Electrical engineering Books

Book SynopsisA discussion of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) and language learning, aimed at researchers and practitioners in the field. It deals with developments in Europe, with the majority of the chapters focusing on the results of collaborative international projects.

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Book SynopsisInterest in antimonide-related heterostructures is burgeoning due to their applications as light sources, diode lasers, modulators, filters, switches, nonlinear optics, and field-defect transistors. This volume, featuring contributions from leading researchers in the field, is the first book to focus on antimonide-related topics. It offers to both the beginning student and the advanced researcher a comprehensive review of the state of the art in this exciting new area of research.Table of Contents1. Interfacial Disorder in inAs/GaSb Heterostructures Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy 2. Type II (A1Ga)Sb/inAs Quantum Well Structures and Superlattices for Opto- and Micro-Electronics Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy 3. Antimonide-Based Quantum Heterostructure Devices 4. Mid-Infrared Strained Diode Lasers 5. Mid-Wave Infrared Sources Based on GainSb/inAs Superlattice Active Layers 6. inAs/inAs,Sb,x Type-II Superlattice Midwave Infrared Lasers 7. Growth and Characterization of inAs/A1Sb/GaSb Heterostructures 8.Structural and Electrical Properties of GaSb/inSb and inAS/inSb Superlattices 9. Antimonide-Based Mid-Infrared Quantum-Well Diode Lasers

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Book SynopsisThe technical committee on mechatronics formed by the International Federation for the Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, in Prague, Czech Republic, adopted the following definition for the term: Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of precision mechanical engineering, electronic control and systems thinking in the design products and manufacturing process.Due to developments in powerful computers, including microprocessors and Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICS), computational techniques, diverse technologies, advances in the design process of products and other factors, the field of mechatronics has evolved as a highly powerful and most cost effective means for product realization.Table of Contents1. Industrial Magnetic Bearing: Basics and Applications 2. Mechatronic Systems Techniques for Real-time Optical Measurement Systems 3. Mechatronic System Techniques for Mechanical Parts Inspection by Robot 4. Techniques and Applications of Accurate Hydraulically-Operated Processes and Machines 5. Mechatronic Systems Techniques for Intelligent Paper Roll Manipulator Systems 6. Supervisory and Adaptive Fuzzy Control for a Flexible-Link Robot

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to present in one volume some of the most significant developments that have taken place in the field of integrated ferroelectrics during the last decade of the twentieth century. The book begins with a comprehensive introduction to integrated ferroelectrics and follows with fifty-three papers selected by Carlos Paz de Araujo, Orlando Auciello, Ramamoorthy Ramesh, and George W. Taylor. These fifty-three papers were selected from more than one thousand papers published over the last eleven years in the proceedings of the International Symposia on Integrated Ferroelectrics (ISIF). These papers were chosen on the basis that they (a) give a broad view of the advances that have been made and (b) indicate the future direction of research and technological development. Readers who wish for a more in-depth treatment of the subject are encouraged to refer to volumes 1 to 27 of Integrated Ferroelectrics, the main publication vehicle for papers in this field.Table of Contents1. Processing and Parameters of Sol-Gel PZT Thin-Films for GaAs Memory Applications 2. Pulsed Laser Deposition of Oriented PbZr.^O54Ti.^O46O^O3 3. Processing-Structure Relations for Ferroelectric Thin Films Deposited by Ion Beam Sputter Deposition 4. Recent Results on Switching, Fatigue and Electrical Characterization of Sol-Gel Based PZT Capacitors 5. Microscopic Modeling of Thin-Film Ferroelectrics: Fatigue 6. A Circuit Model for a Thin Film Ferroelectric Memory Device 7. Radiation Damage in Ferroelectric Thin-Film Memories 8. Integrated Ferroelectrics 9. Ferroelectric PbZr^O0.2Ti^O0.8O^O3 Thin Films on Expitaxial Y-Ba-Cu-0 10. Statistical Theory of Fatigue in Ferroelectric Devices 11. Sol-Gel Derived Ferroelectric THin Films in Silicon Micromachining 12. Theory of Conduction and Breakdown in Perovskite THin Films 13. Numerical Analysis of Ferroelctric Characteristics for Memory Use by Using a Lattice Model 14. Anomalous Remanent Polarization in Ferroelectric Capacitors 15. Chemical Aspects of Pb-Zr-Ti Oxide Thin Film Syntheses by PE-MOCVD below 500^ToC 16. Expitaxial La^O0.5Sr^O0.5CoO^O3 Electrode Films for Ferroelctric Device Applications 17. Conducting Oxide Electrodes for Ferroelectric Films 18. Deposition of Ba^O1-xSr^OxTiO3 via Liquid Source CVD (LSCVD) for ULSi DRAMs 19. A Theory of Polarization Reversals in Finite Systems 20. Electrochemical Models of Failure in Oxide Perovskites 21. Defect Chemistry and Transport Properties of Pb)Zr^O1/2Ti^O1/2)O^O3 22. Large-Area Growth of Pb (Zr, Ti)O^O3 Thin Films by MOCVD 23. Plasma Etching of PLZT: Review and Future Prospects 24. Ferroelectric La-Sr-Co-O/Pb-LA-Zr-Ti-O?La-Sr-Co-O Heterostructures on Silicon 25. Fatigue and Retention of Pb(Zr^O0.53Ti^O0.47)O^O3 Thin Film Capacitors with Pt and RuO^O2 Electrodes 26. 256Kb Ferroelectric Nonvolatile Memory Technology for 1T/1C Cell with 100ns Read/Write Time at 3V 27. Study on Ferroelectric Thin Films for Application to NDRO Non-Volatile Memories 28. Integrated Ferroelectric Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) 29. Ferroelectric Phase Shifters and Their Performance in Microwave phased Array Antennas 29. Materials Interactions in the Integration of PZT Ferroelectric Capacitors 30. Electrical Properties of Pb (Zr^O0.53Ti^O0.47)O Thin Film Capacitors with Modified RuO^O2 Bottom Electrodes 31. Fabrication and Testing of Micron-Size (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O^O3 Thin Film Capicitors 32. Manufacturing of Perovskite Thin Films Using Liquid Delivery MOCVD 33. AGbit-Scale DRAM Stacked Capacitor with ECR MOCVD SrTiO^O3 Over RIE Patterned RuO^O2/TiN Storage Nodes 34. New Low Temperature Processing of Sol-Gel SrBi^O2Ta^O2O^O9 Thin Films 35. Conformal LSMCD Deposition of SrBi^O2(Ta^O1-xNb^Ox)O^O9 36. Relationships Among Ferroelectric Fatigue, Electronic Charge Trapping, Defect-Dipoles, and Oxygen Vacancies in Perovskite Oxides 37. The Bandgap of SrBi^O2Ta^O2O^O9 38. MOCVD of Advanced Dielectric and Ferroelectric Films by Liquid Delivery 39. Scaling Possibility of PZT Capacitors for High Density and Low-Voltage NVFRAM Application 40. Ferroelectricity of Heteroepitaxial Ba^O0.6Sr^O0.4TiO^O3 Ultrathin Films 41. A 11x6 Element Pyroelectric Detector Array Utilizing Self-Polarized PZT Thin Films Grown by Sputtering 42. Technology Challenges and Solutions for 1 Gbit and Beyond 43. Electrical Characterization of Ferroelectric, Paraelectric, and Superparaelectric Thin Films 44. Ferroelctric Embedded Devices 45. Graded Ferroelectrics: A New Class of Steady-State Thermal/Electrical/Mechanical/Energy Interchange Devices 46. Correlation Between Material Properties of Ferroelectric Thin Films and Design Parameters for Microwave Devices Applications: Modeling Examples and Experimental Verification 47. Electrical Measurements of the High Speed Switching Characteristics of Micron-Scale Discrete Ferroelectric Capacitors 48. Conducting Diffusion Barriers for Integration of Ferroelectric Capacitors on Si 49. Expitaxial BaTiO^O3 Films on Silicon for MFSFET Applications 50. Voltage Scaling of Ferroelectric Thin Films Deposited by CVD 51. Studies of Ferroelectric Heterostructure Thin Films, Interfaces, and Device-Related Processes via In Situ Analytical Techniques 52. Review of SrBi^O2Ta^O2O^O9 Thin Films Capacitor Processing 53. Integration Technology for Ferroelectric Memory

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Book SynopsisStructural mechanics in reactor technology, Fracture Mechanics and NDE is the proceedings and transactions of the international conference on structural mechanics in reactor technology, held in 1987.

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Book SynopsisThis book highlights the cutting-edge research on energy management within smart grids with significant deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV). These vehicles not only can be a significant electrical power consumer during Grid to Vehicle (G2V) charging mode, they can also be smartly utilized as a controlled source of electrical power when they are used in Vehicle to Grid (V2G) operating mode. Electricity Price, Time of Use Tariffs, Quality of Service, Social Welfare as well as electrical parameters of the network are all different criteria considered by the researchers when developing energy management techniques for PEVs. Risk averse stochastic energy hub management, maximizing profits in ancillary service markets, power market bidding strategies for fleets of PEVs, energy management of PEVs in the presence of renewable energy in distribution lines or microgrids and loss minimization in distribution networks based on smart coordination approaches using real time energy prices are some of the attractive and novel topics explored in this book. It will be an excellent reference for graduate students, researchers and industry professionals who are interested in getting a snapshot view of today’s latest research on applying various smart energy management strategies for smart grids with high penetration of PEVs.Table of ContentsOverview of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Technologies.- Smart Coordination Approach for Power Management and Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks with PEV Penetration Based on Real Time Pricing.- Plug-in Electric Vehicles Management in Smart Distribution Systems.- An Optimal and Distributed Control Strategy for Charging Plug-in Electrical Vehicles in the Future Smart Grid.- Risk averse energy hub management considering Plug-in Electric Vehicles using Information gap decision theory.- Integration of Distribution Grid Constraints in an Event-driven Control Strategy for Plug-in Electric Vehicles in a Multi-aggregator Setting.- Distributed Load Management using Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease based Techniques.- Towards a Business Case for Vehicle-to-Grid – Maximizing Profits in Ancillary Service Markets.- Integration of PEVs into Power Markets: A Bidding Strategy for a Fleet Aggregator.- Optimal Control of Plug-in Vehicles Fleets in microgrids.- Energy Management in Microgrids with Plug-in Electric Vehicles, Distributed Energy Resources and Smart Home Appliances.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive overview, this book focuses on two directions of study: discovery of new effects that take place in magnetic wires and optimization of the magnetic, electrical, and mechanical properties of the wires, taking into account the technological application. The book presents the idea of moving to nanoscale, maintaining the achieved optimal parameters of microwires. While the focus remains on glass-covered wires of micrometer scale, it covers the first steps of the movement to "nano" range as an example of the versatility of the basic effects initially discovered for microscale.Table of ContentsKerr Effect as Method of Investigation of Magnetization Reversal in Magnetic Wires. Cold-Drawn Fe-Rich Amorphous Wire. Conventional Co-Rich Amorphous Wire. Interaction Between Glass-Covered Microwires. Circular Magnetic Bistability in Co-Rich Amorphous Microwires. Effect of High-Frequency Driving Current on Magnetization Reversal in Co-Rich Amorphous Microwires. Relation Between Surface Magnetization Reversal and Magnetoimpedance. Helical Magnetic Structure. Magnetization Reversal in Crossed Magnetic Field. Visualization of Barkhausen Jump. Magnetization Reversal in Glass-Covered Nanowires of Cylindrical Shape. Magnetic Domain-Wall Dynamics in Co-Rich Glass-Covered Microwires. Nucleation and Transformation of Circular Magnetic Domain Structure: Control of Domain Nucleation. Magnetization Reversal in Co-Rich Microwires with Different Values of Magnetostriction. Application of Magneto-Optical Indicator Film Method to Study Domain Magnetic Structure in Microwires.

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Book SynopsisEnergy transport and conversion in nanoscale structures is a rapidly expanding area of science. It looks set to make a significant impact on human life and, with numerous commercial developments emerging, will become a major academic topic over the coming years. Owing to the difficulty in experimental measurement, computational simulation has become a powerful tool in the study of nanoscale energy transport and harvesting.This book provides an introduction to the current computational technology and discusses the applications of nanostructures in renewable energy and the associated research topics. It will be useful for theorists, experimentalists, and graduate-level students who want to explore this new field of research. The book addresses the currently used computational technologies and their applications in study of nanoscale energy transport and conversion. With content relevant to both academic and commercial viewpoints, it will interest researchers and postgraduates as well as consultants in the renewable energy industry.Trade Review"This book provides a timely and extensive introduction on the current status of energy transport and harvesting using nanomaterials and various computational technologies to study such materials. Current advancement in computational sciences has made it a vital tool in the development of nanosciences and nanotechnologies. This book should be a very useful reference for scientists who are working in this field and an excellent textbook for advanced-level students who would like to learn these techniques and applications."—Prof. Su-Huai Wei, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USATable of ContentsMolecular Dynamics Simulations for Computing Thermal Conductivity of Nano Materials. Nonequilibrium Phonon Green’s Function Simulation and Its Application to Carbon Nanotubes. Thermal Conduction of Graphene. Ballistic Thermal Transport by Phonons at Low Temperatures in Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures. Surface functionalization induced thermal conductivity attenuation in silicon nanowires: A molecular dynamics study.

