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Book SynopsisBarbara Freese is an environmental attorney and writer, with a particular focus on climate change, energy policy, and corporate social responsibility. She is a former Minnesota assistant attorney general and a former senior policy analyst for the Union of Concerned Scientists, and she has represented various environmental and clean energy nonprofit groups working to protect the climate. Her first book, Coal: A Human History, is a New York Times Notable Book. She lives in St. Paul, Minnesota.Trade ReviewElegant and engaging... No subject is more important for understanding the recent past and preparing for the future. * Sunday Times *Engaging and interesting, tightly documented and consistently readable. Freese makes a pasionate plea for a more considered way of treating the earth, its rescources and inhabitants. * Daily Telegraph *The incredible story of Britain's black gold. * Daily Mail *Fascinating... It lingers hauntingly in the mind. * New Statesman *I can think of no substance that has played so important a role in shaping the relative fortunes of competing economies. * David Landes, Author of The Wealth and Poverty of Nations *

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Book SynopsisPublished in 2002, the first edition of Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling brought the practice of petroleum geostatistics into a coherent framework, focusing on tools, techniques, examples, and guidance. It emphasized the interaction between geophysicists, geologists, and engineers, and was received well by professionals, academics, and both graduate and undergraduate students.In this revised second edition, Deutsch collaborates with co-author Michael Pyrcz to provide a full update on the latest tools, methods, practice, and research in the field of petroleum Geostatistics. Key geostatistical concepts such as integration of production data, scale-up, and cosimulation receive greater attention, and new topics like model checking, multiple point simulation, and production data integration are included in detail. Geostatistical methods are extensively illustrated through enhanced schematics, work flows and examples. A greater number of examples also are included, such as the integration oTable of Contents1. Introduction ; 2. Modeling Principles ; 3. Modeling Prerequisites ; 4. Modeling Methods ; 5. Model Applications ; 6. Special Topics ; Glossary and Notation ; Bibliography ; Index

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Book SynopsisFollowing water on its course through the natural world, this account emphasises the connection between water and all forms of life.

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Book SynopsisIntroduces geophysical methods used to explore for natural resources and to survey earth structure for purposes of geological and engineering knowledge. These methods include seismic refraction and reflection surveying, gravity and magnetic field surveying, electrical resistivity and electromagnetic field surveying, and geophysical well logging.Table of ContentsChapter 1 The Search 1 Chapter 2 Seismic Waves 15 Chapter 3 Refracted Seismic Waves and Earth Structure 39 Chapter 4 Reflected Seismic Waves and Earth Structure 81 Chapter 5 Seismic Surveying 117 Chapter 6 Seismic Reflection Data Processing and Interpretation 163 Chapter 7 Gravity on the Earth 221 Chapter 8 Gravity Surveying 249 Chapter 9 Bouguer Gravity and Geology 281 Chapter 10 Earth Magnetism 333 Chapter 11 Surveying the Anomalous Magnetic Field 375 Chapter 12 Magnetic Anomalies and Their Geologic Sources 401 Chapter 13 Geoelectrical Surveying 445 Chapter 14 Geophysical Well Logging 501 Index 543

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Book SynopsisThe thirty papers in this 1986 volume review the scientific knowledge of the nature of flint and chert. This contributors examine the geology and geochemistry of flint in European chert and topics include the origin of flint; scanning electron microscopy of surface textures; and the behaviour of flint under periglacial conditions.Table of ContentsPreface; List of contributors; 1. Flint stratigraphy and its relationship to archaeology F. Schmid; 2. The distribution of flint in the English chalk, with particular reference to the 'Brandon Flint Series' and the high Turoniam flint maximum R. N. Mortimore and C. J. Wood; 3. Controls on Upper Cretaceous sedimentation in the South Downs, with particular reference to flint distribution R. N. Mortimore; 4. The chemical environment of flint formation in Upper Cretaceous chalks C. J. Clayton; 5. The origin of cherts as members of high productivity sequences: isotopic evidence Y. Kolodny; 6. The cherts of the Upper Greensand (Cretaceous) of south-east Devon C. L. Williams; 7. Flint and fabric in the European chalk R. G. Bromley and A. A. Ekdale; 8. Rhythms, flint and mesofossils in the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Limburg, The Netherlands P. J. Felder; 9. Upper Cretaceous flint meal faunas from southern England M. B. Hart, H. W. Bailey, A. Swiecicki and B. R. Lakey; 10. Foraminiferids from decayed chalk flints and some examples of their use in geological interpretation D. Curry; 11. Siliceous coatings on fossil coccoliths - how did they arise? L. S. Dent Glasser and D. N. Smith; 12. Perigord cherts: an analytical frame for investigating the movement of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers and their resources R. R. Larick; 13. Sources of raw materials used for the manufacture of chipped stone implements in Hungary C. Takács-Biró; 14. Geochemistry and the provenance of flint axes P. R. Bush and G. de G. Sieveking; 15. Flint gravels in the Quaternary of south-east England P. L. Gibbard; 16. The nature, origin and geomorphological significance of clay-with-flints J. A. Catt; 17. Periglacial phenomena in the South Downs R. B. G. Williams; 18. Palynological evidence for early and permanent woodland on the chalk of central Hampshire P. V. Waton; 19. The postglacial molluscan succession of the South Downs dry valley C. Ellis; 20. Transported flint in Ireland: a charter of investigation for prehistory and geology C. S. Briggs; 21. Flint and Pre-Quaternary geomorphology in south Sweden and south-west England K. Lidmar-Bergström; 22. Sand grain surface textures D. Krinsley and P. Trusty; 23. Scanning electron micrographs of quartz, flint and obsidian grains after experimental glacial, subaqueous or aeolian transportation K. Lindé; 24. Procedures in environmental reconstruction by SEM analysis P. A. Bull; 25. Simulation of aeolian quartz grain surface textures: some scanning electron microscopic observations W. B. Whalley and J. R. Marshall; 26. Practical methods for analysing and quantifying two-dimensional images W. B. Whalley and J. D. Orford; 27. The analysis of flint by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, as a method of source determination M. Thompson, P. R. Bush and J. Ferguson; 28. Applications of magnetic resonance in the study of cherts M. C. R. Symons; 29. Investigation of chert heating conditions using ESR spectroscopy D. R. Griffiths, N. J. Seeley and M. C. R. Symons; 30. Thermoluminescence dating: a review of application to burnt flint H. Y. Göksu Ögelman.

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Book SynopsisShows the identified resources of coal in the United Kingdom, onshore and offshore.

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Book SynopsisGold is where you find it! With over 50 years of productive experience in the desert, the author shares his techniques and professional knowledge of finding gold in the deserts of the American Southwest. This guidebook includes blueprints for making your own drywasher as well as shortcuts and helpful hints that will speed you on your way to finding your first nugget in the desert.

