Econometrics and economic statistics Books
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Econometric Modeling Of Japan And Asia-pacific
Book SynopsisThis book surveys existing similar econometric models in Japan and offers several econometric models combining Japan, the US and other Asia-Pacific countries. These models have been explored by the author and his group at Nagoya University and other institutions for three decades, and are applied for the following four objectives. First, they construct a world econometric model of industry and trade, and thereby quantitatively assess the impacts of protective US trade policies and Japan's technical progress on Asia-Pacific economies. Second, they use an international input-output table, including China, to analyze the interdependence between Japanese firms with the subsidiaries in the US and Asia, and other foreign companies. Third, they use a small link model of China, Japan, Korea and the US, and thereby evaluate the macroeconomic effects of the respective fiscal policies. Fourth, they offer a multi-sector econometric model of the interactions pertaining to economic activity, energy and environment in China, and assess the effects of improved energy efficiency and demand shift in China.This volume comprises papers written by Soshichi Kinoshita (Professor Emeritus, Nagoya University, Nagoya), Jiro Nemoto (Professor of Economics, Nagoya University, Nagoya), Mitsuo Yamada (Professor of Economics, Chukyo University, Nagoya) and Taiyo Ozaki (Professor of Economics, Kyoto Gakuen University, Kyoto).Table of ContentsA Short Survey of Linked Econometric Models in Japan; The Changing Pattern of International Specialization; Construction of a World Model of Industry and Trade; Econometrics of Robotization; Japanese Overseas Production in Asia; Effects of the Fiscal stimulus Packages in Asian Countries and the US; Interdependence among Economy, Energy and Environment in China.
£76.95
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Introduction To Numerical Simulation For Trade
Book SynopsisThis volume provides a practical guide to building and using simulation models for international trade theory and policy. Through a sequence of carefully constructed and fully documented programs, the volume illustrates how numerical simulation can be used to analyze a wide array of problems. Modern computable general equilibrium (CGE) models for trade policy are challenging in their complexity, but can be thought of as constructions of much simpler building blocks. By developing the building blocks in a consistent manner, and gradually putting them together in more complex and interesting ways, the volume makes CGE accessible to anyone with a background in microeconomics/trade theory. The volume will be useful to graduate students and researchers in international trade looking for a detailed guide to building simulation models and to developing the skill set necessary to enter into the world of CGE modeling.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Utility Maximization; Cost Minimization; Long-Run Production; Short-Run Production; Dual Approach; Transition; Higher Dimensions; Autarky; Small Country Trading Equilibrium; Large Country Trading Equilibrium; Armington Preferences; Intermediate Inputs; Joint Production; Non-Traded Goods; Tariffs and Other Distortions; Single Country Competitive CGE; Imperfect Competition; Multiple Households; Imperfect Factor Mobility; Two Country Trading Equilibrium; Higher Dimensions and Trade; Multi-Country Competitive CGE; Appendices.
£59.40
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Quantitative And Empirical Analysis Of Energy
Book SynopsisThe revised edition of this book captures new developments in economics and finance. Turning its focus towards the application of Engle's (1982) autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) in cutting-edge research and a discussion of whether energy prices reflect long memory, this book will keep readers up-to-date with current developments in the literature. It presents twenty-one empirical studies of econometric time series analysis of crude oil, natural gas and electricity markets in face of the rapidly changing dynamics of the energy markets. Amongst them, several studies employ nonlinear time series methods, unlike the standard linear approach commonly used, to reflect the nonlinear nature of the economic system.Two new chapters are included, extending beyond the leading-edge research and innovative energy markets econometrics detailed in the first edition: Chapter 17 examines the effects of oil price changes and speculations on economic activity and Chapter 20 re-evaluates empirical evidence for random walk type behavior in energy futures prices using a statistical physics approach.Table of ContentsCrude Oil Markets: Unit Root Behaviour in Energy Futures Prices; Rational Expectations, Risk and Efficiency in Energy Futures Markets; Maturity Effects in Energy Futures; Business Cycles and the Behavior of Energy Prices; A Cointegration Analysis of Petroleum Futures Prices; Natural Gas Markets: Is There an East - West Split in North American Natural Gas Markets?; Business Cycles and Natural Gas Prices; Futures Trading and the Storage of North American Natural Gas; Electricity Markets: Power Trade on the Alberta-BC Interconnection; Imports, Exports, and Prices in Alberta's Deregulated Power Market; Cointegration Analysis of Power Prices in the Western North American Markets; Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Electricity Markets: The Cyclical Behavior of Monthly NYMEX Energy Prices; The Message in North American Energy Prices; Testing for Common Features in North American Energy Markets; Volatility Modelling in Energy Markets: Returns and Volatility in the NYMEX Henry Hub Natural Gas Futures Market; Measuring and Testing Natural Gas and Electricity Markets Volatility: Evidence from Alberta's Deregulated Markets; Volatility in Oil Prices and Manufacturing Activity: An Investigation of Real Options; Chaos, Fractals, and Random Modulations in Energy Markets: The North American Natural Gas Liquids Markets are Chaotic; Random Fractal Structures in North American Energy Markets; The Hurst Exponent in Energy Futures Prices; Randomly Modulated Periodic Signals in Alberta's Electricity Market.
