Electrical engineering Books

Book SynopsisWinner, Best 2020 Non-fiction, ACT Notable Awards As you climbed the rickety stairs of an old woolshed at Sydney harbour in 1944, you would hear the thrum of clicks and buzzes. Rows of men and women in uniforms and headsets would be tapping away vigorously at small machines, under the careful watch of their young female trainers. Presiding over the cacophony was a tiny woman, known to everyone as 'Mrs Mac', one of Australia's wartime legends.A smart girl from a poor mining town who loved to play with her father's tools, Violet McKenzie became an electrical engineer, a pioneer of radio and a successful businesswoman. As the clouds of war gathered in the 1930s, she defied convention and trained young women in Morse code, foreseeing that their services would soon be sorely needed. Always a champion of women, she was instrumental in getting Australian women into the armed forces. Mrs Mac was adored by the thousands of young women and men she trained, and came to be respected by the defence forces and the public too for her vision and contribution to the war effort. David Dufty brings her story to life in this heartwarming and captivating biography.'[An] incredible and inspiring life... Dufty's new biography captures her unwavering dedication in the face of adversity.' - Professor Genevieve Bell, Australian National University 'A cracking story about the famous Australian radio engineer you've never heard of.' - Dick Smith, entrepreneur and philanthropist Trade Review'Captivating account' - The Canberra Times'Violet McKenzie deserves to be regarded as an Australian legend' - Weekend Australian'There's much to love about this meticulously researched work on a fascinating woman whose story is largely lost to history' - The Saturday Paper'A charming and very human story of how one small person mobilised an army of communicators to meet a national emergency' - Australian Naval Institute

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Book SynopsisThe type of control system used for electrical machines depends on the use (nature of the load, operating states, etc.) to which the machine will be put. The precise type of use determines the control laws which apply. Mechanics are also very important, because they affect performance. Another factor of essential importance in industrial applications is operating safety. Finally, the problem of how to control a number of different machines, whose interactions and outputs must be coordinated, is addressed and solutions are presented. These and other issues are addressed here by a range of expert contributors, each of whom are specialists in their particular field. This book is primarily aimed at those involved in complex systems design, but engineers in a range of related fields such as electrical engineering, instrumentation and control, and industrial engineering, will also find this a useful source of information.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Overview of Mechanical Transmission Problems 1Pascal FONTAINE and Christian CUNAT 1.1. Technological aspects1 1.2. Bibliography 28 Chapter 2. Reminders of Solid Mechanics 31Jean-Francois SCHMITT and Rachid RAHOUADJ 2.1. Reminders of dynamics 31 2.2. Application example: dynamic balance of a rigid rotor 42 2.3. Analytical dynamics (Euler-Lagrange) 46 2.4. Linear energies in the neighborhood of the balance for a non-damped discrete system 49 2.5. Vibratory behavior of a discrete non-damped system around an equilibrium configuration 51 2.6. Analytical study of the vibratory behavior of a milling machine table 53 2.7. Bibliography 61 Chapter 3. Towards a Global Formulation of the Problem of Mechanical Drive 63Christian CUNAT, Mohamed HABOUSSI and Jean Francois GANGHOFFER 3.1. Presentation of the mechanical drive modeling problem 63 3.2. Brief review on continuum mechanics 72 3.3. Bibliography 89 Chapter 4. Continuous-time Linear Control 91Frederic KRATZ 4.1. Introduction 91 4.2. PID controllers 91 4.3. PID controllers 100 4.4. Methods based on previous knowledge of a system model 104 4.5. Linear state feedback control systems 107 4.6. Optimal control 117 4.7. Choice of a control 129 4.8. Bibliography 130 Chapter 5. Overview of Various Controls 131Frederic KRATZ 5.1. Introduction 131 5.2. Internal model controller 132 5.3. Predictive control 141 5.4. Sliding control 149 5.5. Bang-bang control 152 5.6. Control-based fuzzy logic 154 5.7. Neural network control 164 5.8. Bibliography 167 Chapter 6. Sliding Mode Control 169Rachid OUTBIB and Michel ZASADZINSKI 6.1. Introduction169 6.2. Illustrative example 170 6.3. Basic concepts 172 6.4. Direct Lyapunov method 184 6.5. Equivalent control method 189 6.6. Imposing a surface dynamic 198 6.7. The choice of sliding surface 200 6.8. Conclusion 203 6.9. Notations 203 6.10. Bibliography 204 Chapter 7. Parameter Estimation for Knowledge and Diagnosis of Electrical Machines 207Jean-Claude TRIGEASSOU, Thierry POINOT and Smail BACHIR 7.1. Introduction 207 7.2. Identification using output-error algorithms 210 7.3. Parameter estimation with a priori information 218 7.4. Parameter estimation of the induced machine 225 7.5. Fault detection and localization based on parameter estimation 232 7.6. Conclusion 241 7.7. Bibliography 241 Chapter 8. Diagnosis of Induction Machines by Parameter Estimation 245Smail BACHIR, Slim TNANI, Gerard CHAMPENOIS and Jean-Claude TRIGEASSOU 8.1. Introduction 245 8.2. Induction motor model for fault detection 246 8.3. Diagnosis