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Book SynopsisWritten by some of the world s most renowned petroleum andenvironmental engineers, Petrophysics: The Fundamentals of Oiland Gas Revervoirs is the first book to offer the practicingengineer and engineering student these new cutting-edge techniquesfor prediction and forecasting in petroleum engineering andenvironmental management.Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Contributors xvii Acknowledgement xix 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Characterization of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs 1 1.2 Reservoir Lithologies 13 2. Characterization of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs 57 2.1 Petrophysical Parameters 57 2.2 Porosity, Void Ratio, and Density 57 2.3 Permeability 66 2.4 Specific Surface Area 79 2.5 Interrelationship Among Prorosity, Permeability, and Specific Surface Area 86 2.6 Wettability - Capillarity 98 2.7 Elastic Properties 118 2.8 Acoustic Properties 123 2.9 Electrical Resistivity 128 2.10 Radioactivity 137 2.11 Chemistry of Waters in Shales versus those in Sandstones 149 3. Seismic Parameters 151 3.1 Introduction 151 3.2 Elastic Properties 152 3.3 Velocity and Rock Properties 154 3.4 Pore Pressure 159 3.5 Seismic Anisotropy 164 A. Historical Review 183 B. Mechanics of Fluid Flow 279 C. Glossary 303 References 347 Bibliography 349 Subject Index 369

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Book SynopsisNatural gas is the world's cleanest fossil fuel; it generates less air pollution and releases less CO2 per unit of useful energy than liquid fuels or coals. With its vast supplies of conventional resources and nonconventional stores, the extension of long-distance gas pipelines and the recent expansion of liquefied natural gas trade, a truly global market has been created for this clean fuel. Natural Gas: Fuel for the 21st Century discusses the place and prospects of natural gas in modern high-energy societies. Vaclav Smil presents a systematic survey of the qualities, origins, extraction, processing and transportation of natural gas, followed by a detailed appraisal of its many preferred, traditional and potential uses, and the recent emergence of the fuel as a globally traded commodity. The unfolding diversification of sources, particularly hydraulic fracturing, and the role of natural gas in national and global energy transitions are described. The book concludes wiTrade ReviewVaclav Smil receives 2015 OPEC Award for Research "In Natural Gas, Smil provides much valuable background on the relative amounts of carbon emissions produced by all of our major energy sources. He explains why natural gas is the best of the fossil fuels in terms of energy output relative to carbon emissions (while noting that leaks of natural gas – methane – could in fact outweigh the savings in carbon emissions)." (Resilience, April 2016)Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi 1 Valuable Resource with an Odd Name 1 1.1 Methane’s Advantages and Drawbacks 4 2 Origins and Distribution of Fossil Gases 13 2.1 Biogenic Hydrocarbons 14 2.2 Where to Find Natural Gas 19 2.3 Resources and the Progression of Reserves 27 3 Extraction, Processing, Transportation, and Sales 37 3.1 Exploration, Extraction, and Processing 40 3.1.1 Exploration and Drilling 41 3.1.2 Well Completion and Production 45 3.1.3 Natural Gas Processing 50 3.2 Pipelines and Storages 54 3.2.1 Modern Pipelines 56 3.2.2 Storing Natural Gas 62 3.3 Changing Production 65 4 Natural Gas as Fuel and Feedstock 71 4.1 Industrial Uses, Heating, Cooling, and Cooking 74 4.1.1 Industrial Uses of Natural Gas 75 4.1.2 Natural Gas for Space Heating and Cooling 77 4.1.3 Cooking with Natural Gas 79 4.1.4 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 80 4.2 Electricity Generation 81 4.2.1 Gas Turbines 82 4.2.2 CCGTs 85 4.3 Natural Gas as a Raw Material 88 4.3.1 Ammonia Synthesis 90 4.3.2 Plastics from Natural Gas 95 4.3.3 Gas‐to‐Liquid Conversions 98 5 Exports and Emergence of Global Trade 103 5.1 North American Natural Gas System 105 5.2 Eurasian Networks 109 5.3 Evolution of Lng Shipments 118 6 Diversification of Sources 129 6.1 Shale Gas 132 6.1.1 American Shale Gas Extraction 135 6.1.2 Shales outside the United States 140 6.2 CBM and Tight Gas 142 6.2.1 Tight Gas 144 6.3 Methane Hydrates 146 7 Natural Gas in Energy Transitions 151 7.1 Fuel Substitutions and Decarbonization of Energy Supply 155 7.2 Methane in Transportation 161 7.2.1 LNG 162 7.2.2 CNG 166 7.3 Natural Gas and the Environment 168 7.3.1 Methane Emissions from Gas Industry 169 7.3.2 Methane from Shale Gas 175 7.3.3 Water Use and Contamination 180 8 The Best Fuel for the Twenty‐First Century? 189 8.1 How Far Will Gas Go? 192 8.2 Shale Gas Prospects 199 8.3 Global LNG 208 8.4 Uncertain Futures 214 References 221 Index 245

