Earth sciences Books

Book SynopsisThe US Antarctic meteorite collection exists due to a cooperative program involving the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Smithsonian Institution. Since 1976, meteorites have been collected by a NSF-funded field team, shipped for curation, characterization, distribution, and storage at NASA, and classified and stored for long term at the Smithsonian. It is the largest collection in the world with many significant samples including lunar, martian, many interesting chondrites and achondrites, and even several unusual one-of-a-kind meteorites from as yet unidentified parent bodies. Many Antarctic meteorites have helped to define new meteorite groups. No previous formal publication has covered the entire collection, and an overall summary of its impact and significant samples has been lacking. In addition, available statistics for the collection are out of date and need to be updated for the use of the community. 35 seasons of U.S. Antarctic Meteorites (1976-2011): A Pictorial Guide to the Collection is the first comprehensive volume that portrays the most updatedkey significant meteoritic samples from Antarctica. 35 seasons of U.S. Antarctic Meteorites presents a broad overview of the program and collection nearly four decades after its beginnings. The collection has been a consistent and reliable source of astromaterials for a large, diverse, and active scientific community. Volume highlights include: Overview of the history, field practices, curation approachesSpecial focus on specific meteorite types and the impact of the collection on understanding these groups (primitive chondrites, differentiated meteorites, lunar and martian meteorites)Role of Antarctic meteorites in influencing the determination of space and terrestrial exposure ages for meteoritesStatistical summary of the collection by year, region, meteorite type, as well as a comparison to modern falls and hot desert findsThe central portion of the book features 80 color plates each of which highlights more influential and interesting samples from the collection. 35 seasons of U.S. Antarctic Meteorites would be of special interest to a multidisciplinary audience in meteoritics, including advanced graduate students and geoscientists specializing in mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, astronomy, near-earth object science, astrophysics, and astrobiology.Table of ContentsPreface v Contributors vii 1 The Origin and Early History of the U.S. Antarctic Search for Meteorites Program (ANSMET) 1Ursula B. Marvin 2 Fieldwork Methods of the U.S. Antarctic Search for Meteorites Program 23Ralph P. Harvey, John Schutt, and Jim Karner 3 Curation and Allocation of Samples in the U.S. Antarctic Meteorite Collection 43Kevin Righter, Cecilia E. Satterwhite, Kathleen M. McBride, Catherine M. Corrigan, and Linda C. Welzenbach Pictorial Guide to Selected Meteorites 4 Primitive Asteroids: Expanding the Range of Known Primitive Materials 65Michael K. Weisberg and Kevin Righter 5 Achondrites and Irons: Products of Magmatism on Strongly Heated Asteroids 79David W. Mittlefehldt and Timothy J. McCoy 6 ANSMET Meteorites from the Moon 101Randy L. Korotev and Ryan A. Zeigler 7 Meteorites from Mars, via Antarctica 131Harry Y. McSween, Jr., Ralph P. Harvey, and Catherine M. Corrigan 8 Meteorite Misfits: Fuzzy Clues to Solar System Processes 145Timothy J. McCoy 9 Cosmogenic Nuclides in Antarctic Meteorites 153Gregory F. Herzog, Marc W. Caffee, and A. J. Timothy Jull 10 A Statistical Look at the U.S. Antarctic Meteorite Collection 173Catherine M. Corrigan, Linda C. Welzenbach, Kevin Righter, Kathleen M. McBride, Timothy J. McCoy, Ralph P. Harvey, and Cecilia E. Satterwhite Index 189

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Book SynopsisThe elucidation of the mechanisms and kinematics of shear zone deformation, at both local and regional scales, is the subject of a great deal of interest to scientists in the hydrocarbon industry, in seismology, and in structural geology more generally. This book comprises a collection of five theoretical and twelve regional contributions to the subject from a number of leading researchers in the field, with particular emphasis on work carried out in the Indian subcontinent. The book will be invaluable to advances students and researchers involved in the kinematics of shear.Table of ContentsContributors vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction x Part I: Theoretical Advances and New Methods 1 From finite to incremental strain: Insights into heterogeneous shear zone evolution 3Stefano Vitale and Stefano Mazzoli 2 How far does a ductile shear zone permit transpression? 14Sujoy Dasgupta, Nibir Mandal, and Santanu Bose 3 2D model for development of steady]state and oblique foliations in simple shear and moregeneral deformations 30Kieran F. Mulchrone, Patrick A. Meere, and Dave J. McCarthy 4 Ductile deformation of single inclusions in simple shear with a finite]strain hyperelastoviscoplastic rheology 46Christoph Eckart Schrank, Ali Karrech, David Alexandre Boutelier, and Klaus Regenauer]Lieb 5 Biviscous horizontal simple shear zones of concentric arcs (Taylor–Couette flow) with incompressible Newtonian rheology 59Soumyajit Mukherjee and Rakesh Biswas Part II: Examples from Regional Aspects 6 Quartz]strain]rate]metry (QSR), an efficient tool to quantify strain localization in the continental crust 65Emmanuelle Boutonnet and Phillipe]Herve Leloup 7 Thermal structure of shear zones from Ti]in]quartz thermometry of mylonites: Methods and example from the basal shear zone, northern Scandinavian Caledonides 93Andrea M. Wolfowicz, Matthew J. Kohn, and Clyde J. Northrup 8 Brittle]ductile shear zones along inversion]related frontal and oblique thrust ramps: Insights from the Central–Northern Apennines curved thrust system (Italy) 111Paolo Pace, Fernando Calamita, and Enrico Tavarnelli 9 Microstructural variations in quartzofeldspathic mylonites and the problem of vorticity analysisusing rotating porphyroclasts in the Phulad Shear Zone, Rajasthan, India 128Sudipta Sengupta and Sadhana M. Chatterjee 10 Mineralogical, textural, and chemical reconstitution of granitic rock in ductile shear zones: A study from a part of the South Purulia Shear Zone, West Bengal, India 141Nandini Chattopadhyay, Sayan Ray, Sanjoy Sanyal, and Pulak Sengupta 11 Reworking of a basement–cover interface during Terrane Boundary shearing: An example from the Khariar basin, Bastar craton, India 164Subhadip Bhadra and Saibal Gupta 12 Intrafolial folds: Review and examples from the western Indian Higher Himalaya 182Soumyajit Mukherjee, Jahnavi Narayan Punekar, Tanushree Mahadani, and Rupsa Mukherjee 13 Structure and Variscan evolution of Malpica–Lamego ductile shear zone (NW of Iberian Peninsula) 206Jorge Pamplona, Benedito C. Rodrigues, Sergio Llana]Funez, Pedro Pimenta Simoes, Narciso Ferreira, Carlos Coke, Eurico Pereira, Paulo Castro, and Jose Rodrigues 14 Microstructural development in ductile deformed metapelitic–metapsamitic rocks: A case study from the greenschist to granulite facies megashear zone of the Pringles Metamorphic Complex, Argentina 224Sergio Delpino, Marina Rueda, Ivana Urraza, and Bernhard Grasemann 15 Strike–slip ductile shear zones in Thailand 250Pitsanupong Kanjanapayont 16 Geotectonic evolution of the Nihonkoku Mylonite Zone of north central Japan based on geology, geochemistry, and radiometric ages of the Nihonkoku Mylonites: Implications for Cretaceous to Paleogene tectonics of the Japanese Islands 270Yutaka Takahashi 17 Flanking structures as shear sense indicators in the Higher Himalayan gneisses near Tato, West Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh, India 293Tapos Kumar Goswami and Sukumar Baruah Index 302

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Book SynopsisThe Early Earth: Accretion and Differentiation provides a multidisciplinary overview of the state of the art in understanding the formation and primordial evolution of the Earth. The fundamental structure of the Earth as we know it today was inherited from the initial conditions 4.56 billion years ago as a consequence of planetesimal accretion, large impacts among planetary objects, and planetary-scale differentiation. The evolution of the Earth from a molten ball of metal and magma to the tectonically active, dynamic, habitable planet that we know today is unique among the terrestrial planets, and understanding the earliest processes that led to Earth's current state is the essence of this volume. Important results have emerged from a wide range of disciplines including cosmochemistry, geochemistry, experimental petrology, experimental and theoretical mineral physics and geodynamics. The topics in this volume include: Condensation of primitive objects in Trade Review"This book reviews our current understanding of the fundamental processes, which took a cloud of gas and dust in the solar nebula to the highly differentiated worl we know in a relatively short period of time (probably less than 100 million years, or about 2% of the age of the solar system).""The papers follow a standard scientific research style - clear, but terse and to the point with frequent use of acronyms, and an expectation of considerable subject matter knowledge from the reader."William R. Green (05/09/2016)Table of ContentsContributors Preface Acknowledgements1. Timing of nebula processes which shaped the precursors of the terrestrial planets Marc Chaussidon and Ming-Chang Liu 2. The Earth’s building blocks Frédéric Moynier and Bruce Fegley, Jr. 3. Earth and Terrestrial Planet FormationSeth A. Jacobson, Kevin J. Walsh 4. Late Accretion and the Late VeneerAlessandro Morbidelli and Bernard J. Wood5. Early differentiation and core formation: processes and timescalesFrancis Nimmo and Thorsten Kleine 6. An experimental geochemistry perspective on Earth's core formationJulien Siebert and Anat Shahar 7. Thermal state and evolution of the Earth core and deep mantleStéphane Labrosse, John W. Hernlund, and Kei Hirose 8. Early Differentiation and its Long Term Consequences for Earth Evolution Richard W. Carlson, Maud Boyet, Jonathan O’Neil, Hanika Rizo and Richard J. WalkerIndex

