Electricity, electromagnetism and magnetism Books

Book SynopsisA work on extracting and using rock and paleomagnetic data in archaeological, geological, and geophysical applications. It describes both the theory and the practice of paleomagnetism, covering topics such as the basics of magnetism, geomagnetic fields, how rocks become magnetized, and the various ways of analyzing the magnetism of rocks.Trade Review"It should be on the bookshelf of anyone who calls themselves a palaeomagnetist." Geological Magazine "Lives up to its title and does so in a manner that authors of modern science textbooks should seek to emulate." Eos TransactionsTable of Contents1. THE PHYSICS OF MAGNETISM 2. THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD 3. INDUCED AND REMANENT MAGNETISM 4. MAGNETIC ANISOTROPY AND DOMAINS 5. MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS 6. MAGNETIC MINERALOGY 7. HOW ROCKS GET AND STAY MAGNETIZED 8. APPLIED ROCK (ENVIRONMENTAL) MAGNETISM 9. GETTING A PALEOMAGNETIC DIRECTION 10. PALEOINTENSITY 11. FISHER STATISTICS 12. BEYOND FISHER STATISTICS 13. PALEOMAGNETIC TENSORS 14. THE ANCIENT GEOMAGNETIC FIELD 15. THE GPTS AND MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY 16. TECTONIC APPLICATIONS OF PALEOMAGNETISM

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Book SynopsisOffers advanced graduate students and researchers with a text that discusses the dynamic electromagnetism of the cosmos - that is, the vast magnetic fields that are carried bodily in the swirling ionized gases of stars and galaxies and throughout intergalactic space.Trade Review"I shall strongly recommend my students to read this book in addition to their standard reading ... not only to clarify their understanding of cosmic magnetism but also to learn how to present their ideas in a clear and understandable way."--Dimitri Sokoloff, Journal of Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid DynamicsTable of ContentsList of Illustrations xi Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 General Remarks 1 1.2 Electromagnetic Field Equations 3 1.3 Electrical Neutrality 7 1.4 Electric Charge and Magnetic Field Dominance 12 Chapter 2: Electric Fields 15 2.1 Basic Considerations 15 2.2 Definition of Charge and Field 16 2.3 Concept of Electric Field 17 2.4 Physical Reality of Electric Field 20 2.5 Electric Field Pressure 22 Chapter 3: Magnetic Fields 25 3.1 Basic Considerations 25 3.2 Experimental Connection 26 3.3 Differential Form of Ampere's Law 27 3.4 Energy and Stress 29 3.5 Detecting a Magnetic Field 32 Chapter 4: Field Lines 37 4.1 Basic Considerations 37 4.2 The Optical Analogy 39 Chapter 5: Maxwell's Equations 43 Chapter 6: Maxwell and Poynting 48 6.1 Poynting's Momentum and Energy Theorems 48 6.2 Applications 52 6.3 Electric and Magnetic Fields in Matter 52 6.4 SI Units 55 6.5 Systems of Units 59 6.6 Chaucer Units 63 Chapter 7: Moving Reference Frames 65 7.1 Lorentz Transformations 65 7.2 Electric Fields in the Laboratory 66 7.3 Occam's Razor and the Tree in the Forest 67 7.4 Electric Field in a Moving Plasma 68 7.5 Net Charge in a Swirling Plasma 71 Chapter 8: Hydrodynamics 74 8.1 Basic Considerations 74 8.2 Derivation of the HD Equations 76 8.3 The Pressure Tensor 79 8.4 Pressure Variation in Uniform Dilatations 82 8.5 Shear Flow 85 8.6 Effects of Collisions 86 8.7 Off-diagonal Terms and Viscosity 89 8.8 Summary 91 Chapter 9: Magnetohydrodynamics 92 9.1 Basic Considerations 92 9.2 Diffusion and Dissipation 96 9.3 Application of Magnetic Diffusion 98 9.4 Discussion 101 9.5 Partially Ionized Gases 102 9.6 An Electric Current to Satisfy Ampere 108 9.7 Particle Motion Along B 114 9.8 Time-varying Magnetic Field 119 9.9 Comments 121 Chapter 10: Singular Properties of the Maxwell Stress Tensor 123 10.1 Magnetic Equilibrium 123 10.2 Calculation of the Equilibrium Field 128 10.3 Equilibrium in Stretched Field 129 10.4 Resolving the Contradiction 132 10.5 Formation of TDs 133 10.6 Rapid Reconnection at an Incipient TD 137 10.7 Quasi-steady Dissipation at a TD 142 Chapter 11: Comments 147 11.1 Summary 147 11.2 Electric Circuit Analogy 148 11.3 A Simple Example of an Electric Circuit 149 11.4 Popular Electric and Magnetic Fields 154 Appendix A Electrostatically Driven Expansion of the Universe 157 Appendix B Relaxation of Electric Charge Inhomogeneity 159 Appendix C Imposition of a Large-scale Electric Field 162 Appendix D Electric Charge Density in an Electric Field 165 Appendix E The Transverse Invariant 167 Appendix F Blocking the Flow of Electric Current 169 References 173 Index 179

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Book SynopsisA graduate-level physics textbook that provides a comprehensive treatment of the basic principles and phenomena of classical electromagnetism. It includes applications to many topical subjects, such as magnetic levitation, plasmas, laser beams, and synchrotrons. It features more than 300 problems, with solutions to many of the advanced ones.Trade Review"This is a very comprehensive book on classical electromagnetism covering historical introductions, detailed theoretical derivations with additional mathematical clarifications whenever necessary, practical applications, and numerous exercises and examples for teachers and students in this subject. It can certainly be a useful text-book for students as well as a good reference book for professionals in various fields of electromagnetism."--Vladimir Cadez, Zentralblatt MATHTable of ContentsPreface xv List of symbols xxi Suggestions for using this book xxxi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1The field concept 1 2The equations of electrodynamics 2 3A lightspeed survey of electromagnetic phenomena 7 4SI versus Gaussian 10 Chapter 2 Review of mathematical concepts 18 5Vector algebra 18 6Derivatives of vector fields 25 7Integration of vector fields 30 8The theorems of Stokes and Gauss 32 9Fourier transforms, delta functions, and distributions 37 10Rotational transformations of vectors and tensors 45 11Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates 51 Chapter 3 Electrostatics in vacuum 55 12Coulomb's law 55 13The electrostatic potential 57 14Electrostatic energy 58 15Differential form of Coulomb's law 63 16Uniqueness theorem of electrostatics 65 17Solving Poisson's equation: a few examples 68 18Energy in the electric field 71 19The multipole expansion 73 20Charge distributions in external fields 80 Chapter 4 Magnetostatics in vacuum 82 21Sources of magnetic field 82 22The law of Biot and Savart 89 23Differential equations of magnetostatics; Ampere's law 93 24The vector potential 101 25Gauge invariance 105 26 B and xB for a point dipole 108 27Magnetic multipoles 112 Chapter 5 Induced electromagnetic fields 114 28Induction 114 29Energy in the magnetic field--Feynman's argument 117 30Energy in the magnetic field--standard argument 120 31Inductance 121 32The Ampere-Maxwell law 125 33Potentials for time-dependent fields 128 Chapter 6 Symmetries and conservation laws 132 34Discrete symmetries of the laws of electromagnetism 132 35Energy flow and the Poynting vector 137 36Momentum conservation 140 37Angular momentum conservation* 144 38Relativity at low speeds 148 39Electromagnetic mass* 150 Chapter 7 Electromagnetic waves 152 40The wave equation for E and B 152 41Plane electromagnetic waves 154 42Monochromatic plane waves and polarization 156 43Nonplane monochromatic waves; geometrical optics* 160 44Electromagnetic fields in a laser beam* 165 45Partially polarized (quasimonochromatic) light* 168 46Oscillator representation of electromagnetic waves 171 47Angular momentum of the free electromagnetic field* 174 Chapter 8 Interference phenomena 178 48Interference and diffraction 178 49Fresnel diffraction 182 50Fraunhofer diffraction 186 51Partially coherent light 187 52The Hanbury-Brown and Twiss effect; intensity interferometry* 191 53The Pancharatnam phase* 195 Chapter 9 The electromagnetic field of moving charges 200 54Green's function for the wave equation 200 55Fields of a uniformly moving charge 204 56Potentials of an arbitrarily moving charge--the Lienard-Wiechert solutions 207 57Electromagnetic fields of an arbitrarily moving charge 210 58Radiation from accelerated charges: qualitative discussion 214 Chapter 10 Radiation from localized sources 217 59General frequency-domain formulas for fields 217 60Far-zone fields 219 61Power radiated 223 62The long-wavelength electric dipole approximation 227 63Higher multipoles* 229 64Antennas 233 65Near-zone fields 237 66Angular momentum radiated* 239 67Radiation reaction 241 Chapter 11 Motion of charges and moments in external fields 245 68The Lorentz force law 245 69Motion in a static uniform electric field 246 70Motion in a static uniform magnetic field 248 71Motion in crossed E and B fields; E < B 251 72Motion in a time-dependent magnetic field; the betatron 255 73Motion in a quasiuniform static magnetic field--guiding center drift* 257 74Motion in a slowly varying magnetic field--the first adiabatic invariant* 261 75The classical gyromagnetic ratio and Larmor's theorem 264 76Precession of moments in time-dependent magnetic fields* 268 Chapter 12 Action formulation of electromagnetism 273 77Charged particle in given field 273 78The free field 276 79The interacting system of fields and charges 279 80Gauge invariance and charge conservation 283 Chapter 13 Electromagnetic fields in material media 285 81Macroscopic fields 286 82The macroscopic charge density and the polarization 289 83The macroscopic current density and the magnetization 293 84Constitutive relations 297 85Energy conservation 300 Chapter 14 Electrostatics around conductors 302 86Electric fields inside conductors, and at conductor surfaces 303 87Theorems for electrostatic fields 306 88Electrostatic energy with conductors; capacitance 308 89The method of images 313 90Separation of variables and expansions in basis sets 320 91The variational method* 329 92The relaxation method 334 93Microscopic electrostatic field at metal surfaces; work function and contact potential* 339 15Electrostatics of dielectrics 344 94The dielectric constant 344 95Boundary value problems for linear isotropic dielectrics 347 96Depolarization 350 97Thermodynamic potentials for dielectrics 354 98Force on small dielectric bodies 360 99Models of the dielectric constant 361 Chapter 16 Magnetostatics in matter 370 100 Magnetic permeability and susceptibility 370 101Thermodynamic relations for magnetic materials 371 102Diamagnetism 375 103Paramagnetism 378 104The exchange interaction; ferromagnetism 378 105Free energy of ferromagnets 382 106Ferromagnetic domain walls* 391 107Hysteresis in ferromagnets 394 108Demagnetization 397 109Superconductors* 399 Chapter 17 Ohm's law, emf, and electrical circuits 404 110Ohm's law 405 111Electric fields around current-carrying conductors--a solvable example* 407 112van der Pauw's method* 409 113The Van de Graaff generator 412 114The thermopile 413 115The battery 414 116Lumped circuits 417 117The telegrapher's equation* 422 118The ac generator 424 Chapter 18 Frequency-dependent response of materials 427 119The frequency-dependent conductivity 427 120The dielectric function and electric propensity 429 121General properties of the ac conductivity* 431 122Electromagnetic energy in material media* 435 123Drude-Lorentz model of the dielectric response 437 124Frequency dependence of the magnetic response* 441 19Quasistatic phenomena in conductors 443 125Quasistatic fields 443 126Variable magnetic field: eddy currents and the skin effect in a planar geometry 445 127Variable magnetic field: eddy currents and the skin effect in finite bodies* 450 128Variable electric field, electrostatic regime 455 129Variable electric field, skin-effect regime 457 130Eddy currents in thin sheets, Maxwell's receding image construction, and maglev* 459 131Motion of extended conductors in magnetic fields* 465 132The dynamo* 467 Chapter 20 Electromagnetic waves in insulators 470 133General properties of EM waves in media 470 134Wave propagation velocities 472 135Reflection and refraction at a flat interface (general case) 475 136More reflection and refraction (both media transparent and nonmagnetic) 479 137Reflection from a nonmagnetic opaque medium* 483 Chapter 21 Electromagnetic waves in and near conductors 487 138Plasma oscillations 487 139Dispersion of plasma waves* 488 140Transverse EM waves in conductors 490 141Reflection of light from a metal 492 142Surface plasmons* 493 143Waveguides 496 144Resonant cavities 502 Chapter 22 Scattering of electromagnetic radiation 505 145Scattering terminology 505 146Scattering by free electrons 506 147Scattering by bound electrons 508 148Scattering by small particles 510 149Scattering by dilute gases, and why the sky is blue 512 150Raman scattering 515 151Scattering by liquids and dense gases* 516 Chapter 23 Formalism of special relativity 524 152Review of basic concepts 524 153Four-vectors 532 154Velocity, momentum, and acceleration four-vectors 537 155Four-tensors 540 156Vector fields and their derivatives in space--time 543 157Integration of vector fields* 544 158Accelerated observers* 548 Chapter 24 Special relativity and electromagnetism 553 159Four-current and charge conservation 553 160The four-potential 556 161The electromagnetic field tensor 556 162Covariant form of the laws of electromagnetism 559 163The stress--energy tensor 561 164Energy--momentum conservation in special relativity 564 165Angular momentum and spin* 565 166Observer-dependent properties of light 567 167Motion of charge in an electromagnetic plane wave* 572 168Thomas precession* 576 Chapter 25 Radiation from relativistic sources 581 169Total power radiated 581 170Angular distribution of power 584 171Synchrotron radiation--qualitative discussion 588 172Full spectral, angular, and polarization distribution of synchrotron radiation* 589 173Spectral distribution of synchrotron radiation* 592 174Angular distribution and polarization of synchrotron radiation* 595 175Undulators and wigglers* 597 Appendix A: Spherical harmonics 605 Appendix B: Bessel functions 617 Appendix C: Time averages of bilinear quantities in electrodynamics 625 Appendix D: Caustics 627 Appendix E: Airy functions 633 Appendix F: Power spectrum of a random function 637 Appendix G: Motion in the earth's magnetic field--the Stormer problem 643 Appendix H: Alternative proof of Maxwell's receding image construction 651 Bibliography 655 Index 659

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Book SynopsisThis graduate-level textbook is the first pedagogical synthesis of the field of topological insulators and superconductors, one of the most exciting areas of research in condensed matter physics. Presenting the latest developments, while providing all the calculations necessary for a self-contained and complete description of the discipline, it isTrade Review"The book ... may be extremely useful to both graduate students and more senior researchers."--Vicentiu D. Radulescu, Zentralblatt MATH "Dr. Bernevig writes well and with insight... with a beginning graduate student in mind who wants to enter quickly the research in this field."--S.W. Lovesey, Contemporary PhysicsTable of Contents*Frontmatter, pg. i*Contents, pg. v*1. Introduction, pg. 1*2. Berry Phase, pg. 6*3. Hall Conductance and Chern Numbers, pg. 15*4. Time-Reversal Symmetry, pg. 33*5. Magnetic Field on the Square Lattice, pg. 41*6. Hall Conductance and Edge Modes: The Bulk-Edge Correspondence, pg. 60*7. Graphene, pg. 70*8. Simple Models for the Chern Insulator, pg. 91*9. Time-Reversal-Invariant Topological Insulators, pg. 109*10. Z2 Invariants, pg. 123*11. Crossings in Different Dimensions, pg. 147*12. Time-Reversal Topological Insulators with Inversion Symmetry, pg. 158*13. Quantum Hall Effect and Chern Insulators in Higher Dimensions, pg. 164*14. Dimensional Reduction of 4-D Chern Insulators to 3-D Time-Reversal Insulators, pg. 177*15. Experimental Consequences of the Z2 Topological Invariant, pg. 186*16. Topological Superconductors in One and Two Dimensions, pg. 193*17. Time-Reversal-Invariant Topological Superconductors, pg. 214*18. Superconductivity and Magnetism in Proximity to Topological Insulator Surfaces, pg. 226*APPENDIX. 3-D Topological Insulator in a Magnetic Field, pg. 237*References, pg. 241*Index, pg. 245

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Finalist for the PROSE Award in Popular Science and Popular Mathematics, Association of American Publishers""[A] remarkably diverse story . . . full of vitality."---Andrew Robinson, Lancet"[A] chatty, wide-ranging tour of electricity’s role in biology and medicine."---Jerome Groopman, The New Yorker"A fascinating history of humanity’s gradual understanding of electricity. . . . Jorgensen’s study is full of entertaining details, and his passion is evident . . . The result is a sparkling reminder of the strange wonders of life." * Publishers Weekly *"Jorgensen weaves together tales of serendipitous revelations, strange misconceptions, and emerging understandings, showing how the ancients’ first impression of electricity’s animating role has been borne out by the discoveries of modern neuroscience."---Laurence A. Marschall, Natural History"A fascinating biomedical approach to the history of knowledge about electricity and its future uses."---E. J. Delaney, Choice

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Book SynopsisElectrical Engineering Magnetic Hysteresis Understanding magnetic hysteresis is vitally important to the development of the science of magnetism as a whole and to the advancement of practical magnetic device applications.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Physics of Magnetism. The Preisach Model. Irreversible and Locally Reversible Magnetization. The Moving Model and the Product Model. Aftereffect and Accomodation. Vector Models. Preisach Applications. Appendix A: The Play and Stop Models. Appendix B: The Log-Normal Distribution. Appendix C: Definitions. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisThe electromagnetic force is one of the primary forces of nature. This book examines the technological evolution of electromagnetism from its humble beginnings as a series of discoveries to a fundamental force that powers our modern world.