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Book SynopsisLeverage Big Data analytics methodologies to add value to geophysical and petrophysical exploration data Enhance Oil & Gas Exploration with Data-Driven Geophysical and Petrophysical Models demonstrates a new approach to geophysics and petrophysics data analysis using the latest methods drawn from Big Data. Written by two geophysicists with a combined 30 years in the industry, this book shows you how to leverage continually maturing computational intelligence to gain deeper insight from specific exploration data. Case studies illustrate the value propositions of this alternative analytical workflow, and in-depth discussion addresses the many Big Data issues in geophysics and petrophysics. From data collection and context through real-world everyday applications, this book provides an essential resource for anyone involved in oil and gas exploration. Recent and continual advances in machine learning are driving a rapid increase in empirical modeling capabilities. ThisTable of ContentsForeword xv Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Chapter 1 Introduction to Data-Driven Concepts 1 Introduction 2 Current Approaches 2 Is There a Crisis in Geophysical and Petrophysical Analysis? 3 Applying an Analytical Approach 4 What Are Analytics and Data Science? 5 Meanwhile, Back in the Oil Industry 8 How Do I Do Analytics and Data Science? 10 What Are the Constituent Parts of an Upstream Data Science Team? 13 A Data-Driven Study Timeline 15 What Is Data Engineering? 18 A Workflow for Getting Started 19 Is It Induction or Deduction? 30 References 32 Chapter 2 Data-Driven Analytical Methods Used in E&P 34 Introduction 35 Spatial Datasets 36 Temporal Datasets 37 Soft Computing Techniques 39 Data Mining Nomenclature 40 Decision Trees 43 Rules-Based Methods 44 Regression 45 Classification Tasks 45 Ensemble Methodology 48 Partial Least Squares 50 Traditional Neural Networks: The Details 51 Simple Neural Networks 54 Random Forests 59 Gradient Boosting 60 Gradient Descent 60 Factorized Machine Learning 62 Evolutionary Computing and Genetic Algorithms 62 Artificial Intelligence: Machine and Deep Learning 64 References 65 Chapter 3 Advanced Geophysical and Petrophysical Methodologies 68 Introduction 69 Advanced Geophysical Methodologies 69 How Many Clusters? 70 Case Study: North Sea Mature Reservoir Synopsis 72 Case Study: Working with Passive Seismic Data 74 Advanced Petrophysical Methodologies 78 Well Logging and Petrophysical Data Types 78 Data Collection and Data Quality 82 What Does Well Logging Data Tell Us? 84 Stratigraphic Information 86 Integration with Stratigraphic Data 87 Extracting Useful Information from Well Reports 89 Integration with Other Well Information 90 Integration with Other Technical Domains at the Well Level 90 Fundamental Insights 92 Feature Engineering in Well Logs 95 Toward Machine Learning 98 Use Cases 98 Concluding Remarks 99 References 99 Chapter 4 Continuous Monitoring 102 Introduction 103 Continuous Monitoring in the Reservoir 104 Machine Learning Techniques for Temporal Data 105 Spatiotemporal Perspectives 106 Time Series Analysis 107 Advanced Time Series Prediction 108 Production Gap Analysis 112 Digital Signal Processing Theory 117 Hydraulic Fracture Monitoring and Mapping 117 Completions Evaluation 118 Reservoir Monitoring: Real-Time Data Quality 119 Distributed Acoustic Sensing 122 Distributed Temperature Sensing 123 Case Study: Time Series to Optimize Hydraulic Fracture Strategy 129 Reservoir Characterization and Tukey Diagrams 131 References 138 Chapter 5 Seismic Reservoir Characterization 140 Introduction 141 Seismic Reservoir Characterization: Key Parameters 141 Principal Component Analysis 146 Self-Organizing Maps 146 Modular Artificial Neural Networks 147 Wavelet Analysis 148 Wavelet Scalograms 157 Spectral Decomposition 159 First Arrivals 160 Noise Suppression 161 References 171 Chapter 6 Seismic Attribute Analysis 174 Introduction 175 Types of Seismic Attributes 176 Seismic Attribute Workflows 180 SEMMA Process 181 Seismic Facies Classification 183 Seismic Facies Dataset 188 Seismic Facies Study: Preprocessing 189 Hierarchical Clustering 190 k-means Clustering 193 Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) 194 Normal Mixtures 195 Latent Class Analysis 196 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 198 Statistical Assessment 200 References 204 Chapter 7 Geostatistics: Integrating Seismic and Petrophysical Data 206 Introduction 207 Data Description 208 Interpretation 210 Estimation 210 The Covariance and the Variogram 211 Case Study: Spatially Predicted Model of Anisotropic Permeability 214 What Is Anisotropy? 214 Analysis with Surface Trend Removal 215 Kriging and Co-kriging 224 Geostatistical Inversion 229 Geophysical Attribute: Acoustic Impedance 230 Petrophysical Properties: Density and Lithology 230 Knowledge Synthesis: Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) 231 References 237 Chapter 8 Artificial Intelligence: Machine and Deep Learning 240 Introduction 241 Data Management 243 Machine Learning Methodologies 243 Supervised Learning 244 Unsupervised Learning 245 Semi-Supervised Learning 245 Deep Learning Techniques 247 Semi-Supervised Learning 249 Supervised Learning 250 Unsupervised Learning 250 Deep Neural Network Architectures 251 Deep Forward Neural Network 251 Convolutional Deep Neural Network 253 Recurrent Deep Neural Network 260 Stacked Denoising Autoencoder 262 Seismic Feature Identification Workflow 268 Efficient Pattern Recognition Approach 268 Methods and Technologies: Decomposing Images into Patches 270 Representing Patches with a Dictionary 271 Stacked Autoencoder 272 References 274 Chapter 9 Case Studies: Deep Learning in E&P 276 Introduction 277 Reservoir Characterization 277 Case Study: Seismic Profile Analysis 280 Supervised and Unsupervised Experiments 280 Unsupervised Results 282 Case Study: Estimated Ultimate Recovery 288 Deep Learning for Time Series Modeling 289 Scaling Issues with Large Datasets 292 Conclusions 292 Case Study: Deep Learning Applied to Well Data 293 Introduction 293 Restricted Boltzmann Machines 294 Mathematics 297 Case Study: Geophysical Feature Extraction: Deep Neural Networks 298 CDNN Layer Development 299 Case Study: Well Log Data-Driven Evaluation for Petrophysical Insights 302 Case Study: Functional Data Analysis in Reservoir Management 306 References 312 Glossary 314 About the Authors 320 Index 323