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Book SynopsisMicroelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based sensors and actuators have become remarkably popular in the past few decades. Rapid advances have taken place in terms of both technologies and techniques of fabrication of MEMS structures. Wet chemical–based silicon bulk micromachining continues to be a widely used technique for the fabrication of microstructures used in MEMS devices. Researchers all over the world have contributed significantly to the advancement of wet chemical–based micromachining, from understanding the etching mechanism to exploring its application to the fabrication of simple to complex MEMS structures. In addition to its various benefits, one of the unique features of wet chemical–based bulk micromachining is the ability to fabricate slanted sidewalls, such as 45° walls as micromirrors, as well as freestanding structures, such as cantilevers and diaphragms. This makes wet bulk micromachining necessary for the fabrication of structures for myriad applications.This book provides a comprehensive understating of wet bulk micromachining for the fabrication of simple to advanced microstructures for various applications in MEMS. It includes introductory to advanced concepts and covers research on basic and advanced topics on wet chemical–based silicon bulk micromachining. The book thus serves as an introductory textbook for undergraduate- and graduate-level students of physics, chemistry, electrical and electronic engineering, materials science, and engineering, as well as a comprehensive reference for researchers working or aspiring to work in the area of MEMS and for engineers working in microfabrication technology.Table of ContentsA Brief Introduction of the Crystal Structure. Brief Overview of Silicon Wafer Manufacturing and Microfabrication Techniques. Isotropic Etching of Silicon and Related Materials. KOH-Based Anisotropic Etching TMAH-Based Anisotropic Etching. Convex and Concave Corners in Silicon Wet Bulk Micromachining. Alignment of Mask Patterns to Crystallographic Directions. Simple to Complex Structures Using Wet Bulk Micromachining.

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Book SynopsisThe rapid advancement of integrated optoelectronics has been driven considerably by miniaturization. Following the path taken in electronics of reducing devices to their ultimately fundamental forms, for instance single-electron transistors, now optical devices have also been scaled down, creating the increasingly active research fields of integrated and coupled photonic systems. The interactions between the coupled integrated micro- and nanostructures can provide us with the fundamental understanding and engineering of complex systems for a variety of applications.This book aims to bring to the readers the latest developments in the rapidly emerging field of integrated nanophotonic resonators and devices. It compiles cutting-edge research from leading experts who form an interdisciplinary team around the world. The book also introduces the fundamental knowledge of coupled integrated photonic/electronic/mechanical micro- and nanoresonators and their interactions, as well as advanced research in the field.Trade Review"This unique book introduces readers to the rapid advancement in a variety of active areas in coupled and integrated nanophotonics. All the chapters represent the latest cutting-edge research in this emerging field. Readers from both academia and industry who are interested in integrated nanophotonic resonators and devices will definitely benefit from this timely book."— Dr. Terry L. Smith, 3M Co., USA"This is a leading book in the field of nanophotonic resonators and devices and presents the latest developments. Integrated nanophotonics will play a pivotal role in future semiconductor chips, and this text provides scientists, engineers, and professionals with invaluable resources in this cutting-edge field."— Dr. Xiaoman Duan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"In this book, some typical topics in the field of integrated nanophotonic resonators are reviewed from the point of view of fundamentals, devices, and applications. The emerging new advances in integrated microresonators, optoplasmonics, silicon-based photonic devices, optomechanical systems, optical trapping, and photonic-structured scintillators and the theoretical simulation methods described in this book will open the door to realizing an unprecedented development. Undoubtedly, this book is beneficial to this community."— Prof. Hong Chen, Tongji University, China"This unique book introduces readers to the rapid advancement in a variety of active areas in coupled and integrated nanophotonics. All the chapters represent the latest cutting-edge research in this emerging field. Readers from both academia and industry who are interested in integrated nanophotonic resonators and devices will definitely benefit from this timely book."— Dr. Terry L. Smith, 3M Co., USA"This is a leading book in the field of nanophotonic resonators and devices and presents the latest developments. Integrated nanophotonics will play a pivotal role in future semiconductor chips, and this text provides scientists, engineers, and professionals with invaluable resources in this cutting-edge field."— Dr. Xiaoman Duan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"In this book, some typical topics in the field of integrated nanophotonic resonators are reviewed from the point of view of fundamentals, devices, and applications. The emerging new advances in integrated microresonators, optoplasmonics, silicon-based photonic devices, optomechanical systems, optical trapping, and photonic-structured scintillators and the theoretical simulation methods described in this book will open the door to realizing an unprecedented development. Undoubtedly, this book is beneficial to this community."— Prof. Hong Chen, Tongji University, ChinaTable of ContentsHybrid and coupled photonic system between nanoparticle and integrated micro resonator. Coupled mode theory and its applications in computational nanophotonics. Template-guided self-assembly of discrete optoplasmonic molecules and extended optoplasmonic arrays. Nanophotonic resonators for enhancement of absorption and transmission cross sections of subwavelength plasmonic devices. Photoluminescent centers interacting with silicon-based photonic devices. Nonclassical light sources and frequency converters with integrated optomechanical systems. Scintillators boosted by nanophotonics. Optical trapping of nanoparticles. Rainbow trapping effect in horizontal and vertical directions.

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Book SynopsisFollowing two decades of intense research globally, the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) has steadily emerged as the ultimate display technology of choice for the coming decades. Portable active matrix OLED displays have already become prevalent, and even large-sized ultra-high definition 4K TVs are being mass-produced. More exotic applications such as wearable displays have been commercialized recently. With the burgeoning success in displays, researchers are actively bringing the technology forward into the exciting solid-state lighting market.This book presents the knowledge needed for students and researchers from diverse disciplines to understand the underlying principles in OLED technology. It begins with a brief history and fundamental working principles of OLEDs. After introducing the fundamentals, it discusses more efficient OLED designs, as well as advanced strategies to enhance the performance. The text covers in detail important areas such as top-emission, p- and n-type doping, device stability, light extraction, and stacked white OLEDs. It also throws light on the current industry practice and major areas of focus in the near future.Trade Review"OLEDs are a rapidly developing new technology having applications in both display and lighting. Although broad commercial application has been reached for small OLED displays, there are many more challenges in chemistry, physics, and engineering to be addressed to exploit the full potential of this technology. Yi-Lu Chang’s book fills a gap by providing a concise review of the state of the art of this fast-progressing field. The author has worked in one of the world’s leading groups on high-efficiency OLEDs and can thus provide deep insight into the key issues of improving this technology."— Prof. Karl Leo, Technische Universität Dresden, GermanyTable of ContentsIntroduction. OLED Working Principles. Charge Carrier Injection and Transport. Efficient Device Architectures. Advanced Device Architectures: Exciton Harvesting. P-type intrinsic n-type (p-i-n) OLEDs. Top-Emission OLEDs. Efficient White OLEDs. Optical Light Out-Coupling. Stability and Degradation. Applications in Displays and Lighting. Conclusions and Outlook.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology has attracted billions of dollars in venture capital from research institutes, governments, and industries in recent years. Traditional nanofabrication techniques such as CVD, sol–gel, and self-assembly have been intensively studied. However, the electrochemical nanofabrication technique, which offers huge benefits for manufacturing nanomaterials as well as broad applications in industries, has not been given much attention compared with the traditional nanofabrication methods. This book fits the niche of such technology because it summarizes various electrochemical nanofabrication methods and shows their various essential applications in areas such as batteries, sensors, and many future technologies. With the development of nanotechnology and nanomaterials, the arena of electrochemical nanofabrication has expanded significantly. The first edition of this book was drafted in 2009. In 2010, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Prof. Konstantin Novoselov and Prof. Andre Geim from the University of Manchester for their groundbreaking experiments on the two-dimensional material graphene. Three years later, the European Commission launched the European Union’s biggest ever research initiative, the Graphene Flagship, with a budget of 1 billion euros. In light of these developments, this new edition of the book is enriched with the synthesis of graphene-based materials through electrochemical methods, the applications of graphene in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, and the use of graphene composites in various sensing platforms. It will be of immense interest to a broad audience in nanotechnology and electrochemistry.Trade Review"This book provides an innovative and thought-provoking view of electrochemical processes in nanofabrication. A comprehensive overview of the field is complemented by focused coverage of niche specialist topics involving metallic, oxide and polymeric materials in diverse combinations and complex interfacial architectures. A pedagogical approach to the central fundamental concepts allows the non-specialist to appreciate the significance of some perceptive subsequent analytical critique. Excellent use of illustrative material assists appreciation of the synergy between the novel fundamental science and its application in practical devices. This is an excellent book for those working in the field and others considering entering it."--Prof. A. Robert Hillman, University of Leicester, UKTable of Contents Discusses the principles of electrochemical nanofabrication and their great potential in sensors, batteries, optoelectronics, and many future applications Presents contributions by leading scientists and researchers in the field Reviews the current state-of-the art and future prospects for electrochemical nanofabrication

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Book SynopsisThis book is focused on the spintronic properties of III–V nitride semiconductors. Particular attention is paid to the comparison between zinc blende GaAs- and wurtzite GaN-based structures, where the Rashba spin–orbit interaction plays a crucial role in voltage-controlled spin engineering. The book also deals with topological insulators, a new class of materials that could deliver sizable Rashba spin splitting in the surface electron spectrum. Electrically driven zero-magnetic-field spin splitting of surface electrons is discussed with respect to the specifics of electron-localized spin interaction and voltage-controlled ferromagnetism. The book covers generic topics in spintronics without entering into device specifics, since the overall goal of the enterprise is to provide theoretical background for most common concepts of spin-electron physics and give instructions to be used in solving problems of a general and specific nature. The book is intended for graduate students and may serve as an introductory course in this specific field of solid-state theory and applications. Trade Review"This book serves as a useful reference on the electronic structure and spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization of wurtzite-structure nitride semiconductors. Various chapters explain in detail how polarization fields and the Rashba effect combine to turn these materials into promising materials for spintronics as well as topological insulators. The concepts are illustrated with many applications. Overall, this work will serve as a valuable resource for students and practitioners alike."—Prof. Chris G. Van de Walle, University of California, USA"This book comes at a very good time, just as the scientific community is ready to explore new materials in search of room-temperature ferromagnetism in semiconductors. In his excellent book, Vladimir Litvinov provides a comprehensive arsenal of theoretical tools needed for tackling this challenge. His treatment of various exchange interactions and spin-orbit effects in semiconductors is handled masterfully, laying the ground for the exploration of spintronic effects in materials of current interest, which range from wide-gap semiconductors to topological insulators. An excellent reference for students and scientists working in this area."—Prof. Jacek K. Furdyna, University of Notre Dame, USATable of ContentsGaN Band Structure. Rashba Hamiltonian. Rashba Spin Splitting in III–Nitride Heterostructures and Quantum Wells. Tunnel Spin Filter in Rashba Quantum Structures. Exchange Interaction in Semiconductors and Metals. Ferromagnetism in III–V Semiconductors. Topological Insulators. Magnetic Exchange Interaction in Topological Insulators.

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Book SynopsisNanoelectronics is changing the way the world communicates, and is transforming our daily lives. Continuing Moore’s law and miniaturization of low-power semiconductor chips with ever-increasing functionality have been relentlessly driving R&D of new devices, materials, and process capabilities to meet performance, power, and cost requirements. This book covers up-to-date advances in research and industry practices in nanometrology, critical for continuing technology scaling and product innovation. It holistically approaches the subject matter and addresses emerging and important topics in semiconductor R&D and manufacturing. It is a complete guide for metrology and diagnostic techniques essential for process technology, electronics packaging, and product development and debugging—a unique approach compared to other books. The authors are from academia, government labs, and industry and have vast experience and expertise in the topics presented. The book is intended for all those involved in IC manufacturing and nanoelectronics and for those studying nanoelectronics process and assembly technologies or working in device testing, characterization, and diagnostic techniques. Table of ContentsModel-Based Scanning Electron Microscopy Critical Dimension Metrology for 3D Nanostructures. X-Ray Metrology for Semiconductor Fabrication. Advancements in Ellipsometric and Scatterometric Analysis. 3D-AFM Measurements for Semiconductor Structures and Devices. Microstructure Characterization of Nanoscale Materials and Interconnects. Characterization of the Chemistry and Mechanical Properties of Interconnect Materials and Interfaces: Impact on Interconnect Reliability. Characterization of Plasma Damage for Low-κ Dielectric Films. Defect Characterization and Metrology. 3D Electron Tomography for Nanostructures. Methodology and Challenges in Characterization of 3D Package Interconnection Materials and Processes. 3D Interconnect Characterization using Raman Spectroscopy. Optical and Electrical Nanoprobing for Circuit Diagnostics. Automated Tools and Methods for Debugging and Diagnosis.

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Book SynopsisToday, the concepts of single-electron tunneling (SET) are used to understand and model single-atom and single-molecule nanoelectronics. The characteristics of nanoelectronic devices, especially SET transistors, can be understood on the basis of the physics of nanoelectronic devices and circuit models. A circuit theory approach is necessary for considering possible integration with current microelectronic circuitry. To explain the properties and possibilities of SET devices, this book follows an approach to modeling these devices using electronic circuit theory. All models and equivalent circuits are derived from the first principles of circuit theory. Based on energy conservation, the circuit model of SET is an impulsive current source, and modeling distinguishes between bounded and unbounded currents. The Coulomb blockade is explained as a property of a single junction. In addition, this edition differs from the previous one by elaborating on the section on spice simulations and providing a spice simulation on the SET electron box circuit, including the spice netlist. Also, a complete, new proof of the two-capacitor problem in circuit theory is presented; the importance of this proof in understanding energy conservation in SET circuits cannot be underestimated. This book will be very useful for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of electrical engineering and nanoelectronics and researchers in nanotechnology, nanoelectronic device physics, and computer science.Only book modeling both single-electron tunneling and many electron tunneling from the points of view of electronics; starting from experiments, via a physics description, working towards a circuit description; and based on energy conservation, in electrical circuits, developing the impulse circuit model for single-electron tunneling.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Tunneling Experiments in Nanoelectronics. Current in Electrodynamics and Circuit Theory. Free Electrons in Quantum Mechanics. Current and Tunnel Current in Quantum Physics. Energy in Circuit Theory. Energy in the Switched Two-Capacitor Circuit. Impulse Circuit Model for Single-Electron Tunneling—Zero Tunneling Time. Impulse Circuit Model for Single-Electron Tunneling—Nonzero Tunneling Times. Generalizing the Theory to Multi-Junction Circuits. Single-Electron Tunneling Circuit Examples. Circuit Design Methodologies. More Potential Applications and Challenges.