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Book SynopsisAwarded the Dexter Prize by the Society for the History of Technology, this book offers a comparative history of the evolution of modern electric power systems. It described large-scale technological change and demonstrates that technology cannot be understood unless placed in a cultural context.Trade ReviewAn exciting, major contribution to the field of history, for it establishes very convincingly that the growth of... power networks is as intrinsic to and characteristic of modern society as the growth of manorialism was to medieval society. American Historical Review How the West was wired. Times Literary SupplementTable of ContentsPreface1. Introduction2. Edison the Hedgehog: Invention and Development3. Edison's System Abroad: Technology Transfer4. Reverse Salients and Critical Problems5. Conflict and Resolution6. Technological Momentum7. Berlin: The Coordination of Technology and Politics8. Chicago: The Dominance of Technology9. London: The Primary of Politics10. California White Coal11. War and Acquired Characteristics12. Planned Systems13. The Culture of Regional Systems14. RWE, PP&L, and NESCO: The

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Book SynopsisStudents and amateur astronomers alike will appreciate the readable prose and comprehensive coverage of The Magnetic Universe.Trade ReviewWritten in a clear, readable style, the book should be accessible to anyone with a high-school or college background in physics or astronomy. Physics Today 2010 An excellent, up-to-date overview of what is known about magnetism and its myriad manifestations in astrophysics... Highly recommended. Choice 2010 Extremely readable... The author's enthusiasm is apparent through every chapter. -- Nigel Weiss The Observatory 2010 Students and amateur astronomers alike will appreciate the readable prose and comprehensive coverage of this book. Spaceflight 2011Table of ContentsPreface1. Getting Reacquainted with Magnetism2. The Earth3. Sunspots and the Solar Cycle4. The Violent Sun5. The Heliosphere: Winds, Waves, and Fields6. The Earth's Magnetosphere and Space Weather7. The Planets8. Magnetic Fields and the Birth of Stars9. Abnormal Stars10. Compact Objects11. The Galaxies12. Something From Nothing: Seed FieldsNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisTom Pratt, a long-time process safety practitioner and lecturer in electrostatic safety, wrote this book to educate industry in the basics of electrostatics. It offers a selected collection of information designed to give readers the tools they need to examine the hazard potential of common industrial processes.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Basic Concepts. 1.1. The Electrostatic Charge. 1.1.1. Electrons, Protons, and Ions. 1.1.2. Charge Distribution: Point, Space, and Surface Charges. 1.2. The Electric Field. 1.2.1. Mapping Electric Fields. 1.2.2. Dielectrics. 1.2.3. Dielectric Breakdown. 1.3. Ground Potential. 1.3.1. Grounding. 1.3.2. Bonding. 1.4. Requirements for a Fire or an Explosion. 1.4.1. Ignitable Mixture. 1.4.2. Separation. 1.4.3. Accumulation. 1.4.4. Discharge. Chapter 2. Separation and Accumulation of Charge. 2.1. Mechanisms of Charge Generation. 2.2. Charge Alignment. 2.3. Contact and Frictional Charging. 2.3.1. Surface Charging. 2.3.2. Powder Charging. 2.4. Double Layer Charging. 2.5. Charging of Drops, Mists, and Aerosols. 2.6. Two Phase Flow. 2.7. Charge Separation at Phase Boundaries. 2.8. Charge Relaxation. 2.9. Host Material. 2.9.1. Bulk Conductivity. 2.9.2. Surface Conductivity. 2.9.3. Apparent Conductivity. 2.10. Separation vs. Relaxation. 2.10.1. constant Voltage Case. 2.10.2. Constant Amperage Case. 2.11. Induction. 3. Discharge. 3.1. Classification of Discharges. 3.2. Characteristics of Discharges. 3.2.1. Corona Discharge. 3.2.2. Brush Discharge. 3.2.3. Bulking Brush Discharge. 3.2.4. Propagating Brush Discharge. 3.2.5. Spark or Capacitor Discharge. 3.2.6. Lightning. Chapter 4. Minimum Ignition Energies. 4.1. Testing of Materials. 4.2. Minimum Ignition Energy, MIE. 4.2.1. MIEs of Gasses and Vapors. 4.2.2. MIEs of Dusts. 4.2.3. MIEs of Hybrid Mixtures. 4.2.4. MIEs in Enriched Oxygen Atmospheres. 4.2.5. MIEs of Explosives. Chapter 5. Discharge Energies. 5.1. Ignitions by Electrostatic Discharges. 5.2. Capacitive Discharges. 5.2.1. Human Sparks. 5.2.2. Clothing. 5.3. Brush Discharges. 5.3.1. Brush Discharges in Spaces. 5.3.2. Brush Discharges at Surfaces. 5.4. Bulking Brush Discharges. 5.5. Propagating Brush Discharges. 5.6. Corona Discharges. Chapter 6. Electrification in Industrial Processes. 6.1. Charges in Liquids. 6.1.1. Streaming Currents. 6.1.2. Charge Relaxation in Liquids. 6.1.3. Liquid Conductivity. 6.1.4. Antistatic Additives. 6.1.5. Sedimentation. 6.2. Charges in Mists. 6.2.1. Washing. 6.2.2. Splash Loading. 6.2.3. Steaming. 6.2.4. Carbon Dioxide. 6.2.5. Charge Decay From Mists. 6.3. Charges in Powders. 6.3.1. Streaming Currents in Powders. 6.3.2. Charge Compaction in Powder Bulking. 6.3.3. Charge Relaxation in Powders. 6.4. Surface Charges. 6.4.1. Triboelectric Charging. 6.4.2. Humidity. 6.4.3. Conductive Cloth and Plastics. 6.4.4. Neutralizers. 6.5. Intense Electrification. 6.6. Phase Separation Charges. 7. Design and Operating Criteria. 7.1. Grounding and Bonding. 7.1.1. Insulation from Ground. 7.1.2. Spark Promoters. 7.2. In-Process Relaxation Times. 7.2.1. Quiescent Relaxations. 7.2.2. Relaxation Downstream of Filters. 7.3. Simultaneous Operations. 7.4. Sounding Pipes. 8. Measurements. 8.1. Multimeters. 8.2. Electrometers. 8.3. Electrostatic Voltmeters. 8.4. Fieldmeters. 8.5. Faraday Cage. 8.6. Radios. 9. Quantification of Electrostatic Scenarios. 9.1. Approximations. 9.1.1. Approximating Capacitance. 9.1.2. Approximating Resistance. 9.1.3. Approximating Charge. 9.2. Examples of Approximations. 9.2.1. Refueling an Automobile. 9.2.2. Filling a Gasoline Can. 9.2.3. Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container (FIBC). 9.2.4. The Minimum Capacitor for Incendive Discharge. Chapter 10. Case Histories. 10.1. Vacuum truck Emptying a Sump. 10.2. Drawing Toluene into an Ungrounded Bucket. 10.3. Sampling while Loading a Railcar. 10.4. Vapor Ignition in a Roadtanker, I. 10.5. Vapor Ignition in a Roadtanker, II. 10.6. Instrumenting a Tank Containing Steam and a Flammable Atmosphere. 10.7. Conductive Liquid in a Plastic Carboy. 10.8. Chemical Hose with an Ungrounded Spiral. 10.9. Three incidents in a Pneumatic Transport System. 10.10. Offloading a Bulk Powder Truck. 10.11. Dumping Powder from a Drum with Metal chime. 10.12. Emptying a Powder from a Plastic Bag (Composite Case History). 10.13. Vapor Explosion in a Closed Tank. 10.14. Gas Well and Pipeline Blowouts. Appendix A. Units. Appendix B. Symbols Used in Equations. Appendix C. Equations. Appendix D. Atmospheric Electrostatics. Appendix E. Electric Field Calculations. Bibliography. Concordance A, General. Concordance B, Compounds and Materials.

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Book SynopsisWhen They Hid the Fire examines the American social perceptions of electricity as an energy technology that were adopted between the mid-nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries.Trade Review“When They Hid the Fire is an important historical study that helps us understand how the electric power system— a key element of modern society’s infrastructure— became invisible. The unseen nature of electricity has had profound policy implications because consumers generally have no idea that power production often results in serious environmental degradation. This book forces readers to confront their history and to think about how their energy futures might need to change.” —Richard F. HirshProfessor, Virginia Tech University

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Book SynopsisAn innovative and original socio-cultural study of the history of electricity during the late Victorian and Edward periods.Trade ReviewGooday's valuable study brings new nuance to our understanding of the process of electrification and the diverse valences of electricity before World War I . . . a truly excellent book."" - Annals of Science""Quotations from period newspapers and advertisements, numerous notes and references, some black-and-white photos and cartoon sketches, and a practical index add significantly to this book's value as a reference work. Recommended."" - Choice""A wonderfully interesting—and significant—story . . . a read worth undertaking for anyone interested in the diffusion of innovation in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods."" - British Journal for the History of Science""An important book that historians interested in electrification and household technology—as well as the interactions of technology, consumer culture, and gender—will find insightful and compelling."" - Technology and Culture""This work masterfully articulates an aspect of modern everyday culture that has been surprisingly overlooked from an interdisciplinary perspective."" - British Society for Literature and Science""In his study of the domestication of electricity, Graeme Gooday has made an important contribution to the history of electrification and, more generally, to the history of technology."" - Isis

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Book SynopsisPresents all-new laboratory-tested theory for calculating more accurate ionized electric fields to aid in designing high-voltage devices and its components Understanding and accurately calculating corona originated electric fields are important issues for scientists who are involved in electromagnetic and electrostatic studies. High-voltage dc lines and equipment, in particular, can generate ion flows that can give rise to environmental inconveniences. Filamentary Ion Flow: Theory and Experiments provides interdisciplinary theoretical arguments to attain a final model for computational electrostatics in the presence of flowing space charge. Based on years of extensive lab tests pertaining to the physical performance of unipolar corona ion flows, the book covers the enlarging of conventional electrostatic applications, which allows for some emerging and uncharted interests to be explored. Filamentary Ion Flow: Examines theTrade Review“This made the book very interesting and well worth reading if you are involved in modeling electrostatic ion flows.” (IEEE Electrical Engineering magazine, 1 March 2015) Table of ContentsPREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv INTRODUCTION xvii PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS xxv 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Ionization Processes in Gases 1 1.2.1 Ionization by Electron Impact 2 1.2.2 Townsend First Ionization Coefficient 3 1.2.3 Electron Avalanches 5 1.2.4 Photoionization 6 1.2.5 Other Ionization Processes 6 1.3 Deionization Processes in Gases 7 1.3.1 Deionization by Recombination 7 1.3.2 Deionization by Attachment 7 1.4 Ionization and Attachment Coefficients 9 1.5 Electrical Breakdown of Gases 10 1.5.1 Breakdown in Steady Uniform Field: Townsend's Breakdown Mechanism 11 1.5.2 Paschen's Law 12 1.6 Streamer Mechanism 13 1.7 Breakdown in Nonuniform DC Field 14 1.8 Other Streamer Criteria 16 1.9 Corona Discharge in Air 17 1.9.1 DC Corona Modes 17 1.9.2 Negative Corona Modes 18 1.9.3 Positive Corona Modes 20 1.10 AC Corona 22 1.11 Kaptzov's Hypothesis 23 2 ION-FLOW MODELS: A REVIEW 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 The Unipolar Space-Charge Flow Problem 26 2.2.1 General Formulation 26 2.2.2 Iterative Procedure 29 2.2.3 The Unipolar Charge-Drift Formula 29 2.3 Deutsch's Hypotheses (DH) 30 2.4 Some Unipolar Ion-Flow Field Problems 31 2.4.1 Analytical Methods 33 2.4.2 Numerical Methods 40 2.5 Special Models 51 2.5.1 Drift of Charged Spherical Clouds 51 2.5.2 Graphical Approach 53 2.6 More on DH and Concluding Remarks 58 3 INTRODUCTORY SURVEY ON FLUID DYNAMICS 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Continuum Motion of a Fluid 64 3.3 Fluid Particle 65 3.4 Field Quantities 66 3.5 Conservation Laws in Differential Form 67 3.5.1 Generalization 67 3.5.2 Mass Conservation 68 3.5.3 Momentum Conservation 69 3.5.4 Total Kinetic Energy Conservation 70 3.6 Stokesian and Newtonian Fluids 71 3.7 The Navier–Stokes Equation 72 3.8 Deterministic Formulation for et 73 3.9 Incompressible (Isochoric) Flow 73 3.9.1 Mass Conservation 73 3.9.2 Subsonic Flow 74 3.9.3 Momentum Conservation 74 3.9.4 Total Kinetic Energy Conservation 75 3.10 Incompressible and Irrotational Flows 75 3.11 Describing the Velocity Field 76 3.11.1 Decomposition 76 3.11.2 The v-Field of Incompressible and Irrotational Flows 76 3.11.3 Some Practical Remarks and Anticipations 77 3.12 Variational Interpretation in Short 78 3.12.1 Bernoulli's Equation for Incompressible and Irrotational Flows 78 3.12.2 Lagrange's Function 80 4 ELECTROHYDRODYNAMICS OF UNIPOLAR ION FLOWS 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Reduced Mass-Charge 88 4.3 Unified Governing Laws 90 4.3.1 Mass-Charge Conservation Law 90 4.3.2 Fluid Reaction to Excitation Electromagnetic Fields 92 4.3.3 Invalid Application of Gauss's Law: A Pertaining Example 93 4.3.4 Laplacian Field and Boundary Conditions 95 4.3.5 Vanishing Body Force of Electrical Nature 96 4.3.6 Unified Momentum and Energy Conservation Law 97 4.3.7 Mobility in the Context of a Coupled Model 98 4.3.8 Some Remarks on the Deutsch Hypothesis (DH) 100 4.4 Discontinuous Ion-Flow Parameters 103 4.4.1 Multichanneled Structure 103 4.4.2 Current Distribution 104 4.4.3 More on the Average Quantities 108 4.5 Departures from Previous Theories 109 4.5.1 Ion-Drift Formulation 110 4.5.2 Comparative Discussion 112 4.5.3 Ionic Wind in the Drift Zone 117 4.6 Concluding Remarks on the Laplacian Structure of Ion Flows 120 5 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON UNIPOLAR ION FLOWS 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 V-Shaped Wire Above Plane 136 5.2.1 Main Observables 144 5.3 Two-Wire Bundle 146 5.3.1 Main Observables 154 5.4 Inclined Rod 156 5.4.1 Main Observables 159 5.5 Partially Covered Wire 162 5.5.1 Main Observables 167 5.6 Pointed-Pole Sphere 168 5.6.1 Main Observables 170 5.7 Straight Wedge 170 5.7.1 Main Observables 174 5.8 Discussion 175 5.8.1 Supplementary Theoretical Analysis 175 5.9 Generalization According to Invariance Principles 179 REFERENCES 185 INDEX 193

