler and more straightforward for instructors.Table of Contents1 Basic Concepts2 Electrical Quantities and Units3 Basic Circuits, Laws and Measurements4 Circuit Components5 Multiple-Load Circuits6 Complex-Circuit Analysis7 Magnetism and Electromagnetism8 Alternate Current and Voltage9 Power in AC Circuits10 Capacitance11 Inductance12 Transformers13 R, C, and L Circuits14 Electric Motors15 Instruments and Measurements16 Residential Wiring Concepts

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xix About the Companion Website xxiii 1 Time-Varying and Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Maxwell’s Equations 2 1.3 Constitutive Parameters and Relations 5 1.4 Circuit-Field Relations 7 1.5 Boundary Conditions 12 1.6 Power and Energy 18 1.7 Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields 21 1.8 Multimedia 29 References 29 Problems 30 2 Electrical Properties of Matter 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Dielectrics, Polarization, and Permittivity 43 2.3 Magnetics, Magnetization, and Permeability 50 2.4 Current, Conductors, and Conductivity 57 2.5 Semiconductors 61 2.6 Superconductors 66 2.7 Metamaterials 68 2.8 Linear, Homogeneous, Isotropic, and Nondispersive Media 69 2.9 A.C. Variations in Materials 70 2.10 Multimedia 92 References 92 Problems 93 3 Wave Equation and Its Solutions 103 3.1 Introduction 103 3.2 Time-Varying Electromagnetic Fields 103 3.3 Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields 105 3.4 Solution to the Wave Equation 106 3.5 Multimedia 125 References 125 Problems 125 4 Wave Propagation and Polarization 127 4.1 Introduction 127 4.2 Transverse Electromagnetic Modes 127 4.3 Transverse Electromagnetic Modes in Lossy Media 142 4.4 Polarization 151 4.5 Multimedia 171 References 171 Problems 172 5 Reflection and Transmission 179 5.1 Introduction 179 5.2 Normal Incidence—Lossless Media 179 5.3 Oblique Incidence—Lossless Media 183 5.4 Lossy Media 204 5.5 Reflection and Transmission of Multiple Interfaces 212 5.6 Polarization Characteristics on Reflection 228 5.7 Metamaterials 235 5.8 Multimedia 253 References 254 Problems 256 6 Auxiliary Vector Potentials, Construction of Solutions, and Radiation and Scattering Equations 271 6.1 Introduction 271 6.2 The Vector Potential A 272 6.3 The Vector Potential F 274 6.4 The Vector Potentials A and F 275 6.5 Construction of Solutions 277 6.6 Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation 291 6.7 Far-Field Radiation 295 6.8 Radiation and Scattering Equations 296 6.9 Multimedia 317 References 317 Problems 318 7 Electromagnetic Theorems and Principles 323 7.1 Introduction 323 7.2 Duality Theorem 323 7.3 Uniqueness Theorem 325 7.4 Image Theory 327 7.5 Reciprocity Theorem 335 7.6 Reaction Theorem 337 7.7 Volume Equivalence Theorem 338 7.8 Surface Equivalence Theorem: Huygens’ Principle 340 7.9 Induction Theorem (Induction Equivalent) 345 7.10 Physical Equivalent and Physical Optics Equivalent 349 7.11 Induction and Physical Equivalent Approximations 351 7.12 Multimedia 356 References 356 Problems 357 8 Rectangular Cross-Section Waveguides and Cavities 365 8.1 Introduction 365 8.2 Rectangular Waveguide 366 8.3 Rectangular Resonant Cavities 396 8.4 Hybrid (LSE and LSM) Modes 404 8.5 Partially Filled Waveguide 407 8.6 Transverse Resonance Method 419 8.7 Dielectric Waveguide 422 8.8 Stripline and Microstrip Lines 450 8.9 Ridged Waveguide 461 8.10 Multimedia 464 References 467 Problems 468 9 Circular Cross-Section Waveguides and Cavities 479 9.1 Introduction 479 9.2 Circular Waveguide 479 9.3 Circular Cavity 496 9.4 Radial Waveguides 505 