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Book SynopsisSeismic inversion aims to reconstruct a quantitative model of the Earth subsurface, by solving an inverse problem based on seismic measurements. There are at least three fundamental issues to be solved simultaneously: non-linearity, non-uniqueness, and instability. This book covers the basic theory and techniques used in seismic inversion, corresponding to these three issues, emphasising the physical interpretation of theoretical concepts and practical solutions. This book is written for master and doctoral students who need to understand the mathematical tools and the engineering aspects of the inverse problem needed to obtain geophysically meaningful solutions. Building on the basic theory of linear inverse problems, the methodologies of seismic inversion are explained in detail, including ray-impedance inversion and waveform tomography etc. The application methodologies are categorised into convolutional and wave-equation based groups. This systematic presentation simplifiTable of ContentsPreface viii Chapter 1 Basics of seismic inversion 1 1.1 The linear inverse problem 1 1.2 Data, model and mapping 3 1.3 General solutions 4 1.4 Regularisation 5 Chapter 2 Linear systems for inversion 11 2.1 A governing equation and its solution 11 2.2 Seismic scattering 14 2.3 Seismic imaging 16 2.4 Seismic downward continuation 18 2.5 Seismic data processing 20 Chapter 3 Least-squares solutions 23 3.1 Determinant and rank 23 3.2 The inverse of a square matrix 27 3.3 LU decomposition and Cholesky factorisation 28 3.4 Least-squares solutions 34 3.5 Least-squares solution for a nonlinear system 37 3.6 Least-squares solution by QR decomposition 37 Chapter 4 Singular value analysis 41 4.1 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors 41 4.2 Singular value concept 44 4.3 Generalised inverse solution by SVD 46 4.4 SVD applications 48 Chapter 5 Gradient-based methods 53 5.1 The step length 54 5.2 The steepest descent method 55 5.3 Conjugate gradient method 59 5.4 Biconjugate gradient method 61 5.5 The subspace gradient method 64 Chapter 6 Regularisation 67 6.1 Regularisation versus conditional probability 67 6.2 The Lp-norm constraint 70 6.3 The maximum entropy constraint 73 6.4 The Cauchy constraint 76 6.5 Comparison of various regularisations 79 Chapter 7 Localised average solutions 83 7.1 The average solution 84 7.2 The deltaness 85 7.3 The spread criterion 86 7.4 The Backus-Gilbert stable solution 88 Chapter 8 Seismic wavelet estimation 93 8.1 Wavelet extraction from seismic-to-well correlation 94 8.2 Constant-phase wavelet by kurtosis matching 98 8.3 Mixed-phase wavelet by cumulant matching 102 8.4 Generalised seismic wavelets 106 Chapter 9 Seismic reflectivity inversion 111 9.1 The least-squares problem with a Gaussian constraint 111 9.2 Reflectivity inversion with an Lp-norm constraint 113 9.3 Reflectivity inversion with the Cauchy constraint 115 9.4 Multichannel inversion scheme 118 9.5 Multichannel conjugate gradient method 121 Chapter 10 Seismic ray-impedance inversion 125 10.1 Acoustic and elastic impedances 125 10.2 Ray impedance 129 10.3 Workflow of ray-impedance inversion 132 10.4 Ray-impedance inversion with a model constraint 136 Chapter 11 Seismic tomography based on ray theory 137 11.1 Seismic tomography 137 11.2 Velocity-depth ambiguity in tomography 138 11.3 Ray tracing by a path bending method 141 11.4 Geometrical spreading of curved interfaces 144 11.5 Joint inversion of traveltime and amplitude data 147 Chapter 12 Waveform tomography for the velocity model 153 12.1 Inverse theory for seismic waveform tomography 154 12.2 The optimal step length 157 12.3 Strategy for reflection seismic tomography 159 12.4 Multiple attenuation and partial compensation 162 12.5 Waveform tomography 166 Chapter 13 Waveform tomography with irregular topography 169 13.1 Body-fitted grids for finite-difference modelling 169 13.2 Modification of boundary points 172 13.3 Pseudo-orthogonality and smoothness 173 13.4 Wave equation and absorbing boundary condition 176 13.5 Waveform tomography with irregular topography 180 Chapter 14 Waveform tomography for seismic impedance 183 14.1 Wave equation and model parameterisation 185 14.2 The impedance inversion method 187 14.3 Inversion strategies and the inversion flow 188 14.4 Application to field seismic data 193 14.5 Conclusions 196 Appendices 197 A Householder transform for QR decomposition 197 B Singular value decomposition 200 C Iterative methods for solving a linear system 206 D Biconjugate gradient method for complex systems 209 Exercises and solutions 211 References 231 Author index 238 Subject index 240