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive coverage of the physical properties and real-world applications of magnetic nanostructures This book discusses how the important properties of materials such as the cohesive energy, and the electronic and vibrational structures are affected when materials have at least one length in the nanometer range.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgment xi 1 Properties of Nanostructures 1 1.1 Cohesive Energy 1 1.2 Electronic Properties 7 1.3 Quantum Dots 10 1.4 Vibrational Properties 12 1.5 Summary 17 References 17 2 The Physics of Magnetism 19 2.1 Kinds of Magnetism 19 2.2 Paramagnetism 20 2.2.1 Theory of Paramagnetism 20 2.2.2 Methods of Measuring Susceptibility 22 2.3 Ferromagnetism 25 2.3.1 Theory of Ferromagnetism 25 2.3.2 Magnetic Resonance 29 2.4 Antiferromagnetism 32 References 34 3 Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles 35 3.1 Superparamagnetism 35 3.2 Effect of Particle Size on Magnetization 35 3.3 Dynamical Behavior of Magnetic Nanoparticles 37 3.4 Magnetic Field]Aligned Particles in Frozen Fluids 41 3.5 Magnetism Induced by Nanosizing 47 3.6 Antiferromagnetic Nanoparticles 48 3.7 Magnetoresistive Materials 50 References 53 4 Bulk Nanostructured Magnetic Materials 55 4.1 Ferromagnetic Solids With Nanosized Grains 55 4.2 Low]Dimensional Magnetic Nanostructures 57 4.2.1 Magnetic Quantum Wells 57 4.2.2 Magnetic Quantum Wires 61 4.2.3 Building One]Dimensional Magnetic Arrays One Atom at a Time 65 4.3 Magnetoresistance in Bulk Nanostructured Materials 67 References 74 5 Magnetism in Carbon and Boron Nitride Nanostructures 75 5.1 Carbon Nanostructures 75 5.1.1 Fullerene, C60 75 5.1.2 Carbon and Boron Nitride Nanotubes 78 5.1.3 Graphene 81 5.2 Experimental Observations of Magnetism in Carbon and Boron Nitride Nanostructures 81 5.2.1 Magnetism in C60 81 5.2.2 Ferromagnetism in Carbon and Boron Nitride Nanotubes 87 5.2.3 Magnetism in Graphene 88 References 93 6 Nanostructured Magnetic Semiconductors 95 6.1 Electron–Hole Junctions 95 6.2 MOSFET 98 6.3 N anosized MOSFETs 99 6.4 Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors 100 6.5 N anostructuring in Magnetic Semiconductors 103 6.6 Dms Quantum Wells 106 6.7 DMS Quantum Dots 106 6.8 Storage Devices Based on Magnetic Semiconductors 107 6.9 Theoretical Predictions of Nanostructured Magnetic Semiconductors 108 References 111 7 Applications of Magnetic Nanostructures 113 7.1 Ferrofluids 113 7.2 Magnetic Storage (Hard Drives) 118 7.3 Electric Field Control of Magnetism 121 7.4 Magnetic Photonic Crystals 123 7.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Catalysts 125 7.6 Magnetic Nanoparticle Labeling of Hazardous Materials 127 References 129 8 Medical Applications of Magnetic Nanostructures 131 8.1 Targeted Drug Delivery 131 8.2 Magnetic Hyperthermia 132 8.3 Magnetic Separation 134 8.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles For Enhanced Contrast in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 135 8.5 Detection of Bacteria 139 8.6 Analysis of Stored Blood 144 References 146 9 Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures 147 9.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 147 9.2 Magnetic Quantum Wells 149 9.3 Magnetic Nanowires 152 9.4 Magnetic Quantum Dots 153 References 154 APPENDIX A A Table of Number of Atoms Versus Size in Face Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 155 APPENDIX B Definition of a Magnetic Field 157 APPENDIX C Density Functional Theory 159 APPENDIX D Tight Binding Model of Electronic Structure of Metals 163 APPENDIX E Periodic Boundary Conditions 165 Index 167

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Book SynopsisElectromagnetic modeling is essential to the design and modeling of antenna, radar, satellite, medical imaging, and other applications. In Electromagnetic Modeling and Simulation, author Levent Sevgi explains techniques for solving real-time complex physical problems using MATLAB-based short scripts and comprehensive virtual tools.Table of ContentsPreface xvii About the Author xxvii Acknowledgments xxix 1 Introduction to MODSIM 1 1.1 Models and Modeling, 2 1.2 Validation, Verifi cation, and Calibration, 5 1.3 Available Core Models, 7 1.4 Model Selection Criteria, 9 1.5 Graduate Level EM MODSIM Course, 11 1.5.1 Course Description and Plan, 11 1.5.2 Available Virtual EM Tools, 12 1.6 EM-MODSIM Lecture Flow, 12 1.7 Two Level EM Guided Wave Lecture, 17 1.8 Conclusions, 19 References, 19 2 Engineers Speak with Numbers 23 2.1 Introduction, 23 2.2 Measurement, Calculation, and Error Analysis, 24 2.3 Significant Digits, Truncation, and Round-Off Errors, 27 2.4 Error Propagation, 28 2.5 Error and Confi dence Level, 29 2.5.1 Predicting the Population’s Confidence Interval, 33 2.6 Hypothesis Testing, 36 2.6.1 Testing Population Mean, 38 2.6.2 Testing Population Proportion, 39 2.6.3 Testing Two Population Averages, 39 2.6.4 Testing Two Population Proportions, 39 2.6.5 Testing Paired Data, 40 2.7 Hypothetical Tests on Cell Phones, 41 2.8 Conclusions, 45 References, 45 3 Numerical Analysis in Electromagnetics 47 3.1 Taylor’s Expansion and Numerical Differentiation, 47 3.1.1 Taylor’s Expansion and Ordinary Differential Equations, 50 3.1.2 Poisson and Laplace Equations, 52 3.1.3 An Iterative (Finite-Difference) Solution, 53 3.2 Numerical Integration, 58 3.2.1 Rectangular Method, 58 3.3 Nonlinear Equations and Root Search, 62 3.4 Linear Systems of Equations, 64 References, 69 4 Fourier Transform and Fourier Series 71 4.1 Introduction, 71 4.2 Fourier Transform, 72 4.2.1 Fourier Transform (FT), 72 4.2.2 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), 74 4.2.3 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), 76 4.2.4 Aliasing, Spectral Leakage, and Scalloping Loss, 77 4.2.5 Windowing and Window Functions, 80 4.3 Basic Discretization Requirements, 81 4.4 Fourier Series Representation, 85 4.5 Rectangular Pulse and Its Harmonics, 92 4.6 Conclusions, 92 References, 94 5 Stochastic Modeling in Electromagnetics 95 5.1 Introduction, 95 5.2 Radar Signal Environment, 98 5.2.1 Random Number Generation, 98 5.2.2 Noise Generation, 101 5.2.3 Signal Generation, 108 5.2.4 Clutter Generation, 108 5.3 Total Radar Signal, 111 5.4 Decision Making and Detection, 114 5.4.1 Hypothesis Operating Characteristics (HOCs), 115 5.4.2 A Communication/Radar Receiver, 119 5.5 Conclusions, 129 References, 130 6 Electromagnetic Theory: Basic Review 133 6.1 Maxwell Equations and Reduction, 133 6.2 Waveguiding Structures, 134 6.3 Radiation Problems and Vector Potentials, 136 6.4 The Delta Dirac Function, 138 6.5 Coordinate Systems and Basic Operators, 139 6.6 The Point Source Representation, 141 6.7 Field Representation of a Point/Line Source, 142 6.8 Alternative Field Representations, 143 6.9 Transverse Electric/Magnetic Fields, 145 6.9.1 The 3D TE/TM Waves, 145 6.9.2 The 2D TE/TM Waves, 146 6.10 The TE/TM Source Injection, 151 6.11 Second-Order EM Differential Equations, 154 6.12 EM Wave–Transmission Line Analogy, 155 6.13 Time Dependence in Maxwell Equations, 157 6.14 Physical Fundamentals, 158 References, 158 7 Sturm–Liouville Equation: The Bridge between Eigenvalue and Green’s Function Problems 161 7.1 Introduction, 161 7.2 Guided Wave Scenarios, 162 7.3 The Sturm–Liouville Equation, 165 7.3.1 The Eigenvalue Problem, 167 7.3.2 The Green’s Function (GF) Problem, 168 7.3.3 Finite z-Domain Problem, 169 7.3.4 Infi nite z-Domain Problem, 170 7.3.5 Relation between Eigenvalue and Green’s Function Problems, 171 7.4 Conclusions, 172 References, 173 8 The 2D Nonpenetrable Parallel Plate Waveguide 175 8.1 Introduction, 176 8.2 Propagation Inside a 2D-PEC Parallel Plate Waveguide, 177 8.2.1 Formulation of the TE- and TM-Type Problems, 178 8.2.2 The Green’s Function Problem, 181 8.2.3 Accessing the Spectral Domain: Separation of Variables, 182 8.2.4 Spectral Representations: Eigenvalue Problems, 183 8.2.5 Spectral Representations: 1D Characteristic Green’s Functions, 184 8.2.6 The 2D Green’s Function Problem: Alternative Representations, 185 8.3 Alternative Representation: Eigenray Solution, 187 8.3.1 Relation between Eigenmode and Eigenray Representations, 191 8.3.2 2D GF and Hybrid Ray-Mode Decomposition, 192 8.4 A 2D-PEC Parallel Plate Waveguide Simulator, 194 8.4.1 Representations Used for Mode, Ray, and Hybrid Solutions, 195 8.4.2 MATLAB Packages: RayMode and Hybrid, 207 8.4.3 Numerical Examples, 210 8.5 Eigenvalue Extraction from Propagation Characteristics, 215 8.5.1 Longitudinal Correlation Function, 215 8.5.2 Numerical Illustrations, 217 8.6 Tilted Beam Excitation, 221 8.7 Conclusions, 223 References, 225 9 Wedge Waveguide with Nonpenetrable Boundaries 227 9.1 Introduction, 228 9.2 Statement of the Problem: Physical Configuration and Ray-Asymptotic Guided Wave Schematizations, 229 9.3 Source-Free Solutions, 230 9.3.1 Separable Coordinates: Conventional NM, 230 9.3.2 Weakly Nonseparable Coordinates: AM, 231 9.3.3 Uniformizing the AM Near Caustics: IM, 232 9.4 Test Problem: The 2D Line-Source-Excited Nonpenetrable Wedge Waveguide, 234 9.4.1 Exact Solution in Cylindrical Coordinate, 234 9.4.2 Approximate Solutions in Rectangular Coordinates, 241 9.4.3 IM Spectral Representation, 244 9.5 The MATLAB Package “WedgeGUIDE,” 247 9.6 Numerical Tests and Illustrations, 249 9.7 Conclusions, 256 Appendix 9A: Formation of the Spectral IM Integral in Section 9.3.3, 257 References, 262 10 High Frequency Asymptotics: The 2D Wedge Diffraction Problem 265 10.1 Introduction, 266 10.2 Plane Wave Illumination and HFA Models, 268 10.2.1 Exact Solution by Series Summation, 268 10.2.2 The Physical Optics (PO) Solution, 270 10.2.3 The PTD Solution, 272 10.2.4 The UTD Solution, 273 10.2.5 The Parabolic Equation (PE) Solution, 275 10.3 HFA Models under Line Source (LS) Excitations, 275 10.3.1 Exact Solution by Series Summation, 276 10.3.2 Exact Solution by Integral, 277 10.3.3 The Parabolic Equation (PE) Solution, 277 10.4 Basic MATLAB Scripts, 278 10.5 The WedgeGUI Virtual Tool and Some Examples, 291 10.6 Conclusions, 297 References, 298 11 Antennas: Isotropic Radiators and Beam Forming/Beam Steering 301 11.1 Introduction, 301 11.2 Arrays of Isotropic Radiators, 303 11.3 The ARRAY Package, 306 11.4 Beam Forming/Steering Examples, 310 11.5 Conclusions, 317 References, 318 12 Simple Propagation Models and Ray Solutions 319 12.1 Introduction, 320 12.2 Ray-Tracing Approaches, 321 12.3 A Ray-Shooting MATLAB Package, 323 12.4 Characteristic Examples, 329 12.5 Flat-Earth Problem and 2Ray Model, 333 12.6 Knife-Edge Problem and 4Ray Model, 338 12.7 Ray Plus Diffraction Models, 348 12.8 Conclusions, 351 References, 351 13 Method of Moments 353 13.1 Introduction, 353 13.2 Approximating a Periodic Function by Other Functions: Fourier Series Representation, 354 13.3 Introduction to the MoM, 359 13.4 Simple Applications of MoM, 361 13.4.1 An Ordinary Differential Equation, 361 13.4.2 The Parallel Plate Capacitor, 364 13.4.3 Propagation over PEC Flat Earth, 366 13.5 MoM Applied to Radiation and Scattering Problems, 372 13.5.1 A Complex Antenna Structure, 372 13.5.2 Ground Wave Propagation Modeling, 373 13.5.3 EM Scattering from Infinitely Long Cylinder, 376 13.5.4 3D RCS Modeling, 381 13.6 MoM Applied to Wedge Diffraction Problem, 386 13.7 MoM Applied to Wedge Waveguide Problem, 397 13.8 Conclusions, 402 References, 402 14 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method 407 14.1 FDTD Representation of EM Plane Waves, 407 14.1.1 Maxwell Equations and Plane Waves, 408 14.1.2 FDTD and Discretization, 410 14.1.3 A One-Dimensional FDTD MATLAB Script, 417 14.1.4 MATLAB-Based FDTD1D Package, 417 14.2 Transmission Lines and Time-Domain Reflectometer, 429 14.2.1 Transmission Line (TL) Theory, 430 14.2.2 Plane Wave–Transmission Line Analogy, 434 14.2.3 FDTD Representation of TL Equations, 437 14.2.4 MATLAB-Based TDRMeter Package, 447 14.2.5 Fourier Analysis and Reflection Characteristics, 454 14.2.6 Laplace Analysis and Fault Identification, 456 14.2.7 Step Response, 464 14.3 1D FDTD with Second-Order Differential Equations, 468 14.4 Two-Dimensional (2D) FDTD Modeling, 472 14.4.1 Field Components and FDTD Equations, 476 14.4.2 FDTD-Based Virtual Tool: MGL2D Package, 477 14.4.3 Characteristic Examples, 479 14.5 Canonical 2D Wedge Scattering Problem, 494 14.5.1 Problem Postulation, 494 14.5.2 Review of Analytical Models, 496 14.5.3 The FDTD Model, 499 14.5.4 Discretization and Dey–Mittra Approach, 502 14.5.5 The WedgeFDTD Package and Examples, 505 14.5.6 Wedge Diffraction and FDTD versus MoM, 510 14.6 Conclusions, 512 References, 512 15 Parabolic Equation Method 515 15.1 Introduction, 516 15.2 The Parabolic Equation (PE) Model, 518 15.3 The Split-Step Parabolic Equation (SSPE) Propagation Tool, 520 15.4 The Finite Element Method-Based PE Propagation Tool, 528 15.5 Atmospheric Refractivity Effects, 531 15.6 A 2D Surface Duct Scenario and Reference Solutions, 533 15.7 LINPE Algorithm and Canonical Tests/Comparisons, 538 15.8 The GrSSPE Package, 558 15.9 The Single-Knife-Edge Problem, 566 15.10 Accurate Source Modeling, 571 15.11 Dielectric Slab Waveguide, 580 15.11.1 Even and Odd Symmetric Solutions, 582 15.11.2 The SSPE Propagator and Eigenvalue Extraction, 584 15.11.3 The Matlab-Based DiSLAB Package, 585 15.12 Conclusions, 591 References, 591 16 Parallel Plate Waveguide Problem 595 16.1 Introduction, 595 16.2 Problem Postulation and Analytical Solutions: Revisited, 599 16.2.1 Green’s Function in Terms of Mode Summation, 602 16.2.2 Mode Summation for a Tilted/Directive Antenna, 604 16.2.3 Eigenray Representation, 606 16.2.4 Hybrid Ray + Image Method, 613 16.3 Numerical Models, 613 16.3.1 Split Step Parabolic Equation Model, 613 16.3.2 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Model, 617 16.3.3 Method of Moments (MoM), 622 16.4 Conclusions, 638 References, 639 Appendix A Introduction to MATLAB 643 Appendix B Suggested References 653 Appendix C Suggested Tutorials and Feature Articles 655 Index 659