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Book SynopsisGraphene has been hailed as a rising star in photonics and optoelectronics. The wonderful optical properties of graphene make possible the multiple functions of signal emission, transmission, modulation, and detection to be realized in one material. This book compiles and details cutting-edge research in graphene photonics, plasmonics, and broadband optoelectronic devices. Particularly, it emphasizes the ability to integrate graphene photonics onto the silicon platform to afford broadband operation in light routing and amplification, which involves components such as the polarizer, the modulator, and the photodetector. It also includes other functions such as a saturable absorber and an optical limiter. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the interrelationship between the operation of these conceptually new photonic devices and the fundamental physics of graphene involved in the interactions between graphene and light.Table of ContentsIntroduction. The Application of Graphene in Lasers. Graphene-Based Optical Modulators. Graphene-based photodetectors. Graphene for Solar Cells. Graphene Plasmonics. Graphene as Optical Limiters. Graphene Based Light Emitting Diodes. Graphene-Based Touchscreens. Perspective.

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Book SynopsisThe rapid development of technology based on metamaterials coupled with the recent introduction of the transformation optics technique provides an unprecedented ability for device designers to manipulate and control the behavior of electromagnetic wave phenomena. Many of the early metamaterial designs, such as negative index materials and electromagnetic bandgap surfaces, were limited to operation only over a very narrow bandwidth. However, recent groundbreaking work reported by several international research groups on the development of broadband metamaterials has opened up the doors to an exciting frontier in the creation of new devices for applications ranging from radio frequencies to visible wavelengths. This book contains a collection of eight chapters that cover recent cutting-edge contributions to the theoretical, numerical, and experimental aspects of broadband metamaterials.Table of ContentsBroadband Anisotropic Metamaterials for Antenna Applications. Broadband Low-loss Metamaterial-enabled Horn Antennas. Realization of Slow Wave Phenomena Using Coupled Transmission Lines and their Application to Antennas and Vacuum Electronics. Design Synthesis of Multi- and Broad-band Gap Electromagnetic Metasurfaces. Temporal and Spatial Dispersion Engineering using Metamaterial Concepts and Structures. Broadband Performance of Lenses Designed with Quasiconformal Transformation Optics. Broadband Chirality in Twisted Metamaterials. Broadband Optical Metasurfaces and Metamaterials.

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Book SynopsisOne dimensional electronic materials are expected to be key components owing to their potential applications in nanoscale electronics, optics, energy storage, and biology. Besides, compound semiconductors have been greatly developed as epitaxial growth crystal materials. Molecular beam and metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy approaches are representative techniques achieving 0D–2D quantum well, wire, and dot semiconductor III-V heterostructures with precise structural accuracy with atomic resolution. Based on the background of those epitaxial techniques, high-quality, single-crystalline III-V heterostructures have been achieved. III-V Nanowires have been proposed for the next generation of nanoscale optical and electrical devices such as nanowire light emitting diodes, lasers, photovoltaics, and transistors. Key issues for the realization of those devices involve the superior mobility and optical properties of III-V materials (i.e., nitride-, phosphide-, and arsenide-related heterostructure systems). Further, the developed epitaxial growth technique enables electronic carrier control through the formation of quantum structures and precise doping, which can be introduced into the nanowire system. The growth can extend the functions of the material systems through the introduction of elements with large miscibility gap, or, alternatively, by the formation of hybrid heterostructures between semiconductors and another material systems. This book reviews recent progresses of such novel III-V semiconductor nanowires, covering a wide range of aspects from the epitaxial growth to the device applications. Prospects of such advanced 1D structures for nanoscience and nanotechnology are also discussed.Table of ContentsEpitaxial Heterostructure Nanowires. Molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaN nanocolumns and related nanocolumn emitters. Novel GaNP nanowires for advanced optoelectronics and photonics. GaNAs-based nanowires for near-infrared optoelectronics. Dilute Bismide Nanowires. Ferromagnetic MnAs/III-V Hybrid Nanowires for Spintronics. GaAs-Fe3Si Semiconductor-Ferromagnet Core-Shell Nanowires for Spintronics. GaAs/AlGaOx Heterostructured Nanowires Synthesized by Post Growth Wet Oxidation. GaAs/SrTiO3 Core-Shell Nanowires. Ga(In)N nanowires grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy: from quantum light emitters to nano-transistors. InP-related nanowires for light-emitting applications. InP/InAs quantum heterostructure nanowires. III-Nitride Nanowires and Their Laser, LED photovoltaic Applications. III-V nanowires: transistor and photovoltaic applications.

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Book SynopsisThe use of light for probing and imaging biomedical media is promising for the development of safe, noninvasive, and inexpensive clinical imaging modalities with diagnostic ability. The advent of ultrafast lasers has enabled applications of nonlinear optical processes, which allow deeper imaging in biological tissues with higher spatial resolution. This book provides an overview of emerging novel optical imaging techniques, Gaussian beam optics, light scattering, nonlinear optics, and nonlinear optical tomography of tissues and cells. It consists of pioneering works that employ different linear and nonlinear optical imaging techniques for deep tissue imaging, including the new applications of single- and multiphoton excitation fluorescence, Raman scattering, resonance Raman spectroscopy, second harmonic generation, stimulated Raman scattering gain and loss, coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, and near-infrared and mid-infrared supercontinuum spectroscopy. The book is a comprehensive reference of emerging deep tissue imaging techniques for researchers and students working in various disciplines.Trade Review“This impressive volume represents a landmark publication on the use of optical methods for deepbiomedical imaging—a field that has been transformed by a variety of technical innovations in recentyears. Editors Shi and Alfano have secured contributions from top names in the field, for an extensivecompilation that comprehensively details the new state of the art, including forefront advances anddevelopments. Fully covering applications, methods and theory, this lavishly illustrated book is destinedto become a reference classic.” - Prof. David L. Andrews, University of East Anglia, UK“This very timely book provides a highly comprehensive and very authoritative coverage of novelimaging technologies using multimodal optical spectroscopy and light scattering, aimed towardsnoninvasive deep tissue diagnostic and fundamental understanding of diseases such as cancers andbrain disorders. I highly recommend this book as an introductory guide on optical imaging for students,as well as a valuable reference for scientists, engineers, and biomedical researchers who are seeking abetter understanding of deep optical imaging in biological tissues or biomaterials in life scienceresearch.” - Prof. Paras N. Prasad, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA“This is an excellent and up-to-date account of biomedical imaging research. The subject matterincludes the important topics of the field, including the necessary fundamental background such asnonlinear optical processes and highly scattering optical phenomena. Each of the topics is well writtenby the well-established subject matter experts, and the book is comprehensive and self-contained. Thebackground material is well integrated into the text with the important references included.” - Dr.Daniel A. Nolan, Corning Inc., USA"Drs. Shi and Alfano have expertly put together an extremely strong collection of chapters written by leaders in the field of deep imaging in biomedical materials. The technical material gives a thorough background as well as a broad view of the most state-of-the-art results worldwide. This book is a must-read for both active researchers in this field and students studying the topic."—Prof. Alan E. Willner, University of Southern California, USATable of ContentsOverview of Second- and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Processes for Deep Imaging. Complex Light Beams. Gaussian Beam Optical Parameters in Multi-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Imaging. The Optics of Deep Optical Imaging in Tissues Using Long Wavelengths. Light Propagation and Interaction in Highly Scattering Media for Deep Tissue Imaging. Application of Nonlinear Microscopy in Life Sciences. Smart Biomarker-Coated PbS Quantum Dots for Deeper Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging in the Second Optical Window. Biomedical Applications in Probing Deep Tissue Using Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Optical Biopsy. Light Propagation in Turbid Tissue-Like Scattering Media. Overview of the Cumulant Solution to Light Propagation Inside a Turbid Medium and Its Applications in Deep Imaging Beyond the Diffusion Approximation. Deep Imaging of Prostate Cancer Using Diffusion Reconstruction of Banana Paths with Near Infrared Prostatoscope Analyzer. Terahertz Propagation in Tissues and Its Thickness Limitation. Detection of Brain Tumors Using Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. Chemical and Molecular Imaging of Deep Tissue through Photoacoustic Detection of Chemical Bond Vibrations. Deep Tissue Imaging: Acoustic and Thermal Wave Propagation and Light Interactions in Tissue. Using the Transmission Matrix to Image Disordered Media.

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Book SynopsisGaN is considered the most promising material candidate in next-generation power device applications, owing to its unique material properties, for example, bandgap, high breakdown field, and high electron mobility. Therefore, GaN power device technologies are listed as the top priority to be developed in many countries, including the United States, the European Union, Japan, and China.This book presents a comprehensive overview of GaN power device technologies, for example, material growth, property analysis, device structure design, fabrication process, reliability, failure analysis, and packaging. It provides useful information to both students and researchers in academic and related industries working on GaN power devices. GaN wafer growth technology is from Enkris Semiconductor, currently one of the leading players in commercial GaN wafers. Chapters 3 and 7, on the GaN transistor fabrication process and GaN vertical power devices, are edited by Dr. Zhihong Liu, who has been working on GaN devices for more than ten years. Chapters 2 and 5, on the characteristics of polarization effects and the original demonstration of AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field-effect transistors, are written by researchers from Southwest Jiaotong University. Chapters 6, 8, and 9, on surface passivation, reliability, and package technologies, are edited by a group of researchers from the Southern University of Science and Technology of China.Table of ContentsThe Growth Technology of High-Voltage GaN on Silicon. The Characteristics of Polarization Effects in GaN Heterostructures. The GaN Transistor Fabrication Process. Conventional AlGaN/GaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors. Original Demonstration of Depletion Mode and Enhancement Mode AlGaN/GaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors. Surface Passivation and GaN MIS HEMTs. GaN Vertical Power Devices. Reliability of GaN HEMT Devices. Packaging Technologies for GaN HEMTs.

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Book SynopsisGraphene, the wonder material of the 21st century, is expected to play an important role in future nanoelectronic applications, but the only way to achieve this goal is to grow graphene directly on a semiconductor, integrating it in the chain for the production of electronic circuits and devices. This book summarizes the latest achievements in this field, with particular attention to the graphitization of SiC. Through high-temperature annealing in a controlled environment, it is possible to decompose the topmost SiC layers, obtaining quasi-ideal graphene by Si sublimation with record electronic mobilities, while selective growth on patterned structures makes possible the opening of a gap by quantum confinement.The book starts with a review chapter on the significance and challenges of graphene growth on semiconductors, followed by three chapters dedicated to an up-to-date analysis of the synthesis of graphene in ultrahigh vacuum, and concludes with two chapters discussing possible ways of tailoring the electronic band structure of epitaxial graphene by atomic intercalation and of creating a gap by the growth of templated graphene nanostructures.Table of ContentsForeword. The significance and challenges of direct growth of graphene on semiconductor surfaces. Graphene synthesized on cubic-SiC(001) in ultra-high vacuum: Atomic and electronic structure, transport properties. Epitaxial Graphene from UHV decomposition of 3C-SiC/Si. Diffusion and kinetics in epitaxial graphene growth on SiC. Atomic intercalation at the SiC/graphene interface. Epitaxial graphene on SiC: 2D sheets, selective growth and nanoribbons.

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Book SynopsisSince its invention, the integrated circuit has necessitated new process modules and numerous architectural changes to improve application performances, power consumption, and cost reduction. Silicon CMOS is now well established to offer the integration of several tens of billions of devices on a chip or in a system. At present, there are important challenges in the introduction of heterogeneous co-integration of materials and devices with the silicon CMOS 2D- and 3D-based platforms. New fabrication techniques allowing strong energy and variability efficiency come in as possible players to improve the various figures of merit of fabrication technology. Integrated Nanodevice and Nanosystem Fabrication: Breakthroughs and Alternatives is the second volume in the Pan Stanford Series on Intelligent Nanosystems. The book contains 8 chapters and is divided into two parts, the first of which reports breakthrough materials and techniques such as single ion implantation in silicon and diamond, graphene and 2D materials, nanofabrication using scanning probe microscopes, while the second tackles the scaling and architectural aspects of silicon devices through HiK scaling for nanoCMOS, nanoscale epitaxial growth of group IV semiconductors, design for variability co-optimization in SOI FinFETs, and nanowires for CMOS and diversifications.Trade Review"A timely book that showcases some of the most important advances in nanodevices and nanofabrication, written by world-renowned experts."Prof. H.-S. Philip Wong, Stanford University, USA"This seven-chapter book reviews important new trends in nanotechnology and nanodevices, ranging from single-ion implantation and two-dimensional materials, such as graphene, to nanofabrication with a scanning probe microscope. The second part of the book deals with unconventional approaches to scaling nanoscale CMOS devices and to reducing device variability. Taken together, the book provides a wealth of information for graduate students and nanotechnology researchers, as well as a good insight into the future developments for engineers involved with nanosystem design and fabrication."Prof. George Celler, Rutgers University, USA"In this book, the authors address various advanced nanofabrication techniques and device issues for nano-CMOS extension. The topics are timely and their description is well balanced between innovation and practicality, as the authors evaluate each technique on the basis of the current CMOS technology. I strongly recommend the book to graduate students, researchers, and engineers in the industry and academia."Prof. Byung Gook Park, Seoul National University, KoreaTable of ContentsIntroduction: Will new materials, fabrication and architecture schemes emerge for CMOS survival?. Deterministic single-ion implantation method for quantum processing in silicon and diamond. Graphene and two-dimensional materials : extending silicon technology for the future? Nanofabrication using scanning probe microscopes. High-k dielectric scaling for nano CMOS technology. Nanometer scale epitaxial growth of group IV semiconductors. TCAD-based design technology co-optimization for variability in nanoscale SOI FinFETs. Nanowires for CMOS and diversifications.