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Book SynopsisPetroleum Geoscience, 2nd edition?is a comprehensive introduction to the application of geology and geophysics to the search for and production of oil and gas.The aimthis updatedsecond editionremains the same- to provide a comprehensive grounding in the geological sciences as applied to exploration for and production of oil and gas. Uniquely, this book is structured to reflect the sequential and cyclical processes of exploration, appraisal, development and production. Chapters dedicated to each of these aspects are further illustrated by new case histories drawn from the authors'' experiences.Petroleum Geoscience, 2nd editionhas a global and ''geo-temporal'' backdrop, drawing examples and case histories from around the world and from petroleum systems ranging in age from late-Pre-Cambrian to Pliocene. In order to show how geoscience is integrated at all levels within the industry, the authors stress throughout the links between geology and geophysics on tTable of ContentsPreface to Second Edition xv Preface to First Edition xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Aim and Format of the Book 1 1.2 Background 1 1.3 What Is in this Book 2 1.4 What Is Not in this Book 2 1.5 Key Terms and Concepts 3 1.5.1 Petroleum 3 1.5.2 The Source 3 1.5.3 The Seal 4 1.5.4 The Trap 4 1.5.5 The Reservoir 4 1.5.6 The Timing of Petroleum Migration 4 1.5.7 Porous Rock and Porosity 5 1.5.8 Permeable Rock and Permeability 5 1.5.9 Relative Permeability 5 1.5.10 Net to Gross and Net Pay 5 1.5.11 Water Saturation 5 1.5.12 Formation Volume Factor 5 1.5.13 The Gas to Oil Ratio 6 1.5.14 Timescales 6 1.5.15 The Units Used in this Book 6 1.6 The Chemistry of Petroleum 6 1.6.1 Alkanes (Paraffins) 9 1.6.2 Naphthenes (Cycloalkenes) 10 1.6.3 Aromatics 11 1.6.4 Asphaltenes 11 1.7 Geoscience and the Value Chain 12 1.7.1 Exploration (Chapters 3 and 4) 12 1.7.2 Appraisal (see Chapter 5) 13 1.7.3 Development (see Chapter 6) 13 1.7.4 Production (see Chapter 6) 14 1.7.5 Reserves Additions and Reserves Growth (see Chapter 6) 14 1.7.6 Field Abandonment and Reactivation (see Chapter 6) 14 1.7.7 Gas Storage (see Chapter 7) 15 1.7.8 Unconventional Petroleum (see Chapter 7) 15 1.8 Geoscience Activity 15 1.9 Oil, Gas, and Geoscientists – A Global Resource! 16 Further Reading 19 2 Tools 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Satellite Images and Other Remote Sensing Data 21 2.2.1 Introduction 21 2.2.2 Satellite Images 21 2.2.3 Gravimetric Data 22 2.2.4 Magnetic Data 24 2.2.5 Electromagnetic Surveys 25 2.3 Seismic Data 25 2.3.1 Introduction 25 2.3.2 The Seismic Method 27 2.3.3 Seismic Acquisition 29 2.3.3.1 Land 29 2.3.3.2 Water 29 2.3.3.3 Collection of Seismic Data: Receivers 30 2.3.4 Seismic Processing 30 2.3.5 Seismic Interpretation 30 2.4 Wireline Log Data 32 2.4.1 Introduction 32 2.4.2 Rock Tools 32 2.4.3 Seismic Enhancement 35 2.4.4 Porosity and Permeability Tools 37 2.4.5 Fluid Tools 40 2.4.6 Pressure Tool 42 2.5 Core and Cuttings 43 2.5.1 Introduction 43 2.5.2 Conventional Core Analysis (Porosity and Permeability) 45 2.5.2.1 Sample Acquisition 45 2.5.2.2 Sample Cleaning 45 2.5.2.3 Sample Drying 45 2.5.2.4 Porosity Measurements 47 2.5.2.5 Permeability Measurements 47 2.5.3 Core Logging 49 2.5.4 Petrography 49 2.5.4.1 Provenance 49 2.5.4.2 The Depositional Environment 51 2.5.4.3 Reservoir Quality 51 2.5.5 Geochemistry 52 2.5.6 Biostratigraphy 52 2.5.6.1 Sampling 53 2.5.6.2 Correlation 53 2.5.6.3 Age Dating 53 2.5.6.4 The Depositional Environment 53 2.6 Fluid Samples From Wells 54 2.6.1 Introduction 54 2.6.2 The Sampling of Fluids 54 2.6.3 Petroleum 55 2.6.3.1 Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography (GC) Fingerprinting 55 2.6.3.2 Molecular Maturity 56 2.6.3.3 Rhenium–Osmium Dating 56 2.6.4 Water 56 2.7 Outcrop Data 57 2.7.1 Introduction 57 2.7.2 Maps 57 2.7.3 Reservoir Analogs 59 2.7.4 Rock Sampling and Analysis 59 2.8 Seepage of Petroleum 60 Further Reading 61 3 Frontier Exploration 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Acquisition of Acreage 66 3.2.1 Early Access to Acreage 66 3.2.2 The Licensing Process 67 3.2.3 License Areas 68 3.2.4 Farm-Ins, Farm-Outs, and Other Deals 69 3.3 Direct Petroleum Indicators 69 3.3.1 Introduction 69 3.3.2 Petroleum Leakage and Seepage 69 3.3.2.1 Seal Failure 70 3.3.2.2 Tertiary Migration 71 3.3.2.3 Dissipation in the Near Surface 72 3.3.3 The Identification of Petroleum on Seismic Data 72 3.4 Basin Types 76 3.4.1 Introduction 76 3.4.2 Extensional Basins, Generated by Divergent Plate Motion 78 3.4.2.1 Intracratonic Basins: Sags 78 3.4.2.2 Rift Basins 78 3.4.2.3 Passive Margins 79 3.4.3 Basins Generated During Convergent Plate Motion 82 3.4.3.1 Arc Systems 83 3.4.3.2 Foreland Basins 83 3.4.4 Strike-Slip Basins 84 3.5 Basin Histories 84 3.5.1 Introduction 84 3.5.2 Subsidence 85 3.5.3 Sediment Supply 88 3.5.4 Burial History 89 3.5.5 Thermal History 91 3.5.6 Uplift 92 3.5.7 Pressure History 93 3.5.8 Integrated Basin Modeling 95 3.6 Stratigraphy 96 3.6.1 Introduction 96 3.6.2 Chronostratigraphy 97 3.6.3 Biostratigraphy 97 3.6.4 Lithostratigraphy 100 3.6.5 Seismic Stratigraphy 102 3.6.5.1 Rift Basins 104 3.6.5.2 Passive Margins 104 3.6.5.3 Foreland Basins 105 3.6.5.4 Wrench Systems 105 3.6.6 Sequence Stratigraphy 106 3.6.7 Chemostratigraphy and Magnetostratigraphy 111 3.6.8 Stratigraphic Tests 111 3.7 Source Rock 112 3.7.1 Introduction 112 3.7.2 The Origin of Petroleum from Living Organisms 112 3.7.2.1 Organic Matter 112 3.7.2.2 Preservation of Organic Matter 112 3.7.3 Kerogen 114 3.7.3.1 Kerogen Type 114 3.7.3.2 The Quantity and Quality of Kerogen 115 3.7.4 Maturation of Source Rocks: Kerogen to Oil to Gas 116 3.7.4.1 Temperature 116 3.7.4.2 The Kinetics of Hydrocarbon Generation 116 3.7.4.3 Reaction Products 117 3.7.4.4 Maturation in the Reservoir 117 3.7.4.5 Bitumen and Tar Mats 117 3.8 Jubilee Field, Ghana, West Africa 119 3.8.1 Introduction 119 3.8.2 Basin Setting 120 3.8.3 Pre-Drill Assessment 120 3.8.4 Jubilee Field 121 3.8.5 Implications for West African and South American Margins 122 3.9 Johan Sverdrup Oilfield, Norwegian North Sea 122 3.9.1 Introduction 122 3.9.2 Location 122 3.9.3 Early Exploration History 123 3.9.4 Renewed Interest 123 3.9.5 Major Discovery 125 3.9.6 Petroleum Geology 125 3.9.7 Learning 126 Further Reading 127 4 Exploration and Exploitation 129 4.1 Introduction 129 4.2 The Seal 129 4.2.1 Introduction 129 4.2.2 The Membrane Seal 130 4.2.3 The Hydraulic Seal 131 4.2.4 Faults 132 4.2.5 Trap Fill 133 4.2.6 The Pressure Seal 134 4.3 The Reservoir 135 4.3.1 Introduction 135 4.3.2 Intrinsic Properties 136 4.3.2.1 Net to Gross 136 4.3.2.2 Porosity 137 4.3.2.3 Permeability 139 4.3.2.4 Water, Oil, and Gas Saturation 