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Book SynopsisDespite of many years of studies, predicting fluid flow, heat, and chemical transport in fractured-porous media remains a challenge for scientists and engineers worldwide. This monograph is the third in a series on the dynamics of fluids and transport in fractured rock published by the American Geophysical Union (Geophysical Monograph Series, Vol. 162, 2005; and Geophysical Monograph, No. 122, 2000). This monograph is dedicated to the late Dr. Paul Witherspoon for his seminal influence on the development of ideas and methodologies and the birth of contemporary fractured rock hydrogeology, including such fundamental and applied problems as environmental remediation; exploitation of oil, gas, and geothermal resources; disposal of spent nuclear fuel; and geotechnical engineering. This monograph addresses fundamental and applied scientific questions and is intended to assist scientists and practitioners bridge gaps in the current scientific knowledge in the areas of theoretical fluids dTrade Review"The topics are covered at a high level, with sufficient references to allow the reader to delve further into the subjects. The level is basic enough, meaning that while the practicing geophysicist will not benefit from the seismic characterization and microseismic chapters, the chapters on drilling and completions and other typically non-geophysical topics are very informative, making this volume a handy reference for any geophysicist involved with unconventionals and wanting to become more familiar with its engineering aspects" Dimitri Bevc, Houston, Texas on behalf of SEG’s The Leading EdgeTable of ContentsContributors vii Preface ix Introduction: Paul Witherspoon and the Birth of Contemporary Fractured Rock HydrogeologyR. Allan Freeze, Iraj Javandel, and Shlomo P. Neuman 1 1 A Complex Systems Approach to Describing Flow and Transport in Fractured-Porous MediaBoris Faybishenko, Sally M. Benson, John E. Gale, and Fred Molz 5 Part I: Methods of Field Measurements and Experiments 2 Fracture Flow and Underground Research Laboratories for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Physics ExperimentsJoseph S. Y. Wang and John A. Hudson 21 3 Permeability Structure of a Strike-Slip FaultKenzi Karasaki, Celia T. Onishi, and Junichi Goto 43 4 Feasibility of Long-Term Passive Monitoring of Deep Hydrogeology with Flowing Fluid Electric Conductivity Logging MethodPrabhakar Sharma, Chin-Fu Tsang, Christine Doughty, Auli Niemi, and Jacob Bensabat 53 Part II: Collective Behavior and Emergent Properties of Complex Fractured Rock Systems 5 Particle Swarms in FracturesEric Boomsma and Laura J. Pyrak-Nolte 65 6 The Effect of Chemical Osmosis on Oil and Gas Production from Fractured Shale FormationsPerapon Fakcharoenphol, Basak Kurtoglu, Hossein Kazemi, Sarinya Charoenwongsa, and Yu-Shu Wu 85 7 An Experimental Investigation of Stress-Dependent Permeability and Permeability Hysteresis Behavior in Rock FracturesDa Huo and Sally M. Benson 99 8 Permeability of Partially Cemented FracturesMichael C. Tsenn 115 9 An Emergent Conductivity Relationship for Water Flow Based on Minimized Energy Dissipation: From Landscapes to Unsaturated SoilsHui-Hai Liu 129 10 Comparison of Simulated Flow in a Discrete Fracture Laboratory Sample Based on Measured Average and Spatially Varying Hydraulic ConductivityEunjeong Seok and John E. Gale 137 Part III: Connection to the Surrounding Environment 11 Fractures as Advective Conduits at the Earth-Atmosphere InterfaceMaria Inés Dragila, Uri Nachshon, and Noam Weisbrod 161 12 Quantifying Water Flow and Retention in an Unsaturated Fracture-Facial DomainJohn R. Nimmo and Siamak Malek-Mohammadi 169 Part IV: Multidisciplinary Research for Different Applications 13 Plutonium Transport in Soil and Plants: An Interdisciplinary Study Motivated by Lysimeter Experiments at the Savannah River SiteFred Molz, Inci Demirkanli, Shannon Thompson, Dan Kaplan, and Brian Powell 183 14 Experimental and Modeling Studies of Episodic Air-Water Two-Phase Flow in Fractures and Fracture NetworksThomas Wood and Hai Huang 209 15 Simulation of THM Processes in Fractured ReservoirsPhilip H. Winterfeld and Yu-Shu Wu 229 Index 243

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Book SynopsisSubduction dynamics has been actively studied through seismology, mineral physics, and laboratory and numerical experiments.Understanding the dynamics of the subducting slab is critical to a better understanding of the primary societally relevant natural hazards emerging from our planetary interior, the megathrust earthquakes and consequent tsunamis. Subduction Dynamics is the result of a meeting that was held between August 19 and 22, 2012 on Jeju island, South Korea, where about fifty researchers from East Asia, North America and Europe met. Chapters treat diverse topics ranging from the response of the ionosphere to earthquake and tsunamis, to the origin of mid-continental volcanism thousands kilometers distant from the subduction zone, from the mysterious deep earthquakes triggered in the interior of the descending slabs, to the detailed pattern of accretionary wedges in convergent zones, from the induced mantle flow in the deep mantle, to the nature of the paradigTable of ContentsContributors vii Introduction: The Impact of Subduction Dynamics on Mantle Flow, Continental Tectonics, and Seismic HazardGabriele Morra, David A. Yuen, Scott D. King, Sang-Mook Lee, and Seth Stein 1 1 Evidence from Caustic Waveform Modeling for Long Slab Thickening above the 660-km Discontinuity under Northeast Asia: Dynamic ImplicationsJuan Li, Nicola Tosi, Petra Maierová, and David A. Yuen 5 2 The Continental Collision Process Deduced from the Metamorphic Pattern in the Dabie Hongseong and Himalayan Collision BeltsChang Whan Oh 19 3 A New Tectonic Model for the Genesis of Adakitic Arc Magmatism in Cretaceous East AsiaChangyeol Lee and In-Chang Ryu 69 4 Incoming Plate Variations along the Northern Manila Trench: Implications for Seafloor Morphology and SeismicityChuanxu Chen, Shiguo Wu, Jin Qian, Changlei Zhao, and Lingmin Cao 81 5 Source of the Cenozoic Volcanism in Central AsiaGabriele Morra, David A. Yuen, Sang-Mook Lee, and Siqi Zhang 97 6 Influence of Variable Thermal Expansivity and Conductivity on Deep SubductionNicola Tosi, Petra Maierová, and David A. Yuen 115 7 Slab]driven Mantle Weakening and Rapid Mantle FlowM. A. Jadamec 135 8 Influence on Earthquake Distributions in Slabs from Bimaterial Shear HeatingByung-Dal So and David A. Yuen 157 9 The Seismology of the Planet Mongo: The 2015 Ionospheric Seismology ReviewGiovanni Occhipinti 169 10 Why We Need a New Paradigm of Earthquake OccurrenceRobert J. Geller, Francesco Mulargia, and Philip B. Stark 183 Index 193

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Book SynopsisThe Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS), focus of this special publication, is a prolific hydrocarbon region and both exploration and production activity remains high to this day with a positive production outlook. A key element today and in the future is to couple technological developments to improving our understanding of specific geological situations. The theme of the publication reflects the immense efforts made by all industry operators and their academic partners on the NCS to understand in detail the structural setting, sedimentology and stratigraphy of the hydrocarbon bearing units and their source and seal. The papers cover a wide spectrum of depositional environments ranging from alluvial fans to deepwater fans, in almost every climate type from arid through humid to glacial, and in a variety of tectonic settings. Special attention is given to the integration of both analogue studies and process-based models with the insights gained from extensive subsurface datasets.Table of ContentsPreface vii Dedication to John Gjelberg, Michael Talbot and Trevor Elliott xi Generic autogenic behaviour in fluvial systems: lessons from experimental studies 1G. Postma Climatic and tectonic controls on Triassic dryland terminal fluvial system architecture, central North Sea 19T. McKie Late Triassic to Early Jurassic climatic change, northern North Sea region: impact on alluvial architecture, palaeosols and clay mineralogy 59J.P. Nystuen, A.V. Kjemperud, R. Müller, V. Adestål and E.R. Schomacker Applying accommodation versus sediment supply ratio concepts to stratigraphic analysis and zonation of a fluvial reservoir 101A.W. Martinius, C. Elfenbein and K.J. Keogh Investigating the autogenic process response to allogenic forcing: experimental geomorphology and stratigraphy 127W. Kim, A. Petter, K. Straub and D. Mohrig The autostratigraphic view of responses of river deltas to external forcing: a review of the concepts 139T. Muto and R.J. Steel Autogenic process change in modern deltas: lessons for the ancient 149C. Olariu Morphodynamic modelling of wave reworking of an alluvial delta and application of results in the standard reservoir modelling workflow 167M.M. Hillen, N. Geleynse, J.E.A. Storms, D.J.R. Walstra and R.M. Groenenberg Sedimentation at the Jurassic–Triassic boundary, south-west Barents Sea: indication of climate change 187A. Ryseth Halten Terrace Lower and Middle Jurassic inter-rift megasequence analysis: megasequence structure, sedimentary architecture and controlling parameters 215R. Ravnås, K. Berge, H. Campbell, C. Harvey and M. Norton Updated depositional and stratigraphic model of the Lower Jurassic Åre Formation, Heidrun Field, Norway 253C. Thrana, A. Næss, S. Leary, S. Gowland, M. Brekken and A. Taylor Depositional dynamics and sequence development in a tidally influenced marginal marine basin: Early Jurassic Neill Klinter Group, Jameson Land Basin, East Greenland 291J.M. Ahokas, J.P. Nystuen and A.W. Martinius Eustatic, tectonic and climatic controls on an early syn-rift mixed-energy delta, Tilje Formation (Early Jurassic, Smørbukk field, offshore mid-Norway) 339A.A. Ichaso and R.W. Dalrymple Tectonic influence on the Jurassic sedimentary architecture in the northern North Sea with focus on the Brent Group 389A. Folkestad, T. Odinsen, H. Fossen and M.A. Pearce Mesozoic and Cenozoic basin configurations in the North Sea 417E.M. Jarsve, J.I. Faleide, R.H. Gabrielsen and J.P. Nystuen 3D forward modelling of the impact of sediment transport and base level cycles on continental margins and incised valleys 453D. Granjeon Tectonic control on sedimentation, erosion and redeposition of Upper Jurassic sandstones, Central Graben, North Sea 473J.P. Wonham, I. Rodwell, T. Lein-Mathisen and M. Thomas The Garn Formation (Bajocian-Bathonian) in the Kristin Field, Halten Terrace: its origin, facies architecture and primary heterogeneity model 513C. Messina, W. Nemec, A.W. Martinius and C. Elfenbein Channel development in the chalk of the Tor Formation, North Sea: evidence of bottom current activity 551M. Gennaro and J.P. Wonham MassFLOW-3DTM as a simulation tool for turbidity currents: some preliminary results 587R. Basani, M. Janocko, M.J.B. Cartigny, E.W.M. Hansen and J.T. Eggenhuisen The Ormen Lange turbidite systems: sedimentary architectures and sequence structure of sandy slope fans in a sediment-starved basin 609R. Ravnås, A. Cook, K. Engenes, H. Germs, M. Grecula, J. Haga, C. Harvey and J.A. Maceachern Unravelling the nature of deep-marine sandstones through the linkage of seismic geomorphologies to sedimentary facies; the Hermod Fan, Norwegian North Sea 647B.K.L. Bryn and M.A. Ackers Index 677