9.5 Dielectric Waveguides and Resonators 512 9.6 Multimedia 537 References 537 Problems 539 10 Spherical Transmission Lines and Cavities 547 10.1 Introduction 547 10.2 Construction of Solutions 547 10.3 Biconical Transmission Line 555 10.4 The Spherical Cavity 559 10.5 Multimedia 567 References 567 Problems 567 11 Scattering 573 11.1 Introduction 573 11.2 Infinite Line-Source Cylindrical Wave Radiation 574 11.3 Plane Wave Scattering by Planar Surfaces 581 11.4 Cylindrical Wave Transformations and Theorems 597 11.5 Scattering by Circular Cylinders 605 11.6 Scattering By a Conducting Wedge 637 11.7 Spherical Wave Orthogonalities, Transformations, and Theorems 648 11.8 Scattering by a Sphere 653 11.9 Multimedia 663 References 664 Problems 666 12 Integral Equations and the Moment Method 677 12.1 Introduction 677 12.2 Integral Equation Method 678 12.3 Electric and Magnetic Field Integral Equations 701 12.4 Finite-Diameter Wires 721 12.5 Computer Codes 730 12.6 Multimedia 733 References 733 Problems 735 13 Geometrical Theory of Diffraction 739 13.1 Introduction 739 13.2 Geometrical Optics 740 13.3 Geometrical Theory of Diffraction: Edge Diffraction 759 13.4 Computer Codes 827 13.5 Multimedia 829 References 830 Problems 833 14 Diffraction by a Wedge with Impedance Surfaces 847 14.1 Introduction 847 14.2 Impedance Surface Boundary Conditions 849 14.3 Impedance Surface Reflection Coefficients 850 14.4 The Maliuzhinets Impedance Wedge Solution 852 14.5 Geometrical Optics 854 14.6 Surface Wave Terms 863 14.7 Diffracted Fields 865 14.8 Surface Wave Transition Field 873 14.9 Computations 875 14.10 Multimedia 877 References 878 Problems 881 15 Green’s Functions 883 15.1 Introduction 883 15.2 Green’s Functions in Engineering 884 15.3 Sturm-Liouville Problems 889 15.4 Two-Dimensional Green’s Function in Rectangular Coordinates 906 15.5 Green’s Identities and Methods 917 15.6 Green’s Functions of the Scalar Helmholtz Equation 923 15.7 Dyadic Green’s Functions 935 15.8 Multimedia 938 References 938 Problems 939 16 Artificial Impedance Surfaces 943 16.1 Introduction 943 16.2 Corrugations 945 16.3 Artificial Magnetic Conductors, Electromagnetic Bandgap, and Photonic Bandgap Surfaces 947 16.4 Design of Mushroom AMC 950 16.5 Surface-Wave Dispersion Characteristics 955 16.6 Limitations of The Design 959 16.7 Applications of AMCs 959 16.8 RCS Reduction Using Checkerboard Metasurfaces 960 16.9 Antenna Fundamental Parameters and Figures-of-Merit 980 16.10 Antenna Applications 982 16.11 High-Gain Printed Leaky-Wave Antennas Using Metasurfaces 997 16.12 Metasurface Leaky-Wave Antennas 999 16.13 Multimedia 1013 References 1014 Problems 1019 Appendix I Identities 1023 Appendix II Vector Analysis 1027 Appendix III Fresnel Integrals 1037 Appendix IV Bessel Functions 1043 Appendix V Legendre Polynomials and Functions 1057 Appendix VI the Method of Steepest Descent (saddle-point Method) 1073 Glossary 1079 Index 1085

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Book SynopsisFresh perspective on power systems, dealing with uncertainty, power electronics, and electricity markets Power Systems is a highly accessible textbook on a subject that helps students understand how power systems work and the fundamental constraints that guide its operation and design. In a rapidly developing field, this unique approach equips readers to understand why things might be done in a certain way to help develop new solutions to modern problems. To aid in reader comprehension, the text contains examples that reinforce the understanding of the fundamental concepts, informative and attractive illustrations, and problems of increasing levels of difficulty. An accompanying website includes a complete solution manual, teaching slides, and open-source simulation tools and a variety of examples, exercises, and projects of various levels of difficulty. Written by a leading figure in the power system community with a strong track record of writing for