139 4.3.3 Reservoir Lithologies 140 4.3.4 The Reservoir: Sandstone Depositional Systems 143 4.3.4.1 Alluvial Fans 143 4.3.4.2 Aeolian Dunes 144 4.3.4.3 Lakes 145 4.3.4.4 Fluvial Systems 145 4.3.4.5 Deltas 148 4.3.4.6 Shallow-Marine Systems 148 4.3.4.7 Submarine Fans 150 4.3.5 The Reservoir: Limestone and Dolomite 151 4.3.5.1 Shelfal and Ramp Carbonates 152 4.3.5.2 Reefs 152 4.3.5.3 Deep-Water Carbonates 154 4.3.5.4 Dolomite 154 4.3.5.5 Karst 155 4.3.6 Fractured Reservoirs 156 4.4 Migration 157 4.4.1 Introduction 157 4.4.2 Primary Migration 158 4.4.3 Secondary Migration 161 4.4.4 Tertiary Migration 167 4.5 The Trap 168 4.5.1 Introduction 168 4.5.2 Migration and Trap Formation 173 4.5.3 Structural Traps 173 4.5.3.1 Traps Formed by Compressive Tectonic Processes 173 4.5.3.2 Traps Formed by Extensional Tectonic Processes 175 4.5.3.3 Traps Formed by Diapiric Processes 176 4.5.3.4 Traps Formed by Compactional Processes 182 4.5.3.5 Traps Formed by Gravity Processes 183 4.5.4 Stratigraphic Traps 185 4.5.4.1 Traps Formed by Depositional Pinchout 185 4.5.4.2 Traps Formed by Unconformities 186 4.5.4.3 Traps Formed by Diagenetic Processes 190 4.5.5 Hydrodynamic Traps 191 4.6 Play and Play Fairway 193 4.6.1 Play 193 4.6.2 Play Fairway 193 4.7 Lead and Prospect 195 4.7.1 Introduction 195 4.7.2 Lead, Prospect, and Prospect Evaluation 195 4.7.3 The Prospect Inventory 198 4.7.4 Well Prognosis 198 4.7.5 Failure Analysis 199 4.8 Yet to Find 199 4.8.1 Introduction 199 4.8.2 Areal Richness and Prospect Summation 200 4.8.3 Pool Size Distribution 201 4.8.4 Creaming Curves and Destruction of Value 203 4.9 Risk and Uncertainty 204 4.9.1 Introduction 204 4.9.2 Risk 205 4.9.3 Uncertainty 207 4.10 Thunder Horse Field, Gulf of Mexico, USA 208 4.10.1 Introduction 208 4.10.2 Geology 209 4.10.3 Deep Water Subsalt Exploration 211 4.10.4 Discovery, Appraisal, and Field Start-Up 212 4.11 Clyde Field, UK North Sea 213 4.11.1 Introduction 213 4.11.2 Great Expectations 214 4.11.3 Reality Dawns 214 4.11.4 A Change of Owner 215 Further Reading 217 5 Appraisal 219 5.1 Introduction 219 5.2 The Trap Envelope 221 5.2.1 Depth Conversion 221 5.2.2 Mapping Surfaces and Faults 223 5.2.3 Spill Points 228 5.3 Fluid Distribution and Contacts 230 5.3.1 Fluid Contacts and Transition Zones 230 5.3.2 Intra-Field Variations in Petroleum Composition 233 5.3.3 Intra-Field Variations in Water Composition 237 5.4 Field Segmentation 238 5.4.1 Introduction 238 5.4.2 Barriers to Lateral Flow 238 5.4.3 Barriers to Vertical Flow 241 5.4.4 Identification of Flow Barriers 241 5.5 Reservoir Property Distribution 243 5.5.1 Introduction 243 5.5.2 Lithofacies and Lithotypes 243 5.5.3 Reservoir Body Geometry 245 5.5.4 Reservoir Correlation 247 5.6 Reservoir Quality 249 5.6.1 Introduction 249 5.6.2 More Intrinsic Reservoir Properties 249 5.6.2.1 Relative Permeability 250 5.6.2.2 Wettability 252 5.6.2.3 Resistivity, Cementation, and Tortuosity Factors 252 5.6.3 Controls on Reservoir Quality 252 5.6.4 Compaction and Cementation in Sandstones 253 5.6.4.1 Sand Compaction 253 5.6.4.2 Sand Cementation 254 5.6.5 Compaction and Cementation in Limestones 257 5.6.5.1 Near-Surface Processes 257 5.6.5.2 Compaction and Burial Processes 262 5.7 Reservoir Description from Seismic Data 263 5.7.1 Introduction 263 5.7.2 Lithology Description 264 5.7.3 Porosity Determination 265 5.7.4 Lateral Variations and Reservoir Heterogeneity 265 5.7.5 Reservoir Correlation 267 5.7.6 Identification of Fluid Type and Contacts 268 5.8 Petroleum in Place, Reservoir Models, and Reserves 268 5.8.1 Introduction 268 5.8.2 Petroleum in Place 268 5.8.3 Geologic Models 269 5.8.4 Reservoir Models 274 5.8.5 Reserves 275 5.9 Kadanwari Field, Pakistan 277 5.9.1 Introduction 277 5.9.2 Re-Evaluation of Seismic Data over Kadanwari 280 5.10 Pedernales Field, Venezuela 281 5.10.1 Introduction 281 5.10.2 Geology of the Area 281 5.10.3 History of Exploration and Production 283 5.10.4 Field Reactivation, 1990s 285 Further Reading 287 6 Development and Production 289 6.1 Introduction 289 6.2 Well Planning and Execution 290 6.2.1 Facilities Location and Well Numbers 290 6.2.2 Well Geometries 294 6.2.3 Well Types 298 6.2.4 Drilling Hazards 298 6.2.5 Well Completion and Stimulation 300 6.2.6 Formation Damage 300 6.2.7 Well Logging and Testing 303 6.3 Reservoir Management 307 6.3.1 Reservoir Description from Production Data 307 6.3.2 Reservoir Visualization 309 6.3.3 Time-Lapse Seismic 312 6.3.4 Managing Decline and Abandonment 315 6.4 Reserves Revisions, Additions, and Field Reactivation 316 6.4.1 Introduction 316 6.4.2 Reserves Revisions 316 6.4.3 Reserves Additions 317 6.4.4 Field Rehabilitation and Reactivation 318 Case Histories 319 6.5 Thistle Field, North Sea – Improving Late Field Life Oil Production 319 6.5.1 Introduction 319 6.5.2 Field Production Profiles 320 6.5.3 Water Cut and Ultimate Oil Recovery 321 6.5.4 Voidage Replacement, Pressure Maintenance, and Sweep 323 6.5.5 Conclusions 325 6.6 Ardmore Field, UKCS 326 6.6.1 Introduction 326 6.6.2 Location and History 326 6.6.3 Structure and Stratigraphy 327 6.6.3.1 Devonian 327 6.6.3.2 Permian – Rotliegend and Zechstein 327 6.6.3.3 Upper Jurassic Humber Group 329 6.6.3.4 Upper Cretaceous – Paleocene Chalk Group 329 6.6.3.5 Paleocene/Eocene – Recent Stronsay, Westray, and Nordland Groups 330 6.6.4 Reservoirs 330 6.6.4.1 Upper Devonian 330 6.6.4.2 Rotliegend 330 6.6.4.3 Zechstein 331 6.6.4.4 Upper Jurassic 331 6.6.5 Source 331 6.6.6 STOIIP and Reserves 331 6.6.7 Argyll Production 332 6.6.8 Ardmore Development and Production 332 6.6.9 Conclusions 335 6.6.10 Postscript 335 Further Reading 335 7 Unconventional Petroleum, Gas Storage, Carbon Storage, and Secondary Products 337 7.1 Introduction 337 7.1.1 Unconventional Gas 337 7.1.2 Unconventional Oil 339 7.1.3 Gas Storage 340 7.2 Unconventional Gas 340 7.2.1 Tight Gas Reservoirs 340 7.2.2 Shale Gas 342 7.2.3 Low Saturation Gas 346 7.2.4 Shallow Gas 347 7.2.5 Basin-Center Gas 348 7.2.6 Gas Hydrates 349 7.2.7 Coal Bed Methane 350 7.2.8 Coal Mine Methane 351 7.3 Unconventional Oil 351 7.3.1 Heavy Oil and Tar Sand 351 7.3.2 Shale Oil and Oil Shale 352 7.4 Underground Coal Gasification 354 7.5 Gas Storage 356 7.6 Carbon Storage 357 7.7 Heat, Helium, and Other Secondary Products 360 7.7.1 Heat Recovery 360 7.7.2 Lithium and Other Solutes 362 7.7.3 Helium 363 7.8 Dunlin Field, UK North Sea, Opportunities for Power Generation from Unconventional Gas and/or Co-Produced Water 364 7.8.1 Introduction 364 7.8.2 Deep (Shale) Gas 366 7.8.3 Shallow Gas 366 7.8.4 Co-Produced Hot Water 367 7.9 Clipper South Field, UK North Sea – Development of a Tight Gas Field 371 7.9.1 Introduction 371 7.9.2 Re-Evaluation of the Field 371 7.9.3 Analysis of Well Test Data 372 References 375 Index 401