£94.50
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Econometric Methods And Their Applications In
Book SynopsisThe volume aims at providing an outlet for some of the best papers presented at the 15th Annual Conference of the African Econometric Society, which is one of the “chapters” of the International Econometric Society. Many of these papers represent the state of the art in financial econometrics and applied econometric modeling, and some also provide useful simulations that shed light on the models' ability to generate meaningful scenarios for forecasting and policy analysis.Table of ContentsFinancial Econometrics and International Finance: Modeling Interest Rates Using Reducible Stochastic Differential Equations: A Copula-Based Multivariate Approach (Ruijun Bu, Ludovic Giet, Kaddour Hadri and Michel Lubrano); Financial Risk Management Using Asymmetric Heavy-Tailed Distribution and Nonlinear Dependence Structures of Asset Returns Under Discontinuous Dynamics (Alaa El-Shazly); Modeling Time-Varying Dependence in the Term Structure of Interest Rates (Diaa Noureldin); Nonlinear Filtering and Market Implied Rating for a Jump-Diffusion Structural Model of Credit Risk (Alaa El-Shazly); Time-Varying Optimal Weights for International Asset Allocation in African and South Asian Markets (Dalia El-Edel); Econometric Theory and Methods: Econometric Methods for Ordered Responses: Some Recent Developments (Franco Peracchi); Which Quantile Is the Most Informative? Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Entropy and Quantile Regression (Anil K Bera, Antonio F Galvao Jr., Gabriel V Montes-Rojas, Sung Y Park); The Experimetrics of Fairness (Anna Conte and Peter Moffatt); Uniform in Bandwidth Tests of Specification for Conditional Moment Restrictions Models (Pascal Lavergne and Pierre Nguimkeu); Joint LM Test for Homoscedasticity in a Two Way Error Components Model (Eugene Kouassi, Joel Sango, J M BossonBrou and Kern O Kymn); An Approximation to the Distribution of the Pooled Estimator When the Time Series Equation Is One of a Complete System (Ghazal Amer and William Mikhail); Monetary, Labor, Environmental and Other Econometric Applications: Monetary Policy and the Role of the Exchange Rate in Egypt (Tarek Morsi and Mai El-Mossallamy); International Migration, Remittances and Household Poverty Status in Egypt (Rania Roushdy, Ragui Assaad and Ali Rashed); Determinants of Job Quality and Wages of the Working Poor: Evidence From 1998 - 2006 Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey (Mona Said); A Contract-Theoretic Model of Conservation Agreements (Heidi Gjertsen, Theodore Groves, David A Miller, Eduard Niesten, Dale Squires and Joel Watson); Household Environment and Child Health in Egypt (Mahmoud Hailat and Franco Peracchi); Modeling the Relationship between Natural Resource Abundance, Economic Growth, and the Environment: A Cross-Country Study (Hala Abou-Ali and Yasmine M Abdelfattah); Global Cement Industry: Competitive and Institutional Frameworks (Tarek H Selim and Ahmed S Salem); On the Occurrence of Ponzi Schemes in Presence of Credit Restrictions Penalizing Default (Abdelkrim Seghir); Is Targeted Advertising Always Beneficial? (Nada Ben Elhadj-Ben Brahim, Rim Lahmandi-Ayed and Didier Laussel).