procedure 261 8.4. Conclusion 267 8.5. Bibliography 268 Chapter 9. Time-based Coordination 271Michel DUFAUT and Rene HUSSON 9.1. Introduction 271 9.2. Brief description system 272 9.3. Some ideas on the manipulator system models 277 9.4. Coordination of motion 286 9.5. Conclusion 304 9.6. Bibliography 304 Chapter 10. Multileaf Collimators 307Sabine ELLES and Bruno MAURY 10.1. Radiotherapy 307 10.2. Multileaf collimators 310 10.3. Intensity modulated radiotherapy 317 10.4. Conclusion 328 10.5. Bibliography 329 Chapter 11. Position and Velocity Coordination: Control of Machine-Tool Servomotors 331Patrick BOUCHER and Didier DUMUR 11.1. Open architecture systems 331 11.2. Structure and implementation of control laws 334 11.3. Application to machines-tools axis drive control 339 11.4. Conclusions 362 11.5. Bibliography 364 List of Authors 367 Index 369

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the various devices used in radio communication and broadcasting to achieve high selectivity filtering and coupling. After providing background in the basics of microwave theory and more detailed material — including a special chapter on precision and errors in measurement - the reader will find detailed descriptions, manufacturing processes, and for the most useful instances a number of worked-through formulas, which will allow engineers and technicians to design circuits or components for filtering or coupling applications. Content is covered in this format across a broad range of fields including coaxial cavities, combline filters, bandpass and pass-reject duplexers, multicouplers, circulators, low-noise amplifiers, helix resonators, and much more.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xvii Chapter 1. Reminders and General Points 1 1.1. Lines 1 1.2. Adaptation and stationary waves 4 1.3. Smith chart 6 1.4. Power in a line 6 1.5. Line sections 7 1.6. Lines with losses 9 Chapter 2. Measurements in HF 11 2.1. Material 11 2.2. The power bench 11 2.3. Measurements on the network analyzer 14 Chapter 3. Resonant Cavities 25 3.1. Resonance 25 3.2. Coaxial cavities 28 3.3. Quarter-wave cavities 29 Chapter 4. Fabrication and Tuning of Cavities 47 4.1. Standard structures 47 4.2. Materials 53 4.3. Assembly 56 4.4. Temperature stability 58 4.5. Cavity tuning 70 Chapter 5. The Band-pass Filter 83 5.1. The band-pass function 83 5.2. Calculation of a Tchebycheff band-pass 85 5.3. Technologies 87 Chapter 6. The Combline Filter 97 6.1. Architecture 97 6.2. Dimension calculations. Dishal’s Method 105 6.3. Tuning of filters 114 Chapter 7. Channel Multiplexing 129 7.1. Definitions 129 7.2. The duplexer 129 7.3. The combiner 140 Chapter 8. Auxiliary Devices 157 8.1. Introduction 157 8.2. Circulators 157 8.3. The antenna alarms 165 8.4. Loads and attenuators 170 8.5. Reception amplifiers 177 8.6. The impedance adaptor 186 8.7. The 2nd harmonic rejecter 186 Chapter 9. Directive Couplers 189 9.1. Introduction 189 9.2. Technologies 191 9.3. The hybrid transformer 194 9.4. The 180° hybrid ring 196 9.5. The wireline 198 9.6. The “groundless” coupler 199 9.7. The “catnose” coupler 201 9.8. Discrete-elements coupler 202 9.9. Numerical data 204 9.10. Applications 210 Chapter 10. Helical Resonators 213 10.1. Introduction 213 10.2. Functioning 214 10.3. Structures 215 10.4. Tapping and coupling 219 10.5. Quality coefficient 220 10.6. Set-up rules 223 10.7. Applications 224 Chapter 11. Multicouplers 225 11.1. Transmitter multicouplers (TX) 225 11.2. Receiver multicouplers (RX) 235 11.3. TX/RX multicouplers 236 11.4. TMA 240 11.5. Power and intermodulations 243 11.6. Multiband coupling 254 Chapter 12. Utilities 257 12.1. BASIC programs 257 12.2. Varia 264 Chapter 13. Various Questions and Exploratory Ways 271 13.1. The coupler without intrinsic loss 271 13.2. Infinite rejection band-pass 275 13.3. Helix TX multicoupler 276 13.4. Conclusion 278 Bibliography 281 Index 283

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Book SynopsisA voltage converter changes the voltage of an electrical power source and is usually combined with other components to create a power supply. This title is devoted to the control of static converters, which deals with pulse-width modulation (PWM) techniques, and also discusses methods for current control. Various application cases are treated. The book is ideal for professionals in power engineering, power electronics, and electric drives industries, as well as practicing engineers, university professors, postdoctoral fellows, and graduate students.Table of ContentsIntroduction xv Chapter 1. Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation for Two-level Three-phase Voltage Inverters 1 Francis LABRIQUE and Jean-Paul LOUIS 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Reference voltages varef, vbref, vcref 4 1.3. Reference voltages Paref, Pbref, Pcref 10 1.4. Link between the quantities va, vb, vc and Pa, Pb, Pc 12 1.5. Generation of PWM signals 13 1.6. Determination of the reference waves varef k, vbref k, and vcref k from the reference waves varef k, vbref k, vcref k 24 1.7. Conclusion 32 1.8. Bibliography 33 Chapter 2. Space Vector Modulation Strategies 35 Nicolas PATIN and Vincent LANFRANCHI 2.1. Inverters and space vector PWM 35 2.2. Geometric approach to the problem 48 2.3. Space vector PWM and implementation 58 2.4. Conclusion 68 2.5. Bibliography 69 Chapter 3. Overmodulation of Three-phase Voltage Inverters 71 Nicolas PATIN and Eric MONMASSON 3.1. Background 71 3.2. Comparison