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Book SynopsisDeep Earth: Physics and Chemistry of the Lower Mantle and Core highlights recent advances and the latest views of the deep Earth from theoretical, experimental, and observational approaches and offers insight into future research directions on the deep Earth. In recent years, we have just reached a stage where we can perform measurements at the conditions of the center part of the Earth using state-of-the-art techniques, and many reports on the physical and chemical properties of the deep Earth have come out very recently. Novel theoretical models have been complementary to this breakthrough. These new inputs enable us to compare directly with results of precise geophysical and geochemical observations. This volume highlights the recent significant advancements in our understanding of the deep Earth that have occurred as a result, including contributions from mineral/rock physics, geophysics, and geochemistry that relate to the topics of: I. Thermal structure of the loTable of ContentsContributors vii Preface ix Part I: Thermal Strucure of Deep Earth 1 1 Melting of Fe Alloys and the Thermal Structure of the CoreRebecca A. Fischer 3 2 Temperature of the Lower Mantle and Core Based on Ab Initio Mineral Physics DataTaku Tsuchiya, Kenji Kawai, Xianlong Wang, Hiroki Ichikawa, and Haruhiko Dekura 13 3 Heat Transfer in the Core and MantleAbby Kavner and Emma S. G. Rainey 31 4 Thermal State and Evolution of the Earth Core and Deep MantleStéphane Labrosse 43 Part II: Structures, Anisotropy, and Plasticity of Deep Earth Materials 55 5 Crystal Structures of Core MaterialsRazvan Caracas 57 6 Crystal Structures of Minerals in the Lower MantleJune K. Wicks and Thomas S. Duffy 69 7 Deformation of Core and Lower Mantle MaterialsSébastien Merkel and Patrick Cordier 89 8 Using Mineral Analogs to Understand the Deep EarthSimon A. T. Redfern 101 Part III: Physical Properties of Deep Interior 111 9 Ground Truth: Seismological Properties of the CoreGeorge Helffrich 113 10 Physical Properties of the Inner CoreDaniele Antonangeli 121 11 Physical Properties of the Outer CoreHidenori Terasaki 129 Part IV: Chemistry and Phase Relations of Deep Interior 143 12 The Composition of the Lower Mantle and CoreWilliam F. McDonough 145 13 Metal-Silicate Partitioning of Siderophile Elements and Core-Mantle Segregation Kevin Righter 161 14 Mechanisms and Geochemical Models of Core FormationDavid C. Rubie and Seth A. Jacobson 181 15 Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamics of Core MaterialsAndrew J. Campbell 191 16 Chemistry of Core-Mantle BoundaryJohn W. Hernlund 201 17 Phase Transition and Melting in the Deep Lower MantleKei Hirose 209 18 Chemistry of the Lower MantleDaniel J. Frost and Robert Myhill 225 19 Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamics of Lower Mantle MaterialsSusannah M. Dorfman 241 Part V: Volatiles in Deep Interior 253 20 Hydrogen in the Earth’s Core: Review of the Structural, Elastic, and Thermodynamic Properties of Iron-Hydrogen AlloysCaitlin A. Murphy 255 21 Stability of Hydrous Minerals and Water Reservoirs in the Deep Earth InteriorEiji Ohtani, Yohei Amaike, Seiji Kamada, Itaru Ohira, and Izumi Mashino 265 22 Carbon in the CoreBin Chen and Jie Li 277 Index 289

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive overview of relative fidelity preservation processing methods and their applications within the oil and gas sector. Four key principles for wide-frequency relative fidelity preservation processing are illustrated throughout the text. Seismic broadband acquisition is the basis for relative fidelity preservation processing and the influence of seismic acquisition on data processing is also analyzed. The methods and principles of Kirchhoff integral migration, one-way wave equation migration and reverse time migration are also introduced and illustrated clearly. Current research of relative amplitude preservation migration algorithms is introduced, and the corresponding numerical results are also shown. RTM (reverse time migration) imaging methods based on GPU/CPU systems for complicated structures are represented. This includes GPU/CPU high performance calculations and its application to seismic exploration, two-way wave extrapolation operator Table of ContentsPreface vii 1 Study on Method for Relative Fidelity Preservation of Seismic Data 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Discussion on Impact on Processing of High]resolution, High SNR for Seismic Acquisition and Observation Mode 3 1.3 Discussion on the Cause of Notching 11 1.4 Discussion of Impact on Processing of Relative Fidelity Preservation Seismic Data for Seismic Acquisition and Observation Mode 17 1.5 Comparison of Results of High]resolution, High SNR Processing and Relative Fidelity Preservation Processing 28 1.6 Elastic Wave Forward Modeling 30 1.7 Conclusions 33 References 34 2 Method and Principle for Seismic Migration and Imaging 37 2.1 Kirchhoff Integral Prestack Depth Migration 37 2.2 Amplitude Preservation Fourier Finite Difference Prestack Depth Migration Method 40 2.3 Reverse Time Migration 46 References 73 3 Study of Reverse Time Migration Method for Areas With Complicated Structures Based on the GPU/CPU System 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 The GPU/CPU High]performance Calculation and Its Application in Seismic Exploration 77 3.3 Study on the Two]way Wave Extrapolation Operator and Its Boundary Conditions 82 3.4 Study on the Imaging Condition and Low]frequency Noise Suppression Method 91 3.5 Study and Application of RTM Prestack Imaging Algorithm based on the GPU/CPU System 98 3.6 Conclusions 111 References 114 4 Study and Application of Velocity Model Building Method for the Areas with Complicated Structures 117 4.1 Introduction 117 4.2 Status Quo and the Development of the Velocity Model Building Method 118 4.3 Impacting Factors for the Velocity Model Building 120 4.4 Study and Application of the Seismic Velocity Model Building Method 128 4.5 Quality Monitoring and Accuracy Discussion of the Seismic Velocity Model Building 156 4.6 Velocity Analysis Method for Reverse Time Migration in Angle Domain 162 4.7 Study of the Full Waveform Inversion Method 172 References 180 5 Case Study 183 5.1 Application of 3D Prestack Reverse Time Migration in Subsalt Imaging 183 5.2 Application of High]density All]round Seismic Data Processing in the Carbonatite Region 210 5.3 Application of Seismic Imaging Method for Complicated Structures in the Tuha and Jiuquan Basins 258 5.4 Application of the Seismic Prestack Imaging Method in the Buried Hill Structural Zone in the Nanpu of Jidong Oilfield 303 References 329 Index 333

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Book SynopsisGlaciers are considered a key and an iconic indicator of climate change. The World Glacier Monitoring Service has noted that global alpine balance has been negative for 35 consecutive years. This highlights the dire future that alpine glaciers face. The goal of this volume is to tell the story, glacier by glacier, of response to climate change from 1984-2015. Of the 165 glaciers examined in 10 different alpine regions, 162 have retreated significantly. It is evident that the changes are significant, not happening at a glacial pace, and are profoundly affecting alpine regions. There is a consistent result that reverberates from mountain range to mountain range, which emphasizes that although regional glacier and climate feedbacks differ, global changes are driving the response. This book considers ten different glaciated regions around the individual glaciers, and offers a different tune to the same chorus of glacier volume loss in the face of climate change.Table of ContentsForeword xi 1 Alpine Glaciers: An Introduction 1 1.1 Glacier Observation Programs 1 1.2 Importance of Mountain Glaciers 3 1.3 Glacier Terminus Response to Climate Change 3 1.3.1 Equilibrium Response 3 1.3.2 Disequilibrium Response 4 1.3.3 Accumulation Zone Changes 4 1.3.4 Terminus Response Factors 4 1.4 Glacier Runoff 5 1.5 Climate Change and Impact of Runoff 5 References 7 2 Glacier Mass Balance 10 Overview 10 References 14 3 Juneau Icefield 16 Overview 16 3.1 Norris Glacier 19 3.2 Lemon Creek Glacier 20 3.3 Mendenhall Glacier 22 3.4 Herbert Glacier 23 3.5 Eagle Glacier 24 3.6 Gilkey Glacier 25 3.7 Antler Glacier 26 3.8 Field Glacier 28 3.9 Llewellyn Glacier 29 3.10 Tulsequah Glacier 30 3.11 Twin Glacier 31 3.12 Taku Glacier 35 References 37 4 Northern Patagonia Icefield region 38 Overview 38 4.1 Reichert Glacier 39 4.2 Gualas Glacier 41 4.3 San Rafael Glacier 43 4.4 San Quintín Glacier 43 4.5 Fraenkel Glacier 45 4.6 Benito Glacier 46 4.7 Acodado Glacier 47 4.8 Steffen Glacier 49 4.9 HPN4 Glacier 49 4.10 Colonia Glacier 51 4.11 Nef Glacier 53 4.12 Leones Glacier 54 4.13 Fiero Glacier 56 4.14 Grosse Glacier 56 4.15 Verde Glacier 57 References 59 5 South Georgia, Kerguelen, and Heard Islands 61 Overview 61 5.1 Twitcher Glacier 62 5.2 Herz Glacier 64 5.3 Weddel Glacier 64 5.4 Bertrab Glacier 65 5.5 Ross–Hindle Glacier 66 5.6 Heaney Glacier–Cook Glacier 66 5.7 Nordenskjold Glacier 67 5.8 Harker and Hamberg Glaciers 68 5.9 Neumayer Glacier 68 5.10 Konig Glacier 69 5.11 Purvis Glacier 71 5.12 Stephenson Glacier–Heard Island 72 5.13 Agassiz Glacier–Kerguelen Island 74 5.14 Ampere Glacier 75 5.15 Lapparent Glacier 75 5.16 Lake District 76 References 79 6 Svalbard: Hornsund Fjord region 80 Overview 80 6.1 South Coast of Hornsund 80 6.2 Eastern Hornsund Glacier change 83 6.3 North side of Hornsund 84 6.4 Sorkappland 85 References 87 7 NovayaZemlya 89 Overview 89 7.1 Kropotkina Glacier 89 7.2 Moshniy Glacier 90 7.3 Vilkitskogo Glacier 91 7.4 Krivosheina Glacier 94 7.5 Nizkiy Glacier 95 7.6 Glazova Glacier 95 7.7 Krayniy Glacier 96 7.8 Taisija Glacier 98 7.9 Chernysheva Glacier 98 7.10 Borzova Glacier 99 7.11 Mack and Velkena Glaciers 99 References 100 8 North Cascade Range, Washington USA 101 Overview 101 8.1 Skykomish River Basin 102 8.1.1 Lynch Glacier 102 8.1.2 Hinman Glacier 103 8.1.3 Foss Glacier 105 8.1.4 Columbia Glacier 105 8.1.5 Skykomish Streamflow Impact 107 8.2 Mount Baker and Nooksack River 108 8.2.1 Sholes Glacier 2013 109 8.2.2 Rainbow Glacier 110 8.2.3 Roosevelt Glacier 113 8.2.4 Coleman Glacier 115 8.2.5 Deming Glacier 116 8.2.6 Easton Glacier 119 8.2.7 Boulder Glacier 120 8.3 Glacier Runoff Impact 121 References 126 9 Interior Ranges, British Columbia/Alberta 129 Overview 129 9.1 Yoho Glacier 130 9.2 Des Poilus Glacier 132 9.3 Waputik Icefield–Daly Glacier 133 9.4 Cummins Glacier 134 9.5 Apex Glacier 136 9.6 Shackleton Glacier 136 9.7 Columbia Glacier 136 9.8 Freshfield Glacier 139 9.9 Lyell Icefield–Mons Icefield 139 9.10 Haworth Glacier 139 9.11 Sir Sandford Glacier 144 9.12 Dismal Glacier 144 9.13 Illecillewaet Icefield 145 9.14 Deville Icefield 146 9.15 Conrad Icefield 147 9.16 Vowell Glacier 149 References 151 10 Himalaya 152 Overview 152 10.1 Middle Lhonak Glacier 154 10.2 South Lhonak Glacier 155 10.3 North Lhonak Glacier 156 10.4 East Langpo Glacier 156 10.5 Changsang Glacier 156 10.6 Zemu Glacier 157 10.7 Kaer Glacier 160 10.8 Longbashaba Glacier 160 10.9 Zhizhai Glacier 161 10.10 Jimi Glacier 161 10.11 Yindapu Glacier 162 10.12 Gelhaipuco Glacier 163 10.13 Qangzonkco Glacier 163 10.14 Nobuk Glacier 165 10.15 Nangama Pokhari 166 10.16 Kanchenjunga Glacier 166 References 169 11 New Zealand 171 Overview 171 11.1 Mueller Glacier 171 11.2 Hooker Glacier 173 11.3 Tasman Glacier 174 11.4 Murchison Glacier 174 11.5 Douglas Neve 176 11.6 La Perouse Glacier 177 11.7 Balfour Glacier 180 11.8 Fox Glacier 181 11.9 Franz Josef Glacier 181 11.10 Classen Glacier 183 11.11 Godley Glacier 184 11.12 Lyell Glacier 184 References 185 12 Alps: Mont Blanc–Matterhorn Transect 187 Overview 187 12.1 Mer De Glace 188 12.2 Glacier d’Argentiere 190 12.3 Tour de Glacier 191 12.4 Trient Glacier 192 12.5 Saleina Glacier 194 12.6 Bossons Glacier 194 12.7 Taconnaz Glacier 195 12.8 Bionnassay Glacier 195 12.9 Otemma Glacier 196 12.10 Breney Glacier 197 12.11 Gietro Glacier 198 12.12 Corbassière Glacier 198 12.13 Glacier du Mont Miné 198 12.14 Ferpécle Glacier 200 12.15 Gornergletscher 202 12.16 Findelengletscher 203 12.17 Theodulgletscher 204 12.18 Lex Blanche Glacier 206 12.19 Miage Glacier 208 12.20 Brouillard Glacier 208 12.21 Freney Glacier 208 References 209 13 Alpine Glacier Change Summary 211 References 212 Index 215