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Book SynopsisLet There Be Light is a groundbreaking history of electrification in Hong Kong. Mark L. Clifford traces how a power company and its visionary founder jumpstarted the British colony’s postwar economic rise and set in motion far-reaching political and social change.Trade ReviewLet There Be Light is a cultural, business, and political history of the world’s single most indispensable technology—electricity generation—in a great city that it helped create. This elegantly written, deeply researched, and thoughtful book offers, in microcosm, a global vision of development, finance, and state engagement with the economy. -- Thomas W. Laqueur, author of The Work of the Dead: A Cultural History of Mortal RemainsAn insightful and vivid history. Mark Clifford challenges the conventional view of Hong Kong as a laissez-faire state. He shows instead the complex and successful collaboration between its government and its most important industry—electricity. At the center stands Lawrence Kadoorie—a colonial British capitalist at the door of communist China, a Jewish entrepreneur in a city riven with antisemitism. This is a valuable history of business and of technology—and of Hong Kong’s and China’s rise. -- Jonathan Kaufman, author of The Last Kings of Shanghai: The Rival Jewish Dynasties That Helped Create Modern ChinaBeautifully written and rich in fascinating detail, Let There Be Light tells the history of China Light & Power—a company that shaped modern Hong Kong. With scholarly rigor and a journalist’s flair for storytelling, Clifford chronicles the central role a company and its people played in building one of the world’s great cities. An impressive achievement and essential reading for anyone interested in electricity markets, Hong Kong history, or the relationship between businesses and governments more broadly. -- David Sandalow, author of Guide to Chinese Climate PolicyTable of Contents1. Private Light and Colonial Power2. In the Beginning: China Light & Power, 1900–19403. War, Occupation, and New Possibilities, 1941–19464. “The Problem of People,” 1947–19585. Electricity as a Political Project, 1959–19646. “Die-Hard Reactionary” in the Expanding Colonial State, 1964–19737. “Intelligent Anticipation” for “1997 and All That,” 1974–19828. Sing the City ElectricAcknowledgmentsNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a the only one-stop reference to illustrating design, analysis, and manufacturing concepts for different power devices utilizing HTS. Engineers at OEM, utilities, industry, and universities will be able to understand the basic theory and perform design and analysis for different devices.Table of ContentsPREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. Abbreviations. CHAPTER 1 Introduction. CHAPTER 2 HTS Superconductors. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 HTS Background and Nomenclature. 2.2.1 Background. 2.2.2 Nomenclature. 2.3 BSCCO-2212 Conductors. 2.4 BSCCO-2223 OPIT Wires. 2.4.1 Manufacturing Process. 2.4.2 Characteristics - Electrical and Mechanical. 2.5 YBCO-123 Coated Conductors. 2.6 Magnesium Diboride (MgB2). 2.7 State-of-the-art of Various HTS Conductors. 2.8 Superconducting Magnet Design. 2.9 Summary. References. CHAPTER 3 Cooling and Thermal Insulation Systems. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Anatomy of a Cryostat. 3.3 Cryogenic Fluids for Cooling HTS Magnets. 3.4 Direct Cooling with Cryogens. 3.5 Indirect or Conduction Cooling. 3.6 Refrigeration Systems. 3.6.1 Gifford-McMahon (G-M) Cryocoolers. 3.6.2 Stirling Coolers. 3.6.3 Pulse Tube Coolers. 3.7 Open Loop Cooling with Liquid Nitrogen. 3.8 Magnet Materials. 3.9 Current Leads. 3.9.1 Design of Conduction Cooled Leads. 3.10 Example Cryostat Design. 3.10.1 Configuration. 3.10.2 Thermal Load Calculations. 3.10.2.1 Radiation Thermal Load Through MLI. 3.10.3 Current Leads. 3.10.4 Conduction. 3.10.5 Selection of Refrigerator. 3.11 Summary. References. CHAPTER 4 Rotating AC Machines. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Topology. 4.3 Analysis and Parameter Calculations. 4.3.1 Magnetic Circuit and Harmonic Components. 4.3.2 Parameter Calculations. 4.3.3 Machine Terminal Parameters. 4.4 Design. 4.4.1 Stator Winding Design Issues. 4.4.2 Field Winding Design Issues. 4.4.3 Electromagnetic (EM) Shield Design Issues. 4.4.4 Loss and Efficiency Calculations. 4.4.5 Example Design. 4.5 Manufacturing Issues. 4.5.1 Superconducting Field Winding and Its Cooling Systems. 4.5.2 Torque Transfer from Col Field Winding to Warm Shaft. 4.5.3 Stator Winding. 4.6 Simulation. 4.7 Generators. 4.7.1 High Speed Generators. 4.7.2 Low Speed Generators. 4.8 Motors. 4.8.1 High Speed Motors. 4.8.2 Low Speed Motors. 4.9 Summary. References. CHAPTER 5 Rotating DC Homoploar Machines. 5.1 Introduction. 5.5 Principle. 5.3 Configuration. 5.4 Design Challenges. 5.5 Prototypes. 5.6 Summary. References. CHAPTER 6 Synchronous AC Homoploar Machines. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Principle. 6.3 Design. 6.4 Design Challenges. 6.5 Prototypes. 6.6 Summary. References. CHAPTER 7 Transformers. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Configuration. 7.3 Design Analysis. 7.3.1 50MVA Example Design. 7.4 Challenges. 7.5 Manufacturing Issues. 7.6 Prototypes. 7.7 Summary. References. CHAPTER 8 Fault Current Limiters. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Principle and Configuration. 8.2.1 Resistive Fault Current Limiters (R-FCL). 8.2.2 Inductive FCL with Shielded Iron Core. 8.2.3 Inductive FCL with Saturated Iron Core. 8.3 Design Analysis. 8.3.1 Example Design - Resistive FCL. 8.3.2 Example Design - Saturated Core FCL. 8.4 Challenges. 8.4.1 Challenges of Resistive FCL. 8.4.2 Challenges of Inductive FCL. 8.5 Manufacturing Issues. 8.6 Prototypes. 8.6.1 AMSC’s Fault Current Limiter. 8.6.2 Superpower’s Fault Current Limiter. 8.6.3 Zenergy Power’s Fault Current Limiter. 8.6.4 Nexans’s Fault Current Limiter. 8.7 Summary. References. CHAPTER 9 Power Cables. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Configurations. 9.2.1 Resistive Cryogenic Cable. 9.2.2 HTS Cables. 9.3 Design Analysis. 9.3.1 Cryogenic Cable Analysis. 9.3.2 HTS Cable Analysis. 9.3.2.1 HTS Coaxial Cable - High Voltage. 9.3.2.2 HTS Coaxial Cable - Medium Voltage. 9.3.2.3 TriaxTM HTS Cable - Medium Voltage. 9.4 Challenges. 9.4.1 Resistive Cryogenic Cable. 9.4.2 HTS Cable. 9.5 Manufacturing Issues. 9.5.1 Resistive Cryogenic Cable. 9.5.2 HTS Cable. 9.6 Prototypes. 9.6.1 Resistive Cryogenic Cable. 9.6.2 HTS Cable - High Voltage. 9.6.3 HTS Cable - Medium Voltage. 9.6.4 TriaxTM HTS Cable - Medium Voltage. 9.7 Summary. References. CHAPTER 10 Maglev Transport. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Configuration. 10.2.1 Electro-dynamic Suspension (EDS). 10.2.2 Electro-magnetic Suspension (EMS) . 10.3 Design Analysis. 10.3.1 Electro-dynamic Suspension Maglev. 10.3.2 Electro-magnetic Suspension Maglev. 10.4 Challenges (Technical/Economic). 10.4.1 EDS System Challenges. 10.4.2 EMS System Challenges. 10.5 Manufacturing Issues. 10.6 Prototypes. 10.6.1 Northrop Grumman Concept. 10.7 Summary. References. CHAPTER 11 Other Applications of HTS. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Air-Core Magnets. 11.2.1 High Field Magnets. 11.2.2 Low Field Magnets. 11.3 Iron-Core Magnets. 11.3.1 Beam Bending. 11.3.2 Induction Heating. 11.3.3 Synchrotron. 11.4 Challenges. 11.5 Summary. About the Author. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisA COMPREHENSIVE LOOK IN LAYMAN''S TERMS AT THE MANY ASPECTS OF THE PROVISION OF ELECTRIC POWER, BY TWO VETERAN EXECUTIVES AND RESPECTED EXPERTS Technological advances and changes in government policy and regulation have altered the electric power industry in recent years and will continue to impact it for quite some time. Fully updated with the latest changes to regulation, structure, and technology, this new edition of Understanding Electric Power Systems offers a real-world view of the industry, explaining how it operates, how it is structured, and how electricity is regulated and priced. It includes extensive references for the reader and will be especially useful to lawyers, government officials, regulators, engineers, and students, as well as the general public. The book explains the physical functioning of electric power systems, the electric power business in today''s environment, and the related institutions, including recent changes in the roles of the FTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xv Acknowledgments xix Chapter 1 Benefits of Electric Power and a History of the Electric Power Industry 1 1.1 Societal Benefits of Electricity 1 1.2 Origin of the Industry 2 1.3 The Development of the National Electric Power Grid 5 1.4 “The Golden Age” 8 Blackouts and the Reliability Crisis 9 The Environmental Crises—The Shift to Low-Sulfur Oil 10 The Fuel Crisis—The Shift from Oil 10 The Financial Crisis 11 The Legislative and Regulatory Crisis 12 1.5 Global Warming Crisis and Concerns about Carbon Emissions 13 1.6 Restructuring, Competition, and the Industry 13 Ownership Structure Chapter 2 The Electric Power System 15 2.1 The Customers 16 2.2 Sources of the Electric Energy—Generation 17 2.3 The Delivery System 20 Interconnections 24 The Grid 24 Chapter 3 Basic Electric Power Concepts 27 3.1 Electric Energy 28 3.2 Concepts Relating to the Flow of Electricity 30 Direct Current (DC) 31 Alternating Current (AC) 31 Three Phases 33 Synchronism 34 3.3 Characteristics of AC Systems 34 Resistance 34 Induction and Inductive Reactance 35 Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance 36 Impedance 38 3.4 Ohm’s Law for Alternating Current 38 3.5 Power in Alternating Current Circuits 39 Real Power 40 Reactive Power 40 Transformers 42 3.6 Power Flow 43 Division of Power Flow 43 Voltage Drop and Reactive Power Flow 44 3.7 Stability 44 Automatic Generation Controls (AGC) 46 Results of Instability 47 Chapter 4 Electric Energy Consumption 49 4.1 End Uses for Electricity 49 4.2 Customer Classes 50 4.3 Rate Classes 51 4.4 Demand and Energy 51 Energy 52 Effects of Load Diversity 53 4.5 System Load 55 Load Management 57 4.6 Reactive Load 59 4.7 Losses and Unaccounted-For Energy in the Delivery System 59 4.8 Forecasts 61 Chapter 5 Electric Power Generation and Concerns About Greenhouse Gases 65 5.1 Generation’s Role 65 5.2 Types of Generation 66 5.3 Thermal Conversion: Using Fuel as the Energy Resource 69 Steam Cycle—Steam Turbines 69 Combustion (Gas) Turbines 70 Combined Cycle 71 Nuclear 72 Reciprocating Engines 73 Microturbines 74 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) or Cogeneration 74 5.4 Thermal Conversion: Nonfuel Heat Sources 74 Geothermal 74 Solar Thermal Generation 75 5.5 Mechanical Energy Conversion 75 Hydroturbines and Hydropumped Storage 75 Wind Turbines 77 Distributed Generation and Other Sources 78 5.6 Renewable Technologies and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 79 Supply-Side Options to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions 79 Financial Options to Reduce Carbon Emissions 83 5.7 Characteristics of Generating Plants 84 Size 85 Efficiency 87 Availability 88 Schedulable and Unschedulable Units 90 5.8 Capital Cost of Generation 90 5.9 Generator Life Extension 91 5.10 The Technology of Generation 91 Synchronous Generators 91 Variable Frequency and Direct Current Generation 92 5.11 System Needs and Evaluation of Intermittent Resources 93 Chapter 6 The Technology of the Electric Transmission System 97 6.1 Components 97 6.2 HVAC 98 Overhead Lines 98 Overhead Line Capability—Ratings 99 Transmission Cable 101 Cable Capacity 101 Submarine Cables 102 Superconducting Cables 102 6.3 Substations 102 Substation Equipment 103 Substation Circuit Breaker Arrangements 108 Transmission System Aging 108 6.4 HVDC 108 6.5 Advantages of AC over DC Operation 110 Advantages of HVDC 111 Disadvantages of HVDC 112 6.5 Knowledge Required of Transmission Systems 113 Chapter 7 Distribution 115 7.1 Function of Distribution 115 7.2 Primary Distribution Feeders 116 Radial Systems 116 Loop Systems 117 Primary Network Systems 117 Secondary Systems 117 7.3 Distribution Capacity 118 7.4 Losses 119 7.5 Distribution Facility Ratings 119 7.6 Metering 120 7.7 Control of Distribution Voltages 120 Distribution Transformers 121 Voltage Regulators 122 Capacitors 123 7.8 Distribution System Reliability 123 7.10 Quality of Service 124 7.11 Design of Distribution Systems 125 7.12 Distributed Generation 125 7.13 Operation of Distribution Systems 126 7.14 Smart Grids and Microgrids 127 Chapter 8 Energy Storage and Other New Technologies 129 8.1 Energy Storage 131 Benefits of Energy Storage to Generation 131 Benefits of Energy Storage to Transmission and Distribution 132 8.2 Energy Storage Concepts and Technologies 133 Mechanical Systems 133 Thermal Energy Storage 136 Chemical Energy Storage 138 Batteries 138 Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems 139 Electrical Storage 140 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 141 Power Conversion Equipment 141 The Future for Energy Storage 142 8.3 Smart Grid 142 Microgrids 146 8.4 New Nuclear Plant Designs 146 8.5 Carbon Sequestration and Clean Coal Technologies 150 8.6 Superconductors 153 Chapter 9 Reliability 155 9.1 Causes of Outages 155 9.2 Costs of Power Outages 157 9.3 Ways to Measure Reliability 158 9.4 Planning and Operating a Reliable and Adequate 159 Power System Generation 164 Transmission 165 Distribution 166 9.5 Summary 166 Chapter 10 The Physical Network: The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and Its Standards 167 10.1 NERC as Electric Reliability Organization 169 10.2 NERC Standards 171 Functional Model 171 10.3 Development of Standards 176 Reliability Principles 177 Market Interface Principles 177 Compliance with NERC Standards 179 Other NERC Responsibilities 179 The Future 180 Chapter 11 The Physical Network: Operation of the Electric Bulk Power 181 11.1 Balancing Authorities 181 Area Control 182 Operating Reserves 184 11.2 Reliability Coordinators 184 11.3 Transmission Operators 186 Power Transfer Limits 186 Determination of Total Transfer Capability 187 Parallel Path Flow and Loop Flow 188 Reduction of Power Transfers—Congestion Management 189 Ancillary Services 189 11.4 Voltage and Reactive Control 191 11.5 Emergencies 192 Operating Emergencies 193 11.6 Information Exchange 194 Chapter 12 The Physical Network: Planning of the Electric Bulk Power System 197 12.1 Planning Standards 198 12.2 Generation Planning 198 12.3 Transmission Planning 200 Transmission System Planning Studies 203 12.4 Least Cost Planning 205 12.5 The New Planning Environment 205 Recent Transmission Projects 211 Chapter 13 The Regulatory Network: Legislation 213 13.1 Pricing and Regulation 213 13.2 Federal Legislation 214 13.3 Federal Utility Holding Company Act (PUHCA) 214 13.4 Federal Power Act 216 13.5 Other 1930 Federal Laws 219 13.6 Department of Energy Organization Act 219 13.7 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) 220 13.8 Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct02) 222 13.9 The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct05) 224 13.10 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 227 13.11 Environmental Laws 227 13.12 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 230 Chapter 14 The Regulatory Network: The Regulators 231 14.1 The Regulators 231 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 231 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 233 Department of Energy (DOE) 234 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) 236 Recent Federal Regulations 237 FERC Actions after EPAct92 237 FERC Actions Implementing EPAct05 242 Market Manipulation 242 Electricity Reliability and Infrastructure 242 Expansion and Modernization of the Nation’s Electricity Grid 245 Siting Major New Transmission Facilities 245 PURPA Reforms 246 Repeal of PUHCA—Mergers and Acquisitions 246 Market-Based Rates 247 Recent EPA Actions 248 State Regulatory Authority 249 State Utility Restructuring 250 Overall Regulatory Problems 251 Chapter 15 The Information, Communication, and Control Network and Security 253 15.1 Smart Grid 253 15.2 Financial and Business Operations 254 15.3 System Operations 255 15.4 Distribution Operations 255 15.5 Cyber Security 256 15.6 Nuclear Plant Security 259 Chapter 16 The Fuel and Energy Network 261 16.1 Resource Procurement 264 Fuel Measurements 265 16.2 Fuel Transportation 265 16.3 Fuel Diversity 266 16.4 Fossil Fuels Used 267 16.5 Renewable Energy 269 16.6 Fuel Purchasing 271 16.7 Emission Rights 271 Chapter 17 The Business Network: Market Participants 273 17.1 Investment and Cost Recovery 273 17.2 The Changing Industry Structure 274 Functional Unbundling 274 Additional Utility Responses 275 ISO/RTO Formation 275 Holding Company Formation 275 Power Plant Divestitures 277 17.3 New Structures 279 Power Producers 279 Independent Transmission Companies and Operators 279 Impact of Restructuring on the Transmission System 280 Distributors 280 Power Marketers 281 17.4 New Corporate Ownership 281 Utility Mergers and Acquisitions 282 Acquisitions by Foreign Companies 282 Financial Institutions 283 Chapter 18 The Money Network: Wholesale Markets 285 18.1 The Energy Markets 286 Standard Market Design (SMD) 288 Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) 289 18.2 Transmission 291 Transmission Rights 291 Physical Transmission Rights (PTRs) 292 Financial Transmission Rights (FTRs) 293 Wheeling and Customer Choice 294 Contracts and Agreements 294 Average System versus Incremental Costs 295 18.3 Customer Late Issues 294 Construction Work in Progress (CWIP) 295 Setting of Rates 296 Rate Freezes 296 Allocation of Costs and Economic Benefits 296 Average Costs versus Incremental Costs 297 18.4 Market versus Operational Control 298 18.5 Market Power Issues 298 Price Caps 299 18.6 The Future 299 Chapter 19 The Professional and Industry Organizations 301 19.1 The Professional Organizations 301 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 301 The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 303 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 304 (ASME) and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) CIGRE 304 19.2 Industry Associations 304 NEMA 304 The Association of Edison Illuminating 305 Companies (AEIC) The American Public Power Association (APPA) 305 The Edison Electric Institute (EEI) 306 The Electricity Consumer Resource Council (ELCON) 306 The National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) 307 Electric Power Supply Association (EPSA) 307 The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) 308 19.3 Public Interest Groups 308 The National Association of Regulatory Utility 308 Commissioners (NARUC) Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) 308 Public Citizen 309 Public Interest Law Project 309 19.4 Research Organizations 309 The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) 310 Other Research 310 The National Regulatory Research Institute (NRRI) 311 The Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC) 311 Index 313