of modulation strategies 72 3.3. Saturation of modulators 78 3.4. Improved overmodulation 81 3.5. Bibliography 91 Chapter 4. Computed and Optimized Pulse Width Modulation Strategies 93 Vincent LANFRANCHI, Nicolas PATIN and Daniel DEPERNET 4.1. Introduction to programmed PWM 93 4.2. Range of valid frequencies for PWM 95 4.3. Programmed harmonic elimination PWM 97 4.4. Optimized PWM 100 4.5. Calculated multilevel PWM 108 4.6. Conclusion 114 4.7. Bibliography 115 Chapter 5. Delta-Sigma Modulation 119 Jean-Paul VILAIN and Christophe LESBROUSSART 5.1. Introduction 119 5.2. Principle of single-phase Delta-Sigma modulation 120 5.3. Three-phase case: vector DSM 128 5.4. Conclusion 138 5.5. Bibliography 139 Chapter 6. Stochastic Modulation Strategies 141 Vincent LANFRANCHI and Nicolas PATIN 6.1. Introduction 141 6.2. Spread-spectrum techniques and their applications 142 6.3. Description of stochastic modulation techniques 144 6.4. Spectral analysis of stochastic modulation 147 6.5. Conclusion 155 6.6. Bibliography 156 Chapter 7. Electromagnetic Compatibility of Variable Speed Drives: Impact of PWM Control Strategies 159 Bertrand REVOL 7.1. Introduction 159 7.2. Objectives of an EMC study 161 7.3. EMC mechanisms in static converters 162 7.4. Time-domain simulation 167 7.5. Frequency-domain modeling: a tool for the engineer 169 7.6. PWM control 178 7.7. Comparison of sources for different carrier-based PWM strategies 190 7.8. Space vector PWM 193 7.9. Structure for minimizing the common mode voltage 199 7.10. Conclusion 200 7.11. Bibliography 200 Chapter 8. Multiphase Voltage Source Inverters 203 Xavier KESTELYN and Eric SEMAIL 8.1. Introduction 203 8.2. Vector modeling of voltage source inverters 204 8.3. Inverter as seen by the multiphase load 221 8.4. Conclusion 237 8.5. Bibliography 238 Chapter 9. PWM Strategies for Multilevel Converters 243 Thierry MEYNARD and Guillaume GATEAU 9.1. Introduction to multilevel and interleaved converters 243 9.2. Modulators 252 9.3. Examples of control signal generators for various multilevel structures 274 9.4. Conclusion 280 9.5. Bibliography 283 Chapter 10. PI Current Control of a Synchronous Motor 287 Mohamed Wissem NAOUAR, Eric MONMASSON, Ilhem SLAMA-BELKHODJA and Ahmad Ammar NAASSANI 10.1. Introduction 287 10.2. Model of a synchronous motor 288 10.3. Typical power delivery system for a synchronous motor 300 10.4. PI current control of a synchronous motor in the fixed three-phase coordinate system of the stator 303 10.5. PI current control for a synchronous motor in a rotating coordinate system (d, q) 311 10.6. Conclusion 316 10.7. Bibliography 317 Chapter 11. Predictive Current Control for a Synchronous Motor 319 Mohamed Wissem NAOUAR, Eric MONMASSON, Ilhem SLAMA-BELKHODJA and Ahmad Ammar NAASSANI 11.1. Introduction 319 11.2. Minimum-switching-frequency predictive control strategies 320 11.3. Limited-switching-frequency predictive control strategies 321 11.4. Limited-switching-frequency predictive current control strategies for a synchronous motor 322 11.5. Conclusion 333 11.6. Bibliography 334 Chapter 12. Sliding Mode Current Control for a Synchronous Motor 335 Ahmad Ammar NAASSANI, Mohamed Wissem NAOUAR, Eric MONMASSON and Ilhem SLAMA-BELKHODJA 12.1. Introduction 335 12.2. Sliding mode current control for a DC motor 336 12.3. Sliding mode current control of a synchronous motor 350 12.4. Conclusion 369 12.5. Bibliography 370 Chapter 13. Hybrid Current Controller with Large Bandwidth and Fixed Switching Frequency 371 Serge PIERFEDERICI, Farid MEIBODY-TABAR and Jean-Philippe MARTIN 13.1. Introduction 371 13.2. Main types of discrete-output current regulators 374 13.3. Tools for limit cycle analysis 392 13.4. Conclusion 414 13.5. Bibliography 414 Chapter 14. Current Control Using Self-oscillating Current Controllers 417 Jean-Claude LE CLAIRE 14.1. Introduction 417 14.2. Operating principle of the self-oscillating current controller 418 14.3. Improvements to the SOCC 428 14.4. Characteristics of the SOCC 432 14.5. Extensions to the SOCC concept 435 14.6. Conclusion 445 14.7. Bibliography 445 Chapter 15. Current and Voltage Control Strategies Using Resonant Correctors: Examples of Fixed-frequency Applications 449 Joseph PIERQUIN, Arnaud DAVIGNY and Benoît ROBYNS 15.1. Introduction 449 15.2. Current control with resonant correctors 451 15.3. Voltage control strategy 463 15.4. Conclusion 483 15.5. Appendix: transformer parameters 484 15.6. Bibliography 484 Chapter 16. Current Control Strategies for Multicell Converters 487 Guillaume GATEAU and Thierry MEYNARD 16.1. Introduction 487 16.2. Multilevel conversion topology 488 16.3. Modeling and analysis of degrees of freedom for control 495 16.4. Analysis of degrees of freedom available to the control algorithm 497 16.5. Classification of control strategies 500 16.6. Indirect control strategy for a single-phase leg 501 16.7. Direct control strategy for a single-phase leg 513 16.8. Command strategy, three-phase approach 521 16.9. Features of multicell converters: need for an observer 530 16.10. Conclusions and outlook 531 16.11. Bibliography 533 List of Authors 537 Index 541