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Book SynopsisAn introduction to the microbiology of bioaerosols and their impact on the world in which we live The microbiology of aerosols is an emerging field of research that lies at the interface of a variety of scientific and health-related disciplines. This eye-opening book synthesizes the current knowledge about microorganismsbacteria, archaea, fungi, virusesthat are aloft in the atmosphere. The book is written collaboratively by an interdisciplinary and international panel of experts and carefully edited to provide a high-level overview of the emerging field of aerobiology. Four sections within Microbiology of Aerosols present the classical and online methods used for sampling and characterizing airborne microorganisms, their emission sources and short- to long-distance dispersal, their influence on atmospheric processes and clouds, and their consequences for human health and agro-ecosystems. Practical considerations are also discussed, including sampling techniques, an overview of the qTable of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xv Hunting fog xvii It all happens up there … xix Cela se passe là-haut … xxi Part I Bioaerosols, Sampling, and Characterization 1 1.1 Main Biological Aerosols, Specificities, Abundance, and Diversity 3P. Amato, E. Brisebois, M. Draghi, C. Duchaine, J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J.A. Huffman, G. Mainelis, E. Robine and M. Thibaudon 1.1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.2 Pollen 4 1.1.3 Fungi 5 1.1.4 Bacteria 7 1.1.5 Archaea 9 1.1.6 Viruses 10 References 11 1.2 Sampling Techniques 23P. Amato, E. Brisebois, M. Draghi, C. Duchaine, J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J.A. Huffman, G. Mainelis, E. Robine and M. Thibaudon 1.2.1 Introduction 23 1.2.2 Passive and surface sampling 24 1.2.3 Filtration 25 1.2.4 Inertia-based samplers: sedimentation samplers, impactors, cyclones 28 1.2.4.1 Sedimentation samplers 28 1.2.4.2 Impactors 28 1.2.4.3 Centrifugal impactors 33 1.2.5 Impingement 34 1.2.6 Electrostatic sampling 36 1.2.6.1 Electrostatic samplers for improved detection sensitivity 37 1.2.6.2 Personal or portable samplers 38 1.2.6.3 Utilization of native microorganism charges 39 1.2.6.4 Concerns regarding electrostatic collectors 39 References 40 1.3 Quantification and Characterization of Bioaerosols (offline techniques) 49J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, P. Amato, P. Renard, E. Brisebois and C. Duchaine 1.3.1 Cultures and metabolic/phenotypic characterization of microbial isolates 49 1.3.2 Microscopy and flow cytometry 53 1.3.2.1 Light microscopy 53 1.3.2.2 Epifluorescence microscopy 54 1.3.2.3 Electron microscopy 55 1.3.2.4 Flow cytometry 56 1.3.3 Nucleic acid-based methods 56 1.3.3.1 DNA extraction and amplification 56 1.3.3.2 Quantification 57 1.3.3.3 Analysis of the diversity 58 1.3.3.4 Sequencing 59 1.3.3.5 Microarrays 60 1.3.4 Chemical and biological tracers 60 1.3.4.1 Biomarkers 61 1.3.4.2 Ice nucleation activity 62 1.3.4.3 Mass spectrometry 63 1.3.4.4 Spectroscopy 64 1.3.4.5 Immunoassay method 65 1.3.5 Biological activity-based methods 65 1.3.5.1 Supplementation with nutrients 65 1.3.5.2 Supplementation with radiolabeled precursors of anabolism 65 1.3.5.3 Enzymatic activity 66 1.3.5.4 Adenosine 5′-triphosphate 66 1.3.5.5 Virus infectivity 67 References 67 1.4 Online Techniques for Quantification and Characterization of Biological Aerosols 83J.A. Huffman and J. Santarpia 1.4.1 Introduction 83 1.4.2 Single-particle fluorescence spectroscopy 84 1.4.2.1 Single-particle fluorescence spectrometer 86 1.4.2.2 Two-wavelength single-particle fluorescence analyzer 87 1.4.2.3 Fluorescence aerodynamic particle sizer (FLAPS)/ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer (UV-APS) 88 1.4.2.4 Wideband integrated bioaerosol sensor (WIBS+) and spectral intensity bioaerosol sensor (SIBS) 90 1.4.2.5 Other 93 1.4.2.6 Data analysis strategies 94 1.4.3 Bioaerosol mass spectrometry 94 1.4.3.1 Bioaerosol mass spectrometry (BAMS) 96 1.4.3.2 Aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) 96 1.4.3.3 Aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) 97 1.4.3.4 Other 97 1.4.4 Other real-time bioaerosol detection techniques 97 1.4.4.1 Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) 97 1.4.4.2 Resource Effective Bioidentification System (REBS) 97 1.4.4.3 Molecular tracer techniques 98 1.4.4.4 PBAP detection via elemental analysis 98 1.4.4.5 Automated pollen counting 98 Acknowledgments 99 References 99 Part II Sources and Transport of Microbial Aerosols 115 2.1 Bioaerosol Sources 117N. Wéry, A. Galès and Y. Brunet 2.1.1 Introduction 117 2.1.2 Emission mechanisms 119 2.1.2.1 Passive and active release 119 2.1.2.2 Erosion, abrasive dislodgment, and abrasive damage 120 2.1.2.3 Bubble bursting 121 2.1.2.4 Emissions from man-made systems 121 2.1.2.5 Differences in concentration factors between microorganisms: selection during aerosolization 122 2.1.3 Measuring emission fluxes 123 2.1.3.1 Introduction 123 2.1.3.2 Chamber measurements 123 2.1.3.3 Flux–gradient relationships 124 2.1.3.4 A novel method for measuring vertical atmospheric fluxes? 125 2.1.3.5 Downwind dispersion modelling 125 2.1.3.6 Conclusion 126 2.1.4 Impact of aerosol sources on the concentration and diversity of airborne microbial communities in the near-surface atmosphere 126 2.1.4.1 Effect of source type on microbial loads 126 2.1.4.2 Effect of source type on microbial diversity 127 2.1.4.3 Impact of meteorological factors on source contribution 128 2.1.5 Identifying predictors of bioaerosol emission and airborne community composition 129 2.1.5.1 Predictors of airborne community composition 129 2.1.5.2 Indicators for monitoring bioaerosol emission 129 2.1.6 Conclusion 130 References 131 2.2 Short-Scale Transport of Bioaerosols 137Y. Brunet, N. Wéry and A. Galès 2.2.1 Introduction 137 2.2.2 Particle dynamics and deposition processes 138 2.2.3 Transport processes and dispersal scales 140 2.2.4 Survival of microorganisms during transport 142 2.2.5 Modeling tools for the transport of microbial aerosols 143 2.2.5.1 Gaussian approaches 143 2.2.5.2 Modeling dispersal in plant canopies 144 2.2.5.3 Toward larger scales 145 2.2.5.4 Modeling the survival of airborne microorganisms 146 2.2.6 Dispersal patterns 147 2.2.6.1 Release conditions 147 2.2.6.2 Concentration variations downwind from sources 147 2.2.6.3 Landscape-scale patterns 148 2.2.7 Conclusion 149 References 149 2.3 Global-Scale Atmospheric Dispersion of Microorganisms 155D.W. Griffin, C. Gonzalez-Martin, C. Hoose and D.J. Smith 2.3.1 Historical context 155 2.3.2 Mechanisms of dispersion 156 2.3.2.1 Natural sources 156 2.3.2.2 Anthropogenic sources 159 2.3.3 Microorganisms associated with long-range dispersion 161 2.3.3.1 Ubiquity 161 2.3.3.3 Long-range transport studies by method type 165 2.3.4 Residence time, transport history, and emission models 167 2.3.4.1 General principles 167 2.3.4.2 Global and regional models including biological aerosols 168 2.3.4.3 Determining transport history with proxy aerosols 172 2.3.5 Implications for planetary exploration 174 2.3.5.1 Aerobiology informs astrobiology 174 Acknowledgments 178 References 178 Part III Impacts of Microbial Aerosols on Atmospheric Processes 195 3.1 Impacts of Bioaerosols on Atmospheric Ice Nucleation Processes 197T.C.J. Hill, P.J. DeMott, F. Conen and O. Möhler 3.1.1 Introduction 197 3.1.2 Measurements of ice-nucleating particles 199 3.1.2.1 Online and offline measurements of single ice-nucleating particles using diffusion chambers 199 3.1.2.2 Offline ice-nucleating particle measurements using bulk aerosol and precipitation samples 200 3.1.2.3 Cloud simulation laboratories 201 3.1.2.4 Contact freezing measurements 202 3.1.2.5 Compositional analyses of ice-nucleating particles 203 3.1.3 Findings from laboratory experiments, field collections, and field studies 203 3.1.4 Atmospheric implications 207 3.1.4.1 Ecological advantages of ice nucleation and the bioprecipitation hypothesis 207 3.1.4.2 Correlation with precipitation cycles (stimulation of ice-nucleating particle release by rainfall?) 208 3.1.4.3 A special role for bioaerosols in secondary ice generation and precipitation formation? 209 3.1.5 Conclusion and future needs 210 References 210 3.2 Impacts on Cloud Chemistry 221A.-M. Delort, L. Deguillaume, P. Renard, V. Vinatier, I. Canet, M. Vaïtilingom and N. Chaumerliac 3.2.1 Introduction 221 3.2.2 Chemical composition of clouds 222 3.2.3 Clouds as oxidative reactors 225 3.2.4 Clouds as spaces of biodegradation 227 3.2.4.1 Biotransformation of carboxylic acids, methanol, and formaldehyde 228 3.2.4.2 Comparison between biodegradation and radical chemistry 230 3.2.5 Interactions with cloud oxidants 232 3.2.5.1 Interactions with reactive oxidant species 232 3.2.5.2 Interactions with iron 233 3.2.6 Clouds as spaces of organic compound functionalization 235 3.2.6.1 Formation of high molecular weight compounds via chemical reactions 235 3.2.6.2 Formation of high molecular weight compounds via microbial activity 236 3.2.7 Conclusion 238 References 239 Part IV Impacts of Bioaerosols on Human Health and the Environment 249 4.1 Health Impacts of Bioaerosol Exposure 251P. Blais Lecours, C. Duchaine, M. Thibaudon and D. Marsolais 4.1.1 Introduction 251 4.1.2 Hazardous potential of bioaerosols 251 4.1.2.1 Factors affecting the hazardous potential of bioaerosols 251 4.1.2.2 Epidemiological data in documented environments 252 4.1.3 Infectious diseases associated with bioaerosols 253 4.1.3.1 Identification of agents with infectious potential in bioaerosols 253 4.1.3.2 Determinants of maintenance of infectious potential in bioaerosols 254 4.1.4 Toxic and hypersensitivity disease-associated bioaerosols 254 4.1.4.1 Balance of biological mechanisms determining toxic reactions and hypersensitivity 254 4.1.4.2 Airborne agents responsible for immunogenic responses 254 4.1.4.3 Pollen grain and fungal spore surveillance 255 4.1.4.4 Diseases associated with non-infectious culturable and non-culturable fractions 256 4.1.5 Biological agents used for bioterrorism 258 4.1.5.1 Bioterrorism 258 4.1.5.2 Classification of bioterrorism agents 259 4.1.5.3 Point detection of biological agents and exposure limit values of bioaerosols 263 4.1.6 Conclusion 263 References 263 4.2 Impacts of Microbial Aerosols on Natural and Agro-ecosystems: Immigration, Invasions, and their Consequences 269C.E. Morris and D.C. Sands 4.2.1 Introduction 269 4.2.2 Colonization of virgin and extreme habitats 270 4.2.2.1 The emergence of terrestrial eukaryotes 270 4.2.2.2 Modern rebirth of pristine land: colonization in the wake of volcanic eruptions 270 4.2.2.3 The conquest of rocks: weathering and the liberation of mineral nutrients 272 4.2.2.4 Colonization of sculpted and painted rocks: deterioration of cultural heritage 273 4.2.2.5 High-altitude/latitude environments 273 4.2.3 Invasion of agriculture 274 4.2.4 Opportunities for research 276 References 277 Index 281