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsChapter 1 Models for Integrated-Circuit Active Devices 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Depletion Region of a pn Junction 1 1.2.1 Depletion-Region Capacitance 5 1.2.2 Junction Breakdown 7 1.3 Large-Signal Behavior of Bipolar Transistors 9 1.3.1 Large-Signal Models in the Forward-Active Region 9 1.3.2 Effects of Collector Voltage on Large-Signal Characteristics in the Forward-Active Region 14 1.3.3 Saturation and Inverse-Active Regions 16 1.3.4 Transistor Breakdown Voltages 21 1.3.5 Dependence of Transistor Current Gain β F on Operating Conditions 24 1.4 Small-Signal Models of Bipolar Transistors 26 1.4.1 Transconductance 26 1.4.2 Base-Charging Capacitance 28 1.4.3 Input Resistance 29 1.4.4 Output Resistance 30 1.4.5 Basic Small-Signal Model of the Bipolar Transistor 30 1.4.6 Collector-Base Resistance 31 1.4.7 Parasitic Elements in the Small-Signal Model 31 1.4.8 Specification of Transistor Frequency Response 35 1.5 Large-Signal Behavior of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors 39 1.5.1 Transfer Characteristics of MOS Devices 39 1.5.2 Comparison of Operating Regions of Bipolar and MOS Transistors 46 1.5.3 Decomposition of Gate-Source Voltage 48 1.5.4 Threshold Temperature Dependence 48 1.5.5 MOS Device Voltage Limitations 49 1.6 Small-Signal Models of MOS Transistors 50 1.6.1 Transconductance 51 1.6.2 Intrinsic Gate-Source and Gate-Drain Capacitance 52 1.6.3 Input Resistance 53 1.6.4 Output Resistance 53 1.6.5 Basic Small-Signal Model of the MOS Transistor 53 1.6.6 Body Transconductance 54 1.6.7 Parasitic Elements in the Small-Signal Model 55 1.6.8 MOS Transistor Frequency Response 57 1.7 Short-Channel Effects in MOS Transistors 60 1.7.1 Velocity Saturation from the Horizontal Field 60 1.7.2 Transconductance and Transition Frequency 64 1.7.3 Mobility Degradation from the Vertical Field 66 1.8 Weak Inversion in MOS Transistors 67 1.8.1 Drain Current in Weak Inversion 67 1.8.2 Transconductance and Transition Frequency in Weak Inversion 70 1.9 Substrate Current Flow in MOS Transistors 73 A.1.1 Summary of Active-Device Parameters 74 Problems 76 References 78 General References 79 Chapter 2 Bipolar, MOS, and BiCMOS Integrated-Circuit Technology 81 2.1 Introduction 81 2.2 Basic Processes in Integrated-Circuit Fabrication 82 2.2.1 Electrical Resistivity of Silicon 82 2.2.2 Solid-State Diffusion 83 2.2.3 Electrical Properties of Diffused Layers 85 2.2.4 Photolithography 87 2.2.5 Epitaxial Growth 89 2.2.6 Ion Implantation 90 2.2.7 Local Oxidation 90 2.2.8 Polysilicon Deposition 90 2.3 High-Voltage Bipolar Integrated-Circuit Fabrication 91 2.4 Advanced Bipolar Integrated-Circuit Fabrication 95 2.5 Active Devices in Bipolar Analog Integrated Circuits 98 2.5.1 Integrated-Circuit npn Transistors 99 2.5.2 Integrated-Circuit pnp Transistors 111 2.6 Passive Components in Bipolar Integrated Circuits 118 2.6.1 Diffused Resistors 119 2.6.2 Epitaxial and Epitaxial-Pinch Resistors 122 2.6.3 Integrated-Circuit Capacitors 124 2.6.4 Zener Diodes 124 2.6.5 Junction Diodes 125 2.7 Modifications to the Basic Bipolar Process 127 2.7.1 Dielectric Isolation 127 2.7.2 Compatible Processing for High-Performance Active Devices 128 