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Book SynopsisPresents Fundamentals of Modeling, Analysis, and Control of Electric Power Converters for Power System Applications Electronic (static) power conversion has gained widespread acceptance in power systems applications; electronic power converters are increasingly employed for power conversion and conditioning, compensation, and active filtering. This book presents the fundamentals for analysis and control of a specific class of high-power electronic convertersthe three-phase voltage-sourced converter (VSC). Voltage-Sourced Converters in Power Systems provides a necessary and unprecedented link between the principles of operation and the applications of voltage-sourced converters. The book: Describes various functions that the VSC can perform in electric power systems Covers a wide range of applications of the VSC in electric power systemsincluding wind power conversion systems Adopts a systematic approach to the modeling and control design Table of ContentsPREFACE xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii ACRONYMS xix 1 Electronic Power Conversion 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Power-Electronic Converters and Converter Systems 1 1.3 Applications of Electronic Converters in Power Systems 3 1.4 Power-Electronic Switches 4 1.5 Classification of Converters 8 1.6 Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC) 10 1.7 Basic Configurations 10 1.8 Scope of the Book 20 PART I FUNDAMENTALS 21 2 DC/AC Half-Bridge Converter 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Converter Structure 23 2.3 Principles of Operation 25 2.4 Converter Switched Model 27 2.5 Converter Averaged Model 32 2.6 Nonideal Half-Bridge Converter 38 3 Control of Half-Bridge Converter 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 AC-Side Control Model of Half-Bridge Converter 48 3.3 Control of Half-Bridge Converter 50 3.4 Feed-Forward Compensation 53 3.5 Sinusoidal Command Following 59 4 Space Phasors and Two-Dimensional Frames 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Space-Phasor Representation of a Balanced Three-Phase Function 70 4.3 Space-Phasor Representation of Three-Phase Systems 82 4.4 Power in Three-Wire Three-Phase Systems 88 4.5 αβ-Frame Representation and Control of Three-Phase Signals and Systems 91 4.6 dq-Frame Representation and Control of Three-Phase Systems 101 5 Two-Level, Three-Phase Voltage-Sourced Converter 115 5.1 Introduction 115 5.2 Two-Level Voltage-Sourced Converter 115 5.3 Models and Control of Two-Level VSC 119 5.4 Classification of VSC Systems 125 6 Three-Level, Three-Phase, Neutral-Point Clamped, Voltage-Sourced Converter 127 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 Three-Level Half-Bridge NPC 128 6.3 PWM Scheme For Three-Level Half-Bridge NPC 130 6.4 Switched Model of Three-Level Half-Bridge NPC 133 6.5 Averaged Model of Three-Level Half-Bridge NPC 135 6.6 Three-Level NPC 136 6.7 Three-Level NPC with Capacitive DC-Side Voltage Divider 144 7 Grid-Imposed Frequency VSC System: Control in αβ-Frame 160 7.1 Introduction 160 7.2 Structure of Grid-Imposed Frequency VSC System 160 7.3 Real-/Reactive-Power Controller 161 7.4 Real-/Reactive-Power Controller Based on Three-Level NPC 181 7.5 Controlled DC-Voltage Power Port 189 8 Grid-Imposed Frequency VSC System: Control in dq-Frame 204 8.1 Introduction 204 8.2 Structure of Grid-Imposed Frequency VSC System 205 8.3 Real-/Reactive-Power Controller 206 8.4 Current-Mode Control of Real-/Reactive-Power Controller 217 8.5 Real-/Reactive-Power Controller Based on Three-Level NPC 232 8.6 Controlled DC-Voltage Power Port 234 9 Controlled-Frequency VSC System 245 9.1 Introduction 245 9.2 Structure of Controlled-Frequency VSC System 246 9.3 Model of Controlled-Frequency VSC System 247 9.4 Voltage Control 253 10 Variable-Frequency VSC System 270 10.1 Introduction 270 10.2 Structure of Variable-Frequency VSC System 270 10.3 Control of Variable-Frequency VSC System 273 PART II APPLICATIONS 311 11 Static Compensator (STATCOM) 313 11.1 Introduction 313 11.2 Controlled DC-Voltage Power Port 313 11.3 STATCOM Structure 314 11.4 Dynamic Model for PCC Voltage Control 315 11.5 Approximate Model of PCC Voltage Dynamics 321 11.6 STATCOM Control 322 11.7 Compensator Design for PCC Voltage Controller 324 11.8 Model Evaluation 324 12 Back-to-Back HVDC Conversion System 334 12.1 Introduction 334 12.2 HVDC System Structure 334 12.3 HVDC System Model 336 12.4 HVDC System Control 342 12.5 HVDC System Performance Under an Asymmetrical Fault 353 13 Variable-SpeedWind-Power System 385 13.1 Introduction 385 13.2 Constant-Speed and Variable-Speed Wind-Power Systems 385 13.3 Wind Turbine Characteristics 388 13.4 Maximum Power Extraction from A Variable-Speed Wind-Power System 390 13.5 Variable-Speed Wind-Power System Based on Doubly-Fed Asynchronous Machine 393 APPENDIXA: Space-Phasor Representation of Symmetrical Three-Phase Electric Machines 413 A.1 Introduction 413 A.2 Structure of Symmetrical Three-Phase Machine 413 A.3 Machine Electrical Model 414 A.4 Machine Equivalent Circuit 418 A.5 Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) 421 APPENDIX B: Per-Unit Values for VSC Systems 426 B.1 Introduction 426 REFERENCES 431 INDEX 439

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Book SynopsisThe book is composed of 12 chapters and three appendices, and can be divided into four parts. The first part includes Chapters 2 to 7, which discuss the concepts, models, methods and data in probabilistic transmission planning.Trade Review"Principle engineer at a Canadian electric company, Li uses his technical reports and papers as a foundation for a comprehensive guide to planning a system to transmit electricity from its generation source to the sub-transmission stations where it enters the distribution system." (Book News, 1 August 2011) Table of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgments xxi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview of Transmission Planning 1 1.2 Necessity of Probabilistic Transmission Planning 6 1.3 Outline of the Book 8 2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PROBABILISTIC PLANNING 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Probabilistic Planning Criteria 12 2.3 Procedure of Probabilistic Planning 14 2.4 Other Aspects in Probabilistic Planning 17 2.5 Conclusions 18 3 LOAD MODELING 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Load Forecast 22 3.3 Load Clustering 37 3.4 Uncertainty and Correlation of Bus Loads 42 3.5 Voltage- and Frequency-Dependent Bus Loads 44 3.6 Conclusions 46 4 SYSTEM ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Power Flow 50 4.3 Probabilistic Power Flow 53 4.4 Optimal Power Flow (OPF) 57 4.5 Probabilistic Search Optimization Algorithms 64 4.6 Contingency Analysis and Ranking 72 4.7 Voltage Stability Evaluation 76 4.8 Transient Stability Solution 80 4.9 Conclusions 83 5 PROBABILISTIC RELIABILITY EVALUATION 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Reliability Indices 86 5.3 Reliability Worth Assessment 90 5.4 Substation Adequacy Evaluation 93 5.5 Composite System Adequacy Evaluation 99 5.6 Probabilistic Voltage Stability Assessment 107 5.7 Probabilistic Transient Stability Assessment 114 5.8 Conclusions 120 6 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS METHODS 123 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Cost Components of Projects 124 6.3 Time Value of Money and Present Value Method 125 6.4 Depreciation 131 6.5 Economic Assessment of Investment Projects 137 6.6 Economic Assessment of Equipment Replacement 142 6.7 Uncertainty Analysis in Economic Assessment 144 6.8 Conclusions 147 7 DATA IN PROBABILISTIC TRANSMISSION PLANNING 149 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Data for Power System Analysis 150 7.3 Reliability Data in Probabilistic Planning 163 7.4 Other Data 176 7.5 Conclusions 178 8 FUZZY TECHNIQUES FOR DATA UNCERTAINTY 181 8.1 Introduction 181 8.2 Fuzzy Models of System Component Outages 182 8.3 Mixed Fuzzy and Probabilistic Models for Loads 190 8.4 Combined Probabilistic and Fuzzy Techniques 192 8.5 Example 1: Case Study Not Considering Weather Effects 196 8.6 Example 2: Case Study Considering Weather Effects 202 8.7 Conclusions 212 9 NETWORK REINFORCEMENT PLANNING 215 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 Probabilistic Planning of Bulk Power Supply System 216 9.3 Probabilistic Planning of Transmission Loop Network 225 9.4 Conclusions 234 10 RETIREMENT PLANNING OF NETWORK COMPONENTS 237 10.1 Introduction 237 10.2 Retirement Timing of an Aged AC Cable 238 10.3 Replacement Strategy of an HVDC Cable 247 10.4 Conclusions 257 11 SUBSTATION PLANNING 259 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Probabilistic Planning of Substation Confi guration 260 11.3 Transformer Spare Planning 272 11.4 Conclusions 280 12 SINGLE-CIRCUIT SUPPLY SYSTEM PLANNING 283 12.1 Introduction 283 12.2 Reliability Performance of Single-Circuit Supply Systems 285 12.3 Planning Method of Single-Circuit Supply Systems 288 12.4 Application to Actual Utility System 298 12.5 Conclusions 307 APPENDIX A ELEMENTS OF PROBABILITY THEORY AND STATISTICS 309 A.1 Probability Operation Rules 309 A.2 Four Important Probability Distributions 310 A.3 Measures of Probability Distribution 313 A.4 Parameter Estimation 314 A.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 316 APPENDIX B ELEMENTS OF FUZZY MATHEMATICS 321 B.1 Fuzzy Sets 321 B.2 Fuzzy Numbers 323 B.3 Two Typical Fuzzy Numbers in Engineering Applications 325 B.4 Fuzzy Relations 326 APPENDIX C ELEMENTS OF RELIABILITY EVALUATION 329 C.1 Basic Concepts 329 C.2 Crisp Reliability Evaluation 331 C.3 Fuzzy Reliability Evaluation 335 References 341 Index 349