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Book SynopsisMethods and techniques for monitoring subsurface carbon dioxide storage Storing carbon dioxide in underground geological formations is emerging as a promising technology to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. A range of geophysical techniques can be deployed to remotely track carbon dioxide plumes and monitor changes in the subsurface, which is critical for ensuring for safe, long-term storage. Geophysical Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Storage provides a comprehensive review of different geophysical techniques currently in use and being developed, assessing their advantages and limitations. Volume highlights include: Geodetic and surface monitoring techniquesSubsurface monitoring using seismic techniquesSubsurface monitoring using non-seismic techniquesCase studies of geophysical monitoring at different geologic carbon storage sites The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminatTable of ContentsList of Contributors vii Preface xi 1 Evaluating Different Geophysical Monitoring Techniques for Geological Carbon StorageLianjie Huang and Xianjin Yang 1 Part I Geodetic and Surface Monitoring 2 Geodetic Monitoring of the Geological Storage of Greenhouse Gas EmissionsDonald Vasco, Alessandro Ferretti, Alessio Rucci, Giacomo Falorni, Sergey Samsonov, Don White, and Magdalena Czarnogorska 11 3 Surface Monitoring, Verification, and Accounting (MVA) for Geologic Sequestration StorageSamuel Clegg, Kristy Nowak-Lovato, Robert Currier, Julianna Fessenden, and Ronald Martinez 29 Part II Subsurface Seismic Monitoring 4 Optimal Design of Microseismic Monitoring Network for Cost-Effective Monitoring of Geologic Carbon StorageTing Chen and Lianjie Huang 43 5 Seismic Response of Fractured Sandstone During Geological Sequestration of CO2: Laboratory Measurements at Mid (Sonic) Frequencies and X-Ray CT Fluid Phase VisualizationSeiji Nakagawa and Timothy Kneafsey 53 6 Dynamic Moduli and Attenuation: Rhyolite and Carbonate ExamplesDaniel Delaney, Christopher Purcell, Alan Mur, Igor Haljasmaa, Yee Soong, Dustin Crandall, and William Harbert 73 7 Elastic-Wave Sensitivity Propagation for Optimal Time-Lapse Seismic Survey DesignKai Gao, Huseyin Denli, Xuefeng Shang, and Lianjie Huang 93 8 Time-Lapse Offset VSP Monitoring at the Aneth CO2-EOR FieldZhifu Zhang and Lianjie Huang 125 9 Reverse Time Migration of Time-Lapse Walkaway VSP Data for Monitoring CO2 Injection at the SACROC CO2-EOR FieldYi Wang, Hui Huang, and Lianjie Huang 145 10 Least-Squares Reverse-Time Migration for Reservoir Imaging at the Cranfield CO2-EOR FieldSirui Tan, Lianjie Huang, and Thomas M. Daley 155 11 Quantifying Changes of Subsurface Geophysical Properties Using Double-Difference Seismic-Waveform InversionYouzuo Lin, Zhigang Zhang, and Lianjie Huang 167 12 Multicomponent Seismic Data and Joint InversionBryan DeVault, Vincent Clochard, Lee H. Spangler, and David W. Bowen 179 13 Tracking Subsurface Supercritical CO2 Using Advanced Reflection Seismic and Well Log-Based Workflows Incorporating Fluid Density and Pore Pressure Effects: Relevance to Reservoir Monitoring and CO2 EORAlan Mur, Thomas M. Daley, and William Harbert 197 Part III Subsurface Nonseismic Monitoring 14 Monitoring Carbon Storage Sites With Time-Lapse Gravity SurveysDelphine Appriou and Alain Bonneville 213 15 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electromagnetic Techniques for CO2 MonitoringErika Gasperikova and H. Frank Morrison 233 16 Monitoring Geologic Carbon Sequestration Using Electrical Resistivity TomographyXianjin Yang and Charles Carrigan 255 17 Monitoring of Large-Scale CO2 Injection Using CSEM, Gravimetric, and Seismic AVO DataSvenn Tveit and Trond Mannseth 273 18 Self-Potential Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Dioxide StorageYuji Nishi and Tuneo Ishido 303 Part IV Case Studies of Geophysical Monitoring 19 Microseismic Monitoring, Event Location, and Focal Mechanisms at the Illinois Basin-Decatur Project, Decatur, Illinois, USARobert A. Bauer, Robert Will, George El-Kaseeh, Paul Jaques, Sallie Greenberg, and Michael Carney 323 20 Associated Storage With Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Large-Scale Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Demonstration in Farnsworth, Texas, USARobert Balch and Brian McPherson 343 21 Testing Geophysical Methods for Assessing CO2 Migration at the SECARB Early Test, Cranfield, Mississippi, USASusan D. Hovorka 361 22 Toward Quantitative CO2 Monitoring at Sleipner, NorwayAnouar Romdhane, Bastien Dupuy, Etor Querendez, and Peder Eliasson 383 23 Geophysical Monitoring of CO2 Injection at Ketzin, GermanyPeter Bergmann, Magdalena Diersch, Julia Gotz, Monika Ivandic, Alexandra Ivanova, Christopher Juhlin, Juliane Kummerow, Axel Liebscher, Stefan Lüth, Sjef Meekes, Ben Norden, Cornelia Schmidt-Hattenberger, Florian Wagner, and Fengjiao Zhang 403 24 Geophysical Monitoring Techniques: Current Status and Future DirectionsLianjie Huang and Xianjin Yang 439 Index 441