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Book SynopsisMonitoring and diagnosis of electrical machine faults is a scientific and economic issue which is motivated by objectives for reliability and serviceability in electrical drives. This book provides a survey of the techniques used to detect the faults occurring in electrical drives: electrical, thermal and mechanical faults of the electrical machine, faults of the static converter and faults of the energy storage unit. Diagnosis of faults occurring in electrical drives is an essential part of a global monitoring system used to improve reliability and serviceability. This diagnosis is performed with a large variety of techniques: parameter estimation, state observation, Kalman filtering, spectral analysis, neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence, etc. Particular emphasis in this book is put on the modeling of the electrical machine in faulty situations. Electrical Machines Diagnosis presents original results obtained mainly by French researchers in different domains. It will be useful as a guideline for the conception of more robust electrical machines and indeed for engineers who have to monitor and maintain electrical drives. As the monitoring and diagnosis of electrical machines is still an open domain, this book will also be very useful to researchers.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Faults in Electrical Machines and their Diagnosis 1 Sadok BAZINE and Jean-Claude TRIGEASSOU 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Composition of induction machines 3 1.3. Failures in induction machines 5 1.4. Overview of methods for diagnosing induction machines 10 1.5. Conclusion 18 1.6. Bibliography 19 Chapter 2. Modeling Induction Machine Winding Faults for Diagnosis 23 Emmanuel SCHAEFFER and Smail BACHIR 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Study framework and general methodology 26 2.3. Model of the machine with a stator insulation fault 40 2.4. Generalization of the approach to the coupled modeling of stator and rotor faults 51 2.5. Methodology for monitoring the induction machine 57 2.6. Conclusion 64 2.7. Bibliography 67 Chapter 3. Closed-Loop Diagnosis of the Induction Machine 69 Imène BEN AMEUR BAZINE, Jean-Claude TRIGEASSOU, Khaled JELASSI and Thierry POINOT 3.1. Introduction 69 3.2. Closed-loop identification 71 3.3. General methodology of closed-loop identification of induction machine 74 3.4. Closed-loop diagnosis of simultaneous stator/rotor faults 82 3.5. Conclusion 89 3.6. Bibliography 90 Chapter 4. Induction Machine Diagnosis Using Observers 93 Guy CLERC and Jean-Claude MARQUES 4.1. Introduction 93 4.2. Model presentation 96 4.3. Observers 104 4.4. Applying observers to diagnostics 119 4.5. Conclusion 127 4.6. Bibliography 128 Chapter 5. Thermal Monitoring of the Induction Machine 131 Luc LORON and Emmanuel FOULON 5.1. Introduction 131 5.2. Real-time parametric estimation by Kalman filter 137 5.3. Electrical models for the thermal monitoring 142 5.4. Experimental system 149 5.5. Experimental results 157 5.6. Conclusion 162 5.7. Appendix: induction machine characteristics 163 5.8. Bibliography 163 Chapter 6. Diagnosis of the Internal Resistance of an Automotive Lead-acid Battery by the Implementation of a Model Invalidation-based Approach: Application to Crankability Estimation 167 Jocelyn SABATIER, Mikaël CUGNET, Stéphane LARUELLE, Sylvie GRUGEON, Isabelle CHANTEUR, Bernard SAHUT, Alain OUSTALOUP and Jean-Marie TARASCON 6.1. Introduction 167 6.2. Fractional model of a lead-acid battery for the start-up phase 169 6.3. Identification of the fractional model 171 6.4. Battery resistance as crankability estimator 175 6.5. Model validation and estimation of the battery resistance 178 6.6. Toward a battery state estimator 188 6.7. Conclusion 188 6.8. Bibliography 190 Chapter 7. Electrical and Mechanical Faults Diagnosis of Induction Machines using Signal Analysis 193 Hubert RAZIK and Mohamed EL KAMEL OUMAAMAR 7.1. Introduction 193 7.2. The spectrum of the current line 194 7.3. Signal processing 196 7.4. Signal analysis from experiment campaigns 199 7.5. Conclusion 222 7.6. Appendices 223 7.7. Bibliography 224 Chapter 8. Fault Diagnosis of the Induction Machine by Neural Networks 227 Monia Ben Khader BOUZID, Najiba MRABET BELLAAJ, Khaled JELASSI, Gérard CHAMPENOIS and Sandrine MOREAU 8.1. Introduction 227 8.2. Methodology of the use of the ANN in the diagnostic domain 228 8.3. Description of the monitoring system 232 8.4. The detection problem 233 8.5. The proposed method for the robust detection 235 8.6. Signature of the stator and rotor faults 237 8.7. Detection of the faults by the RNd neural network 244 8.8. Diagnosis of the stator fault 251 8.9. Diagnosis of the rotor fault 263 8.10. Complete monitoring system of the induction machine 267 8.11. Conclusion 268 8.12. Bibliography 269 Chapter 9. Faults Detection and Diagnosis in a Static Converter 271 Mohamed BENBOUZID, Claude DELPHA, Zoubir KHATIR, Stéphane LEFEBVRE and Demba DIALLO 9.1. Introduction 271 9.2. Detection and diagnosis 273 9.3. Thermal fatigue of power electronic moduli and failure modes 294 9.4. Conclusion 316 9.5. Bibliography 316 List of Authors 321 Index 327