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Book SynopsisPower Electronics and Energy Conversion Systems is a definitive five-volume reference spanning classical theory through practical applications and consolidating the latest advancements in energy conversion technology. Comprehensive yet highly accessible, each volume is organised in a basic-to-sophisticated crescendo, providing a single-source reference for undergraduate and graduate students, researchers and designers. Volume 1 Fundamentals and Hard-switching Converters introduces the key challenges in power electronics from basic components to operation principles and presents classical hard- and soft-switching DC to DC converters, rectifiers and inverters. At a more advanced level, it provides comprehensive analysis of DC and AC models comparing the available approaches for their derivation and results. A full treatment of DC to DC hard-switching converters is given, from fundamentals to modern industrial solutions and practical engineering insight. The author Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why Energy Conversion Electronics Circuits? 1 1.1.1 Applications in the Information and Telecommunication Industry 2 1.1.2 Applications in Renewable Energy Conversion 4 1.1.3 Future Energy Conversion – Fuel Cells 6 1.1.4 Electric Vehicles 6 1.1.5 Applications in Electronic Display Devices 8 1.1.6 Audio Amplifiers 9 1.1.7 Applications in Portable Electronic Devices 9 1.1.8 Applications in High Voltage Physics Experiments and Atomic Accelerators 10 1.1.9 Lighting Technology 11 1.1.10 Aerospace Applications 11 1.1.11 Power System Conditioning 12 1.1.12 Energy Recycling in Manufacturing Industry 12 1.1.13 Applications in Space Exploration 12 1.1.14 Defense Applications 14 1.1.15 Drives and High-Power Industrial Applications 15 1.1.16 Classification of Power Electronic Circuits 15 1.2 Basic Principles of Operation of a Power Electronics Circuit 17 1.3 Basic Components of the Power Circuit: Power Semiconductor Switches and Passive Reactive Elements 28 1.3.1 Uncontrollable Switches – Power Diodes 28 1.3.2 Semicontrollable Switches (Thyristors) 32 1.3.3 Controllable Switches 35 1.3.4 Gallium Nitride (GaN) Switch Technology 51 1.3.5 Energy Losses Associated with Power Switches 52 1.3.6 Passive Reactive Elements 65 1.3.7 Ultracapacitors 80 1.4 Basic Steady-State Analysis of Duty Cycle Controlled Converters with Constant Switching Frequency 81 1.4.1 Input-to-Output Voltage Ratio for Basic DC-DC Converters 81 1.4.2 Continuous and Discontinuous Conduction Operation Modes 85 1.4.3 Design of the Elements of the Basic Converters 85 1.4.4 Controller for Duty Cycle Control (PWM) 88 1.4.5 Conversion Efficiency, Hard-switching and Soft-switching 92 1.5 Introduction to Switched-Capacitor (SC) Converters 96 1.6 Frequency-Controlled Converters 101 1.6.1 Resonant Converters 101 1.6.2 Quasi-Resonant Converters (QRC) 110 1.7 Overview on AC-DC Rectifiers and DC-AC Inverters 119 1.7.1 Rectifiers 119 1.7.2 Inverters 132 1.8 Case Studies 140 1.8.1 Case Study 1 140 1.8.2 Case Study 2 146 1.8.3 Case Study 3 150 1.9 Highlights of the Chapter 154 Problems 155 Bibliography 157 2 Modeling DC-DC Converters 161 2.1 What is the Purpose of Modeling the Power Stage? 162 2.2 Average State-Space Equations, Small-Ripple Approximation (Time-Linearization) 164 2.3 DC Voltage Gain and AC Small-Signal Open-Loop Transfer Functions Based on Average State-Space Equations for Converters Operating in Continuous Conduction Mode 169 2.3.1 DC Voltage Gain and AC Open-Loop Line-to-Load Voltage Transfer Function 169 2.3.2 Duty Cycle-to-Output Voltage AC Transfer Function. Small-Signal Approximation 171 2.3.3 DC Gain and AC Small-Signal Open-Loop Transfer Functions of the Boost, Buck and Buck-Boost Converters Operating in CCM 173 2.3.4* Graphical Averaged Models of the Boost, Buck and Buck-Boost Converters Operating in CCM 191 2.3.5* Canonical Graphical Averaged Models of DC-DC Converters Operating in CCM 211 2.4 DC Voltage Gain and AC Small-Signal Open-Loop Transfer Functions Based on Average State-Space Equations for Converters Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode 217 2.4.1 Reduced-Order Averaged Models 217 2.4.2* Full-Order Averaged Models 237 2.5* Average PWM Switch Model 253 2.5.1 Average PWM Switch Model for Converters Operating in Continuous Conduction Mode 253 2.5.2 Average PWM Switch Model for Converters Operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode 263 2.6 Average Model of the Switches Resistances and Diode Forward Voltage. Average Model of the PWM 288 2.6.1 Average Model of the Switches DC Resistances and Diode Forward Voltage 288 2.6.2 Average Model of the PWM 291 2.7* Average Resonant Switch Model for the DC and Small-Signal Analysis of QRC Converters 292 2.7.1 Average Model of the Zero-Current (ZC) Resonant Switch 293 2.7.2 Average Model of the Zero-Voltage (ZV) Resonant Switch 300 2.7.3 DC Analysis and Open-Loop Small-Signal Transfer Functions of ZCS Quasi-Resonant Converters 305 2.7.4 DC Analysis and Open-Loop Small-Signal Transfer Functions of ZVS Quasi-Resonant Converters 325 2.8 Simulation and Computer-Aided Design of Power Electronics Circuits 339 2.9 Case Study 355 2.10 Highlights of the Chapter 362 Problems 365 Bibliography 368 3 Classical DC-DC PWM Hard-switching Converters 369 3.1 Buck DC-DC PWM Hard-switching Converter 369 3.1.1 Influence of the DC Resistance of the Inductor 369 3.1.2 Boundary Control 375 3.1.3 Calculation of Losses in a Buck Converter Operating in CCM by Considering the Inductor Current Ripple and the ESR of the Capacitor 377 3.1.4 Design of a Buck Converter in CCM Operation 382 3.1.5 Buck Converter with Input Filter 386 3.1.6 Review of the Steady-State Analysis of the Buck Converter in DCM Operation 390 3.1.7 Design of a Buck Converter in DCM Operation 395 3.1.8* Aspects of Dynamic Response of Buck Converter 399 3.2 Boost DC-DC PWM Hard-switching Converter 402 3.2.1 Boost Converter in Steady-State CCM Operation 402 3.2.2 Boost Converter in Steady-State DCM Operation 410 3.2.3* Aspects of Dynamic Response of Boost Converter 417 3.3 Buck-Boost DC-DC PWM Hard-switching Converter 420 3.3.1 Buck-Boost Converter in Steady-State CCM Operation 421 3.3.2 Buck-Boost Converter in Steady-State DCM Operation 429 3.3.3* Aspects of Dynamic Response of Buck-Boost Converter 437 3.4 Cuk (Boost-Buck) PWM Hard-switching Converter 437 3.4.1 Derivation and Switching Operation of the Cuk Converter 438 3.4.2 Steady-State Analysis of Cuk Converter in CCM Operation and its Design 438 3.4.3* DC Voltage Gain and AC Small-Signal Characteristics of theCuk Converter in the Presence of Parasitic Resistances 447 3.4.4 Design Example and Commercially Available Cuk Converters 455 3.4.5* Discontinuous Conduction Mode for the Cuk Converter 456 3.4.6* Cuk Converter with Coupled Inductor 468 3.5 SEPIC PWM Hard-switching Converter 470 3.5.1 SEPIC Converter in CCM Operation 471 3.5.2 Steady-State Analysis of SEPIC Converter in CCM Operation 473 3.5.3* Small-Signal Analysis of the SEPIC Converter in CCM Operation 479 3.5.4 Commercially Available SEPIC Converters: Case Studies 483 3.5.5* SEPIC Converter in DCM Operation 489 3.5.6* AC Analysis of SEPIC Converter in DICM 500 3.5.7* Isolated SEPIC Converter 503 3.6 Zeta (Inverse SEPIC) PWM Hard-switching Converter 503 3.6.1 Zeta Converter in CCM Operation 504 3.6.2 Steady-State Analysis of a Zeta Converter in CCM Operation 505 3.6.3* Small-Signal Analysis of the Zeta Converter in CCM Operation 514 3.6.4 Design Example and Case Study 515 3.6.5* Zeta Converter in DCM Operation 520 3.6.6* Isolated Zeta Converter 529 3.7 Forward Converter 530 3.7.1 The Role of a High-Frequency Transformer in the Structure of DC-DC Converters 530 3.7.2 Derivation of Forward Converter 531 3.7.3 Operation of Forward Converter in CCM 534 3.7.4 Operation of a Forward Converter in DCM and Design Considerations for CCM and DCM 545 3.7.5* Multiple-Output Forward Converter 551 3.7.6* Other Core Reset Strategies 551 3.7.7 Examples of Practical Designs: Case Studies 564 3.8* Isolated Cuk Converter 568 3.9 Flyback Converter 574 3.9.1 Derivation of the Flyback Converter 574 3.9.2 Operation of Flyback Converter in CCM and DCM 577 3.9.3 Effects of the Coupled Inductor Leakage Inductance 587 3.9.4* Small-Signal Model of the Flyback Converter 598 3.9.5 Designs of the Flyback Converter: Case Studies – Practical Considerations 600 3.10 Push–Pull Converter 607 3.10.1 Push–Pull Converter of Buck Type (Voltage Driven) 607 3.10.2 CCM Operation of the Push–Pull Converter 608 3.10.3 Non-Idealities in the Push–Pull Converter 616 3.10.4 DCM Operation 619 3.10.5* Push–Pull Converter of the Boost Type (Current Driven) 625 3.10.6 Design Example 631 3.11 Half-Bridge Converter 634 3.11.1 The Buck-Type Half-Bridge Topology 634 3.11.2 CCM Operation 636 3.11.3 Input-to-Output Voltage Conversion Ratio and Design of a Half-Bridge Converter in CCM Operation 645 3.11.4 Practical Aspects 647 3.11.5 DCM Operation 648 3.11.6* Current-Driven Half-Bridge Converter 652 3.12 Full-Bridge Converter 657 3.12.1 Full-Bridge Topology 657 3.12.2 CCM Operation of the Buck-Type Full-Bridge Converter 660 3.12.3 Input-to-Output Voltage Conversion Ratio and Design of a Buck-Type Full-Bridge Converter in CCM Operation 672 3.12.4 Practical Aspects 676 3.12.5* Other Transistor Control Schemes: Phase-Shift Control 676 3.12.6* Current-Driven Full-Bridge Converter 680 3.13 Highlights of the Chapter 687 Problems 696 Bibliography 702 4 Derived Structures of DC-DC Converters 705 4.1 Current Doubler Rectifier (CDR) for Push–Pull, Half-Bridge and Full-Bridge Converters 705 4.1.1 Cyclical Operation of Current Doubler Rectifier 706 4.1.2 Voltage Conversion Ratio of Converters with CDR 711 4.1.3 Ripple Cancellation in the Output Current 711 4.1.4* Other Structures of CDR 713 4.1.5 Penalties of CDR 719 4.1.6* Current Tripler and Current Multiplier 719 4.2 Voltage Doubler and Voltage Multiplier Rectifier 721 4.2.1 Full-Wave Bridge Voltage Doubler 721 4.2.2 Greinacher Multiplier 723 4.2.3 Voltage Tripler and General Cockcroft–Walton Multiplier 727 4.2.4* Voltage Doubler with One Capacitor 729 4.2.5 Fibonacci Voltage Multiplier 730 4.2.6 Voltage Dividers 735 4.2.7* “Economy” Power Supply and the 48 Power Supply 736 4.3 Quadratic Converters 742 4.3.1 Quadratic Buck Converters 743 4.3.2* Buck-Boost Quadratic Converters (D<0.5) 746 4.4* Two-Switch Buck-Boost Converter 748 4.4.1 Buck-Boost Converters Obtained by Interleaving a Boost and a Buck Switching Cell 749 4.4.2 Z-Source Buck-Boost Converter with Positive Output Voltage 753 4.5* Switched-Capacitor/Switched-Inductor Integrated Basic Converters 757 4.5.1 Family of Converters Based on Switched-Capacitor/Switched-Inductor Structures 757 4.5.2 KY Converter 776 4.5.3 Watkins–Johnson Converter 782 4.6* The Sheppard–Taylor Converter 783 4.6.1 CCM Operation 783 4.6.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode Operation 785 4.6.3 Isolated Sheppard–Taylor Converter 791 4.7* Converters with Low Voltage Stress on the Active Switches 793 4.7.1 Four-Switch Full-Bridge-Type Converter with Vin/2 Primary-Side Switches Voltage Stress 794 4.7.2 Converter with Vin/3 Voltage Stress on the Primary-Side Switches 797 4.7.3 Three-Level Boost Converter 797 4.8* Tapped Inductor-Based Converters 805 4.8.1 Tapped Inductor Buck Converter and VRMs (Voltage Regulator Module) 805 4.8.2 Tapped Inductor Boost Converter 812 4.9* Current-Driven Dual-Bridge Converter with Center-Tapped Inductor 812 4.10 Highlights of the Chapter 824 Problems 829 Bibliography 830 Index 833