£175.50
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Uncertainty Within Economic Models
Book SynopsisWritten by Lars Peter Hansen (Nobel Laureate in Economics, 2013) and Thomas Sargent (Nobel Laureate in Economics, 2011), Uncertainty within Economic Models includes articles adapting and applying robust control theory to problems in economics and finance. This book extends rational expectations models by including agents who doubt their models and adopt precautionary decisions designed to protect themselves from adverse consequences of model misspecification. This behavior has consequences for what are ordinarily interpreted as market prices of risk, but big parts of which should actually be interpreted as market prices of model uncertainty. The chapters discuss ways of calibrating agents' fears of model misspecification in quantitative contexts.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Discounted Exponential Quadratic Gaussian Control; Robust Permanent Income and Pricing; A Quartet of Semigroups for Model Specification, Robustness, Prices of Risk, and Model Detection; Robust Control and Model Uncertainty; Robust Control and Model Misspecification; Doubts or Variability?; Robust Estimation and Control without Commitment; Fragile Beliefs and the Price of Uncertainty; Beliefs, Doubts and Learning: Valuing Macroeconomic Risk; Three Types of Ambiguity.
£139.50
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Financial Valuation And Econometrics (2nd
Book SynopsisThis book is an introduction to financial valuation and financial data analyses using econometric methods. It is intended for advanced finance undergraduates and graduates. Most chapters in the book would contain one or more finance application examples where finance concepts, and sometimes theory, are taught.This book is a modest attempt to bring together several important domains in financial valuation theory, in econometrics modelling, and in the empirical analyses of financial data. These domains are highly intertwined and should be properly understood in order to correctly and effectively harness the power of data and statistical or econometrics methods for investment and financial decision-making.The contribution in this book, and at the same time, its novelty, is in employing materials in basic econometrics, particularly linear regression analyses, and weaving into it threads of foundational finance theory, concepts, ideas, and models. It provides a clear pedagogical approach to allow very effective learning by a finance student who wants to be well equipped in both theory and ability to research the data.This is a handy book for finance professionals doing research to easily access the key techniques in data analyses using regression methods. Students learn all 3 skills at once — finance, econometrics, and data analyses. It provides for very solid and useful learning for advanced undergraduate and graduate students who wish to work in financial analyses, risk analyses, and financial research areas.Table of ContentsProbability Distribution and Statistics; Statistical Laws and Central Limit Theorem /Application: Stock Return Distributions; Two-Variable Linear Regression/Application: Financial Hedging; Model Estimation/Application: Capital Asset Pricing Model; Constrained Regression/ Application: Cost of Capital; Time Series Analysis/ Application: Inflation Forecasting; Random Walk/ Application: Market Efficiency; Autoregression and Persistence / Application: Predictability; Estimation Errors and T-Tests / Application: Event Studies; Multiple Linear Regression and Stochastic Regressors; Dummy Variables and ANOVA / Application: Time Effect Anomalies; Specification Errors; Cross-Sectional Regression / Application: Testing CAPM; More Multiple Linear Regressions / Application: Multi-Factor Asset Pricing; Errors-in-Variable / Application: Exchange Rates and Risk Premium; Unit Root Processes / Application: Purchasing Power Parity; Conditional Heteroskedasticity / Application: Risk Estimation; Maximum Likelihood and Goodness of Fit / Application: Choice of Copulas; Mean Reverting Continuous Time Process / Application: Bonds and Term Structures; Implied Parameters / Application: Option Pricing; Generalised Method of Moments / Application: Consumption-Based Asset Pricing; Cross-Sectional Time Series Regression / Application: Term Structure of Volatilities; Fixed and Random Effects Model / Application: Synchronicity of Stock Returns; LOGIT and PROBIT Regressions;
£93.60
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Math In Economics
Book SynopsisThis textbook concisely covers math knowledge and tools useful for business and economics studies, including matrix analysis, basic math concepts, general optimization, dynamic optimization, and ordinary differential equations. Basic math tools, particularly optimization tools, are essential for students in a business school, especially for students in economics, accounting, finance, management, and marketing. It is a standard practice nowadays that a graduate program in a business school requires a short and intense course in math just before or immediately after the students enter the program. Math in Economics aims to be the main textbook for such a crash course.The 1st edition was published by People's University Publisher, China. This new edition contains an added chapter on Probability Theory along with changes and improvements throughout.Table of ContentsLinear Algebra; Math Analysis; General Optimization; Dynamic Optimization; Differential Equations; Difference Equations; Probability Theory;