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Book SynopsisAs the shale revolution continues in North America, unconventional resource markets are emerging on every continent. In the next eight to ten years, more than 100,000 wells and one- to two-million hydraulic fracturing stages could be executed, resulting in close to one trillion dollars in industry spending. This growth has prompted professionals experienced in conventional oil and gas exploitation and development to acquire practical knowledge of the unconventional realm.Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources: Exploitation and Development provides a comprehensive understanding of the latest advances in the exploitation and development of unconventional resources. With an emphasis on shale, this book: Addresses all aspects of the exploitation and development process, from data mining and accounting to drilling, completion, stimulation, production, and environmental issues Offers in-depth coverage of sub-surface measurements (geological, geophyTrade Review"This cornerstone-edited volume sets a benchmark for understanding the complexity of unconventional oil and gas resources. The breath of the topics covered and level within each topic have set a high bar for any future book in this space. If you are in this business, you need to have this book. If you are considering this business, you could stumble without this book. It should be required reading at any university with programs in petroleum science. For those that don’t know the two editors, Usman Ahmed and Dr. Nathan Meehan, we are getting a volume that is scrutinized by two top-class industry scientists with vast technology insight who know the topics covered. In my judgment, if you could only have one book on this topic, this is it."—Dr. Raymond Levey, Director, Energy and Geoscience Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA "The authors should be commended for carefully and painstakingly assembling this comprehensive collection of background data, methods, and workflows current to the industry with insight into potential areas of ongoing research and investigations (e.g., emerging resource areas, formation evaluation, data analytics, etc.). For the practitioner, this text serves as a valuable reference tool and guide. For the researcher, this text provides insight into current methods and workflows, and aids further investigations into emerging areas of unconventional resources. Finally, this text is an invaluable resource to accompany advanced undergraduate and postgraduate unconventional resources coursework and lectures. Heretofore, a comprehensive unconventional resources text such as this has been unavailable."—Dr. Raymond Johnson, Jr., Senior Lecturer, University of Queensland, and Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Adelaide, Australia "This cornerstone-edited volume sets a benchmark for understanding the complexity of unconventional oil and gas resources. The breath of the topics covered and level within each topic have set a high bar for any future book in this space. If you are in this business, you need to have this book. If you are considering this business, you could stumble without this book. It should be required reading at any university with programs in petroleum science. For those that don’t know the two editors, Usman Ahmed and Dr. Nathan Meehan, we are getting a volume that is scrutinized by two top-class industry scientists with vast technology insight who know the topics covered. In my judgment, if you could only have one book on this topic, this is it."—Dr. Raymond Levey, Director, Energy and Geoscience Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA "The authors should be commended for carefully and painstakingly assembling this comprehensive collection of background data, methods, and workflows current to the industry with insight into potential areas of ongoing research and investigations (e.g., emerging resource areas, formation evaluation, data analytics, etc.). For the practitioner, this text serves as a valuable reference tool and guide. For the researcher, this text provides insight into current methods and workflows, and aids further investigations into emerging areas of unconventional resources. Finally, this text is an invaluable resource to accompany advanced undergraduate and postgraduate unconventional resources coursework and lectures. Heretofore, a comprehensive unconventional resources text such as this has been unavailable."—Dr. Raymond Johnson, Jr., Senior Lecturer, University of Queensland, and Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Adelaide, Australia The authors of this book have provided a comprehensive understanding of the latest advances in the exploitation and development of unconventional resources with emphasis on the exploitation and development process, from data mining and accounting to drilling, completion, stimulation, production, and environmental issues. The viewpoints of internationally respected experts and researchers from leading E&P companies and academic institutions are offered, as are potential technologies for unconventional resources development. Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources: Exploitation and Development will be useful to geologists, geophysicists, petrophysicists, geomechanic specialists, and drilling, completion, stimulation, production, and reservoir engineers in the environmentally safe exploitation and development of unconventional resources like shale.—Oil and Gas International, July 2016 Table of ContentsCharacteristics of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources. The Unconventional Basins and Plays—North America, the Rest of the World, and Emerging Basins. Unconventional Resources Workflow—Exploitation and Development. Seismic Reservoir Characterization Applications for Unconventional Resources. Pilot Projects in Unconventional Resources Development. Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Characterization of Source Rock Reservoirs. Role of Geomechanical Engineering in Unconventional Resources Developments. Laboratory Tests and Considerations to Complement the Overall Reservoir Understanding. Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Unconventional Oil and Gas. The Art of Data Mining and Its Impact on Unconventional Reservoir Development. Unconventional Reserves and Resources Accounting and Booking. Production Evaluation and Forecasting. Drilling Systems for Unconventionals. Multistage Completion Systems for Unconventionals. Stimulation of Unconventional Reservoirs. Flow Assurance. Artificial Lift Technologies. Monitoring Technologies—Microseismic, Fiber Optic, and Tracers. Rejuvenating Unconventional Resources. Environmental Issues in Unconventional Oil and Gas Resource Development. Case Studies, Accessing JewelSuite™ Software and Data. New Considerations and Future Trends in Reservoir Technologies for Unconventional Resources Development.