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Book SynopsisHarmonic distortion problems include equipment overheating, motor failures, capacitor failure and inaccurate power metering. The topic of power system harmonics was covered for the first time 20 years ago and the first edition has become a standard reference work in this area.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Subject Definition and Objectives. 2. Harmonic Analysis. 3. Harmonic Sources. 4. Effects of Harmonic Distortion. 5. Harmonic Monitoring. 6. Harmonic Elimination. 7. Computation of Harmonic Flows. 8. Advanced Harmonic Assessment. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe main topic of this book is quantum mechanics, as the title indicates. It specifically targets those topics within quantum mechanics that are needed to understand modern semiconductor theory. It begins with the motivation for quantum mechanics and why classical physics fails when dealing with very small particles and small dimensions.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Author xvii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Why Quantum Mechanics? 1 1.1.1 Photoelectric Effect 1 1.1.2 Wave–Particle Duality 2 1.1.3 Energy Equations 3 1.1.4 The Schrödinger Equation 5 1.2 Simulation of the One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation 7 1.2.1 Propagation of a Particle in Free Space 8 1.2.2 Propagation of a Particle Interacting with a Potential 11 1.3 Physical Parameters: The Observables 14 1.4 The Potential V(x) 17 1.4.1 The Conduction Band of a Semiconductor 17 1.4.2 A Particle in an Electric Field 17 1.5 Propagating through Potential Barriers 20 1.6 Summary 23 Exercises 24 References 25 2. Stationary States 27 2.1 The Infinite Well 28 2.1.1 Eigenstates and Eigenenergies 30 2.1.2 Quantization 33 2.2 Eigenfunction Decomposition 34 2.3 Periodic Boundary Conditions 38 2.4 Eigenfunctions for Arbitrarily Shaped Potentials 39 2.5 Coupled Wells 41 2.6 Bra-ket Notation 44 2.7 Summary 47 Exercises 47 References 49 3. Fourier Theory in Quantum Mechanics 51 3.1 The Fourier Transform 51 3.2 Fourier Analysis and Available States 55 3.3 Uncertainty 59 3.4 Transmission via FFT 62 3.5 Summary 66 Exercises 67 References 69 4. Matrix Algebra in Quantum Mechanics 71 4.1 Vector and Matrix Representation 71 4.1.1 State Variables as Vectors 71 4.1.2 Operators as Matrices 73 4.2 Matrix Representation of the Hamiltonian 76 4.2.1 Finding the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Matrix 77 4.2.2 A Well with Periodic Boundary Conditions 77 4.2.3 The Harmonic Oscillator 80 4.3 The Eigenspace Representation 81 4.4 Formalism 83 4.4.1 Hermitian Operators 83 4.4.2 Function Spaces 84 Appendix: Review of Matrix Algebra 85 Exercises 88 References 90 5. A Brief Introduction to Statistical Mechanics 91 5.1 Density of States 91 5.1.1 One-Dimensional Density of States 92 5.1.2 Two-Dimensional Density of States 94 5.1.3 Three-Dimensional Density of States 96 5.1.4 The Density of States in the Conduction Band of a Semiconductor 97 5.2 Probability Distributions 98 5.2.1 Fermions versus Classical Particles 98 5.2.2 Probability Distributions as a Function of Energy 99 5.2.3 Distribution of Fermion Balls 101 5.2.4 Particles in the One-Dimensional Infinite Well 105 5.2.5 Boltzmann Approximation 106 5.3 The Equilibrium Distribution of Electrons and Holes 107 5.4 The Electron Density and the Density Matrix 110 5.4.1 The Density Matrix 111 Exercises 113 References 114 6. Bands and Subbands 115 6.1 Bands in Semiconductors 115 6.2 The Effective Mass 118 6.3 Modes (Subbands) in Quantum Structures 123 Exercises 128 References 129 7. The Schrödinger Equation for Spin-1/2 Fermions 131 7.1 Spin in Fermions 131 7.1.1 Spinors in Three Dimensions 132 7.1.2 The Pauli Spin Matrices 135 7.1.3 Simulation of Spin 136 7.2 An Electron in a Magnetic Field 142 7.3 A Charged Particle Moving in Combined E and B Fields 146 7.4 The Hartree–Fock Approximation 148 7.4.1 The Hartree Term 148 7.4.2 The Fock Term 153 Exercises 155 References 157 8. The Green’s Function Formulation 159 8.1 Introduction 160 8.2 The Density Matrix and the Spectral Matrix 161 8.3 The Matrix Version of the Green’s Function 164 8.3.1 Eigenfunction Representation of Green’s Function 165 8.3.2 Real Space Representation of Green’s Function 167 8.4 The Self-Energy Matrix 169 8.4.1 An Electric Field across the Channel 174 8.4.2 A Short Discussion on Contacts 175 Exercises 176 References 176 9. Transmission 177 9.1 The Single-Energy Channel 177 9.2 Current Flow 179 9.3 The Transmission Matrix 181 9.3.1 Flow into the Channel 183 9.3.2 Flow out of the Channel 184 9.3.3 Transmission 185 9.3.4 Determining Current Flow 186 9.4 Conductance 189 9.5 Büttiker Probes 191 9.6 A Simulation Example 194 Exercises 196 References 197 10. Approximation Methods 199 10.1 The Variational Method 199 10.2 Nondegenerate Perturbation Theory 202 10.2.1 First-Order Corrections 203 10.2.2 Second-Order Corrections 206 10.3 Degenerate Perturbation Theory 206 10.4 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory 209 10.4.1 An Electric Field Added to an Infinite Well 212 10.4.2 Sinusoidal Perturbations 213 10.4.3 Absorption, Emission, and Stimulated Emission 215 10.4.4 Calculation of Sinusoidal Perturbations Using Fourier Theory 216 10.4.5 Fermi’s Golden Rule 221 Exercises 223 References 225 11. The Harmonic Oscillator 227 11.1 The Harmonic Oscillator in One Dimension 227 11.1.1 Illustration of the Harmonic Oscillator Eigenfunctions 232 11.1.2 Compatible Observables 233 11.2 The Coherent State of the Harmonic Oscillator 233 11.2.1 The Superposition of Two Eigentates in an Infinite Well 234 11.2.2 The Superposition of Four Eigenstates in a Harmonic Oscillator 235 11.2.3 The Coherent State 236 11.3 The Two-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator 238 11.3.1 The Simulation of a Quantum Dot 238 Exercises 244 References 244 12. Finding Eigenfunctions Using Time-Domain Simulation 245 12.1 Finding the Eigenenergies and Eigenfunctions in One Dimension 245 12.1.1 Finding the Eigenfunctions 248 12.2 Finding the Eigenfunctions of Two-Dimensional Structures 249 12.2.1 Finding the Eigenfunctions in an Irregular Structure 252 12.3 Finding a Complete Set of Eigenfunctions 257 Exercises 259 References 259 Appendix A. Important Constants and Units 261 Appendix B. Fourier Analysis and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 265 B.1 The Structure of the FFT 265 B.2 Windowing 267 B.3 FFT of the State Variable 270 Exercises 271 References 271 Appendix C. An Introduction to the Green’s Function Method 273 C.1 A One-Dimensional Electromagnetic Cavity 275 Exercises 279 References 279 Appendix D. Listings of the Programs Used in this Book 281 D.1 Chapter 1 281 D.2 Chapter 2 284 D.3 Chapter 3 295 D.4 Chapter 4 309 D.5 Chapter 5 312 D.6 Chapter 6 314 D.7 Chapter 7 323 D.8 Chapter 8 336 D.9 Chapter 9 345 D.10 Chapter 10 356 D.11 Chapter 11 378 D.12 Chapter 12 395 D.13 Appendix B 415 Index 419

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Book SynopsisAn introduction to SPICE-oriented semiconductor device modeling. The SPICE program allows engineers to simulate both individual devices and electronic circuits, performing a large number of different analyses needed for tasks such as verification of circuit designs and prediction of circuit performance.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Spice. Charge Transport in Semiconductors. Two-Terminal Devices. Bipolar Junction Transistors. Field Effect Transistors. Advanced FET Modeling. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe third volume of ''Frontiers of Electrochemistry'' concentrates on materials science. It provides a review of recent progress in the study of the electrochemical properties of novel materials and describes advances in the development of electrode materials for photoelectrochemistry, polymeric materials and insertion compounds for Lithium batteries. The book provides a careful description of electrochemistry of carbon, thin polymer film coated electrodes, electrocatalytic metal-oxide electrodes, electrochemistry of nuclear fuels and electrochemistry of clays and zeolites. The selection of excellent review articles was written by the best experts in their field of research. The book will interest electrochemists, materials scientists, electrochemical engineers, and other scientists in academic and industrial settings. In the preface, the editors point out that each chapter provides sufficient background material so that it can be read and appreciate by specialists and non specialists Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Electrode Materials and Strategies for Photoelectrochemistry/ Polymeric Materials for Li Batteries/ Insertion Compounds for Lithium Rocking Chair Batteries/ Thin Polymer Films on Electrodes/ Electrochemistry of Carbon/ Electrocatalytic Metal-Oxide Electrodes/ Electrochemistry of VO2, Nuclear Fuel/ Electrochemistry of Clays and Zeolites