2.7.3 High-Performance Passive Components 131 2.8 MOS Integrated-Circuit Fabrication 131 2.9 Active Devices in MOS Integrated Circuits 135 2.9.1 n-Channel Transistors 135 2.9.2 p-Channel Transistors 148 2.9.3 Depletion Devices 148 2.9.4 Bipolar Transistors 149 2.10 Passive Components in MOS Technology 150 2.10.1 Resistors 150 2.10.2 Capacitors in MOS Technology 152 2.10.3 Latchup in CMOS Technology 155 2.11 BiCMOS Technology 156 2.12 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors 157 2.13 Interconnect Delay 160 2.14 Economics of Integrated-Circuit Fabrication 160 2.14.1 Yield Considerations in Integrated-Circuit Fabrication 161 2.14.2 Cost Considerations in Integrated-Circuit Fabrication 163 A.2.1 Spice Model-Parameter Files 166 Problems 167 References 170 Chapter 3 Single-Transistor and Multiple-Transistor Amplifiers 173 3.1 Device Model Selection for Approximate Analysis of Analog Circuits 174 3.2 Two-Port Modeling of Amplifiers 175 3.3 Basic Single-Transistor Amplifier Stages 177 3.3.1 Common-Emitter Configuration 178 3.3.2 Common-Source Configuration 182 3.3.3 Common-Base Configuration 186 3.3.4 Common-Gate Configuration 189 3.3.5 Common-Base and Common-Gate Configurations with Finite r o 191 3.3.6 Common-Collector Configuration (Emitter Follower) 195 3.3.7 Common-Drain Configuration (Source Follower) 198 3.3.8 Common-Emitter Amplifier with Emitter Degeneration 201 3.3.9 Common-Source Amplifier with Source Degeneration 204 3.4 Multiple-Transistor Amplifier Stages 206 3.4.1 The CC-CE, CC-CC, and Darlington Configurations 206 3.4.2 The Cascode Configuration 210 3.4.3 The Active Cascode 214 3.4.4 The Super Source Follower 216 3.5 Differential Pairs 219 3.5.1 The dc Transfer Characteristic of an Emitter-Coupled Pair 219 3.5.2 The dc Transfer Characteristic with Emitter Degeneration 221 3.5.3 The dc Transfer Characteristic of a Source-Coupled Pair 222 3.5.4 Introduction to the Small-Signal Analysis of Differential Amplifiers 225 3.5.5 Small-Signal Characteristics of Balanced Differential Amplifiers 228 3.5.6 Device Mismatch Effects in Differential Amplifiers 235 A.3.1 Elementary Statistics and the Gaussian Distribution 250 Problems 253 References 257 Chapter 4 Current Mirrors, Active Loads, and References 259 4.1 Introduction 259 4.2 Replica Biasing 259 4.3 Current Mirrors 261 4.3.1 General Properties 261 4.3.2 Simple Current Mirror 263 4.3.3 Simple Current Mirror with Beta Helper 269 4.3.4 Simple Current Mirror with Degeneration 270 4.3.5 Cascode Current Mirror 272 4.3.6 Wilson Current Mirror 283 4.4 Active Loads 287 4.4.1 Motivation 287 4.4.2 Common-Emitter–Common-Source Amplifier with Complementary Load 288 4.4.3 Common-Emitter–Common-Source Amplifier with Depletion Load 291 4.4.4 Common-Emitter–Common-Source Amplifier with Diode-Connected Load 293 4.4.5 Differential Pair with Current-Mirror Load 296 4.5 Voltage and Current References 309 4.5.1 Low-Current Biasing 309 4.5.2 Supply-Insensitive Biasing 315 4.5.3 Temperature-Insensitive Biasing 327 A.4.1 Matching Considerations in Current Mirrors 338 A.4.1.1 Bipolar 338 A.4.1.2 Mos 340 A.4.2 Input Offset Voltage of a Differential Pair with Active Load 343 A.4.2.1 Bipolar 343 A.4.2.2 Mos 345 Problems 348 References 353 Chapter 5 Output Stages 355 5.1 Introduction 355 5.2 The Emitter Follower as an Output Stage 355 5.2.1 Transfer Characteristics of the Emitter-Follower 356 5.2.2 Power Output and Efficiency 359 5.2.3 Emitter-Follower Drive Requirements 366 5.2.4 Small-Signal Properties of the Emitter Follower 366 5.3 The Source Follower as an Output Stage 368 5.3.1 Transfer Characteristics