£69.35
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Math In Economics
Book SynopsisThis textbook concisely covers math knowledge and tools useful for business and economics studies, including matrix analysis, basic math concepts, general optimization, dynamic optimization, and ordinary differential equations. Basic math tools, particularly optimization tools, are essential for students in a business school, especially for students in economics, accounting, finance, management, and marketing. It is a standard practice nowadays that a graduate program in a business school requires a short and intense course in math just before or immediately after the students enter the program. Math in Economics aims to be the main textbook for such a crash course.The 1st edition was published by People's University Publisher, China. This new edition contains an added chapter on Probability Theory along with changes and improvements throughout.Table of ContentsLinear Algebra; Math Analysis; General Optimization; Dynamic Optimization; Differential Equations; Difference Equations; Probability Theory;
£38.00
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Financial Valuation And Econometrics (2nd
Book SynopsisThis book is an introduction to financial valuation and financial data analyses using econometric methods. It is intended for advanced finance undergraduates and graduates. Most chapters in the book would contain one or more finance application examples where finance concepts, and sometimes theory, are taught.This book is a modest attempt to bring together several important domains in financial valuation theory, in econometrics modelling, and in the empirical analyses of financial data. These domains are highly intertwined and should be properly understood in order to correctly and effectively harness the power of data and statistical or econometrics methods for investment and financial decision-making.The contribution in this book, and at the same time, its novelty, is in employing materials in basic econometrics, particularly linear regression analyses, and weaving into it threads of foundational finance theory, concepts, ideas, and models. It provides a clear pedagogical approach to allow very effective learning by a finance student who wants to be well equipped in both theory and ability to research the data.This is a handy book for finance professionals doing research to easily access the key techniques in data analyses using regression methods. Students learn all 3 skills at once — finance, econometrics, and data analyses. It provides for very solid and useful learning for advanced undergraduate and graduate students who wish to work in financial analyses, risk analyses, and financial research areas.Table of ContentsProbability Distribution and Statistics; Statistical Laws and Central Limit Theorem / Application: Stock Return Distributions; Two-Variable Linear Regression/Application: Financial Hedging; Model Estimation / Application: Capital Asset Pricing Model; Constrained Regression / Application: Cost of Capital; Time Series Analysis / Application: Inflation Forecasting; Random Walk / Application: Market Efficiency; Autoregression and Persistence / Application: Predictability; Estimation Errors and T-Tests / Application: Event Studies; Multiple Linear Regression and Stochastic Regressors; Dummy Variables and ANOVA / Application: Time Effect Anomalies; Specification Errors; Cross-Sectional Regression / Application: Testing CAPM; More Multiple Linear Regressions / Application: Multi-Factor Asset Pricing; Errors-in-Variable / Application: Exchange Rates and Risk Premium; Unit Root Processes / Application: Purchasing Power Parity; Conditional Heteroskedasticity / Application: Risk Estimation; Maximum Likelihood and Goodness of Fit / Application: Choice of Copulas; Mean Reverting Continuous Time Process / Application: Bonds and Term Structures; Implied Parameters / Application: Option Pricing; Generalised Method of Moments / Application: Consumption-Based Asset Pricing; Multiple Time Series Regression / Application: Term Structure of Volatilities; Fixed and Random Effects Model / Application: Synchronicity of Stock Returns; LOGIT and PROBIT Regressions / Application: Categorization and Prediction;
£45.60
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Quantitative Economics In China: A Thirty-year
Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the fruitful achievement of China's Quantitative Economics during the past 30 years, assembling pioneering contributions of prominent quantitative economists in China. It chronicles significant events and the detailed evolution of Quantitative Economics in China. This well-organized book is a must-have for scholars to get a full picture of the status quo, and identify possible research gaps.Table of ContentsSeveral Issues to Consider in Quantitative Economics; Three Issues in Quantitative Economics; Several Major Theoretical Issues in Quantitative Economics; An Empirical Study on the Mutual Independent Relationship between China's Economic Growth and Energy Consumption; Game Theory and Quantitative Economics; Application and Development of Input-output Analysis in China; Three Developmental Stages and Tasks of China's Econometrics; A Review on the Development of Economic Prediction in China; A Review of Economic Forecast for 10 Years in China; One-way Effect Causal Relationship of GDP and Energy Consumption in Taiwan; The Record of Major Events of Chinese Association of Quantitative Economics for 30 Years (1979-2009); The Brief History of the Development of Professional Committee of Game Theory; The Memorabilia of Input-output Committee; The Memorabilia of Enterprise Committee (1985-1997); A Summary of Minutes for Commemoration of Chinese Association of Quantitative Economics was Established for 30 Years; The Selecting Edit of the Speech on the 30th Anniversary Commemoration of the Founding of Chinese Association of Quantitative Economics; The Course of Establishing and Development of Chinese Association of Quantitative Economics; A Review of Chinese Association of Quantitative Economics for 30 Years; Remembrance of Workshop in Summer Palace; Postscript;
£88.20
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Change Of Time And Change Of Measure
Book SynopsisChange of Time and Change of Measure provides a comprehensive account of two topics that are of particular significance in both theoretical and applied stochastics: random change of time and change of probability law.Random change of time is key to understanding the nature of various stochastic processes, and gives rise to interesting mathematical results and insights of importance for the modeling and interpretation of empirically observed dynamic processes. Change of probability law is a technique for solving central questions in mathematical finance, and also has a considerable role in insurance mathematics, large deviation theory, and other fields.The book comprehensively collects and integrates results from a number of scattered sources in the literature and discusses the importance of the results relative to the existing literature, particularly with regard to mathematical finance.In this Second Edition a Chapter 13 entitled 'A Wider View' has been added. This outlines some of the developments that have taken place in the area of Change of Time and Change of Measure since the publication of the First Edition. Most of these developments have their root in the study of the Statistical Theory of Turbulence rather than in Financial Mathematics and Econometrics, and they form part of the new research area termed 'Ambit Stochastics'.Table of ContentsRandom Change of Time; Integral Representations and Change of Time in Stochastic Integrals; Semimartingales: Basic Notions, Structures, Elements of Stochastic Analysis; Stochastic Exponential and Stochastic Logarithm. Cumulant Processes; Processes with Independent Increments. Levy Processes; Change of Measure. General Facts; Change of Measure in Models Based on Levy Processes; Change of Time in Semimartingale Models and Models Based on Brownian Motion and Levy Processes; Conditionally Gaussian Distributions and Stochastic Volatility Models for the Discrete-time Case; Martingale Measures in the Stochastic Theory of Arbitrage; Change of Measure in Option Pricing; Conditionally Brownian and Levy Processes. Stochastic Volatility Models; A Wider View. Ambit Processes and Fields, and Volatility/Intermittency;
£53.20
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Heavy Tails And Copulas: Topics In Dependence
Book Synopsis'Overall, the book is highly technical, including full mathematical proofs of the results stated. Potential readers are post-graduate students or researchers in Quantitative Risk Management willing to have a manual with the state-of-the-art on portfolio diversification and risk aggregation with heavy tails, including the fundamental theorems as well as collateral (but most useful) results on majorization and copula theory.'Quantitative Finance This book offers a unified approach to the study of crises, large fluctuations, dependence and contagion effects in economics and finance. It covers important topics in statistical modeling and estimation, which combine the notions of copulas and heavy tails — two particularly valuable tools of today's research in economics, finance, econometrics and other fields — in order to provide a new way of thinking about such vital problems as diversification of risk and propagation of crises through financial markets due to contagion phenomena, among others. The aim is to arm today's economists with a toolbox suited for analyzing multivariate data with many outliers and with arbitrary dependence patterns. The methods and topics discussed and used in the book include, in particular, majorization theory, heavy-tailed distributions and copula functions — all applied to study robustness of economic, financial and statistical models, and estimation methods to heavy tails and dependence.