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Book SynopsisThis book looks at developments in oil shale which is the largest untapped domestic resource with the greatest potential to decrease our dependence on foreign oil. Over 70% of the world''s oil shale resources occur in the United States. These deposits contain over 1.5 trillion barrels of shale oil. If only 800 billion of this can be recovered, that alone would supply all of our current domestic petroleum needs for the next 100 years or more. The 2005 Energy Security Act demonstrated that the US government might finally encourage the development of these valuable oil shale resources. The nation''s production of crude oil has been declining since the 1970s while its demand has continued to increase, making the country increasingly dependent on imported oil. However, there are lingering questions about our ability to produce shale oil in this country. Most of these questions discussed in this book, centre on key issues such as: (1) is the technology available and will it work on a large scale?; (2) can shale oil be produced profitably?; (3) can shale oil be produced in an environmentally responsible manner?; and (4) what are the socio-economic impacts going to be on the local regions where these developments occur? Oil shale requires an expensive, high-risk, long-lead time development program and the federal government controls most of the resource. They will therefore ultimately determine whether or not shale oil is ever produced at a level sufficient to improve our economic and national security.

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Book SynopsisOver the many millennia that the human race has inhabited our planet, a use has been found for almost everything that is to be found on it. However, since the Industrial Revolution, many of the resources that we have come to rely on are being depleted, some at an alarming rate. Misuse of others, such as fossil fuels, is causing such damage to the environment that measures are being taken at an international level to restrict their useIntroducing Natural Resources explains how the natural resources of the Earth originated, by outlining the astronomical and geological evolution of the planet in the early period of its existence. The genesis, mode of occurrence, and abundance of the various non-renewable mineral resources are described, together with the methods of extraction, extent of reserves, and any environmental problems. The use of renewable resources, such as solar energy, air, and water, are then discussed, together with plant and animal life, which are renewable resources only if properly managed. The book concludes with a summary of future issues in resource management.Copiously illustrated, this book is intended for those whose interest in natural resources has been stimulated, perhaps by media coverage of declining resources or environmental pollution, and who want to better understand the issues involved. Technical terms are kept to a minimum and are explained in a glossary.Trade Review‘In a succinct yet thorough manner, Park (emer., Univ. of Keele, UK) successfully presents information on Earth’s renewable and nonrenewable resources, including the complex issues associated with their use. Concepts are simply explained because general readers are the intended audience. The book begins with an engaging dialogue about the origin of the solar system, the physical evolution of Earth, its geologic processes, and available renewable and nonrenewable resources. For the nonrenewables, including metallic and non-metallic minerals, economic deposits of rock, and energy sources (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas), Park includes basic information about how they are used, the history of their use, how they occur, their relative abundance, worldwide production and trends, and associated environmental concerns. A discussion of Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere follows. Next, the author discusses renewable energy sources (i.e., biomass, solar, geothermal, wind, hydro and tidal/wave power); this is equally informative as the nonrenewables presentation. The narrative is supported by numerous color photographs, tables, figures, and graphs; a glossary of technical terms; an appendix identifying divisions of Earth’s geologic time and igneous rock types; and a brief list of selected readings. The book's overall value is in its concise, well-supported documentation of Earth’s resources and related issues.’ Choice, USA‘Overall, this is a good overview of the topic and I would recommend it alongside other titles in the Dunedin series. For someone with no previous knowledge of geology it would an excellent starting point for any interested adult to learn about natural resources and their essential geology. As the publisher's information points out it is also intended as a course text for 'minor' courses and as inspiration for aspiring scientists thinking about their degree options. It is also available as an eBook.’ Geological Curator‘The book is aimed at “those, whose interest in natural resources has been stimulated perhaps by media coverage of declining resources or environmental pollution and who want to better understand the issues involved”. Its somewhat superficial nature means that any serious student would have little need for this book, but it is well written and interesting nonetheless.The book has three main parts; the first covers the origin and early history of the Earth. This is followed by two geology-orientated chapters, describing how mineral resources are redistributed and concentrated in various settings. This is the most technical part of the book and some geological knowledge would be useful.The second main part of the book is on much safer ground. It describes the periodic table, starting with the transition and post-transitional metals, then continues with the alkali and alkali earth metals, and ends with the non-metallic elements.Each example is described in the same manner; first, a brief description of the element with its chemical symbol and atomic number. Then a history of its use, followed by the occurrence and host minerals of the element, and finally current production vol-umes (there are numerous tables showing major producing coun-tries, although years vary) and what remaining resources may be.Although repetitive in format, this part of the book is interest-ing and could act as a handy aide-memoir rather than having to drag a big book down from the shelf.The last part of the book is devoted to energy resources, both renewable and non-renewable. The author discusses the origin and uses of coal, oil, natural gas, biogas and gas hydrates, and nuclear power. Graham outlines the environmental concerns associated with the consumption of fossil fuels such as pollution, contamination and the production of greenhouses gases. Renewable energies are discussed, including biomass, solar, geothermal, wind and hydro energy.The book finishes with a summary of the challenges facing the planet in providing energy for the future without irreparably damaging it.Overall, this book is informative and nicely illustrated but, by its nature, can only act as a guide for further research. A selected reading list is included.’ Proceedings of the OUGSTable of ContentsList of illustrations. Sourced illustrations. Preface. 1; Introduction; 2: Origin and early history of the Earth; 3: Redistribution and concentration of mineral resources; 4: Types of ore deposit I; 5: Metallic mineral resources; 6: Metallic mineral resources; 7: Resources of non-metallic elements; 8: Rocks as an economic resource; 9: Non-renewable energy resources; 10: Atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere; 11: Renewable energy resources; 12: Protecting the Planet. Glossary. Appendix. Selected further reading. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook employs a technical and quantitative approach to explain subsurface hydrology and hydrogeology, and to offer a comprehensive overview of groundwater-related topics such as flow in porous media, aquifer characterization, contaminant description and transport, risk assessment, and groundwater remediation. It describes the characterization of subsurface flow of pristine and polluted water and provides readers with easily applicable tools for the design of water supply systems, drinking-water source protection, and remediation interventions. Specific applications range from groundwater exploitation as a drinking water supply to the remediation of contaminated aquifers, from the definition and safeguarding of drinking-water sources to the assessment of human health risks in connection with groundwater contamination events. The book represents an ideal learning resource for upper-undergraduate and graduate students of civil engineering, environmental engineering, and geology, as well as practitioners in the fields of water resource management and environmental protection who are interested in groundwater engineering and technical hydrogeology. Table of ContentsBasic Concepts.- Theoretical foundations of the groundwater flow equation.- Analytical solutions of the groundwater flow equation in a polar coordinate system.- Aquifer characterization.- Specific capacity and well efficiency.- Optimization of the productive capacity of a water supply system.- Aquifer vulnerability and contamination risk.- Definition of protection areas of drinking water sources.- Groundwater contaminants.- Mechanisms of contaminant propagation in aquifers.- Theoretical foundations of the di↵erential equations of mass transport.- Analytical solutions to the di↵erential equation of mass transport for conservative solutes.- Analytical solutions of the di↵erential equation of mass transport for reactive solutes.- Transport of immiscible substances.- Characterization of a contamination event.- Human health risk assessment.- Remediation of contaminated groundwater.- Appendices.

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Book SynopsisSoil Science is an extensive and intricate subject that encompasses a diverse range of natural and practical systems. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws upon the knowledge and expertise of various other disciplines, including geology, which is an applied science that has become an essential component of agriculture, soil, and environmental science. The knowledge of geology is crucial for agriculturists and soil/environmental scientists to effectively apply it in their work. This book, designed as an easy-to-read reference guide, provides undergraduate students in Agriculture, Horticulture, and Forestry with an introduction to the fundamentals of geology and soils. The author, drawing on their extensive academic and professional experience, presents their insights on all aspects of geology and soils in a clear and concise manner. This book is aimed at students and scientists in agriculture and related fields, as a foundational resource for deepening their understanding of the practical applications of soil science in crop growth.

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Book SynopsisThis open access book includes instruction of national mineral database 2020 and atlas of national mineral deposits distribution derived from national mineral database 2020. National mineral database 2020 is based on data from National Geological Archives China(NGAC).Moreover, it introduces the construction method and updates maintenance mechanism of the mineral deposits database and proposes the concept of updating data based on collected archives. The construction guideline on national mineral deposits database provides guiding framework for the future development on geological database. Table of ContentsInstruction of National Mineral database 2020.- Atlas of National Mineral Resources Distribution.

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