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Book SynopsisTidal deposits have been a specific research topic for about 40 years, and whilst this has resulted in a proliferation of papers in scientific journals, there have only been a few book-length syntheses. Over the years, tidal sedimentology has been reinforced by fluid mechanics and numerical modelling but has remained rooted in facies and stratigraphic studies. Recent developments in tidal sedimentology lean toward a more quantitative assessment of the imprint of tides in the facies record of intertidal and shallow subtidal areas. They highlight the increasing relevance of tidal deposits studies, from high resolution subsurface reservoir geology to climate change and sea-level rise. This volume gathers 17 contributions to the Tidalites 2012 congress held in Caen, France. It reflects current advances in the sedimentology and stratigraphy of tidal deposits, in both ancient and modern environments. It shows the current diversity of this field of research, through a wide spectrum of methodsTable of ContentsList of Contributors vii Contributions to Modern and Ancient Tidal Sedimentology: an introduction to the volume 1Bernadette Tessier and Jean-Yves Reynaud Hydrodynamic modelling of salinity variations in a semi‐engineered mangrove wetland: The microtidal Frog Creek System, Florida 5Jicai Zhang, Dongdong Chu, Ping Wang, Joseph Hughes and Jun Cheng Temporal changes in river‐mouth bars from L‐band SAR images : A case study in the Mekong River delta, South Vietnam 21Akiko Tanaka, Katsuto Uehara, Toru Tamura, Yoshiki Saito, Van Lap Nguyen and Thi Kim Oanh Ta Does the Ichnogis method work? A test of prediction performance in a microtidal environment: The Mula di Muggia (Northern Adriatic, Italy) 35Andrea Baucon and Fabrizio Felletti Suspended sediment dynamics induced by the passage of a tidal bore in an upper estuary 61Lucille Furgerot, Pierre Weill, Dominique Mouazé and Bernadette Tessier Morphodynamics and sedimentary facies in a tidal‐fluvial transition with tidal bores (the middle Qiantang Estuary, China) 75Daidu Fan, Junbiao Tu, Shuai Shang, Lingling Chen and Yue Zhang Tidal‐bore deposits in incised valleys, Albian, SW Iberian Ranges, Spain 93Manuela Chamizo‐Borreguero, Nieves Meléndez and Poppe L. de Boer The Graafwater Formation, Lower Table Mountain Group, Ordovician, South Africa: Re‐interpretation from a tide‐dominated and wave‐dominated depositional system to an alluvial fan/braidplain complex incorporating a number of tidal marine incursions 117Burghard W. Flemming Tidal versus continental sandy‐muddy flat deposits: Evidence from the Oncala Group (Early Cretaceous, N Spain) 133I. Emma Quijada, Pablo Suarez‐Gonzalez, M. Isabel Benito and Ramón Mas Do stromatolites need tides to trap ooids? Insights from a Cretaceous system of coastal-wetlands 161Pablo Suarez‐Gonzalez, I. Emma Quijada, M. Isabel Benito and Ramón Mas Angular and tangential toeset geometry in tidal cross‐strata: An additional feature of current‐modulated deposits 191Domenico Chiarella Hierarchy of tidal rhythmites from semidiurnal to solstitial cycles: Origin of inclined heterolithic stratifications (IHS) in tidal channels from the Dur At Talah Formation (upper Eocene, Sirte Basin, Libya) and a facies comparison with modern Mont‐Saint‐Michel Bay deposits (France) 203Jonathan Pelletier, Ashour Abouessa, Mathieu Schuster, Philippe Duringer and Jean‐Loup Rubino Cataclysmic burial of Pennsylvanian Period coal swamps in the Illinois Basin: Hypertidal sedimentation during Gondwanan glacial melt‐water pulses 217Allen W. Archer, Scott Elrick, W. John Nelson and William A. DiMichele Tidal ravinement surfaces in the Pleistocene macrotidal tide‐dominated Dong Nai estuary, southern Vietnam 233Toshiyuki Kitazawa and Naomi Murakoshi Tidally‐modulated infilling of a large coastal plain during the Holocene; the case of the French Flemish Coastal plain 243José Margotta, Alain Trentesaux and Nicolas Tribovillard Sedimentology of a transgressive mixedenergy (wave/tide‐dominated) estuary, Upper Devonian Geirud Formation (Alborz Basin, northern Iran) 261Mahmoud Sharafi, Sergio G. Longhitano, Asadollah Mahboubi, Reza Moussavi‐ Harami and Hosien Mosaddegh Sedimentary facies and Late Pleistocene‐ Holocene evolution of the northern Jiangsucoast and radial tidal ridge field, South Yellow Sea, China 293Yong Yin, Peihong Jia and Qing Li Facies, architecture and stratigraphic occurrence of headland‐attached tidal sand ridges in the Roda Formation, Northern Spain 313Kain J. Michaud and Robert W. Dalrymple Index 343

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Book SynopsisThe sinuous form and peculiar evolution of meandering rivers has long captured the imagination of people. Today, meandering rivers exist in some of the most densely populated areas in the World, where they provide environmental and economic wealth and opportunities, as well as posing hazards. Through geological time, the ancestors of these modern meanders built deposits that are now host to mineral resources, groundwater, and hydrocarbons. This Special Publication illustrates the breadth of current research on meandering rivers and their deposits. The collection of research papers demonstrates the state of science on fluvial processproduct relationships. The articles cover fundamental and applied studies of both modern and ancient rivers, are based on state-of-the-art technology, include complementary philosophical approaches, and span a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This book includes some of the most recent advances in the study of the morphodynamTrade Review“Provides an introduction to current ideas, a snapshot of active research, and pointers to future developments… Its technical content graces an already excellent series.” (Geoscientist, February 2020)Table of ContentsList of contributors vii Acknowledgements x Sedimentology of meandering river deposits: advances and challenges 1Massimiliano Ghinassi, Luca Colombera, Nigel P. Mountney and Arnold Jan H. Reesink Controls on the depositional architecture of fluvial point-bar elements in a coastal-plain succession 15Michelle N. Shiers, Nigel P. Mountney, David M. Hodgson and Luca Colombera Toggling between expansion and translation: The generation of a muddy-normal point bar with an earthquake imprint 47Shelby Johnston and John Holbrook Planform sinuosity of Proterozoic rivers: A craton to channel-reach perspective 81Alessandro Ielpi, Massimiliano Ghinassi,Robert H. Rainbird and Dario Ventra The shortage of geological evidence for pre-vegetation meandering rivers 119William J. McMahon and Neil S. Davies An exhumed fine-grained meandering channel in the lower Permian Clear Fork Formation, north-central Texas: Processes of mud accumulation and the role of vegetation in channel dynamics 149Sharane S.T. Simon, Martin R. Gibling,William A. DiMichele, Dan S. Chaney and Rebecca Koll Interpretation of cross strata formed by unit bars 173Arnold Jan H. Reesink Chute cutoffs in meandering rivers: formative mechanisms and hydrodynamic forcing 201Daniele P. Viero, Sergio Lopez Dubon and Stefano Lanzoni Predicting heterogeneity in meandering fluvial and tidal-fluvial deposits: The point bar to counter point bar transition 231Paul R. Durkin, Stephen M. Hubbard,Derald G. Smith and Dale A. Leckie Fill characteristics of abandoned channels and resulting stratigraphy of a mobile sand-bed river floodplain 251Arved Schwendel, Rolf Aalto,Andrew Nicholas and Daniel Parsons Characterising three-dimensional flow through neck cutoffs with complex planform geometry 273Derek Richards, Kory Konsoer, Christopher Turnipseed and Clinton Willson Hydro-sedimentological processes in meandering rivers: A review and some future research directions 297Koen Blanckaert Unsuccessful cut offs – origin and partial preservation of enigmatic channel fills encased within a large-scale point-bar deposit – The McMurray Formation type section, Alberta, Canada 321Milovan Fustic, Rudy Strobl, Massimiliano Ghinassi and Shuyu Zhang Modern and ancient amalgamated sandymeander-belt deposits: recognition and controls on development 349Adrian J. Hartley, Amanda Owen, Gary S. Weissmann and Louis Scuderi A novel approach for prediction of lithological heterogeneity in fluvial point-bar deposits from analysis of meander morphology and scroll-bar pattern 385Catherine E. Russell, Nigel P. Mountney, David M. Hodgson and Luca Colombera Reconstructing the architecture of ancient meander belts by compiling outcrop and subsurface data: A Triassic example 419César Viseras, Saturnina Henares, Luis Miguel Yeste and Fernando Garcia-Garcia Reconstruction of a sandy point-bar deposit: implications for fluvial facies analysis 445Alistair Swan, Adrian J. Hartley, Amanda Owen and John Howell Fluvial point-bar architecture and facies heterogeneity and their influence on intra-bar static connectivity in humid coastal-plain and dryland fan systems 475Na Yan, Luca Colombera, Nigel P. Mountney and Robert M. Dorrell Emergent facies patterns within fluvial channel belts 509Brian J. Willis and Richard P. Sech Quantifying impacts of fluvial intrachannel- belt heterogeneity on reservoir behaviour 543Brian J. Willis and Richard P. Sech Index 573

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Book SynopsisAn interdisciplinary study of the Kuroshio nutrient stream The surface water of the Kuroshio, a western boundary current in the North Pacific Ocean, is nutrient-depleted and has relatively low primary productivity, yet abundant fish populations are supported in the region. This is called the Kuroshio Paradox. Kuroshio Current: Physical, Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Dynamics presents research from a multidisciplinary team that conducted observational and modeling studies to investigate this contradiction. This timely and important contribution to the ocean sciences literature provides a comprehensive analysis of the Kuroshio. Volume highlights include: New insights into the role of the Kuroshio as a nutrient stream The first interdisciplinary examination of the Kuroshio Paradox Reflections on the influence of the Kuroshio on Japanese culture Research results on both the lower and higher trophic lTable of ContentsContributors vii Preface ix Section I: Introduction 1 The Kuroshio: Its Recognition, Scientific Activities and Emerging Issues 3Hiroaki Saito 2 The Research Advancements and Historical Episodes brought by the Kuroshio Flowing across Generations 13Takeyoshi Nagai, Kazuyuki Otsuka, and Hiroshi Nakano 3 The Gulf Nutrient Stream 23Josep L Pelegrí, Ignasi Valles‐Casanova, and Dorleta Orue‐Echevarría 4 On the Role of the Gulf Stream in the Changing Atlantic Nutrient Circulation During the 21st Century 51Daniel B Whitt Section II: Physical and Biogeochemical Dynamics 5 Structure and Impact of the Kuroshio Nutrient Stream 85Kosei Komatsu and Yutaka Hiroe 6 Multiscale Routes to Supply Nutrients Through the Kuroshio Nutrient Stream 105Takeyoshi Nagai, Sophie Clayton, and Yusuke Uchiyama 7 Contribution of Kuroshio Recirculation to Nutrient Transport Along the Kuroshio South of Japan: An Analysis of Model Results 127Xinyu Guo, Yingying Hu, and Yoshikazu Sasai 8 The Kuroshio‐Induced Nutrient Supply in the Shelf and Slope Region off the Southern Coast of Japan 137Hiroshi Kuroda 9 Progress of Studies on Kuroshio Path Variations South of Japan in the Past Decade 147Norihisa Usui 10 Island Mass Effect 163Daisuke Hasegawa 11 Impact of Ocean Physics on Marine Ecosystems in the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension Regions: A High‐Resolution Coupled Physical‐Biological Model Study 175Yoshikazu Sasai, Makio C Honda, Eko Siswanto, Sami Kato, Kazuyuki Uehara, Hideharu Sasaki, and Masami Nonaka Section III: Ecosystem Dynamics 12 Phytoplankton Distribution in the Kuroshio Region of the Southern East China Sea in Early Spring 191Toru Hasegawa, Satoshi Kitajima, and Yoko Kiyomoto 13 Spatial Variations in Community Structure of Haptophytes Across the Kuroshio Front in the Tokara Strait 207Hisashi Endo and Koji Suzuki 14 Variability in Taxonomic Composition, Standing Stock, and Productivity of the Plankton Community in the Kuroshio and its Neighboring Waters 223Toru Kobari, Yurie Kobari, Hiroomi Miyamoto, Yuji Okazaki, Gen Kume, Reo Kondo, and Akimasa Habano 15 Diverse Trophic Pathways from Zooplankton to Larval and Juvenile Fishes in the Kuroshio Ecosystem 245Yuji Okazaki, Hiroomi Miyamoto, Koji Suzuki, Hiroaki Saito, Kiyotaka Hidaka, and Tadafumi Ichikawa 16 Feeding Ecology of Chaetognath Flaccisagitta enflata in the Kuroshio Region, Western North Pacific 257Hiroomi Miyamoto, Dharmamony Vijai, Yuji Okazaki, and Hiroaki Saito 17 Reproduction and Early Life History of Mesopelagic Fishes in the Kuroshio Region: A Review of Recent Advances 273Chiyuki Sassa 18 Variability in Growth Rates of Japanese Jack Mackerel Trachurus japonicus Larvae and Juveniles in the East China Sea – Effects of Temperature and Prey Abundance 295Motomitsu Takahashi, Chiyuki Sassa, Kou Nishiuchi, and Youichi Tsukamoto Index 309