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Book SynopsisDedicated to a complete presentation on all aspects of reverberation chambers, this book provides the physical principles behind these test systems in a very progressive manner. The detailed panorama of parameters governing the operation of electromagnetic reverberation chambers details various applications such as radiated immunity, emissivity, and shielding efficiency experiments. In addition, the reader is provided with the elements of electromagnetic theory and statistics required to take full advantage of the basic operational rules of reverberation chambers, including calibration procedures. Comparisons with other testing systems (TEM cells, anechoic chambers) are also discussed.Trade Review"The book is recommended both as a reference for researchers and professionals working with reverberation chambers, and as a textbook for a course on reverberation chambers." (Radio Science Bulletin, 1 December 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xiii Foreword xv Paolo CORONA Introduction xix Chapter 1. Position of the Reverberation Chambers in Common Electromagnetic Tests 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Electromagnetic fields and plane waves 2 1.3. Electromagnetic tests in confined areas 13 1.4. Discussion 26 1.5. Bibliography 28 Chapter 2. Main Physical Features of Electromagnetic Cavities 29 2.1. Introduction 29 2.2. Reduction of the modes in a 1D cavity 30 2.3. Physical features of an empty rectangular cavity 44 2.4. The 3D cavity operating in stirred modes 69 2.5. Discussion 77 2.6. Bibliography 80 Chapter 3. Statistical Behavior of Stirred Waves in an Oversized Cavity 83 3.1. Introduction 83 3.2. Descriptions of the ideal random electromagnetic field 84 3.3. Simulation of the properties of an ideal random field 93 3.4. Contribution of the statistical tests 104 3.5. Balance of power in a reverberation chamber 121 3.6. Discussion 130 3.7. Bibliography 132 Chapter 4. Impact of the Physical and Technological Parameters of a Reverberation Chamber 135 4.1. Introduction 135 4.2. Main parameters for reverberation chamber design 136 4.3. The usual techniques of mode stirring 153 4.4. The characterization of reverberation chambers 164 4.5. Discussion 188 4.6. Bibliography 190 Chapter 5. Radiated Immunity Tests in a Reverberation Chamber 193 5.1. Introduction 193 5.2. The calibration process 194 5.3. Examples of calibration results 206 5.4. Implementing of the immunity test for a piece of equipment 210 5.5. Immunity test in reverberation and anechoic chambers 220 5.6. Rectangular components of the electric field and the total electric field 226 5.7. Discussion 228 5.8. Bibliography 230 Chapter 6. Emissivity Tests in Reverberation Chambers 233 6.1. Introduction 233 6.2. A few notions on electromagnetic radiation and antennas 234 6.3. Measurement of the total radiated power in free space 249 6.4. Measurement of the unintentional emission of a device under test 252 6.5. Measurement examples of the total radiated power 262 6.6. Total radiated power and radiated emissivity 269 6.7. Measurement of the efficiency and of the diversity gain of the antennas 272 6.8. Discussion 275 6.9. Bibliography 276 Chapter 7. Measurement of the Shielding Effectiveness 279 7.1. Introduction 279 7.2. Definitions of the shielding effectiveness 280 7.3. Measurement of the effectiveness of shielded cables and connectors in reverberation chambers 287 7.4. Measurement of the attenuation of the shielded enclosures 302 7.5. Measurement of the shielding effectiveness of the materials 307 7.6. Discussion 316 7.7. Bibliography 318 Chapter 8. Mode Stirring Reverberation Chamber: A Research Tool 321 8.1. Introduction 321 8.2. A non-ideal random electromagnetic field 324 8.3. Studying the correlation of a set of measurements 336 8.4. Quantization of the scattered and coherent fields in a reverberation chamber 349 8.5. Discussion 356 8.6. Bibliography 358 APPENDICES 361 Appendix 1. Notion of Probability 363 A1.1. The random variable concept 363 A1.2. Probability concept from intuition 363 A1.3. Probability density function (pdf) 364 A1.4. Computation of moments 365 A1.5. Centered and normalized variables 366 A1.6. Computation of the variance and standard deviation 367 A1.7. Probability distributions 367 A1.8. The cumulative distribution function (cdf) 369 A1.9. The ergodism notion 369 A1.10. Features of the random stationary variables 372 A1.11. The characteristic function 373 A1.12. Summary of the main probability distributions 375 A1.13. Tables of numerical values of the normal distribution integrals 378 A1.14. Bibliography 379 Appendix 2. Formulas of the Quality Factor of a Rectangular Cavity 381 A2.1. Quality factor of the TMm n p mode 381 A2.2. Calculation of the average Q quality factor 382 A2.3. Bibliography 384 Appendix 3. Total Field and Total Power Variables 385 A3.1. Total field variables 385 A3.2. χ2 variable attached to the total field 386 A3.3. Total field probability density function 386 A3.4. Calculation of the mean of the total field 387 A3.5. The pdf of the total power 388 A3.6. Calculation of the mean total powers 389 Appendix 4. Calculation of the Variances of υφ, υη, υθ 391 A4.1. Variance of the υφ and υη variables 391 A4.2. Variance of the υθ variable 392 Appendix 5. Electric Dipole Formulas 395 A5.1. Complete formulas of the electric dipole 395 A5.2. Near-field formulas of the electric dipole 397 A5.3. Far-field formulas of the electric dipole 397 A5.4. Bibliography 398 Index 399