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Book SynopsisQuantum Wells, Wires and Dotsprovides all the essential information, both theoretical and computational, to develop an understanding of the electronic, optical and transport properties of these semiconductor nanostructures. The book will lead the reader through comprehensive explanations and mathematical derivations to the point where they can design semiconductor nanostructures with the required electronic and optical properties for exploitation in these technologies. This fully revised and updated 4thedition features new sections that incorporate modern techniques and extensive new material including: Properties of non-parabolic energy bands Matrix solutions of the Poisson and Schrödinger equations Critical thickness of strained materials Carrier scattering by interface roughness, alloy disorder and impurities Density matrix transport modelling Thermal modelling Written by well-known authors in tTable of ContentsDedication iii List of Contributors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xix Introduction xxiii References xxiv 1 Semiconductors and heterostructures 1 1.1 The mechanics of waves 1 1.2 Crystal structure 3 1.3 The effective mass approximation 5 1.4 Band theory 5 1.5 Heterojunctions 7 1.6 Heterostructures 7 1.7 The envelope function approximation 10 1.8 Band non-parabolicity 11 1.9 The reciprocal lattice 13 Exercises 16 References 17 2 Solutions to Schrödinger’s equation 19 2.1 The infinite well 19 2.2 In-plane dispersion 22 2.3 Extension to include band non-parabolicity 24 2.4 Density of states 26 2.4.1 Density-of-states effective mass 28 2.4.2 Two-dimensional systems 29 2.5 Subband populations 31 2.5.1 Populations in non-parabolic subbands 33 2.5.2 Calculation of quasi-Fermi energy 35 2.6 Thermalised distributions 36 2.7 Finite well with constant mass 37 2.7.1 Unbound states 43 2.7.2 Effective mass mismatch at heterojunctions 45 2.7.3 The infinite barrier height and mass limits 49 2.8 Extension to multiple-well systems 50 2.9 The asymmetric single quantum well 53 2.10 Addition of an electric field 54 2.11 The infinite superlattice 57 2.12 The single barrier 63 2.13 The double barrier 65 2.14 Extension to include electric field 71 2.15 Magnetic fields and Landau quantisation 72 2.16 In summary 74 Exercises 74 References 76 3 Numerical solutions 79 3.1 Bisection root-finding 79 3.2 Newton–Raphson root finding 81 3.3 Numerical differentiation 83 3.4 Discretised Schrödinger equation 84 3.5 Shooting method 84 3.6 Generalized initial conditions 86 3.7 Practical implementation of the shooting method 88 3.8 Heterojunction boundary conditions 90 3.9 Matrix solutions of the discretised Schrödinger equation 91 3.10 The parabolic potential well 94 3.11 The Pöschl–Teller potential hole 98 3.12 Convergence tests 98 3.13 Extension to variable effective mass 99 3.14 The double quantum well 103 3.15 Multiple quantum wells and finite superlattices 104 3.16 Addition of electric field 106 3.17 Extension to include variable permittivity 106 3.18 Quantum confined Stark effect 108 3.19 Field–induced anti-crossings 108 3.20 Symmetry and selection rules 110 3.21 The Heisenberg uncertainty principle 110 3.22 Extension to include band non-parabolicity 113 3.23 Poisson’s equation 114 3.24 Matrix solution of Poisson’s equation 118 3.25 Self-consistent Schrödinger–Poisson solution 119 3.26 Modulation doping 121 3.27 The high-electron-mobility transistor 122 3.28 Band filling 123 Exercises 124 References 125 4 Diffusion 127 4.1 Introduction 127 4.2 Theory 129 4.3 Boundary conditions 130 4.4 Convergence tests 131 4.5 Numerical stability 133 4.6 Constant diffusion coefficients 133 4.7 Concentration dependent diffusion coefficient 135 4.8 Depth dependent diffusion coefficient 136 4.9 Time dependent diffusion coefficient 138 4.10 δ-doped quantum wells 138 4.11 Extension to higher dimensions 141 Exercises 142 References 142 5 Impurities 145 5.1 Donors and acceptors in bulk material 145 5.2 Binding energy in a heterostructure 147 5.3 Two-dimensional trial wave function 152 5.4 Three-dimensional trial wave function 158 5.5 Variable-symmetry trial wave function 164 5.6 Inclusion of a central cell correction 170 5.7 Special considerations for acceptors 171 5.8 Effective mass and dielectric mismatch 172 5.9 Band non-parabolicity 173 5.10 Excited states 173 5.11 Application to spin-flip Raman spectroscopy 174 5.11.1 Diluted magnetic semiconductors 174 5.11.2 Spin-flip Raman spectroscopy 176 5.12 Alternative approach to excited impurity states 178 5.13 The ground state 180 5.14 Position dependence 181 5.15 Excited states 181 5.16 Impurity occupancy statistics 184 Exercises 188 References 189 6 Excitons 191 6.1 Excitons in bulk 191 6.2 Excitons in heterostructures 193 6.3 Exciton binding energies 193 6.4 1s exciton 198 6.5 The two-dimensional and three-dimensional limits 202 6.6 Excitons in single quantum wells 206 6.7 Excitons in multiple quantum wells 208 6.8 Stark ladders 210 6.9 Self-consistent effects 211 6.10 2s exciton 212 Exercises 214 References 215 7 Strained quantum wells 217 7.1 Stress and strain in bulk crystals 217 7.2 Strain in quantum wells 221 7.3 Critical thickness of layers 224 7.4 Strain balancing 226 7.5 Effect on the band profile of quantum wells 228 7.6 The piezoelectric effect 231 7.7 Induced piezoelectric fields in quantum wells 234 7.8 Effect of piezoelectric fields on quantum wells 236 Exercises 239 References 240 8 Simple models of quantum wires and dots 241 8.1 Further confinement 241 8.2 Schrödinger’s equation in quantum wires 243 8.3 Infinitely deep rectangular wires 245 8.4 Simple approximation to a finite rectangular wire 247 8.5 Circular cross-section wire 251 8.6 Quantum boxes 255 8.7 Spherical quantum dots 256 8.8 Non-zero angular momentum states 259 8.9 Approaches to pyramidal dots 262 8.10 Matrix approaches 263 8.11 Finite difference expansions 263 8.12 Density of states 265 Exercises 267 References 268 9 Quantum dots 269 9.1 0-dimensional systems and their experimental realization 269 9.2 Cuboidal dots 271 9.3 Dots of arbitrary shape 272 9.3.1 Convergence tests 277 9.3.2 Efficiency 279 9.3.3 Optimization 281 9.4 Application to real problems 282 9.4.1 InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots 282 9.4.2 Working assumptions 282 9.4.3 Results 283 9.4.4 Concluding remarks 286 9.5 A more complex model is not always a better model 288 Exercises 289 References 290 10 Carrier scattering 293 10.1 Introduction 293 10.2 Fermi’s Golden Rule 294 10.3 Extension to sinusoidal perturbations 296 10.4 Averaging over two-dimensional carrier distributions 296 10.5 Phonons 298 10.6 Longitudinal optic phonon scattering of two-dimensional carriers 301 10.7 Application to conduction subbands 313 10.8 Mean intersubband LO phonon scattering rate 315 10.9 Ratio of emission to absorption 316 10.10 Screening of the LO phonon interaction 318 10.11 Acoustic deformation potential scattering 319 10.12 Application to conduction subbands 324 10.13 Optical deformation potential scattering 326 10.14 Confined and interface phonon modes 328 10.15 Carrier–carrier scattering 328 10.16 Addition of screening 336 10.17 Mean intersubband carrier–carrier scattering rate 337 10.18 Computational implementation 339 10.19 Intrasubband versus intersubband 340 10.20 Thermalized distributions 341 10.21 Auger-type intersubband processes 342 10.22 Asymmetric intrasubband processes 343 10.23 Empirical relationships 344 10.24 A generalised expression for scattering of two-dimensional carriers 345 10.25 Impurity scattering 346 10.26 Alloy disorder scattering 351 10.27 Alloy disorder scattering in quantum wells 354 10.28 Interface roughness scattering 355 10.29 Interface roughness scattering in quantum wells 359 10.30 Carrier scattering in quantum wires and dots 362 Exercises 362 References 364 11 Optical properties of quantum wells 367 11.1 Carrier–photon scattering 367 11.2 Spontaneous emission lifetime 372 11.3 Intersubband absorption in quantum wells 374 11.4 Bound–bound transitions 376 11.5 Bound–free transitions 377 11.6 Rectangular quantum well 379 11.7 Intersubband optical non-linearities 382 11.8 Electric polarization 383 11.9 Intersubband second harmonic generation 384 11.10 Maximization of resonant susceptibility 387 Exercises 390 References 391 12 Carrier transport 393 12.1 Introduction 393 12.2 Quantum cascade lasers 393 12.3 Realistic quantum cascade laser 398 12.4 Rate equations 400 12.5 Self-consistent solution of the rate equations 402 12.6 Calculation of the current density 404 12.7 Phonon and carrier–carrier scattering transport 404 12.8 Electron temperature 405 12.9 Calculation of the gain 408 12.10 QCLs, QWIPs, QDIPs and other methods 411 12.11 Density matrix approaches 412 12.11.1 Time evolution of the density matrix 415 12.11.2 Density matrix modelling of terahertz QCLs 416 Exercises 418 References 420 13 Optical waveguides 423 13.1 Introduction to optical waveguides 423 13.2 Optical waveguide analysis 425 13.2.1 The wave equation 425 13.2.2 The transfer matrix method 428 13.2.3 Guided modes in multi-layer waveguides 431 13.3 Optical properties of materials 434 13.3.1 Semiconductors 434 13.3.2 Influence of free-carriers 436 13.3.3 Carrier mobility model 438 13.3.4 Influence of doping 439 13.4 Application to waveguides of laser devices 440 13.4.1 Double heterostructure laser waveguide 441 13.4.2 Quantum cascade laser waveguides 443 13.5 Thermal properties of waveguides 447 13.6 The heat equation 449 13.7 Material properties 450 13.7.1 Thermal conductivity 450 13.7.2 Specific heat capacity 451 13.8 Finite difference approximation to the heat equation 453 13.9 Steady-state solution of the heat equation 454 13.10 Time-resolved solution 457 13.11 Simplified RC thermal models 458 Exercises 461 References 462 14 Multiband envelope function (k.p) method 465 14.1 Symmetry, basis states and band structure 465 14.2 Valence band structure and the 6 × 6 Hamiltonian 466 14.3 4 × 4 valence band Hamiltonian 470 14.4 Complex band structure 471 14.5 Block-diagonalization of the Hamiltonian 472 14.6 The valence band in strained cubic semiconductors 474 14.7 Hole subbands in heterostructures 476 14.8 Valence band offset 478 14.9 The layer (transfer matrix) method 479 14.10 Quantum well subbands 483 14.11 The influence of strain 484 14.12 Strained quantum well subbands 484 14.13 Direct numerical methods 485 Exercises 486 References 486 15 Empirical pseudo-potential bandstructure 487 15.1 Principles and approximations 487 15.2 Elemental band structure calculation 488 15.3 Spin–orbit coupling 496 15.4 Compound semiconductors 498 15.5 Charge densities 501 15.6 Calculating the effective mass 504 15.7 Alloys 504 15.8 Atomic form factors 506 15.9 Generalization to a large basis 507 15.10 Spin–orbit coupling within the large basis approach 510 15.11 Computational implementation 511 15.12 Deducing the parameters and application 512 15.13 Isoelectronic impurities in bulk 515 15.14 The electronic structure around point defects 520 Exercises 520 References 521 16 Pseudo-potential calculations of nanostructures 523 16.1 The superlattice unit cell 523 16.2 Application of large basis method to superlattices 526 16.3 Comparison with envelope function approximation 530 16.4 In-plane dispersion 531 16.5 Interface coordination 532 16.6 Strain-layered superlattices 533 16.7 The superlattice as a perturbation 534 16.8 Application to GaAs/AlAs superlattices 539 16.9 Inclusion of remote bands 541 16.10 The valence band 542 16.11 Computational effort 542 16.12 Superlattice dispersion and the interminiband laser 543 16.13 Addition of electric field 545 16.14 Application of the large basis method to quantum wires 549 16.15 Confined states 552 16.16 Application of the large basis method to tiny quantum dots 552 16.17 Pyramidal quantum dots 554 16.18 Transport through dot arrays 555 16.19 Recent progress 556 Exercises 556 References 557 Concluding remarks 559 A Materials parameters 561 B Introduction to the simulation tools 563 B.1 Documentation and support 564 B.2 Installation and dependencies 564 B.3 Simulation programs 565 B.4 Introduction to scripting 566 B.5 Example calculations 567