of the Source Follower 368 5.3.2 Distortion in the Source Follower 370 5.3.3 Transfer Characteristics of the Super Source Follower 374 5.4 Class B Push–Pull Output Stage 378 5.4.1 Transfer Characteristic of the Class B Stage 378 5.4.2 Power Output and Efficiency of the Class B Stage 381 5.4.3 Practical Realizations of Class B Complementary Output Stages 385 5.4.4 All-npn Class B Output Stage 392 5.4.5 Quasi-Complementary Output Stages 394 5.4.6 Overload Protection 397 5.5 CMOS Class AB Output Stages 399 5.5.1 Common-Drain Configuration 399 5.5.2 Common-Source Configuration with Error Amplifiers 401 5.5.3 Alternative Configurations 408 Problems 415 References 420 Chapter 6 Operational Amplifiers with Single-Ended Outputs 421 6.1 Applications of Operational Amplifiers 422 6.1.1 Basic Feedback Concepts 422 6.1.2 Inverting Amplifier 423 6.1.3 Noninverting Amplifier 425 6.1.4 Differential Amplifier 425 6.1.5 Nonlinear Analog Operations 426 6.1.6 Integrator, Differentiator 427 6.1.7 Internal Amplifiers 428 6.2 Deviations from Ideality in Real Operational Amplifiers 436 6.2.1 Input Bias Current 437 6.2.2 Input Offset Current 437 6.2.3 Input Offset Voltage 438 6.2.4 Common-Mode Input Range 438 6.2.5 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (cmrr) 439 6.2.6 Power-Supply Rejection Ratio (psrr) 440 6.2.7 Input Resistance 441 6.2.8 Output Resistance 442 6.2.9 Frequency Response 442 6.2.10 Operational-Amplifier Equivalent Circuit 442 6.3 Basic Two-Stage MOS Operational Amplifiers 443 6.3.1 Input Resistance, Output Resistance, and Open-Circuit Voltage Gain 444 6.3.2 Output Swing 446 6.3.3 Input Offset Voltage 446 6.3.4 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio 450 6.3.5 Common-Mode Input Range 451 6.3.6 Power-Supply Rejection Ratio (psrr) 453 6.3.7 Effect of Overdrive Voltages 458 6.3.8 Layout Considerations 459 6.3.9 Amplifier with Level Shifting in the Input Stage 462 6.4 Two-Stage MOS Operational Amplifiers with Cascodes 465 6.5 MOS Folded-Cascode Operational Amplifiers 467 6.6 MOS Telescopic-Cascode Operational Amplifiers 471 6.7 Replica Biasing of the Tail Current Source 475 6.8 MOS Active-Cascode Operational Amplifiers 489 Problems 492 References 498 Chapter 7 Frequency Response of Integrated Circuits 499 7.1 Introduction 499 7.2 Single-Stage Amplifiers 499 7.2.1 Single-Stage Voltage Amplifiers and the Miller Effect 499 7.2.2 Frequency Response of the Common-Mode Gain for a Differential Amplifier 511 7.2.3 Frequency Response of Voltage Buffers 513 7.2.4 Frequency Response of Current Buffers 527 7.3 Multistage Amplifier Frequency Response 531 7.3.1 Dominant-Pole Approximation 531 7.3.2 Zero-Value Time Constant Analysis 532 7.3.3 Cascade Voltage-Amplifier Frequency Response 537 7.3.4 Cascode Frequency Response 541 7.3.5 Frequency Response of a Current Mirror Loading a Differential Pair 548 7.3.6 Short-Circuit Time Constants 549 7.3.7 Weighted Zero-Value Time Constants 554 7.4 Relation Between Frequency Response and Time Response 563 7.5 Pole-Zero Doublets 565 7.5.1 Effect of a Pole-Zero Doublet on Settling Time 565 7.5.2 Frequency Dependence of a Cascode Current-Source Load 570 7.5.3 Frequency Dependence of an Active-Cascode Current-Source Load 572 7.5.4 Doublet in a Differential Amplifier with Mismatch 574 Problems 575 References 584 Chapter 8 Feedback 585 8.1 Ideal Feedback Equation 585 8.2 Gain Sensitivity 587 8.3 Effect of Negative Feedback on Distortion 587 8.4 Feedback Configurations 589 8.4.1 Series-Shunt Feedback 589 8.4.2 Shunt-Shunt Feedback 592 8.4.3 Shunt-Series Feedback 594 8.4.4 Series-Series Feedback 595 8.5 