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Book SynopsisThe fuel cell is a potential candidate for energy storage and conversion in our future energy mix. It is able to directly convert the chemical energy stored in fuel (e.g. hydrogen) into electricity, without undergoing different intermediary conversion steps. In the field of mobile and stationary applications, it is considered to be one of the future energy solutions. Among the different fuel cell types, the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has shown great potential in mobile applications, due to its low operating temperature, solid-state electrolyte and compactness. This book presents a detailed state of art of PEM fuel cell modeling, with very detailed physical phenomena equations in different physical domains. Examples and a fully coupled multi-physical 1.2 kW PEMFC model are given help the reader better understand how to use the equations.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Nomenclature xiii Part 1: State of the Art: Of Fuel Cells Modeling 1 Chapter 1. General Introduction 3 1.1. What is a fuel cell? 3 1.2. Types of fuel cells 5 Chapter 2. PEMFC Structure 13 2.1. Bipolar plates 15 2.2. Membrane electrode assembly 16 Chapter 3. Why Model a Fuel Cell? 21 3.1. Advantages of modeling and simulation 22 3.2. Complex system modeling methods 23 3.3. Modeling goals 26 Chapter 4. How Can a Fuel Cell be Modeled? 31 4.1. Space dimension: 0D, 1D, 2D, 3D 31 4.2. Temporal behavior: static or dynamic 32 4.3. Type: analytical, semi-empirical, empirical 33 4.4. Modeled areas: stack, single cell, individual layer 34 4.5. Modeled phenomena 35 Chapter 5. Literature Models Synthesis 37 5.1. 50 models published in the literature 37 5.2. Model classification 42 Part 2: Modeling of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 47 Chapter 6. Model Structural and Functional Approaches 49 Chapter 7. Stack-Level Modeling 53 7.1. Electrical domain 53 7.2. Fluidic domain 54 7.3. Thermal domain 61 Chapter 8. Cell-Level Modeling (Membrane-Electrode Assembly, MEA) 69 8.1. Electrical domain 69 8.2. Fluidic domain 85 8.3. Thermal domain 89 Chapter 9. Individual Layer Level Modeling 91 9.1. Electrical domain 91 9.2. Fluidic domain 104 9.3. Thermal domain 134 Chapter 10. Finite Element and Finite Volume Approach 141 10.1. Conservation of mass 141 10.2. Conservation of momentum 142 10.3. Conservation of matter 143 10.4. Conservation of charge 143 10.5. Conservation of energy 144 Part 3: 1D Dynamic Model of a Nexa Fuel Cell Stack 147 Chapter 11. Detailed Nexa Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack Modeling 149 11.1. Modeling hypotheses 149 11.2. Modeling in the electrical domain 150 11.3. Modeling in the fluidic domain 159 11.4. Thermal domain modeling 179 11.5. Set of adjustable parameters 201 Chapter 12. Model Experimental Validation 205 12.1. Multiphysical model validation with a 1.2 kW fuel cell stack 205 Bibliography 227 Index 235

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Book SynopsisThis book proposes systemic design methodologies applied to electrical energy systems, in particular analysis and system management, modeling and sizing tools.It includes 8 chapters: after an introduction to the systemic approach (history, basics & fundamental issues, index terms) for designing energy systems, this book presents two different graphical formalisms especially dedicated to multidisciplinary devices modeling, synthesis and analysis: Bond Graph and COG/EMR. Other systemic analysis approaches for quality and stability of systems, as well as for safety and robustness analysis tools are also proposed. One chapter is dedicated to energy management and another is focused on Monte Carlo algorithms for electrical systems and networks sizing.The aim of this book is to summarize design methodologies based in particular on a systemic viewpoint, by considering the system as a whole. These methods and tools are proposed by the most important French research laboratories, which have many scientific partnerships with other European and international research institutions. Scientists and engineers in the field of electrical engineering, especially teachers/researchers because of the focus on methodological issues, will find this book extremely useful, as will PhD and Masters students in this field.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction to Systemic Design 1 Stéphan ASTIER, Alain BOUSCAYROL and Xavier ROBOAM 1.1. The system and the science of systems 2 1.1.1. First notions of systems and systems theory 3 1.1.2. A brief history of systems theory and the science of systems 6 1.1.3. The science of systems and artifacts 9 1.2. The model and the science of systems 12 1.3. Energy systems: specific and shared properties 15 1.3.1. Energy and its properties 15 1.3.2. Entropy and quality of energy 19 1.3.3. Consequences for energy systems 24 1.4. Systemic design of energy systems 26 1.4.1. The context of systemic design in technology 26 1.4.2. The design process: toward an integrated design 28 1.5. Conclusion: what are the objectives for an integrated design of energy conversion systems? 32 1.6. Glossary of systemic design 33 1.7. Bibliography 36 Chapter 2. The Bond Graph Formalism for an Energetic and Dynamic Approach of the Analysis and Synthesis of Multiphysical Systems 39 Xavier ROBOAM, Eric BIDEAUX, Genevieve DAUPHIN-TANGUY, Bruno SARENI and Stéphan ASTIER 2.1. Summary of basic principles and elements of the formalism 41 2.1.1. Basic elements 41 2.1.2. The elementary phenomena 42 2.1.3. The causality in bond graphs 45 2.2. The bond graph: an “interdisciplinary formalism” 46 2.2.1. “Electro-electrical” conversion 47 2.2.2. Electromechanical conversion 51 2.2.3. Electrochemical conversion 52 2.2.4. Example of a causal multiphysical model: the EHA actuator 55 2.3. The bond graph, tool of system analysis 56 2.3.1. Analysis of models properties 56 2.3.2. Linear time invariant models 58 2.3.3. Simplification of models 61 2.4. Design of systems by inversion of bond graph models 69 2.4.1. Inverse problems associated with the design approach 70 2.4.2. Inversion of systems modeled by bond graph 72 2.4.3. Example of application to design problems 78 2.5. Bibliography 84 Chapter 3. Graphic Formalisms for the Control of Multi-Physical Energetic Systems: COG and EMR 89 Alain BOUSCAYROL, Jean Paul HAUTIER and Betty LEMAIRE-SEMAIL 3.1. Introduction 89 3.2. Which approach should be used for the control of an energetic system? 