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Book SynopsisApplies the four-dimensional formalism with an extended toolbox of operation rules, allowing readers to define more general classes of electromagnetic media and to analyze EM waves that can exist in them. This book covers various properties of electromagnetic media in terms of which they can be set in different classes.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Multivectors and Multiforms 1 1.1 Vectors and One-Forms, 1 1.1.1 Bar Product | 1 1.1.2 Basis Expansions 2 1.2 Bivectors and Two-Forms, 3 1.2.1 Wedge Product ∧ 3 1.2.2 Basis Expansions 4 1.2.3 Bar Product 5 1.2.4 Contraction Products ⌋ and ⌊ 6 1.2.5 Decomposition of Vectors and One-Forms 8 1.3 Multivectors and Multiforms, 8 1.3.1 Basis of Multivectors 9 1.3.2 Bar Product of Multivectors and Multiforms 10 1.3.3 Contraction of Trivectors and Three-Forms 11 1.3.4 Contraction of Quadrivectors and Four-Forms 12 1.3.5 Construction of Reciprocal Basis 13 1.3.6 Contraction of Quintivector 14 1.3.7 Generalized Bac-Cab Rules 14 1.4 Some Properties of Bivectors and Two-Forms, 16 1.4.1 Bivector Invariant 16 1.4.2 Natural Dot Product 17 1.4.3 Bivector as Mapping 17 Problems, 18 2 Dyadics 21 2.1 Mapping Vectors and One-Forms, 21 2.1.1 Dyadics 21 2.1.2 Double-Bar Product || 23 2.1.3 Metric Dyadics 24 2.2 Mapping Multivectors and Multiforms, 25 2.2.1 Bidyadics 25 2.2.2 Double-Wedge Product ∧∧ 2.2.3 Double-Wedge Powers 28 2.2.4 Double Contractions ⌊⌊ and ⌋⌋ 30 2.2.5 Natural Dot Product for Bidyadics 31 2.3 Dyadic Identities, 32 2.3.1 Contraction Identities 32 2.3.2 Special Cases 33 2.3.3 More General Rules 35 2.3.4 Cayley–Hamilton Equation 36 2.3.5 Inverse Dyadics 36 2.4 Rank of Dyadics, 39 2.5 Eigenproblems, 41 2.5.1 Eigenvectors and Eigen One-Forms 41 2.5.2 Reduced Cayley–Hamilton Equations 42 2.5.3 Construction of Eigenvectors 43 2.6 Metric Dyadics, 45 2.6.1 Symmetric Dyadics 46 2.6.2 Antisymmetric Dyadics 47 2.6.3 Inverse Rules for Metric Dyadics 48 Problems, 49 3 Bidyadics 53 3.1 Cayley–Hamilton Equation, 54 3.1.1 Coefficient Functions 55 3.1.2 Determinant of a Bidyadic 57 3.1.3 Antisymmetric Bidyadic 57 3.2 Bidyadic Eigenproblem, 58 3.2.1 Eigenbidyadic C− 60 3.2.2 Eigenbidyadic C+ 60 3.3 Hehl–Obukhov Decomposition, 61 3.4 Example: Simple Antisymmetric Bidyadic, 64 3.5 Inverse Rules for Bidyadics, 66 3.5.1 Skewon Bidyadic 67 3.5.2 Extended Bidyadics 70 3.5.3 3D Expansions 73 Problems, 74 4 Special Dyadics and Bidyadics 79 4.1 Orthogonality Conditions, 79 4.1.1 Orthogonality of Dyadics 79 4.1.2 Orthogonality of Bidyadics 81 4.2 Nilpotent Dyadics and Bidyadics, 81 4.3 Projection Dyadics and Bidyadics, 83 4.4 Unipotent Dyadics and Bidyadics, 85 4.5 Almost-Complex Dyadics, 87 4.5.1 Two-Dimensional AC Dyadics 89 4.5.2 Four-Dimensional AC Dyadics 89 4.6 Almost-Complex Bidyadics, 91 4.7 Modified Closure Relation, 93 4.7.1 Equivalent Conditions 94 4.7.2 Solutions 94 4.7.3 Testing the Two Solutions 96 Problems, 98 5 Electromagnetic Fields 101 5.1 Field Equations, 101 5.1.1 Differentiation Operator 101 5.1.2 Maxwell Equations 103 5.1.3 Potential One-Form 105 5.2 Medium Equations, 106 5.2.1 Medium Bidyadics 106 5.2.2 Potential Equation 107 5.2.3 Expansions of Medium Bidyadics 107 5.2.4 Gibbsian Representation 109 5.3 Basic Classes of Media, 110 5.3.1 Hehl–Obukhov Decomposition 110 5.3.2 3D Expansions 112 5.3.3 Simple Principal Medium 114 5.4 Interfaces and Boundaries, 117 5.4.1 Interface Conditions 117 5.4.2 Boundary Conditions 119 5.5 Power and Energy, 123 5.5.1 Bilinear Invariants 123 5.5.2 The Stress–Energy Dyadic 125 5.5.3 Differentiation Rule 127 5.6 Plane Waves, 128 5.6.1 Basic Equations 128 5.6.2 Dispersion Equation 130 5.6.3 Special Cases 132 5.6.4 Plane-Wave Fields 132 5.6.5 Simple Principal Medium 134 5.6.6 Handedness of Plane Wave 135 Problems, 136 6 Transformation of Fields and Media 141 6.1 Affine Transformation, 141 6.1.1 Transformation of Fields 141 6.1.2 Transformation of Media 142 6.1.3 Dispersion Equation 144 6.1.4 Simple Principal Medium 145 6.2 Duality Transformation, 145 6.2.1 Transformation of Fields 146 6.2.2 Involutionary Duality Transformation 147 6.2.3 Transformation of Media 149 6.3 Transformation of Boundary Conditions, 150 6.3.1 Simple Principal Medium 152 6.3.2 Plane Wave 152 6.4 Reciprocity Transformation, 153 6.4.1 Medium Transformation 153 6.4.2 Reciprocity Conditions 155 6.4.3 Field Relations 157 6.4.4 Time-Harmonic Fields 158 6.5 Conformal Transformation, 159 6.5.1 Properties of the Conformal Transformation 160 6.5.2 Field Transformation 164 6.5.3 Medium Transformation 165 Problems, 166 7 Basic Classes of Electromagnetic Media 169 7.1 Gibbsian Isotropy, 169 7.1.1 Gibbsian Isotropic Medium 169 7.1.2 Gibbsian Bi-isotropic Medium 170 7.1.3 Decomposition of GBI Medium 171 7.1.4 Affine Transformation 173 7.1.5 Eigenfields in GBI Medium 174 7.1.6 Plane Wave in GBI Medium 176 7.2 The Axion Medium, 178 7.2.1 Perfect Electromagnetic Conductor 179 7.2.2 PEMC as Limiting Case of GBI Medium 180 7.2.3 PEMC Boundary Problems 181 7.3 Skewon–Axion Media, 182 7.3.1 Plane Wave in Skewon–Axion Medium 184 7.3.2 Gibbsian Representation 185 7.3.3 Boundary Conditions 187 7.4 Extended Skewon–Axion Media, 192 Problems, 194 8 Quadratic Media 197 8.1 P Media and Q Media, 197 8.2 Transformations, 200 8.3 Spatial Expansions, 201 8.3.1 Spatial Expansion of Q Media 201 8.3.2 Spatial Expansion of P Media 203 8.3.3 Relation Between P Media and Q Media 204 8.4 Plane Waves, 205 8.4.1 Plane Waves in Q Media 205 8.4.2 Plane Waves in P Media 207 8.4.3 P Medium as Boundary Material 208 8.5 P-Axion and Q-Axion Media, 209 8.6 Extended Q Media, 211 8.6.1 Gibbsian Representation 211 8.6.2 Field Decomposition 214 8.6.3 Transformations 215 8.6.4 Plane Waves in Extended Q Media 215 8.7 Extended P Media, 218 8.7.1 Medium Conditions 218 8.7.2 Plane Waves in Extended P Media 219 8.7.3 Field Conditions 220 Problems, 221 9 Media Defined by Bidyadic Equations 225 9.1 Quadratic Equation, 226 9.1.1 SD Media 227 9.1.2 Eigenexpansions 228 9.1.3 Duality Transformation 229 9.1.4 3D Representations 231 9.1.5 SDN Media 234 9.2 Cubic Equation, 235 9.2.1 CU Media 235 9.2.2 Eigenexpansions 236 9.2.3 Examples of CU Media 238 9.3 Bi-Quadratic Equation, 240 9.3.1 BQ Media 241 9.3.2 Eigenexpansions 242 9.3.3 3D Representation 244 9.3.4 Special Case 245 Problems, 246 10 Media Defined by Plane-Wave Properties 249 10.1 Media with No Dispersion Equation (NDE Media), 249 10.1.1 Two Cases of Solutions 250 10.1.2 Plane-Wave Fields in NDE Media 255 10.1.3 Other Possible NDE Media 257 10.2 Decomposable Media, 259 10.2.1 Special Cases 259 10.2.2 DC-Medium Subclasses 263 10.2.3 Plane-Wave Properties 267 Problems, 269 Appendix A Solutions to Problems 273 Appendix B Transformation to Gibbsian Formalism 369 Appendix C Multivector and Dyadic Identities 375 References 389 Index 395

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Book SynopsisProvides a self-contained account on applications of electromagnetic reciprocity theorems to multiport antenna systems The reciprocity theorem is among the most intriguing concepts in wave field theory and has become an integral part of almost all standard textbooks on electromagnetic (EM) theory. This book makes use of the theorem to quantitatively describe EM interactions concerning general multiport antenna systems. It covers a general reciprocity-based description of antenna systems, their EM scattering properties, and further related aspects. Beginning with an introduction to the subject, Electromagnetic Reciprocity in Antenna Theory provides readers first with the basic prerequisites before offering coverage of the equivalent multiport circuit antenna representations, EM coupling between multiport antenna systems and their EM interactions with scatterers, accompanied with the corresponding EM compensation theorems. In addition, the text: Presents basic prerequisites includiTable of ContentsIntroduction xi 1 Basic Prerequisites 1 1.1 Laplace Transformation 3 1.2 Time Convolution 4 1.3 Time Correlation 5 1.4 EMReciprocity Theorems 6 1.4.1 Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 8 1.4.2 Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 9 1.4.3 Application of the Reciprocity Theorems to an Unbounded Domain 11 1.5 Description of the Antenna Configuration 13 1.5.1 Antenna Power Conservation 14 1.5.2 Antenna Interface Relations 16 2 Antenna Uniqueness Theorem 19 2.1 Problem Description 19 2.2 Problem Solution 19 3 Forward-Scattering Theorem in Antenna Theory 23 3.1 Problem Description 23 3.2 Problem Solution 23 4 Antenna Matching Theorems 31 4.1 Reciprocity Analysis of the Time-Correlation Type 31 4.1.1 Transmitting State 31 4.1.2 Receiving State 34 4.1.3 EquivalentMatching Condition 35 5 Equivalent Kirchhoff Network Representations of a Receiving Antenna System 41 5.1 Reciprocity Analysis of the Time-Convolution Type 41 5.1.1 Equivalent Circuits for Plane-Wave Incidence 41 5.1.2 Equivalent Circuits for a Known Volume-Current Distribution 45 6 The Antenna Systemin the Presence of a Scatterer 51 6.1 Receiving Antenna in the Presence of a Scatterer 51 6.2 Transmitting Antenna in the Presence of a Scatterer 56 6.2.1 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 57 6.2.2 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 59 7 EMCoupling Between Two Multiport Antenna Systems 65 7.1 Description of the Problem Configuration 65 7.2 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 68 7.3 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 71 8 Compensation Theorems for the EMCoupling Between Two Multiport Antennas 77 8.1 Description of the Problem Configuration 77 8.2 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 79 8.2.1 The Change in Scenario (BA) 79 8.2.2 The Change in Scenario (AB) 82 8.3 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 85 8.3.1 The Change in Scenario (BA) 85 8.3.2 The Change in Scenario (AB) 88 9 Compensation Theorems for the EMScattering of an Antenna System 95 9.1 Description of the Problem Configuration 95 9.2 Reciprocity Analysis 96 9.2.1 Compensation Theorems in Terms of Electric Current-excited Sensing EM Fields 99 9.2.2 Compensation Theorems in Terms of Voltage-Excited Sensing EM Fields 100 9.2.3 Power Reciprocity Expressions 101 AppendixA Lerch’s Uniqueness Theorem 107 A.1 Problem ofMoments 107 A.2 Proof of Lerch’s Theorem 108 References 111 Index 115

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Book SynopsisA practical and comprehensive reference that explores Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) in semiconductor components and electronic systems The ESD Handbookoffers a comprehensivereference that explores topics relevant to ESD design in semiconductor components and explores ESD in various systems. Electrostatic discharge is a common problem in the semiconductor environment and this reference fills a gap in the literature by discussing ESD protection. Written by a noted expert on the topic, the text offers a topic-by-topic reference that includes illustrative figures, discussions, and drawings. The handbook covers a wide-range of topics including ESD in manufacturing (garments, wrist straps, and shoes); ESD Testing; ESD device physics; ESD semiconductor process effects; ESD failure mechanisms; ESD circuits in different technologies (CMOS, Bipolar, etc.); ESD circuit types(Pin, Power, Pin-to-Pin, etc.); and much more. In addition, the text includes a glossary, index, tables, illustrations, aTable of ContentsAbout the Author xxxvii Acknowledgements xxxix 1 ESD, EOS, EMI, EMC, and Latchup 1 2 ESD in Manufacturing 21 3 ESD Standards 55 4 ESD Testing 65 5 ESD Device Physics 117 6 ESD Events and Protection Circuits 189 7 ESD Failure Mechanism 235 8 ESD Design Synthesis 281 9 On-chip ESD Protection Circuits – Input Circuitry 363 10 On-Chip ESD Protection Circuits – ESD Power Clamps 441 11 ESD Architecture and Floor Planning 491 12 ESD Digital Design 551 13 ESD Analog Design 583 14 ESD RF Design 629 15 ESD Power Electronics Design 681 16 ESD in Advanced CMOS 709 17 ESD in Silicon on Insulator 783 18 ESD in Analog Circuits 821 19 ESD in RF CMOS 865 20 ESD in Silicon Germanium 891 21 ESD in Silicon Germanium Carbon 935 22 ESD in GaAs 951 23 ESD in Bulk and SOI FINFET 971 24 MEMs 979 25 Magnetic Recording 991 26 Photomasks 1003 Appendix Table of Acronyms 1013 A Glossary of Terms – EMC Terminology 1015 B Appendix B. ESD Standards 1017 C Index 1021 D Wiley Series in Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) and Electrical Overstress (EOS) 1055 E ESD Design Rules 1057 F Guard Ring Design Rules 1061 G EOS Design Rules and Checklist 1067 H Latchup Design Rules 1069 I ESD Cookbook 1077 J EOS Cookbook 1079 K Latchup Cookbook 1081 L ESD Design and Release Check List 1087 M EOS Design and Release Checklist 1089 N Latchup Design and Release Checklist 1093 Index 1097