£88.20
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Econometric Model Specification: Consistent Model
Book SynopsisEconometric Model Specification reviews and extends the author's papers on consistent model specification testing and semi-nonparametric modeling and inference. This book consists of two parts. The first part discusses consistent tests of functional form of regression and conditional distribution models, including a consistent test of the martingale difference hypothesis for time series regression errors. In the second part, semi-nonparametric modeling and inference for duration and auction models are considered, as well as a general theory of the consistency and asymptotic normality of semi-nonparametric sieve maximum likelihood estimators. Moreover, this volume also contains addendums and appendices that provide detailed proofs and extensions of all the results. It is uniquely self-contained and is a useful source for students and researchers interested in model specification issues.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Consistent Model Specification Tests: Consistent Tests of Functional Form of Regression Models: the I.i.d. Case; Consistent Tests of Functional Form of Regression Models: the Time Series Case; A Consistent Conditional Moment Test of Functional Form; Asymptotic Theory of Integrated Conditional Moment Tests; Asymptotic Theory of Integrated Conditional Moment Tests; Semi-Nonparametric Modeling and Inference: Semi-Nonparametric Interval-Censored Mixed Proportional Hazard Models; Semi-Nonparametric Competing Risks Analysis of Recidivism; Semi-Nonparametric Auction Models; Consistency and Asymptotic Normality of Sieve ML Estimators Under Low-Level Conditions;
£184.50
World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Foundations Of Modern Econometrics A Unified
Book Synopsis
£52.25
Cengage Learning, Inc Supply Chain Management
Book SynopsisUsing a reader-friendly and straightforward approach, Langley/Novack/Gibson/Coyle's SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: A LOGISTICS PERSPECTIVE, Cengage International Edition, 12th Edition, blends logistics theory with practical applications. The latest content highlights emerging issues, technology developments and global changes in the constantly evolving and critically-important field of supply chain management. This edition examines today's real companies and how public and private organizations are responding to the continuing pressure to modernize and transform their supply chains. Dive into real-world businesses and see how organizations respond to the ongoing need for modernization in their supply chains. Experience hands-on learning with updated features, brief cases and global content -- providing a glimpse into the decisions supply chain managers make daily. Each chapter begins with profiles that spotlight real organizations, people or events -- underlining the significance of current supply chain matters.
£76.94
Cengage Learning, Inc Business Analytics Cengage International Edition
Book SynopsisDevelop the analytical skills that are in high demand in businesses today with Camm/Cochran/Fry/Ohlmann's best-selling BUSINESS ANALYTICS, CENGAGE INTERNATIONAL EDITION 5E. You master the full range of analytics as you strengthen descriptive, predictive and prescriptive analytic skills. Real examples and memorable visuals clearly illustrate data and results. Step-by-step instructions guide you through using Excel, Tableau, R or the Python-based Orange data mining software to perform advanced analytics. Practical, relevant problems at all levels of difficulty let you apply what you've learned. Updates throughout this edition address topics beyond traditional quantitative concepts, such as data wrangling, data visualization and data mining, which are increasingly important in today's business environment. MindTap and WebAssign online learning platforms are also available with an interactive eBook, algorithmic practice problems and Exploring Analytics visualizations to strengthen your understanding of key concepts.
£79.79
Haymarket Books Dynamics of China's Economy: Growth, Cycles and
Book SynopsisChinese economic growth is an extraordinary phenomenon that deserves an original analysis. Dynamics of China's Economy traces this dynamism from the origins of the People's Republic to the present day. The analysis offered is unique, first, because the authors have reconstructed statistical databases in time series for the stock of physical capital, the stock of human capital, expenditure on research and development, and Gini income inequality index. Their methodologies screen a very wide range of theoretical currents: neoclassical, Pickettyan, and Marxist. It further stands out from similar inquiries because the most modern tools of statistics and econometrics are mobilized to carry out their research.
£25.50