90 3.2.1. Control of an energetic system 90 3.2.2. Different approaches to the control of a system 91 3.2.3. Modeling and control of an energetic system 92 3.2.4. Toward the use of graphic formalisms of representation 93 3.3. The causal ordering graph 95 3.3.1. Description by COG 95 3.3.2. Structure of control by inversion of the COG 100 3.3.3. Elementary example: control of a DC drive 105 3.4. Energetic Macroscopic Representation 107 3.4.1. Description by EMR 108 3.4.2. Structure of control by inversion of an EMR 111 3.4.3. Elementary example: control of an electrical vehicle 114 3.5. Complementarity of the approaches and extensions 116 3.5.1. Differences and complementarities 117 3.5.2. Example: control of a paper band winder/unwinder 117 3.5.3. Other applications and extensions 119 3.6. Bibliography 120 Chapter 4. The Robustness: A New Approach for the Integration of Energetic Systems 125 Nicolas RETIÈRE, Delphine RIU, Mathieu SAUTREUIL and Olivier SENAME 4.1. Introduction 125 4.2. Control design of electrical systems 126 4.2.1. The control design is an issue of integration 126 4.2.2. The nominal control synthesis 130 4.2.3. The analysis of robustness 135 4.3. Application to an on-board generation system 141 4.3.1. Presentation of a nominal system 141 4.3.2. Modeling and dynamical analysis of the nominal system 141 4.3.3. Analysis of the robustness 147 4.4. Conclusion 155 4.5. Bibliography 155 Chapter 5. Quality and Stability of Embedded Power DC Networks 159 Hubert PIQUET, Nicolas ROUX, Babak NAHID-MOBARAKEH, Serge PIERFEDERICI, Pierre MAGNE and Jérôme FAUCHER 5.1. Introduction 159 5.1.1. Challenges to quality optimization 160 5.1.2. The difficulty of stability 161 5.2. Production of DC networks: the quality of the distributed energy 165 5.2.1. Combined and specialized electrical architectures 165 5.2.2. AC/DC converters 167 5.2.3. Studying AC/DC interactions 167 5.2.4. Simplified modeling of the HVDC network 169 5.2.5. Methods of causal analysis of AC/DC interactions 170 5.3. Characterization of the input impedances/admittances of equipment 172 5.3.1. Analytical characterization of the input impedance of systems in electrical engineering 173 5.3.2. Experimental and simulation characterization 187 5.4. Analysis of asymptotic stability via methods, based on impedance specifications 190 5.4.1. Introduction 190 5.4.2. Principles: the case of a two-body cascading system 191 5.5. Analysis of asymptotic stability via the Routh–Hurwitz criterion 206 5.5.1. Overview of the Routh–Hurwitz criterion 206 5.5.2. Example, design charts 207 5.5.3. Analysis of network architectures with regard to their stability 210 5.6. Analysis tools for asymptotic global stability – dynamic behavior of an HVDC network subject to large-signal disturbances 215 5.6.1. Introduction 215 5.6.2. Analysis tools for large signal stability 216 5.6.3. Conclusion 219 5.7. Conclusion to the chapter 219 5.8. Bibliography 220 Chapter 6. Energy Management in Hybrid Electrical Systems with Storage 223 Christophe TURPIN, Stéphan ASTIER, Xavier ROBOAM, Bruno SARENI and Hubert PIQUET 6.1. Introduction to energy hybridization via the example of hybrid automobiles 224 6.1.1. General information on the architectures of hybrid automobiles 224 6.1.2. Parallel architecture: summation of the mechanical powers 225 6.1.3. Series architecture: summation of the electric powers 226 6.1.4. Series–parallel architecture 228 6.2. Energy management in electric junction hybrid systems with electric energy storage 229 6.2.1. Storage, essential properties, power invertibility, losses 229 6.2.2. Electric junction hybrid systems, electric node 233 6.2.3. Generic hybrid system with an electric node containing storage, energy flow management 234 6.2.4. Strategy for frequency splitting of power via active filtering 236 6.2.5. Electric node and energy degrees of freedom 239 6.2.6. Overview of energy management in electric-junction multisource hybrid systems with storage: energy management strategy 242 6.3. Indicators, criteria and data for the design of hybrid systems 245 6.3.1. Properties of storage units for hybridization 245 6.3.2. Mission properties, energy indicators 247 6.4. Examples in various application areas 250 6.4.1. Example 1. Simple hybridization: emergency generator for an aircraft based on a wind turbine hybridized by supercapacitors 250 6.4.2. Example 2. Simple hybridization: emergency generator for an aircraft based on a fuel cell hybridized with supercapacitors 256 6.4.3. Example 3. Double hybridization: power train of a locomotive based on a combustion engine hybridized by batteries and supercapacitors 266 6.4.4. Example 4. Double hybridization: smoothing of photovoltaic generation via an electrolyzer–fuel cell tandem (H2 /O2 battery) and a lead acid battery 275 6.5. Conclusion for energy management in hybrid systems 281 6.6. Bibliography 283 Chapter 7. Stochastic Approach Applied to the Sizing of Energy Chains and Power Systems 287 Patrick GUÉRIN, Geoffroy ROBLOT and Laurence MIÈGEVILLE 7.1. Introduction 287 7.2. Standard principle of the power report 289 7.2.1. Maximum current 