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Book SynopsisThe design of inverters employing Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to vary the voltage and amplitude of power electronic inverters has evolved over the past forty years. This is the first comprehensive textbook to view the subject as a whole and to clarify and unify the many diverse approaches taken by researchers.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Nomenclature. Chapter 1: Introduction to Power Electronic Converters. 1.1 Basic Converter Topologies. 1.2 Voltage Source/Stiff Inverters. 1.3 Switching Function Representation of Three-Phase Converters. 1.4 Output Voltage Control. 1.5 Current Source/Stiff Inverters. 1.6 Concept of a Space Vector. 1.7 Three-Level Inverters. 1.8 Multilevel Inverter Topologies. 1.9 Summary. Chapter 2: Harmonic Distortion. 2.1 Harmonic Voltage Distortion Factor. 2.2 Harmonic Current Distortion Factor. 2.3 Harmonic Distortion Factors for Three-Phase Inverters. 2.4 Choice of Performance Indicator. 2.5 WTHD of Three-Level Inverter. 2.6 The Induction Motor Load. 2.7 Harmonic Distortion Weighting Factors for Induction Motor Load. 2.8 Example Calculation of Harmonic Losses. 2.9 WTHD Normalization for PWM Inverter Supply. 2.10 Summary. Chapter 3: Modulation of One Inverter Phase Leg. 3.1 Fundamental Concepts of PWM. 3.2 Evaluation of PWM Schemes. 3.3 Double Fourier Integral Analysis of a Two-Level Pulse Width-Modulated Waveform. 3.4 Naturally Sampled Pulse Width Modulation. 3.5 PWM Analysis by Duty Cycle Variation. 3.6 Regular Sampled Pulse Width Modulation. 3.7 "Direct" Modulation. 3.8 Integer versus Non-Integer Frequency Ratios. 3.9 Review of PWM Variations. 3.10 Summary. Chapter 4: Modulation of Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverters. 4.1 Topology of a Single-Phase Inverter. 4.2 Three-Level Modulation of a Single-Phase Inverter. 4.3 Analytic Calculation of Harmonic Losses. 4.4 Sideband Modulation. 4.5 Switched Pulse Position. 4.6 Switched Pulse Sequence. 4.7 Summary. Chapter 5: Modulation of Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters. 5.1 Topology of a Three-Phase Inverter (VSI). 5.2 Three-Phase Modulation with Sinusoidal References. 5.3 Third-Harmonic Reference Injection. 5.4 Analytic Calculation of Harmonic Losses. 5.5 Discontinuous Modulation Strategies. 5.6 Triplen Carrier Ratios and Subharmonics. 5.7 Summary. Chapter 6: Zero Space Vector Placement Modulation Strategies. 6.1 Space Vector Modulation. 6.1.1 Principles of Space Vector Modulation. 6.1.2 SVM Compared to Regular Sampled PWM. 6.2 Phase Leg References for Space Vector Modulation. 6.3 Naturally Sampled SVM. 6.4 Analytical Solution for SVM. 6.5 Harmonic Losses for SVM. 6.6 Placement of the Zero Space Vector. 6.7 Discontinuous Modulation. 6.8 Phase Leg References for Discontinuous PWM. 6.9 Analytical Solutions for Discontinuous PWM. 6.10 Comparison of Harmonic Performance. 6.11 Harmonic Losses for Discontinuous PWM. 6.12 Single-Edge SVM. 6.13 Switched Pulse Sequence. 6.14 Summary. Chapter 7: Modulation of Current Source Inverters. 7.1 Three-Phase Modulators as State Machines. 7.2 Naturally Sampled CSI Space Vector Modulator. 7.3 Experimental Confirmation. 7.4 Summary. Chapter 8: Overmodulation of an Inverter. 8.1 The Overmodulation Region. 8.2 Naturally Sampled Overmodulation of One Phase Leg of an Inverter. 8.3 Regular Sampled Overmodulation of One Phase Leg of an Inverter. 8.4 Naturally Sampled Overmodulation of Single- and Three-Phase Inverters. 8.5 PWM Controller Gain during Overmodulation. 8.6 Space Vector Approach to Overmodulation. 8.7 Summary. Chapter 9: Programmed Modulation Strategies. 9.1 Optimized Space Vector Modulation. 9.2 Harmonic Elimination PWM. 9.3 Performance Index for Optimality. 9.4 Optimum PWM. 9.5 Minimum-Loss PWM. 9.6 Summary. Chapter 10: Programmed Modulation of Multilevel Converters. 10.1 Multilevel Converter Alternatives. 10.2 Block Switching Approaches to Voltage Control. 10.3 Harmonic Elimination Applied to Multilevel Inverters. 10.4 Minimum Harmonic Distortion. 10.5 Summary. Chapter 11: Carrier-Based PWM of Multilevel Inverters. 11.1 PWM of Cascaded Single-Phase H-Bridges. 11.2 Overmodulation of Cascaded H-Bridges. 11.3 PWM Alternatives for Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverters. 11.4 Three-Level Naturally Sampled PD PWM. 11.5 Three-Level Naturally Sampled APOD or POD PWM. 11.6 Overmodulation of Three-Level Inverters. 11.7 Five-Level PWM for Diode-Clamped Inverters. 11.8 PWM of Higher Level Inverters. 11.9 Equivalent PD PWM for Cascaded Inverters. 11.10 Hybrid Multilevel Inverter. 11.11 Equivalent PD PWM for a Hybrid Inverter. 11.12 Third-Harmonic Injection for Multilevel Inverters. 11.13 Operation of a Multilevel Inverter with a Variable Modulation Index. 11.14 Summary. Chapter 12: Space Vector PWM for Multilevel Converters. 12.1 Optimized Space Vector Sequences. 12.2 Modulator for Selecting Switching States. 12.3 Decomposition Method. 12.4 Hexagonal Coordinate System. 12.5 Optimal Space Vector Position within a Switching Period. 12.6 Comparison of Space Vector PWM to Carrier-Based PWM. 12.7 Discontinuous Modulation in Multilevel Inverters. 12.8 Summary. Chapter 13: Implementation of a Modulation Controller. 13.1 Overview of a Power Electronic Conversion System. 13.2 Elements of a PWM Converter System. 13.3 Hardware Implementation of the PWM Process. 13.4 PWM Software Implementation. 13.5 Summary. Chapter 14: Continuing Developments in Modulation. 14.1 Random Pulse Width Modulation. 14.2 PWM Rectifier with Voltage Unbalance. 14.3 Common Mode Elimination. 14.4 Four Phase Leg Inverter Modulation. 14.5 Effect of Minimum Pulse Width. 14.6 PWM Dead-Time Compensation. 14.7 Summary. Appendix 1: Fourier Series Representation of a Double Variable Controlled Waveform. Appendix 2: Jacobi-Anger and Bessel Function Relationships. A2.1 Jacobi-Anger Expansions. A2.2 Bessel Function Integral Relationships. Appendix 3: Three-Phase and Half-Cycle Symmetry Relationships. Appendix 4: Overmodulation of a Single-Phase Leg. A4.1 Naturally Sampled Double-Edge PWM. A4.2 Symmetric Regular Sampled Double-Edge PWM.9 A4.3 Asymmetric Regular Sampled Double-Edge PWM. Appendix 5: Numeric Integration of a Double Fourier Series Representation of a Switched Waveform. A5.1 Formulation of the Double Fourier Integral. A5.2 Analytical Solution of the Inner Integral. A5.3 Numeric Integration of the Outer Integral. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA systematic reporting of all aspects of the electric power field, including coverage of both hydro- and thermal-generating plants. * Thorough coverage of both static and dynamic operations of power systems. * A global perspective from both an academic and industrial point of view. * Emphasis on the important relations between operations and control devices, including useful considerations for control system design. * New developments and original contributions, both for theory and for practical applications.Trade Review"Originality of presentations, thoughtful physical interpretations...high quality of comments together with valuable practical information supplied throughout the book make it a very special and precious reference." (International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, January 2005) “... a very special and precious reference...” (International Journal of Robust & Nonlinear Control, Vol.15, No.1, 10th January 2005) “…a very special and precious reference…the reader may benefit enormously…” (International Journal of Robust & Non-Linear Control, Vol14, No.18 December 2004) "…an excellent book for either the engineer-practitioner…or the theoretician-researcher…a thoughtful book full of insights…" (IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, Jan/Feb 2004) "...English translation is new. It's a good one." (Electrical Apparatus, May 2003) "...an excellent work, which elegantly and thoroughly treats basic and up-to-date techniques of advanced system analysis, design, and control...essential." (Choice, September 2003) "...packed with formulas and figures..." (E-Streams, Vol. 6, No. 8)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction to the Problems of Analysis and Control of Electric Power Systems. 2. Configuration and Working Point. 3. Frequency and Active Power Control. 4. Dynamic Behavior of the Synchronous Machine. 5. Dynamic Behavior of Network Elements and Loads. 6. Voltage and Reactive Power Control. 7. The Synchronous Machine Connected to an Infinite Bus. 8. Electromechanical Phenomena in a Multimachine System. Appendix 1: Transformation to Symmetrical Components. Appendix 2: Park's Transformation. Appendix 3: Elementary Outline of the Automatic Control Theory. References. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisHow to prevent electrical hazards in the workplace is the focus of this guide. It spells out proper design, maintenance, and operating procedures for minimizing the risks of electrical fires, accidents, and injuries on the job. Coverage of the latest electrical standards helps you comply with the current National Electrical Code (NEC)?? and OSHA requirements. NEC requirements and procedures are provided for grounding an electrical distribution system, selecting proper conductors, sizing the feeder, and effective branch circuit overcurrent protection. Safety considerations are explored for single and three-phase systems, fuses, plugs, and ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs). The guide also clarifies factors that influence soil resistivity, and it analyzes correction factors for special situations such as high ambient temperature environments. Human responses to electric shock are covered in detail. Among the important areas addressed are the approximate electrical impedance of theTable of ContentsElectrical Systems, Terminology and Components--Relationship to Electrical and Lightning Accidents and Fires. Physiological Effects of Electricity--Relationship to Electrical and Lightning Death and Injury. Selecting the Proper Size for Conductors and Overcurrent Protection Devices. Grounding of Electrical Distribution Systems and Electrical Equipment. OSHA Standards and Requirements and the National Electrical Code. Electrical Wiring and Equipment in Hazardous (Classified) Locations. Electrical Fires: Causes, Prevention, and Investigation. Lightning Protection for Buildings, Equipment, and Personnel. Static Electricity: Causes, Analysis and Prevention. High Voltage Systems: Design, Construction and Maintenance. Index.

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Book SynopsisPraise for the First Edition . . . A unique piece of work, a book for electronics engineering, in general, but well suited and excellently applicable also to biomedical engineering . . . I recommend it with no reservation, congratulating the authors for the job performed. -IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Describes a broad range of sensors in practical use and some circuit designs; copious information about electronic components is supplied, a matter of great value to electronic engineers. A large number of applications are supplied for each type of sensor described . . . This volume is of considerable importance.-Robotica In this new edition of their successful book, renowned authorities Ramon Pallàs-Areny and John Webster bring you up to speed on the latest advances in sensor technology, addressing both the explosive growth in the use of microsensors and improvements made in classical macrosensors. They continue to offer the only combined treatment foTrade Review"...It is sufficiently detailed to be useful to just about anyone involved with sensor development and implementation..." (n-lux.net, 4 February 2003)Table of ContentsIntroduction to Sensor-Based Measurement Systems. Resistive Sensors. Signal Conditioning for Resistive Sensors. Reactance Variation and Electromagnetic Sensors. Signal Conditioning for Reactance Variation Sensors. Self-Generating Sensors. Signal Conditioning for Self-Generating Sensors. Digital and Intelligent Sensors. Other Sensing Methods. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis biography of Thomas Edison (1847-1931) studies and evaluates his career as an inventor and explores in detail how he created inventions that shaped the 20th century, including the electric light, photography, and over 1000 other items.Trade Review"Paul Israel, in this latest biography, has done a remarkable job. Not only has he given us fresh insights into a complex personality, but he has set this against the backdrop of a dramatically changing American society driven on remorselessly by the second Industrial Revolution in which Edison was a pivotal players." (Nature, 9th November 2000)Table of ContentsChildhood and Education. Itinerant Telegrapher. From Operator to Inventor. A Leading Electromechanician. Competing Interests. From Shop to Laboratory. New Directions. The Invention Factory. The Wizard of Menlo Park. Inventing a System. From Research to Development. Inventing an Industry. Family Matters. A New Laboratory. Inventing Entertainment. Industrial Research. Competition and Consolidation. Innovation and Enthusiasm. A Modern Legend. Fame in the Family. The Business of Innovation. Edison Incorporated. Inventor-Philosopher. Epilogue. Notes. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe restructuring and deregulation of the power utility industry is resulting in significant competitive, technological and regulatory changes. Independent power producers, power marketers and brokers have added a new and significant dimension to the task of maintaining a reliable electric system.Trade Review"a valuable resource...to be highly recommended" (Power Engineering Journal, February 2002) "... a useful addition to a corporate or university library because of the quality of writing and topics covered..." (The Journal of Energy Literature, Vol. VIII, No. 1, 2002)Table of ContentsEnergy Generation under the New Environment Deregulation of Electric Utilities Competitive Wholesale Electricity Markets Distribution in a Deregulated Market Transmission Expansion in the New Environment Transmission Open Access Electric Power Industry Restructuring in China Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Asset Management Power Quality Information Technology Applications Application of the Internet to Power System Monitoring and Trading Index

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Book SynopsisAs the curriculums of electrical engineering programs became over crowded, many schools began combining electromechanical energy conversion and power systems analysis courses. There were no books to fit this trend, and using two books was uneconomical and confusing. Today, almost 15 % of the Universities in the US and the Canada require a combined course.Table of ContentsEnergy Resources and Electric Energy Conversion. Power System Components and Analysis. Basic AC Circuit Concepts. Magnetic Circuits and Transformers. Fundamentals of Rotating Machines. DC Machines. Synchronous Machines. Induction Motors. Transmission Lines. Power Flow Solutions. Faults, Protection, and Stability. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisComputer models can be used to simulate the changing states of electrical power systems. Such simulations enable the power engineer to study performance and predict disturbances. Focusing on the performance of the power system boosted by the FACTS.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Transmission Systems. FACTS and HVDC Transmission. Load Flow. Load Flow Under Power Electronic Control. Electromagnetic Transients. System Stability. System Stability Under Power Electronic Control. Appendix I: Fault Level Derivation. Appendix II: Numerical Integration Methods. Appendix III: Test System Used in the Stability Examples. Index.

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Book SynopsisAs environmental concerns escalate, solar power is increasingly seen as an attractive alternative energy source. Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells addresses the practical and theoretical issues fundamental to the viable conversion of sunlight into electricity.Table of ContentsPhotovoltaics. Solar Power. The Principles of Photovoltaics. The P-N Junction. The Physics of Solar Cells. High Efficiency Solar Cells. Si Solar Cell Technology. Selected Solar Cell Types. Analysis and Measuring Techniques. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisQuality of power supply is now a major issue worldwide making harmonic analysis an essential element in power system planning and design. Power System Harmonic Analysis presents novel analytical and modelling tools for the assessment of components and systems, and their interactions at harmonic frequencies.Table of ContentsFourier Analysis. Transmission Systems. Direct Harmonic Solutions. AC-DC Conversion--Frequency Domain. Harmonic Instabilities. Machine Non-linearities--Harmonic Domain. AC-DC Conversion--Harmonic Domain. Iterative Harmonic Analysis. Converter Harmonic Impedances. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisSolar Electricity Second Edition Edited by Tomas Markvart University of Southampton, UK .warmly recommended as a comprehensive, introductory text on a subject which should become increasingly important. (Review of the First Edition in Contemporary Physics) The rapid evolution of photovoltaic technology has highlighted the increasing capabilities of solar electricity as a power source for distributed energy generation. Building on the success of the first edition, Solar Electricity presents a balanced introduction to all aspects of solar energy conversion, from cell types to environmental impact and applications. Now fully revised to incorporate the latest industry achievements and featuring: New sections on the role of dye sensitised solar cells, photovoltaics in buildings, diesel hybrid systems, and photovoltaic markets and funding. Solar cell design and manufacturing technology including crystalline silicon and thin film devices. Introduction to a range of photovoltaic applications iTable of ContentsElectricity from the Sun. Solar Radiation. Solar Cells. Photovoltaic System Engineering. Applications. Environmental Impacts of Photovoltaics. Advanced and Specialised Topics. Index.

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Book SynopsisSolar Electricity Second Edition Edited by Tomas Markvart University of Southampton, UK .warmly recommended as a comprehensive, introductory text on a subject which should become increasingly important. (Review of the First Edition in Contemporary Physics) The rapid evolution of photovoltaic technology has highlighted the increasing capabilities of solar electricity as a power source for distributed energy generation. Building on the success of the first edition, Solar Electricity presents a balanced introduction to all aspects of solar energy conversion, from cell types to environmental impact and applications. Now fully revised to incorporate the latest industry achievements and featuring: New sections on the role of dye sensitised solar cells, photovoltaics in buildings, diesel hybrid systems, and photovoltaic markets and funding. Solar cell design and manufacturing technology including crystalline silicon and thin film devices. Introduction to a range of photovoltaic applications iTable of ContentsElectricity from the Sun. Solar Radiation. Solar Cells. Photovoltaic System Engineering. Applications. Environmental Impacts of Photovaltaics. Advanced and Specialised Topics. Index.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"The dispossession of Palestinians is...discussed as a result of capitalist and technological development which in turn shaped societal dynamics and contributed to the first manifestations of inequality between Jewish settlers and the indigenous Palestinians." * Middle East Monitor *"Fredrik Meiton’s meticulous history of electrification in the British Mandate of Palestine, and its vast implications for Israel and the Palestinians, provides an important intervention in the history of the region by illuminating the role of technology in shaping the political reality." * The Middle East Journal *"Meiton has written an elegant and original history of mandatory Palestine." * Journal of Interdisciplinary History *"Meiton makes a major contribution to exposing the inherent political nature of infrastructure and approaching perennial ethnic opposition via an STS framework." * Technology and Culture *Table of ContentsLists of Tables and Illustrations Abbreviations and Notes on Sources Acknowledgments Introduction: The Unalterable Order of Electrical Palestine 1 Expert Revolutionary 2 Contentious Concession 3 The Politics of Th in Circuitries 4 The Radiance of the Jewish National Home 5 Industrialization and Revolt 6 Electrical Jerusalem 7 Statehood and Statelessness Conclusion: Electrical Palestine Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisElectric Cables Handbook provides a comprehensive and substantial coverage of all types of energy cables----from wiring and flexible cables for general use, to distribution, transmission and submarine cables.Table of ContentsTheory, design and principles common to all cable types; Wiring cables, flexible cables and cables for general industrial use; Supply distribution systems and cables; Transmission systems and cables; Submarine distribution and transmission; High temperature superconductivity; Optical fibres in power transmission systems; Cables for communication applications; Appendices

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