Practical Configurations and the Effect of Loading 595 8.5.1 Shunt-Shunt Feedback 596 8.5.2 Series-Series Feedback 602 8.5.3 Series-Shunt Feedback 611 8.5.4 Shunt-Series Feedback 617 8.5.5 Summary 620 8.6 Single-Stage Feedback 620 8.6.1 Local Series-Series Feedback 622 8.6.2 Local Series-Shunt Feedback 624 8.7 The Voltage Regulator as a Feedback Circuit 626 8.8 Feedback Circuit Analysis Using the Return Ratio 632 8.8.1 Closed-Loop Gain Using the Return Ratio 634 8.8.2 Closed-Loop Impedance Formula Using the Return Ratio 640 8.8.3 Summary—Return-Ratio Analysis 646 8.9 Modeling Input and Output Ports in Feedback Circuits 646 Problems 649 References 656 Chapter 9 Frequency Response and Stability of Feedback Amplifiers 657 9.1 Introduction 657 9.2 Relation Between Gain and Bandwidth in Feedback Amplifiers 657 9.3 Instability 659 9.3.1 The Nyquist Criterion 659 9.3.2 Phase Margin and Gain Margin 661 9.3.3 Stability of the Super Source Follower 666 9.4 Compensation 671 9.4.1 Theory of Compensation 671 9.4.2 Methods of Compensation 676 9.4.3 Two-Stage MOS Amplifier Compensation 681 9.4.4 Compensation of Single-Stage CMOS Op Amps 693 9.4.5 Nested Miller Compensation 696 9.5 Root-Locus Techniques 705 9.5.1 Root Locus for a Three-Pole Transfer Function 705 9.5.2 Rules for Root-Locus Construction 708 9.5.3 Root Locus for Dominant-Pole Compensation 718 9.5.4 Root Locus for Feedback-Zero Compensation 719 9.6 Slew Rate 723 9.6.1 Origin of Slew-Rate Limitations 723 9.6.2 Methods of Improving Slew Rate in Two-Stage Op Amps 725 9.6.3 Improving Slew Rate in Bipolar Op Amps 728 9.6.4 Improving Slew Rate in MOS Op Amps 729 9.6.5 Effect of Slew-Rate Limitations on Large-Signal Sinusoidal Performance 733 9.7 Effect of Feedback on a Pole-Zero Doublet 734 A.9.1 Analysis in Terms of Return-Ratio Parameters 736 A.9.2 Roots of a Quadratic Equation 737 Problems 739 References 746 Chapter 10 Nonlinear Analog Circuits 747 10.1 Introduction 747 10.2 Analog Multipliers Employing the Bipolar Transistor 747 10.2.1 The Emitter-Coupled Pair as a Simple Multiplier 748 10.2.2 The dc Analysis of the Gilbert Multiplier Cell 750 10.2.3 The Gilbert Cell as an Analog Multiplier 752 10.2.4 A Complete Analog Multiplier 755 10.2.5 The Gilbert Multiplier Cell as a Balanced Modulator and Phase Detector 756 10.3 Phase-Locked Loops 760 10.3.1 Phase-Locked Loop Concepts 760 10.3.2 The Phase-Locked Loop in the Locked Condition 762 10.3.3 Integrated-Circuit Phase-Locked Loops 771 10.4 Nonlinear Function Synthesis 775 Problems 777 References 779 Chapter 11 Noise in Integrated Circuits 781 11.1 Introduction 781 11.2 Sources of Noise 781 11.2.1 Shot Noise 781 11.2.2 Thermal Noise 785 11.2.3 Flicker Noise (1/f Noise) 786 11.2.4 Burst Noise (Popcorn Noise) 787 11.2.5 Avalanche Noise 787 11.3 Noise Models of Integrated-Circuit Components 789 11.3.1 Junction Diode 789 11.3.2 Bipolar Transistor 790 11.3.3 MOS Transistor 791 11.3.4 Resistors 798 11.3.5 Capacitors and Inductors 799 11.4 Circuit Noise Calculations 799 11.4.1 Bipolar Transistor Noise Performance 802 11.4.2 Equivalent Input Noise and the Minimum Detectable Signal 805 11.4.3 MOS Transistor Noise Performance 807 11.5 Equivalent Input Noise Generators 812 11.5.1 Bipolar Transistor Noise Generators 813 11.5.2 MOS Transistor Noise Generators 818 11.6 Effect of Feedback on Noise Performance 820 11.6.1 Effect of Ideal Feedback on Noise Performance 821 11.6.2 Effect of Practical Feedback on Noise Performance 821 11.7 Noise Performance of Other Transistor Configurations 828 11.7.1 Common-Base-Stage Noise Performance 828 11.7.2 Emitter-Follower Noise