290 7.2.2. Load factor Ku 290 7.2.3. Diversity factor Ks 291 7.2.4. Enhancement factor Ka 292 7.2.5. Application 292 7.3. Stochastic approach 294 7.3.1. Observation 294 7.3.2. Principle of the stochastic approach 295 7.4. Modeling of the loads 297 7.4.1. Different types of loads 298 7.4.2. Modeling using a specification 299 7.4.3. Modeling using experimental readings 301 7.5. Simulation of the power flows 302 7.5.1. Analytical method 302 7.5.2. Monte Carlo method 304 7.5.3. Application to an “on-board” power system 306 7.6. Probabilistic and dynamic approach 312 7.6.1. Modeling of the loads or associated electrical quantities 312 7.6.2. Simulation of the power flows 316 7.6.3. Application to the embedded network 317 7.7. Conclusion 319 7.8. Bibliography 321 Chapter 8. Probabilistic Approach for Reliability of Power Systems 325 Yvon BÉSANGER and Jean-Pierre ROGNON 8.1. Contextual elements 325 8.2. Basic concepts of the Monte Carlo simulation 331 8.2.1. Monte Carlo method 331 8.2.2. Simulation 331 8.2.3. Basic statistical concepts and definitions 331 8.2.4. Monte Carlo simulation 333 8.3. Variance reduction 340 8.3.1. Justification and principles 340 8.3.2. Comparative study of the variance reduction methods 342 8.4. Illustrative example 363 8.5. Conclusion 367 8.6. Bibliography 368 List of Authors 371 Index 373

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Book SynopsisThis book, designed for engineers, technicians, designers and operators working with electrical networks, contains theoretical and practical information on the design and set-up of protection systems. Protection of Electrical Networks first discusses network structures and grounding systems together with problems that can occur in networks. It goes on to cover current and voltage transformers, protection functions, circuit breakers and fuses. Practical explanations of how protection systems function are given, and these, together with tables of settings, make this book suitable for any reader, irrespective of their initial level of knowledge.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Network structures. Chapter 2. Earthing systems. Chapter 3. Main faults occurring in networks and machines. Chapter 4. Short-circuits. Chapter 5. Consequences of short-circuits. Chapter 6. Instrument transformers. Chapter 7. Protection functions and their applications. Chapter 8. Overcurrent switching devices. Chapter 9. Different selectivity systems. Chapter 10. Protections of networks elements. Appendix A. Transient Current Calculation of Short-circuit Fed by Utility Network. Appendix B. Calculation of Inrush Current During Capacitor Bank Energization. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis handbook is an authoritative, comprehensive reference on Internet of Things, written for practitioners, researchers, and students around the world. This book provides a definitive single point of reference material for all those interested to find out information about the basic technologies and approaches that are used to design and deploy IoT applications across a vast variety of different application fields spanning from smart buildings, smart cities, smart factories, smart farming, building automation, connected vehicles, and machine to machine communication. The book is divided into ten parts, each edited by top experts in the field. The parts include: IoT Basics, IoT Hardware and Components, Architecture and Reference Models, IoT Networks, Standards Overview, IoT Security and Privacy, From Data to Knowledge and Intelligence, Application Domains, Testbeds and Deployment, and End-User Engagement. The contributors are leading authorities in the fields of engineering and represent academia, industry, and international government and regulatory agencies.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Part A: IoT Basics.- IoT Brief History.- IoT Definitions.- IoT Tags - IoT Hardware.- Part B: IoT Network Architecture and Interoperability.- Architecture.- Cloudification/IoT Platforms.- Edge Computing and Distributed Intelligence.- Multiprotocol Interoperability.- Wireless Communication.- Integration of IoT and Satellite Networks in Emerging 5G Systems.- Part C.- IoT Security and Privacy.- IoT Security Threats and Risk Analysis.- Authentication and Authorization Framework for IoT.- IoT Security Monitoring Tools and Models.- Trusted IoT and Testing.- Part D: From Data to Knowledge and Intelligence.- IoT and Data Protection.- Data Models and Contextual Information.- Ontologies and Semantic Interoperability.- Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence.- Artificial Intelligence of Things.- Part E: Standards.- Study of LoRa PHY Protocol and LoPaWAN Networcs.- Application Layer Protocols.- Security Fundamentals.- Part F: Application Domains.- Smart Cities.- Smart Agriculture.- Making Smart Agriculture Smarter.- Optimizing Operations in IoT Enabled Smart Grid.- IoT in Large Scale Events.- Smart Homes and Buildings.- Connected Vehicles.- eHealth and Ageing Well.- IoT for Sustainable Development.- Technological views for IoT for Sustainable Development.- Smart water management.- Part G: End-User Engagement and validation.- End-User Engagement Methodologies.- Co-Creation.- Living Labs.- Crowdsourcing tools and IoT Labs.- Part H: IoT Deployment and Management.- IoT roadmap for smart factories and supply chain organizations.- IoT Business Models.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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