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Book SynopsisThe Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm (MLFMA) for Solving Large-Scale Computational Electromagnetic Problems provides a detailed and instructional overview of implementing MLFMA. The book: Presents a comprehensive treatment of the MLFMA algorithm, including basic linear algebra concepts, recent developments on the parallel computation, and a number of application examples Covers solutions of electromagnetic problems involving dielectric objects and perfectly-conducting objects Discusses applications including scattering from airborne targets, scattering from red blood cells, radiation from antennas and arrays, metamaterials etc. Is written by authors who have more than 25 years experience on the development and implementation of MLFMA The book will be useful for post-graduate students, researchers, and academics, studying in the areas of computational electromagnetics, numerical analTable of ContentsPreface xi List of Abbreviations xiii 1 Basics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Simulation Environments Based on MLFMA 2 1.3 From Maxwell’s Equations to Integro-Differential Operators 3 1.4 Surface Integral Equations 7 1.5 Boundary Conditions 9 1.6 Surface Formulations 10 1.7 Method of Moments and Discretization 12 1.7.1 Linear Functions 15 1.8 Integrals on Triangular Domains 21 1.8.1 Analytical Integrals 22 1.8.2 Gaussian Quadratures 26 1.8.3 Adaptive Integration 26 1.9 Electromagnetic Excitation 29 1.9.1 Plane-Wave Excitation 29 1.9.2 Hertzian Dipole 31 1.9.3 Complex-Source-Point Excitation 31 1.9.4 Delta-Gap Excitation 32 1.9.5 Current-Source Excitation 34 1.10 Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm 35 1.11 Low-Frequency Breakdown of MLFMA 39 1.12 Iterative Algorithms 41 1.12.1 Symmetric Lanczos Process 42 1.12.2 Nonsymmetric Lanczos Process 44 1.12.3 Arnoldi Process 45 1.12.4 Golub-Kahan Process 45 1.13 Preconditioning 46 1.14 Parallelization of MLFMA 50 2 Solutions of Electromagnetics Problems with Surface Integral Equations 53 2.1 Homogeneous Dielectric Objects 53 2.1.1 Surface Integral Equations 54 2.1.2 Surface Formulations 55 2.1.3 Discretizations of Surface Formulations 58 2.1.4 Direct Calculations of Interactions 60 2.1.5 General Properties of Surface Formulations 67 2.1.6 Decoupling for Perfectly Conducting Surfaces 73 2.1.7 Accuracy with Respect to Contrast 74 2.2 Low-Contrast Breakdown and Its Solution 77 2.2.1 A Combined Tangential Formulation 77 2.2.2 Nonradiating Currents 80 2.2.3 Conventional Formulations in the Limit Case 81 2.2.4 Low-Contrast Breakdown 82 2.2.5 Stabilization by Extraction 82 2.2.6 Double-Stabilized Combined Tangential Formulation 87 2.2.7 Numerical Results for Low Contrasts 88 2.2.8 Breakdown for Extremely Low Contrasts 91 2.2.9 Field-Based-Stabilized Formulations 93 2.2.10 Numerical Results for Extremely Low Contrasts 95 2.3 Perfectly Conducting Objects 105 2.3.1 Comments on the Integral Equations 106 2.3.2 Internal-Resonance Problem 108 2.3.3 Formulations of Open Surfaces 108 2.3.4 Low-Frequency Breakdown 111 2.3.5 Accuracy with the RWG Functions 115 2.3.6 Compatibility of the Integral Equations 122 2.3.7 Convergence to Minimum Achievable Error 124 2.3.8 Alternative Implementations of MFIE 130 2.3.9 Curl-Conforming Basis Functions for MFIE 131 2.3.10 LN-LT Type Basis Functions for MFIE and CFIE 137 2.3.11 Excessive Discretization Error of the Identity Operator 160 2.4 Composite Objects with Multiple Dielectric and Metallic Regions 165 2.4.1 Special Case: Homogeneous Dielectric Object 168 2.4.2 Special Case: Coated Dielectric Object 169 2.4.3 Special Case: Coated Metallic Object 172 2.5 Concluding Remarks 175 3 Iterative Solutions of Electromagnetics Problems with MLFMA 177 3.1 Factorization and Diagonalization of the Green’s Function 177 3.1.1 Addition Theorem 177 3.1.2 Factorization of the Translation Functions 180 3.1.3 Expansions 183 3.1.4 Diagonalization 184 3.2 Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm 186 3.2.1 Recursive Clustering 186 3.2.2 Far-Field Interactions 187 3.2.3 Radiation and Receiving Patterns 188 3.2.4 Near-Field Interactions 190 3.2.5 Sampling 190 3.2.6 Computational Requirements 192 3.2.7 Anterpolation 194 3.3 Lagrange Interpolation and Anterpolation 196 3.3.1 Two-Step Method 198 3.3.2 Virtual Extension 199 3.3.3 Sampling at the Poles 201 3.3.4 Interpolation of Translation Operators 205 3.4 MLFMA for Hermitian Matrix-Vector Multiplications 211 3.5 Strategies for Building Less-Accurate MLFMA 213 3.6 Iterative Solutions of Surface Formulations 215 3.6.1 Hybrid Formulations of PEC Objects 216 3.6.2 Iterative Solutions of Normal Equations 226 3.6.3 Iterative Solutions of Dielectric Objects 238 3.6.4 Iterative Solutions of Composite Objects with Multiple Dielectric and Metallic Regions 247 3.7 MLFMA for Low-Frequency Problems 252 3.7.1 Factorization of the Matrix Elements 256 3.7.2 Low-Frequency MLFMA 259 3.7.3 Broadband MLFMA 261 3.7.4 Numerical Results 261 3.8 Concluding Remarks 268 4 Parallelization of MLFMA for the Solution of Large-Scale Electromagnetics Problems 269 4.1 On the Parallelization of MLFMA 269 4.2 Parallel Computing Platforms for Numerical Examples 270 4.3 Electromagnetics Problems for Numerical Examples 271 4.4 Simple Parallelizations of MLFMA 271 4.4.1 Near-Field Interactions 271 4.4.2 Far-Field Interactions 273 4.5 The Hybrid Parallelization Strategy 274 4.5.1 Aggregation Stage 275 4.5.2 Translation Stage 277 4.5.3 Disaggregation Stage 278 4.5.4 Communications in Hybrid Parallelizations 278 4.5.5 Numerical Results with the Hybrid Parallelization Strategy 279 4.6 The Hierarchical Parallelization Strategy 283 4.6.1 Hierarchical Partitioning of Tree Structures 283 4.6.2 Aggregation Stage 285 4.6.3 Translation Stage 286 4.6.4 Disaggregation Stage 286 4.6.5 Communications in Hierarchical Parallelizations 287 4.6.6 Irregular Partitioning of Tree Structures 288 4.6.7 Comparisons with Previous Parallelization Strategies 289 4.6.8 Numerical Results with the Hierarchical Parallelization Strategy 291 4.7 Efficiency Considerations for Parallel Implementations of MLFMA 295 4.7.1 Efficient Programming 295 4.7.2 System Software 297 4.7.3 Load Balancing 297 4.7.4 Memory Recycling and Optimizations 302 4.7.5 Parallel Environment 306 4.7.6 Parallel Computers 315 4.8 Accuracy Considerations for Parallel Implementations of MLFMA 317 4.8.1 Mesh Quality 324 4.9 Solutions of Large-Scale Electromagnetics Problems Involving PEC Objects 324 4.9.1 PEC Sphere 326 4.9.2 Other Canonical Problems 338 4.9.3 NASA Almond 342 4.9.4 Flamme 354 4.10 Solutions of Large-Scale Electromagnetics Problems Involving Dielectric Objects 358 4.11 Concluding Remarks 368 5 Applications 369 5.1 Case Study: External Resonances of the Flamme 369 5.2 Case Study: Realistic Metamaterials Involving Split-Ring Resonators and Thin Wires 373 5.3 Case Study: Photonic Crystals 377 5.4 Case Study: Scattering from Red Blood Cells 380 5.5 Case Study: Log-Periodic Antennas and Arrays 389 5.5.1 Nonplanar Trapezoidal-Tooth Log-Periodic Antennas 389 5.5.2 Circular Arrays of Log-Periodic Antennas 395 5.5.3 Circular-Sectoral Arrays of Log-Periodic Antennas 403 5.6 Concluding Remarks 410 Appendix 411 A.1 Limit Part of the Operator 411 A.2 Post Processing 412 A.2.1 Near-Zone Electromagnetic Fields 413 A.2.2 Far-Zone Fields 414 A.3 More Details of the Hierarchical Partitioning Strategy 423 A.3.1 Aggregation/Disaggregation Stages 423 A.3.2 Translation Stage 424 A.4 Mie-Series Solutions 425 A.4.1 Definitions 426 A.4.2 Debye Potentials 426 A.4.3 Electric and Magnetic Fields 427 A.4.4 Incident Fields 427 A.4.5 Perfectly Conducting Sphere 428 A.4.6 Dielectric Sphere 428 A.4.7 Coated Perfectly Conducting Sphere 429 A.4.8 Coated Dielectric Sphere 430 A.4.9 Far-Field Expressions 432 A.5 Electric-Field Volume Integral Equation 433 A.6 Calculation of Some Special Functions 437 A.6.1 Spherical Bessel Functions 437 A.6.2 Legendre Functions 437 A.6.3 Gradient of Multipole-to-Monopole Shift Functions 439 A.6.4 Gaunt Coefficients 439 References 441

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Book SynopsisThorough, evenly paced, and intuitive, this friendly introduction to high-level covariant electrodynamics is a handy and helpful addition to any physicist's toolkit.Trade Review"John Charap succeeds well in making electrodynamics manifestly covariant, providing historical background and applications of far-reaching importance. The diligent reader, armed with pen and ample scratch paper for filling in the intermediate steps, will see covariant electrodynamics emerge coherently." (Dwight E. Neuenschwander, author of Emmy Noether's Wonderful Theorem)"Table of ContentsPreface1. Introduction2. Mathematical Preliminaries2.1. A Reminder of Vector Calculus2.2. Special Relativity2.3. Four-Vectors2.4. Covariant and Contravariant Vectors2.5. Tensors2.6. Time Dilation and the Lorentz-FitzGerald Contraction2.7. The Four-Velocity2.8. Energy and Momentum2.9. Plane Waves2.10. Exercises for Chapter 23. Maxwell's Equations3.1. Our Starting Point3.2. The Experimental Background3.2.1. Coulomb's Law3.2.2. Absence of Magnetic Monopoles3.2.3. Ørsted and Ampere3.2.4. The Law of Biot and Savart3.2.5. The Displacement Current3.2.6. Faraday's Law of Induction3.2.7. The Lorentz Force3.3. Capacitors and Solenoids3.3.1. Energy3.4. Electromagnetic Waves3.4.1. Polarization3.4.2. Electromagnetism and Light3.5. Exercises for Chapter 34. Behavior under Lorentz Transformations4.1. The Charge-Current Density Four-Vector4.2. The Lorentz Force4.3. The Potential Four-Vector4.4. Gauge Transformations4.5. The Field-Strength Tensor4.6. The Dual Field-Strength Tensor4.7. Exercises for Chapter 45. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian5.1. Lagrange's Equations5.2. The Lagrangian for a Charged Particle5.3. The Hamiltonian for a Charged Particle5.4. The Lagrangian for the Electromagnetic Field5.5. The Hamiltonian for the Electromagnetic Field5.6. Noether's Theorem5.7. Exercises for Chapter 56. Stress, Energy, and Momentum6.1. The Canonical Stress Tensor6.2. The Symmetrical Stress Tensor6.3. The Conservation Laws with Sources6.4. The Field as an Ensemble of Oscillators6.5. Exercises for Chapter 67. Motion of a Charged Particle7.1. Fields from an Unaccelerated Particle7.2. Motion of a Particle in an External Field7.2.1. Uniform Static Magnetic Field7.2.2. Crossed E and B Fields7.2.3. Nonuniform Static B-Field7.2.4. Curved Magnetic Field Lines7.3. Exercises for Chapter 78. Fields from Sources8.1. Introducing the Green's Function8.2. The Delta Function8.3. The Green's Function8.4. The Covariant Form for the Green's Function8.5. Exercises for Chapter 89. Radiation9.1. Potentials from a Moving Charged Particle9.2. The Lienard-Wiechert Potentials9.2.1. Fields from an Unaccelerated Particle9.2.2. Fields from a Charged Oscillator9.3. The General Case9.4. The Multipole Expansion9.4.1. Electric Dipole Radiation9.4.2. Magnetic Dipole and Higher-Order Terms9.5. Motion in a Circle9.6. Radiation from Linear Accelerators9.7. Radiation from an Antenna9.8. Exercises for Chapter 910. Media10.1. Dispersion10.1.1. Newton on the "Phænomena of Colours"10.2. Refraction10.2.1. The Boundary Conditions at the Interface10.3. Cerenkov Radiation10.4. Exercises for Chapter 1011. Scattering11.1. Scattering from a Small Scatterer11.2. Many Scatterers11.3. Scattering from the Sky11.3.1. The Born Approximation11.3.2. Rayleigh's Explanation for the Blue Sky11.4. Critical Opalescence12. Dispersion12.1. The Oscillator Model12.1.1. The High-Frequency Limit12.1.2. The Drude Model12.2. Dispersion Relations12.3. The Optical TheoremEpilogueIndex

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Book SynopsisNow we look to these fish as an inspiration for engineering new sensors, computer interfaces, autonomous undersea robots, and energy-efficient batteries.Trade ReviewThis beautifully written and exhaustively researched book traces the links between experiments on strongly electric fish and scientific understanding of electricity... Turkel's book is a joy to read; it will entertain and educate scientists, historians, and anyone with an interest in the natural world. Choice Turkel's book convincingly reminds us that all the laptops and gadgets we surround ourselves with are remixes; altered versions of strongly electric fish. For that strange and insightful observation, this book ought to be widely read and enjoyed. -- Chris Conway Endeavour [I]t is refreshing to explore a book which takes seriously ancient encounters with manifestations of natural electricity as precursors to more recent innovations. -- James F. Stark The British Journal for the History of ScienceTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Strongly Electric Fish2. Modeling Animal Electricity3. Electrophysiology4. The Spark of Life5. Evolutionary Theories6. Electric Currents7. Discovering Electric WorldsConclusion: Nothing but a Movement of ElectronsNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisElectromagnetic distance measurement, by using light and microwaves for direct linear measurements and thus circumventing the need for traditional methods of triangulation, may well introduce a new era in surveying. This book brings together the work of forty-eight geodesists from twenty-five countries. They discuss various new EDM instruments—among them the Tellurometer, Geodimeter, and air- and satellite-borne systems—and investigate the complex sources of error. The book is therefore a unique and comprehensive source on the subject. UNESCO and R.I.C.S. have assisted financially in its production.

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Book SynopsisPart A Propagation of Sound.- Part B Physical and Nonlinear Acoustics.- Part C Architectural Acoustics.- Part D Hearing and Signal Processing.- Part E Music, Speech, Electroacoustics.- Part F Biological and Medical Acoustics.- Part G Structural Acoustics and Noise.- Part H Engineering Acoustics.- Acknowledgements.- About the Authors.- Subject Index.   Trade Review Table of ContentsChap. 1 Introduction to Acoustics (Thomas D. Rossing)Part A Propagation of Sound Chap. 2 A Brief History of Acoustics (Thomas D. Rossing)Chap. 3 Basic Linear Acoustics (Alan D. Pierce)Chap. 4 Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere ( Keith Attenborough)Chap. 5 Underwater Acoustics (William A. Kuperman, Philippe Roux)Part B Physical and Nonlinear Acoustics Chap. 6 Physical Acoustics (Mack A. Breazeale +, Michael McPherson)Chap. 7 Thermoacoustics (Gregory W. Swift)Chap. 8 Nonlinear Acoustics in Fluids (Werner Lauterborn, Thomas Kurz, Iskander Akhatov)Part C Architectural Acoustics Chap. 9 Acoustics in Halls for Speech and Music (Anders C. Gade)Chap. 10 Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Subjective Preference Theory (Yoichi Ando)Chap. 11 Building Acoustics (James Cowan)Part D Hearing and Signal Processing Chap. 12 Physiological Acoustics (Eric D. Young)Chap. 13 Psychoacoustics (Brian C.J. Moore)Chap. 14 Signal Processing (William M. Hartmann, James V. Candy)Part E Music, Speech, Electroacoustics Chap. 15 Musical Acoustics (Colin Gough)Chap. 16 The Human Voice in Speech and Singing (Björn Lindblom, Johan Sundberg)Chap. 17 Computer Music (Perry R. Cook)Chap. 18 Audio and Electroacoustics (Mark F. Davis)Part F Biological and Medical Acoustics Chap. 19 Animal Bioacoustics (Neville H. Fletcher)Chap. 20 Cetacean Acoustics (Whitlow W.L. Au, Marc O. Lammers)Chap. 21 Medical Acoustics (Kirk W. Beach, Barbrina Dunmire)Part G Structural Acoustics and Noise Chap. 22 Structural Acoustics and Vibrations (Antoine Chaigne)Chap. 23 Noise (George C. Maling, Jr.)Part H Engineering Acoustics Chap. 24 Microphones and Their Calibration (George S.K. Wong)Chap. 25 Sound Intensity (Finn Jacobsen)Chap. 26 Acoustic Holography (Yang-Hann Kim)Chap. 27 Optical Methods for Acoustics and Vibration Measurements (Nils-Erik Molin)Chap. 28 Modal Analysis (Thomas D. Rossing)Chap. 29 Microphone Arrays (Rolf Bader)Chap. 30 Acoustic Emission (Kanji Ono)Acknowledgements.- About the Authors.- Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisGraduate students interested in such exciting fields of research need a strong foundation in field theory, which was part of the motivation for writing this book on classical electromagnetics but with an eye on its modern applications.