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Book SynopsisA rigorous mathematical problem-solving framework for analyzing the Earth's energy resources GeoEnergy encompasses the range of energy technologies and sources that interact with the geological subsurface. Fossil fuel availability studies have historically lacked concise modeling, tending instead toward heuristics and overly-complex processes.Mathematical GeoEnergy:Oil Discovery, Depletion and Renewaldetails leading-edge research based on a mathematically-oriented approach to geoenergy analysis. Volume highlights include: Applies a formal mathematical framework to oil discovery, depletion, and analysis Employs first-order applied physics modeling, decreasing computational resource requirements Illustrates model interpolation and extrapolation to fill out missing or indeterminate data Covers both stochastic and deterministic mathematical processes for historical analysis and prediction Emphasizes the Table of ContentsPreface vii 1. Introduction to Mathematical Geoenergy 1 2. Stochastic Modeling 5 Part I: Depletion 3. Fossil Fuel Depletion Modeling 13 4. Discovering Oil Reserves 17 5. Analysis of Production and the Shock Model .41 6. Characterizing Discovery, Production, and Reserve Growth 61 7. Comparing the Oil Production Model to Data 85 8. Alternative Characterization and Models 109 9. Models for Future Production 131 Part II: Renewal 10. Energy Transition: Applying Probabilities and Physics 157 11. Wind Energy 167 12. Wave Energy 179 13. Geophysical Energy 205 14. Thermal Energy: Diffusion and Heat Content 213 15. Latent Energy: Hydrological Cycle 225 16. Gravitational Potential Energy: Terrain and Topography 233 17. Solar Energy: Thermodynamic Balance 267 18. Geoenergy Conversion .273 19. Dissipative Energy: Resilience, Durability, and Reliability 291 20. Dispersed Energy: Particulates and Transport in the Environment 305 21. Electromagnetic Energy: Noise and Uncertainty .319 Epilogue 327 Appendix A: The Effect and Role of Feedback 329 Appendix B: Using Pipes and Flow to Compute Convolution 331 Appendix C: Dispersion Analogies 333 Appendix D: Regional Oil Discovery and Production Profiles 341 Appendix E: Compartment Models 343 Appendix F: US Reserve Growth 345 Appendix G: Table of Acronyms 349 Index 351a

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Book SynopsisAn introduction to geomagnetic storms and the hazards they pose at the Earth's surface Geomagnetic storms are a type of space weather event that can create Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) which, once they reach Earth's surface, can interfere with power grids and transport infrastructure. Understanding the characteristics and impacts of GICs requires scientific insights from solar physics, magnetospheric physics, aeronomy, and ionospheric physics, as well as geophysics and power engineering. Geomagnetically Induced Currents from the Sun to the Power Grid is a practical introduction for researchers and practitioners that provides tools and techniques from across these disciplines. Volume highlights include: Analysis of causes of geomagnetic storms that create GICsData and methods used to analyze and forecast GIC hazardGIC impacts on the infrastructure of the bulk power systemAnalysis techniques used in different areas of GIC researchNew methods to validate and predict GICs inTable of ContentsContributors vii Preface ix Part I: Space Weather 1. An Introduction to Geomagnetically Induced Currents 3Chigomezyo M. Ngwira and Antti A. Pulkkinen 2. Interpolating Geomagnetic Observations: Techniques and Comparisons 15E. Joshua Rigler, Robyn A. D. Fiori, Antti A. Pulkkinen, Michael Wiltberger, and Christopher Balch 3. Magnetohydrodynamic Models of B and Their Use in GIC Estimates 43Daniel Welling 4. Empirical Modeling of the Geomagnetic Field for GIC Predictions 67D. R. Weimer 5. Geoelectric Field Generation by Field‐Aligned Currents 79J. R. Woodroffe Part II: Geomagnetic Induction 6. Empirical Estimation of Natural Geoelectric Hazards 95Jeffrey J. Love, Paul A. Bedrosian, Anna Kelbert, and Greg M. Lucas 7. The Magnetotelluric Method and Its Application to Understanding Geomagnetically Induced Currents 107Esteban Bowles‐Martinez and Adam Schultz 8. The First 3D Conductivity Model of the Contiguous United States: Reflections on Geologic Structure and Application to Induction Hazards 127Anna Kelbert, Paul A. Bedrosian, and Benjamin S. Murphy 9. A Data‐Driven Approach to Estimating Geoelectric Fields: Comparison, Validation, and Discussion of Geomagnetic Hazard Assessment Within Common Physiographic Zones 153Stephen W. Cuttler Part III: Power System Impacts 10. An Overview of Modeling Geomagnetic Disturbances in Power Systems 175Komal S. Shetye and Thomas J. Overbye 11. Geomagnetically Induced Currents from Extreme Space Weather Events 195L. M. Winter 12. The Challenge Posed by Space Weather to Electric Power Reliability: Evidence from the New York Electric Power Grid 205Kevin F. Forbes and O. C. St. Cyr 13. Mitigating Power System Response to GICs in Known Networks 219Maryam Kazerooni and Thomas J. Overbye Index 233