Performance 829 11.7.3 Differential-Pair Noise Performance 830 11.7.4 Super-Source-Follower Noise Performance 833 11.8 Noise in Operational Amplifiers 836 11.9 Noise Bandwidth 840 11.10 Noise Figure and Noise Temperature 845 11.10.1 Noise Figure 845 11.10.2 Noise Temperature 849 Problems 849 References 854 Chapter 12 Fully Differential Operational Amplifiers 857 12.1 Introduction 857 12.2 Properties of Fully Differential Amplifiers 857 12.3 Small-Signal Models for Balanced Differential Amplifiers 860 12.4 Common-Mode Feedback 865 12.4.1 Common-Mode Feedback at Low Frequencies 867 12.4.2 Stability and Compensation Considerations in a CMFB Loop 871 12.5 CMFB Circuits 873 12.5.1 CMFB Using Resistive Divider and Amplifier 873 12.5.2 CMFB Using Two Differential Pairs 878 12.5.3 CMFB Using Transistors in the Triode Region 880 12.5.4 Switched-Capacitor CMFB 882 12.6 Fully Differential Op Amps 885 12.6.1 A Fully Differential Two-Stage Op Amp 885 12.6.2 Fully Differential Telescopic-Cascode Op Amp 896 12.6.3 Fully Differential Folded-Cascode Op Amp 897 12.6.4 A Differential Op Amp with Two Differential Input Stages 898 12.6.5 Neutralization 899 12.7 Unbalanced Fully Differential Circuits 901 12.8 Bandwidth of the CMFB Loop 907 12.9 Analysis of a CMOS Fully Differential Folded-Cascode Op Amp 909 12.9.1 dc Biasing 911 12.9.2 Low-Frequency Analysis 914 12.9.3 Frequency and Time Responses in a Feedback Application 920 Problems 927 References 933 Index 935

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Book SynopsisAn intuitive, fully illustrated guide to Amazon Web Services for the visually oriented In The Illustrated AWS Cloud: A Guide to Help You On Your Cloud Practitioner Journey, a team of veteran tech educators delivers a visual and entertaining guide to Amazon Web Services cloud concepts. The authors focus on the job role and responsibilities of an AWS cloud practitioner, guiding readers through choosing the best AWS services for specific use cases. In addition to general cloud concepts, security and compliance, technology, and billing and pricing topics, you'll find: High-resolution, black-and-white illustrations clearly explaining critical technical concepts Comprehensive coverage of working with an AWS account and understanding the AWS environment Complete chapters on each of the main categories of AWS services, including Compute, Storage, Database, and Networking The authors also provide bonus content on their companion websTable of ContentsIntroduction viii Chapter 1: Getting Started with Cloud Concepts 1 What Is Cloud Computing? 2 What Are Cloud Economics? 16 How Can You Reduce Costs? 24 How Should You Design Your Cloud Architecture? 30 The Well-Architected Framework 37 Chapter 2: Staying Safe with Security and Compliance 50 Introduction 51 The Shared Responsibility Model 53 Security and Compliance Concepts 60 AWS Access Management Capabilities 69 Identifying Resources for Security Support 81 Chapter 3: Entering the Cloud 88 Introduction 89 Different Ways of Provisioning and Operating in the AWS Cloud 90 Types of Deployment Models 93 Considering Migration Options 98 Identifying Connectivity Options 99 Going Global 104 Living on the Edge 110 Chapter 4: Camping in the Cloud 112 Introduction 113 Compute 114 Storage 123 Networking 132 Databases 139 Machine Learning 146 Getting Help 149 Chapter 5: Being Frugal with Billing and Pricing 156 Pricing Tiers 157 Getting Billing Support and Information 165 Finding Pricing Information on AWS Services 172 Alarms! Alerts! Tags! 174 Conclusion 178

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