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Book SynopsisElectromagnetism is the force that causes attraction and repulsion between charged particles and between magnets. This force is responsible for almost all interactions, including how a car runs, how electronic equipment is powered, and how high-voltage electricity from a power plant is converted to a lower voltage for use in the home. Electricity and Magnetism explains the basics of electromagnetism, including what electricity and magnetism are and how they interact with each other, giving physics students a complete understanding of this fundamental force.

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Book SynopsisThis book concerns a new paradigm in the field of UHF RFID systems: the positive exploitation of nonlinear signals generated by the chips integrated into the RFID tags. After having recalled the main principles in RFID technology and its current challenges notably with the emergence of Internet of Things or the smart connected environments, the purpose is to focus on the presence of nonlinearities produced by the nonlinear circuits of RFID chips: effects, nuisances and solutions but also and especially use of the phenomena. The presentation covers all aspects from the characterization of the nonlinear behavior of RFID tags and the associated platforms (distinguishing conducted and radiated measurement) to the design of new types of tags where nonlinearities are exploited in order to offer new capabilities or enhanced performance.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 History of Radio-frequency Identification: From Birth to Advanced Applications 1 1.1 Early facts about the genesis of RFID 1 1.2 Birth of RFID 2 1.3 Early modern RFID 4 1.4 The 1970s: The infancy age of RFID 7 1.5 The 1980s and 1990s: Implementation of RFID 8 1.6 RFID chip age 10 1.7 Maturation of RFID 11 1.8 Internet of Things: The next RFID frontier 15 1.9 Summary 19 Chapter 2 RFID Technology: Main Principles and Non-linear Behavior of Tags 21 2.1 RFID: A multilayer vision 21 2.2 Focus on passive UHF RFID technology 23 2.2.1 Working principle 23 2.2.2 Reader 24 2.2.3 Tag 25 2.3 Non-linear RF networks and harmonic generation 29 2.3.1 Effects of a non-linear device 29 2.3.2 Theory on the effects of a non-linear device 29 2.4 Non-linear behavior and associated applications in the RFID field 32 2.4.1 Measurement of backscattered harmonics 32 2.4.2 Wireless sensor tags 33 2.5 Summary 37 Chapter 3 Characterization Platforms for Passive RFID Chips and Tags 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Measuring the backscattered tag response 41 3.2.1 Harmonic backscattering 41 3.2.2 Measurement techniques 41 3.2.3 RFID air interface 42 3.2.4 Configuration of the physical layer in the UHF RFID system 43 3.3 Characterization of RFID tags – radiated measurements 45 3.3.1 Tags under test 46 3.3.2 Measurement system 46 3.3.3 Power budget 47 3.3.4 Power tag sensitivity 48 3.3.5 Radar cross-section and physical surface of a tag 49 3.3.6 Optimized PSD analysis of the RFID communication 52 3.3.7 Dependency analysis of harmonic scattering 58 3.3.8 Limitations of tag characterization by radiated measurements 65 3.4 Characterization of RFID chips–conducted measurements 66 3.4.1 Non-linear characterization platform 68 3.4.2 System operation description 68 3.4.3 Activation threshold and impedance measurement 72 3.4.4 Harmonic characterization 75 3.4.5 Result exploitation 79 3.5 Summary 80 Chapter 4 Modeling the Harmonic Signals Produced by RFID Chips 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Analysis of harmonic currents in RFID chips 82 4.2.1 Review of Dickson analysis 82 4.2.2 Calculation of the harmonic currents 84 4.3 Third harmonic in traditional RFID tags 88 4.3.1 Impedance matching network for f0 88 4.3.2 Influence of Q in the backscattered signal at 3f0 89 4.4 How to profit from the third harmonic signal 93 4.4.1 Dual-band impedance matching network 93 4.4.2 Backscattered signal at 3f0 by the HT 95 4.5 Summary 96 Chapter 5 Applications: Augmented RFID Tags 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Harmonic communication in passive UHF RFID 101 5.2.1 A review of the regulations 102 5.2.2 Harmonic reader considerations 104 5.2.3 Harmonic tag design 104 5.2.4 Metrics to evaluate the harmonic RFID tags 106 5.2.5 Application case and experimental results: Harmonic tag design example 108 5.2.6 Summary: Harmonic tag 128 5.3 Harmonic harvesting: Empowering the RFID tag 129 5.3.1 Harmonic generation in diode-based circuits 129 5.3.2 Techniques to empower the RFID chip and rectifier circuits in general 130 5.3.3 Third harmonic exploitation in passive RFID 132 5.3.4 Application case and experimental results 141 5.3.5 Summary: Harmonic harvesting 147 5.4 Conclusion 148 Conclusion 151 Bibliography 155 Index 171

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Book SynopsisThe spectacular reappearance of the aurora borealis at the beginning of the 18th century, often observed simultaneously from different observatories in Europe, mobilized and federated a large community of astronomers on a European scale. It encouraged them to communicate the results of their observations and, in compiling exhaustive catalogs of information, has helped to establish a system of the aurora borealis that can be further studied in the future, according to the experimental method inherited from the previous century. This book is dedicated to some of the main aurora observers in Europe and to the human, institutional and philosophical context in which they evolved in the first half of the 18th century. Its reading should be seen as a retrospective journey through the scholarly world of the Enlightenment, during which the same scholars are frequently encountered and reencountered, yet each time in different contexts, or from different angles, with the aim of compiling an account of the swarming of ideas and encounters that constituted the development of experimental science in this pivotal period.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1 The Aurora Borealis Issue of the Affirmation of the Cartesian Mechanism and the Dispute Between Paris and Montpellier: The French Choice 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The two main systems of the aurora borealis 2 1.2.1 Halley’s system 2 1.2.2 Mairan’s system 5 1.3 History of the aurora borealis in the volumes of the Académie Royale des Sciences between 1716 and 1733 8 1.3.1 The silence on Halley’s system in Mémoires and Histoire 8 1.3.2. The memoir refused by the Parisian Academy of François de Plantade .. 13 1.4 The Montpellier actors: François de Plantade and the Société Royale des Sciences 20 1.4.1 François de Plantade, founder of the Société Royale de Montpellier 20 1.4.2 The Société Royale des Sciences de Montpellier 21 1.5 The Parisian actors: Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan, the Académie Royale des Sciences 26 1.5.1 The Académie Royale des Sciences 26 1.5.2 The permanent secretary Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle 30 1.5.3 Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan 37 1.6 The London actors: Hans Sloane and Edmond Halley, the Royal Society 43 1.6.1 Hans Sloane 43 1.6.2 Edmond Halley 45 1.6.3 The Royal Society and its relations with the Académie Royale des Sciences 49 1.7 Discussion of the reasons for rejecting Plantade’s submission 51 Chapter 2 Joseph-Nicolas Delisle: Grandeur and Vicissitudes of a Newtonian Scientist with Thwarted Ambitions 55 2.1 Introduction 55 2.2 Delisle in the period before his departure for Russia (1710–1725) 61 2.2.1 Delisle’s beginnings in astronomy and optics, a Newtonian 61 2.2.2 Delisle’s setbacks at the Académie Royale des Sciences 71 2.2.3 Delisle’s great project: Histoire Céleste 83 2.2.4 Epilogue concerning the Parisian period 89 2.3 The invitation to St Petersburg and Delisle’s Russian period (1726–1747) 90 2.3.1 The cartographic objective of Delisle’s mission 90 2.3.2 Delisle’s means at the St Petersburg Observatory 97 2.4 Brief synthesis of Delisle’s scientific trajectory 109 2.5 Conclusion 112 Chapter 3 The Creation Ex-nihilo and the Beginnings of the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences: The Influence of Christian Wolff 115 3.1 Introduction 115 3.2 The foundation of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg 117 3.2.1 Historical context 117 3.2.2 Peter the Great’s Imperial Academy of Sciences project 120 3.2.3 The birth of astronomy in Russia 122 3.3 Christian Wolff, the aurora borealis and their first observers at the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg 125 3.3.1 Historical context 125 3.3.2 Christian Wolff’s conference 126 3.3.3 The quartet of aurora observers at the Academy of Sciences of St Petersburg 131 3.3.4 The rejection of aurora observations by Mayer 135 3.3.5 Euler’s physical–mathematical explanation 143 3.3.6 Mayer’s philosophical position and possible reasons for his abandonment of aurora observation 146 3.4 The Imperial Academy of Sciences of St Petersburg 149 3.4.1 The setting up of the Academy 149 3.4.2 The clerical and noble opposition 151 3.4.3 Wolffians versus Newtonians 155 3.4.4. The problems of the functioning of the Academy in the decades 1730–1740 161 3.4.5 The regulation of 1748 refounding the Academy 164 3.5 Conclusion 167 Chapter 4 Anders Celsius and the European Observation Networks, Setting Up a Science Society and an Astronomical Observatory in Uppsala 171 4.1 Introduction 171 4.2 The life of Celsius 173 4.2.1 The first years 173 4.2.2 The European journey 176 4.2.3 Maupertuis’ expedition in Lapland 179 4.2.4 The last few years 181 4.3 Three European networks for the observation of natural phenomena 184 4.3.1 The observations of the aurora borealis around de Mairan 185 4.3.2 Monitoring the variations of the magnetic needle according to Anders Celsius 190 4.3.3 Thermometry and meteorological records around Joseph-Nicolas Delisle 199 4.4 The Royal Society of Uppsala and Celsius’ legacy 211 4.4.1 Historical context of the Enlightenment in Sweden 211 4.4.2 Birth and development of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala 214 4.4.3 Relations between the Royal Society and the University 219 4.4.4 Celsius’ legacy 222 4.5 Conclusion 228 Chapter 5 Genesis of the Academies of Bologna and Berlin, the Involvement of Women in Astronomy and the Gender Issue 231 5.1 Introduction 231 5.2 Three examples of “astronomical households” 236 5.2.1. The Kirchs: an artisanal-type household inspired by the guild tradition 238 5.2.2 The Manfredis: a household with a humanistic coloration inherited from the Renaissance 247 5.2.3 The Delisle family: an artisanal household where women took care of the family scientific heritage 255 5.3 Two examples of astronomical institutions: the academies of Bologna and Berlin and their observatories 259 5.3.1 The Academy and the Bologna Observatory 262 5.3.2 The Academy and the Observatory of Berlin 270 5.4 Astronomical households, institutions and gender in Bologna and Berlin 280 5.5 Conclusion 287 Conclusion 289 Appendix 301 References 313 Index 331

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Book SynopsisThe Wave Concept Iterative Procedure (WCIP) method has found an increasing number of users within electromagnetic theory and applications to planar circuits, antennas and diffraction problems. This book introduces in detail this new formulation of integral methods, based on the use of a wave concept with two bounded operators, and applications in a variety of domains in electromagnetics. This approach presents a number of benefits over other integral methods, including overcoming the problem of singularity, and reduced computing time. Through the presentation of mathematical equations to characterize studied structures and explanation of the curves obtained, via validated examples, the authors provide a thorough background to electromagnetism as well as a professional reference to students and researchers.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. General Principles of the Wave Concept Iterative Process 1Henri BAUDRAND, Med Karim AZIZI, Mohammed TITAOUINE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The iterative wave method 3 1.3. General definition of waves 5 1.4. Application to planar circuits 5 1.5. Applications to quasi-periodic structures 6 1.6. Circuits with localized components 7 1.7. General principles of quasi-periodic circuits 7 1.8. The significance of using auxiliary sources 8 1.8.1. Description of the environment 9 1.9. Unidimensional circuits 9 1.10. Application: transmission line 14 1.11. Comparison of current density for different cell lengths 14 1.12. Bi-dimensional circuits 16 1.13. Two-source bi-dimensional circuits 16 1.14. Three-source bi-dimensional circuits 22 1.15. Validation examples 25 1.16. Lenses and meta-materials 34 1.17. Conclusion 41 Chapter 2. Formulation and Validation of the WCIP Applied to the Analysis of Multilayer Planar Circuits 43Alexandre Jean René SERRES and Georgina Karla DE FREITAS SERRES 2.1. Introduction 43 2.2. WCIP formulation 45 2.2.1. Multilayer formulation 45 2.2.2. Simulation results 48 2.3. Real and ideal polarizers within planar structures using WCIP 52 2.3.1. Formulation 52 2.3.2. Results 55 2.4. Amplifier structure of compact micro-waves 57 2.4.1. Formulation of the amplifier interface 57 2.4.2. The simulation results 59 Chapter 3. Applications of the WCIP Method to Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) 63Mohammed TITAOUINE and Henri BAUDRAND 3.1. Introduction 64 3.2. Formulation of the iterative WCIP method 65 3.2.1. Determining the diffraction operator 68 3.2.2. Determining the reflection operator 70 3.2.3. The fast modal transform FMT and its inverse FMT−1 72 3.2.4. FSS multilayer devices 72 3.2.5. Multi-level plated FSSs 72 3.3. Application of the iterative WCIP method to different FSSs 74 3.3.1. Dielectric short-circuited FSS rings 74 3.3.2. FSSs charged by lumped elements and active FSSs 76 3.3.3. Multi-frequency band FSSs 79 3.3.4. Double-layer FSS plating 80 3.3.5. Triple-layer plating 82 3.3.6. Thick FSSs 83 3.4. Anisotropic FSS 95 3.5. Measurement system 96 3.6. Conclusion 97 3.7. Acknowledgments 98 Chapter 4. WCIP Applied to Substrate Integrated Circuits: Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Substrate Integrated Non-Radiative Dielectic (SINRD) Circuits 99Nathalie RAVEU and Ahmad ISMAIL ALHZZOURY 4.1. Introduction 99 4.2. Formulation of WCIP for SIC circuits 100 4.2.1. The definition of 103 4.2.2. The definition of 103 4.3. Results for SIW circuits 104 4.3.1. Waveguides 104 4.3.2. Bandpass filter 106 4.4. Results for the SINRD circuits 108 4.4.1. Waveguides 110 4.4.2. Bandpass filter 111 4.5. Conclusion 112 Chapter 5. WCIP Convergence 115Nathalie RAVEU 5.1. Introduction 115 5.2. Summary of WCIP 116 5.2.1. Representation of homogeneous materials around the interface 117 5.2.2. Description of boundary conditions at the interface 118 5.2.3. System to solve 118 5.3. Improvement of WCIP by mathematical techniques 119 5.3.1. Number of modes/number of meshes 120 5.3.2. GMRES/Richardson 121 5.3.3. Selecting the initial value 122 5.4. Improvement of WCIP by physical considerations 124 5.4.1. Simplification of waves at the interface 124 5.4.2. Choice of reference impedance 125 5.4.3. Boundary conditions on the metallic mesh 126 5.5. Conclusions 127 Chapter 6. Application of WCIP to Diffraction Problems 129Noemen AMMAR, Taoufik AGUILI and Henri BAUDRAND 6.1. Introduction 129 6.1.1. Diffraction by multilayer cylindrical structures 130 6.1.2. Descriptors for spectral components of reflection operators 132 6.1.3. The modal coefficients ext n Γ and int n Γ 133 6.1.4. Modal coefficients pass n Γ 134 6.1.5. Spatial diffraction operator 136 6.1.6. Excitation source 137 6.1.7. Iterative process 138 6.2. Application 138 6.2.1. Dielectric cylinder diffraction 139 6.2.2. Diffraction by metallic strips 143 6.2.3. Coaxial multi-strip structure 148 6.2.4. Diffraction by two dielectric co-axials 156 6.2.5. Diffraction by structures of any shape 159 6.3. Coupling simulation 160 6.3.1. Different operators involved 162 6.3.2. The case of two pixels on a single fictitious cylinder 163 6.3.3. The case where the two pixels are part of two coaxial cylinders 164 6.3.4. Spatial descriptors of diffraction operators 167 6.3.5. The iterative process 169 6.3.6. Computation of the remote location electric field 169 6.3.7. Application 170 6.4. Conclusion 183 Bibliography 185 List of Authors 195 Index 197

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Book SynopsisThis undergraduate textbook aids readers in studying music and color, which involve nearly the entire gamut of the fundamental laws of classical as well as atomic physics. The objective bases for these two subjects are, respectively, sound and light. Their corresponding underlying physical principles overlap greatly: Both music and color are manifestations of wave phenomena. As a result, commonalities exist as to the production, transmission, and detection of sound and light. Whereas traditional introductory physics textbooks are styled so that the basic principles are introduced first and are then applied, this book is based on a motivational approach: It introduces a subject with a set of related phenomena, challenging readers by calling for a physical basis for what is observed. A novel topic in the first edition and this second edition is a non-mathematical study of electric and magnetic fields and how they provide the basis for the propagation of electromagnetic waves, of light in particular. The book provides details for the calculation of color coordinates and luminosity from the spectral intensity of a beam of light as well as the relationship between these coordinates and the color coordinates of a color monitor. The second edition contains corrections to the first edition, the addition of more than ten new topics, new color figures, as well as more than forty new sample problems and end-of-chapter problems. The most notable additional topics are: the identification of two distinct spectral intensities and how they are related, beats in the sound from a Tibetan bell, AM and FM radio, the spectrogram, the short-time Fourier transform and its relation to the perception of a changing pitch, a detailed analysis of the transmittance of polarized light by a Polaroid sheet, brightness and luminosity, and the mysterious behavior of the photon.The Physics of Music and Color is written at a level suitable for college students without any scientific background, requiring only simple algebra and a passing familiarity with trigonometry. The numerous problems at the end of each chapter help the reader to fully grasp the subject.Table of ContentsChapter1: Introductory Remarks.- Chapter2: The Vibrating String.- Chapter3: The Nature of Sound; The Vibrating Air Column.- Chapter4: Energy.- Chapter5: Electricity & Magnetism.- Chapter6: The Atom as a Source of Light.- Chapter7: The Principle of Superposition.- Chapter 8: Complex Waves.- Chapter9: Propagation Phenomena.- Chapter10: The Ear.- Chapter11: Psychoacoustics.- Chapter12: Tuning, Intonation, and Temperament - Choosing Frequencies for Musical Notes.- Chapter13: The Eye.- Chapter14: Characterizing Light Sources, Color Filters, and Pigments.-Chapter15: Theory of Color Vision.- Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a collection of problems in spin wave excitations with their detailed solutions. Each chapter briefly introduces the important concepts, encouraging the reader to further explore the physics of spin wave excitations and the engineering of spin wave devices by working through the accompanying problem sets. The initial chapters cover the fundamental aspects of magnetization, with its origins in quantum mechanics, followed by chapters on spin wave excitations, such as the magnetostatic approximation, Walker's equation, the spin wave manifold in the three different excitation geometries of forward volume, backward volume and surface waves, and the dispersion of spin waves. The latter chapters focus on the practical aspects of spin waves and spin wave optical devices and use the problem sets to introduce concepts such as variational analysis and coupled mode theory. Finally, for the more advanced reader, the book covers nonlinear interactions and topics such as spin wave quantization, spin torque excitations, and the inverse Doppler effect. The topics range in difficulty from elementary to advanced. All problems are solved in detail and the reader is encouraged to develop an understanding of spin wave excitations and spin wave devices while also strengthening their mathematical, analytical, and numerical programming skills.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Magnetism.- Quantum Theory of Spin Waves.- Magnetic Susceptibilities.- Electromagnetic Waves in Anisotropic Dispersive Media.- Magnetostatic Modes.- Propagation Characteristics and Excitation of Dipolar Spin Waves.- Variational Formulation of Magnetostatic Modes.- Optical Spin-Wave Interactions.- Nonlinear Interactions.- Novel Applications.

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Book SynopsisElectricity and Magnetism (E&M) underlies many lifesaving medical devices, such as magnetic resonance imaging scanners, neural stimulators, and heart pacemakers. But E&M also attracts its share of bogus health claims, such as biomagnetic therapy. How do you separate the good from the bad? Sometimes it’s not easy: experiments are prone to artifacts, theories are limited by assumptions, and clinical trials can result in ambiguities. In this book, the author separates the wheat from the chaff, showing which applications of E&M are bogus and which are not. This book takes the reader on a tour through a range of fascinating phenomena, from effects that are constant in time at one extreme, such as transcranial direct current stimulation of the brain, to the millimeter-wave whole-body scanners which are familiar to frequent flyers at the other. Along the way, the author looks in depth at the dispute about power line magnetic fields and leukemia, a case study in what can go wrong when dubious claims inflame unjustified fears. The debate about cell phones and brain cancer still rages today, particularly for the microwave frequencies encountered with new 5G technology. Recently, the so-called Havana Syndrome has been attributed to microwave weapons, but the underlying biophysics of such weapons is unclear. For all these encounters with electricity and magnetism, the author, an eminent biophysicist, uses science and evidence to sort out fact from fantasy. This book is aimed at general readers who want to make sense of the mysterious and often controversial ways in which E&M interacts with the human body. It is also ideal for students and professionals in bioscience and health-related fields who want to learn more without getting overwhelmed by theory.Trade Review“This book is an essential reference that would be a great addition to every skeptic’s bookshelf. It summarizes the evidence about the health effects of electromagnetism and provides ammunition for debunking pseudoscientific rumors. It’s short, inexpensive, well-written, and full of interesting facts. I was particularly intrigued to learn that an electric eel has its own Twitter account.” (Harriet Hall, Science-Based Medicine, sciencebasedmedicine.org, June 14, 2022)Table of ContentsChapter 1: Can Magnets Cure All Your Ills?Chapter 2: Can a 9-Volt Battery Make You Smarter? Chapter 3: Do Power Lines Cause Cancer? Chapter 4: Can Electrical Stimulation Eliminate Pain? Chapter 5: Is Your Cell Phone Killing You? Chapter 6: Did Cubans Attack an American Embassy with Microwaves? Chapter 7: Are Whole Body Scanners at Airports Dangerous?

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Book SynopsisThis book leads students to learn electromagnetism and then moves to chapters about electric circuits. It aims to give an understanding of electromagnetism which gives a fast way to master the features of circuit elements such as resistors, capacitors, and coils that compose electric circuits. The author provides chapters on electromagnetism and electric circuits separately and gives a chapter explaining the correlation between them in detail.In the chapters for electric circuit, DC electric circuits, transient and steady response of AC electric circuits are treated. AC circuit theory is introduced for describing the phenomena in circuits. Theoretical treatments such as branch current method, closed current method, and node potential method are also introduced to show the validity of solution methods that have been used in the book. The book can serve as a compact textbook for lectures, as an introduction for hardware system and electric control systems, and mechanical systems. Chapters for electromagnetism or ones for electric circuits are suitable for a lecture over a semester.Table of ContentsElectric Phenomena in Vacuum.- Conductors and Dielectric Materials.- Steady Current.- Current and Magnetic Phenomena.- Superconductors and Magnetic Materials.- Time-Dependent Electromagnetic Phenomena.- Direct Current Circuit.- Transient and Steady Responses of Electrical Circuit.- Alternating Current Circuit.- Transformer Circuit.- Theorems for Electric Circuit.

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Book SynopsisAn energetic charged particle beam introduced to an rf cavity excites a wakefield therein. This wakefield can be decomposed into a series of higher order modes and multipoles, which for sufficiently small beam offsets are dominated by the dipole component. This work focuses on using these dipole modes to detect the beam position in third harmonic superconducting S-band cavities for light source applications. A rigorous examination of several means of analysing the beam position based on signals radiated to higher order modes ports is presented. Experimental results indicate a position resolution, based on this technique, of 20 microns over a complete module of 4 cavities. Methods are also indicated for improving the resolution and for applying this method to other cavity configurations. This work is distinguished by its clarity and potential for application to several other international facilities. The material is presented in a didactic style and is recommended both for students new to the field, and for scientists well-versed in the field of rf diagnostics.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Electromagnetic Eigenmode Simulations of the Third Harmonic Cavity.- Measurements of HOM Spectra.- Analysis Methods for Beam Position Extraction from HOM.- Dependencies of HOM on Transverse Beam Offsets.- HOM-Based Beam Position Diagnostics.- Conclusions.- Bibliography.- Mathematics.- Eigenmodes of an Ideal Third Harmonic Cavity.- Technical Details of the HOM Measurements.

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Book SynopsisZusammen mit einer kurzen Einführung in das System der Maxwellschen Gleichungen und einer Definition der Feldgrößen lehrt das Buch mit charakteristischen Beispielen die Lösungsmethodik der Feldtheorie. Schwerpunkte sind dabei statistische und stationäre elektrische und magnetische Felder, quasistationäre elektromagnetische Felder und elektromagnetische Wellen. Für das Verständnis besonders hilfreich ist die Darstellung von Feldlinienbildern. Dieses Lehrbuch bietet eine Sammlung ausgewählter anspruchsvoller Übungsaufgaben mit Lösungen, die es ermöglichen, die elektromagnetische Feldtheorie zu verstehen und sachgerecht anzuwenden.Trade Review"Das Buch enthält in untadeliger Darstellung etliche Aufgaben mit Ausarbeitung zu den klassischen Teilgebieten der Elektrodynamik, wobei die ausgezeichneten Feldbilder besonders hervorgehoben werden müssen. Den zitierten Wunsch des Autors hat sich dieser mit seinem Buch ohne Frage erfüllt." Impulse, 01/2003Table of ContentsDie Maxwellschen Gleichungen - Elektrostatische Felder - Das stationäre Strömungsfeld - Das magnetische Feld stationärer Ströme - Das quasistationäre elektromagnetische Feld: der Skineffekt - Elektromagnetische Wellen

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the most advanced to-date mathematical approach and numerical methods in electromagnetic field theory and wave propagation. It presents the application of developed methods and techniques to the analysis of waves in various guiding structures —shielded and open metal-dielectric waveguides of arbitrary cross-section, planar and circular waveguides filled with inhomogeneous dielectrics, metamaterials, chiral media, anisotropic media and layered media with absorption. It also looks into spectral properties of wave propagation for the waveguide families being considered, and the relevant mathematical techniques such as spectral theory of non-self-adjoint operator-valued functions are described, including rigorous proofs of the existence of various types of waves. Further, numerical methods constructed on the basis of the presented mathematical approach and the results of numerical modeling for various structures are also described in depth. The book is beneficial to a broad spectrum of readers ranging from pure and applied mathematicians in electromagnetic field theory to researchers and engineers who are familiar with mathematics. Further, it is also useful as a supplementary text for upper-level undergraduate students interested in learning more advanced topics of mathematical methods in electromagnetics.Table of ContentsChapter 1.IntroductionThe purpose of this chapter is to provide a survey of our book by placing what we have to say in a historical context. Chapter 2. Some concepts and definitions of the set theory, function theory, and operator theoryThe purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the mathematical apparatus used in this book, to give theorems and proofs used in the subsequent book chapters. The presentation focuses in particular on the necessary elements of the spectral theory of nonselfadjoint operator-valued functions. Chapter 3. Shielded regular waveguides of arbitrary cross-sectionThis chapter is devoted to the analysis of the wave propagation in shielded waveguides of arbitrary cross-section filled with inhomogeneous dielectrics, metamaterials, chiral media, anisotropic media, and media with absorption. Spectral properties of the problems of wave propagation for the considered waveguide family are investigated. Definitions of various types of waves are formulated, the existence and distribution of the wave spectra are studied. Chapter 4. Planar waveguidesThis chapter addresses waves in plane waveguides filled with inhomogeneous dielectrics, metamaterials, chiral media, anisotropic media, and media with absorption. Spectral properties of the problems of wave propagation for this family of waveguides are investigated in detail. Chapter 5. Waveguides of circular cross-sectionThis chapter is devoted to the analysis of wave propagation in circular waveguides filled with inhomogeneous dielectrics, metamaterials, chiral media, anisotropic media, and media with absorption. The notions, results and methods developed in Chapter 3 are applied and concretized for this family of waveguides. The existence of real and complex normal waves and analysis of the distribution of the wave spectra are backed by a variety of numerical results. Chapter 6. Open regular waveguides of arbitrary cross-sectionIn this chapter, open waveguides of arbitrary cross-section are considered; the material filling consists of inhomogeneous dielectrics, metamaterials, chiral and anisotropic media, and media with absorption. The problems on normal waves are formulated with the conditions at infinity that enable one to take into account all types of waves, including complex and leaky. Spectral properties of the problems of wave propagation in open waveguides are investigated using the specially developed extensions of the spectral theory and particularly the operator-pencil approach. Chapter 7. Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThis book comprehensively presents an unconventional quantum criticality caused by valence fluctuations, which offers theoretical understanding of unconventional Fermi-liquid properties in cerium- and ytterbium-based heavy fermion metals including CeCu2(Si,Ge)2 and CeRhIn5 under pressure, and quasicrystal β-YbAlB4 and Yb15Al34Au51. The book begins with an introduction to fundamental concepts for heavy fermion systems, valence fluctuation, and quantum phase transition, including self-consistent renormalization group theory. A subsequent chapter is devoted to a comprehensive description of the theory of the unconventional quantum criticality based on a valence transition, featuring explicit temperature dependence of various physical quantities, which allows for comparisons to relevant experiments. Lastly, it discusses how ubiquitous the valence fluctuation is, presenting candidate materials not only in heavy fermions, but also in strongly correlated electrons represented by high-Tc superconductor cuprates. Introductory chapters provide useful materials for learning fundamentals of heavy fermion systems and their theory. Further, experimental topics relevant to valence fluctuations are valuable resources for those who are new to the field to easily catch up with experimental background and facts.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book is an application of quantum and statistical mechanics to the field of magnetism. The microscopic theory of many electron systems is presented in detail. Emphasis is given on how to solve the equations numerically with the use of computer programmes and how to apply them to problems arising in mechanical engineering or material sciences.Trade ReviewTheory of Itinerant Electron Magnetism by Jurgen Kubler is a unique contribution to the study of magnetism, in that it attempts to describe a substantial part of the field using the local density functional approximation (LDA). The author concentrates on itinerant electron systems and emphasizes the importance of the electronic structure to the understanding of magnetic properties of realistic materials. Furthermore, Kubler cautions the reader that LDA does not correspond to the independent-particle picture; he advocates the extensive use of computers to solve the many-electron problem within LDA. However, he makes it very clear that LDA programs running on even the most efficient computers are not the answer to all magnetism questions, particularly those dealing with strongly correlated electron systems, for which no controlled general theory truly exists[...] This book will be useful to many researchers, theorists, and experimentalists alike. * Physics Today *Table of Contents1 INTRODUCTION; 2 DERIVATION OF THE SINGLE-PARTICLE SCHRODINGER EQUATION: DENSITY AND SPIN-DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; 3 ENERGY BAND THEORY; 4 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND ITINERANT ELECTRON MAGNETISM; 5 MAGNETISM OF ITINERANT ELECTRON SYSTEMS AT FINITE TEMPERATURES; APPENDIX: THE ASW PROGRAMME; BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Book SynopsisThis classic work presents the main results and calculational procedures of quantum electrodynamics in a simple and straightforward way. Designed for the student of experimental physics who does not intend to take more advanced graduate courses in theoretical physics, the material consists of notes on the third of a three-semester course given at the California Institute of Technology.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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