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Book SynopsisAn initial course in scientific data analysis and hypothesis testing designed for students in all science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines Data Analysis for the Geosciences: Essentials of Uncertainty, Comparison, and Visualization is a textbook for upper-level undergraduate STEM students, designed to be their statistics course in a degree program. This volume provides a comprehensive introduction to data analysis, visualization, and data-model comparisons and metrics, within the framework of the uncertainty around the values. It offers a learning experience based on real data from the Earth, ocean, atmospheric, space, and planetary sciences. About this volume: Serves as an initial course in scientific data analysis and hypothesis testingFocuses on the methods of data processingIntroduces a wide range of analysis techniquesDescribes the many ways to compare data with modelsCenters on applications rather than derivationsExplains how to select appropriate statistics for meaningful decisionsExplores the importance of the concept of uncertaintyUses examples from real geoscience observationsHomework problems at the end of chapters The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xxi About the Companion Website xxiii 1 Assessment and Uncertainty: Examples and Introductory Concepts 1 1.1 Chicken Little, Amateur Meteorologist 2 1.2 Uncertainty Ascribes Meaning to Values 3 1.3 Significant Figures 3 1.4 Types of Uncertainty 7 1.5 Example: Finding Saturn’s Moons 9 1.6 Comparing Two Numbers: Are They Measuring the Same Value? 11 1.6.1 Distributions of Number Sets 12 1.6.2 The Gaussian Distribution 13 1.6.3 Testing a Specific Value within a Data Set: The z Test 14 1.6.4 Comparing Two Values Revisited 18 1.7 Use and Misuse of Statistics 19 1.8 Example: Solar Wind Density and Space Weather 20 1.9 Uncertainty and the Scientific Method 22 1.10 Further Reading 24 1.11 Exercises in the Geosciences 26 2 Plotting Data: Visualizing Sets of Numbers 27 2.1 Plotting One- Dimensional Data 27 2.1.1 What Makes a Good Plot? 29 2.1.2 Exploratory Versus Explanatory Plot Styles 31 2.2 Example: Earth’s Magnetic Field Strength 33 2.3 Probability Distributions— The Histogram 35 2.4 Plotting Two Data Sets Against Each Other 39 2.4.1 Overlaid Histograms 39 2.4.2 The Scatterplot 40 2.4.3 The Box Plot 42 2.4.4 The Box- and- Whisker Scatterplot 43 2.4.5 The Running Average Plot 44 2.5 Example: Temperature and Carbon Dioxide 48 2.6 Scientific Visualization: A Sampling from the Literature 50 2.6.1 A Very Brief History of Visualization 51 2.6.2 Good Modern- Day Example Visualizations 53 2.7 Visualization Best Practices 58 2.7.1 Levels of Abstraction 58 2.7.2 A Process for a Good Graphic 61 2.7.3 Types of Colorblindness 63 2.7.4 Color Scales 63 2.8 Further Reading 65 2.9 Exercises in the Geosciences 67 3 Uncertainty Analysis: Techniques for Propagating Uncertainty 69 3.1 Propagating Uncertainty 69 3.1.1 Calculating Uncertainty with One Independent Variable 69 3.1.2 Calculating Uncertainty with Two Independent Variables 70 3.1.3 Calculating Uncertainty with Many Independent Variables 72 3.2 Example: Atmospheric Density 72 3.2.1 The Hydrostatic Equilibrium Approximation 72 3.2.2 One Independent Variable 73 3.2.3 Two Independent Variables 74 3.2.4 Many Independent Variables 74 3.3 Fractional and Percentage Uncertainties 75 3.4 Special Cases of Uncertainty Propagation 77 3.4.1 Addition and Subtraction 77 3.4.2 Multiplication and Division 78 3.4.2.1 Multiplication of Two Parameters 78 3.4.2.2 Uncertainty of Air Pressure 79 3.4.2.3 Division with Correlated Variables 80 3.4.2.4 Multiplication and Division with Independent Variables 81 3.4.3 Power Laws 82 3.4.4 Exponentials and Logarithms 82 3.4.4.1 Exponential Functions 83 3.4.4.2 Logarithmic Functions 84 3.4.5 Trigonometric Functions 84 3.5 Stepwise Uncertainty Propagation 85 3.6 Example: Planetary Equilibrium Temperature 87 3.7 Multistep Processing 90 3.8 Final Advice on Uncertainty Propagation 91 3.9 Further Reading 93 3.10 Exercises in the Geosciences 93 4 Centroids and Spreads: Analyzing a Set of Numbers 95 4.1 Quantitatively Describing a Data Set: The Centroid 95 4.1.1 Three Versions of Mean 96 4.1.2 More Centroids: Median and Mode 98 4.1.3 Histograms and the Arithmetic Mean 99 4.2 Quantitatively Describing a Data Set: Spread 100 4.2.1 Measures of Spread: Standard Deviation and Mean Absolute Difference 100 4.2.2 Another Measure of Spread: Quantiles 102 4.2.3 Spread Via Full Width at Half Maximum 106 4.2.4 Spread as an L- p Norm 107 4.2.5 Sample Versus Population 108 4.3 Random and Systematic Error of a Data Set 109 4.4 Which Centroid and Spread to Use and Other Tidbits of Advice 111 4.5 Standard Deviation of the Mean 112 4.6 Counting Statistics 113 4.7 Example: Galactic Cosmic Rays 116 4.8 Further Reading 119 4.9 Exercises in the Geosciences 120 5 Assessing Normality: Tests for Assessing the Gaussian Nature of a Distribution 123 5.1 Histogram Check 124 5.2 Comparing Centroid and Spread Measures 126 5.3 Skew 128 5.4 Kurtosis 130 5.5 The Chi- Squared Test 132 5.6 The Kolmogorov–Smirnov Test 137 5.7 Example: pH in a Lake 139 5.8 Asymmetric Uncertainties 142 5.9 Outliers— Tests for a Single Data Value 144 5.10 Combining Centroid and Spread: The Weighted Average 146 5.11 Example: pH in a Lake Redux 148 5.12 Further Reading 149 5.13 Exercises in the Geosciences 150 6 Correlating Two Data Sets: Analyzing Two Sets of Numbers Together 153 6.1 Comparing Two Number Sets 153 6.1.1 Chi- Squared and Kolmogorov–Smirnov Tests 154 6.1.2 The Student’s t Test 155 6.1.3 The Welch’s t Test 156 6.2 Linear Correlation 157 6.2.1 Covariance of Two Data Sets 158 6.2.2 Pearson Linear Correlation Coefficient 161 6.2.3 Spearman Rank- Order Correlation 163 6.2.4 Correlation with Logarithms 167 6.3 Example: Atmospheric Ozone and Temperature 168 6.4 Uncertainty of R 172 6.4.1 The Jackknife Method 172 6.4.2 The Bootstrap Method 173 6.4.3 Uncertainty of R for the Ozone- Temperature Example 175 6.5 Correlation and Causation 177 6.6 Further Reading 178 6.7 Exercises in the Geosciences 179 7 Curve Fitting: Fitting a Line between Two Sets of Numbers 181 7.1 Linear Regression 181 7.1.1 Obtaining A and B 181 7.1.2 Uncertainties on A and B 185 7.1.3 The Zero- Intercept Special Case 186 7.1.4 Weighted Linear Fitting 187 7.2 Testing a Linear Fit 188 7.3 Example: Human- Induced Seismicity 191 7.4 Nonlinear Fitting 194 7.4.1 Polynomial Fitting 194 7.4.2 Generalized “Linear Coefficient” Fitting 196 7.4.3 Exponential Fitting: Linearizing the Dependence on Coefficients 197 7.4.4 Piecewise Linear Fitting 198 7.4.5 Advice about Curve Fitting 199 7.5 Example: The Ozone Hole 200 7.6 Iterative Curve Fitting 203 7.6.1 One- Dimensional Iterative Curve Fitting 203 7.6.2 Multidimensional Iterative Curve Fitting 205 7.6.3 Gradient Descent Curve Fitting 208 7.7 Final Thoughts on Curve Fitting 209 7.8 Further Reading 210 7.9 Exercises in the Geosciences 210 8 Data- Model Comparison Basics: Philosophies of Calculating and Categorizing Metrics 213 8.1 Example Model: River Flow Rate 213 8.2 What Is a Model? 214 8.3 Visualizing Observed and Modeled Values Together 217 8.3.1 Scatterplots of Data and Model Values 217 8.3.2 The 2D Histogram Plot 219 8.3.3 Overlaid Histogram Plots 221 8.3.4 Cumulative Probability Distribution Plots 222 8.3.5 Quantile–Quantile Plots 224 8.4 Example: Total Solar Irradiance 226 8.5 A Diverse Zoo of Metrics 229 8.5.1 The Primary Categories of Metrics 230 8.5.2 Skill 231 8.5.3 Metrics Categories Based on Subsetting 234 8.6 The Concept of Model “Goodness of Fit” 235 8.7 Application Usability Levels 236 8.8 Designing a Meaningful Data- Model Comparison 237 8.9 Further Reading 239 8.10 Exercises in the Geosciences 240 9 Fit Performance Metrics: Data- Model Comparisons Based on Exact Observed and Modeled Values 243 9.1 What Is Fit Performance? 244 9.2 Running Example: Dst and the O’Brien Model 245 9.3 Accuracy 250 9.3.1 The Big Three of Accuracy: MSE, RMSE, and MAE 251 9.3.2 Neglecting Degrees of Freedom 253 9.3.3 Normalizing the Accuracy Measure 256 9.3.4 Percentage Accuracy Metrics 257 9.3.5 Choosing the Right Accuracy Metric 261 9.4 Bias 262 9.4.1 Mean Error 262 9.4.2 Percentage Bias 265 9.5 Precision 266 9.5.1 Modeling Yield 266 9.5.2 Definitions of Precision Using Standard Deviation 268 9.6 Association 268 9.6.1 Correlation Coefficient 269 9.6.2 Nonlinear Association Metrics 270 9.7 Extremes 272 9.7.1 Extremes of the Cumulative Probability Distribution 272 9.7.2 Using Skew and Kurtosis for an Extremes Assessment 276 9.8 Skill 278 9.8.1 Prediction Efficiency 278 9.8.2 Other Options for Fit Performance Skill 279 9.9 Discrimination 281 9.10 Reliability 283 9.11 Summarizing the Running Example 286 9.12 Summary of Fit Performance Metrics 287 9.13 Further Reading 291 9.14 Exercises in the Geosciences 292 10 Event Detection Metrics: Comparing Observed and Modeled Number Sets When Only Event Status Matters 295 10.1 Defining an Event 296 10.2 Contingency Tables 299 10.3 Data- Model Comparisons with Events 301 10.4 Running Example: Will It Rain? 303 10.5 Significance of a Contingency Table 307 10.6 Accuracy 310 10.7 Bias 311 10.8 Precision 313 10.9 Association 314 10.9.1 Odds Ratio 315 10.9.2 Odds Ratio Skill Score 316 10.9.3 Matthews Correlation Coefficient 317 10.10 Extremes 317 10.11 Skill 321 10.11.1 Heidke Skill Score 321 10.11.2 Peirce and Clayton Skill Scores 323 10.11.3 Gilbert Skill Score 324 10.12 Discrimination 325 10.13 Reliability 326 10.14 Summarizing the Running Example 327 10.15 Summary of Event Detection Metrics 328 10.16 Further Reading 330 10.17 Exercises in the Geosciences 331 11 Sliding Thresholds: Event Detection Metrics with a Variable Event Identification 333 11.1 Sliding the Event Identification Thresholds 334 11.2 Sweeping the Modeled Threshold 337 11.3 Sweeping the Data Threshold 340 11.4 Sweeping Both Thresholds Simultaneously 342 11.5 Metric- Versus- Metric Curves 344 11.5.1 ROC Curves 344 11.5.2 Alt- ROC Curves 346 11.5.3 STONE Curves 347 11.6 Application of Sliding Thresholds to the Geophysical Running Examples 349 11.6.1 Event Definitions for the Running Examples 349 11.6.2 Metric- Versus- Modeled Threshold Curves for the Running Examples 352 11.6.3 Metric- Versus- Observed Threshold Curves for the Running Examples 355 11.6.4 Metric- Versus- Simultaneous Threshold Sweep Curves for the Running Examples 357 11.6.5 Metric- Versus- Metric Analysis for the Running Examples 359 11.7 The Power of Sliding Thresholds 362 11.8 Further Reading 364 11.9 Exercises in the Geosciences 365 12 Applications of Metrics and Uncertainty: Final Advice and Introductions to Advanced Topics 367 12.1 Choosing the Right Set of Metrics 367 12.1.1 Metrics for Fit Performance Assessment on Gaussian Distributions 368 12.1.2 Metrics for Fit Performance Assessment on Non- Gaussian Distributions 369 12.1.3 Metrics for Event Detection Assessment 372 12.2 Combining Metrics for Robust Data- Model Comparisons 374 12.2.1 The Accuracy–Bias–Precision Trifecta 374 12.2.2 The Accuracy–Association Connection 376 12.2.3 The Association–Extremes Linkage 377 12.2.4 Expanding Our Understanding of Skill 378 12.2.5 Using Discrimination and Reliability Together 379 12.3 Uncertainty on Metrics 380 12.4 Uncertainty on Fit Performance Metrics for the Dst Running Example 381 12.5 A Recipe for Robust Comparisons 385 12.6 Metrics and Decision- Making 387 12.6.1 Choice Combination Statistics 388 12.6.2 Example: Spacecraft- Charging Model 390 12.7 Additional Advanced Topics 392 12.7.1 Periodicity Analysis 392 12.7.2 Time- Lagged Analysis 393 12.7.3 Additional Tests 394 12.7.4 Multidimensional Data Analysis 394 12.7.5 Multidimensional Data- Model Comparisons 396 12.7.6 Uncertainty Quantification 397 12.7.7 Design of Experiments 398 12.7.8 Geographical Information System (GIS) Analysis 398 12.7.9 Machine Learning 399 12.8 Uncertainty and the Scientist 400 12.9 Further Reading 402 12.10 Exercises in Geoscience 406 Index 407

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Book SynopsisFOSSILS AND STRATA Number 66 August 2021 ISSN 0024-1164

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Book SynopsisEffects of global warming on the physical, chemical, ecological structure and function and biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems are not well understood and there are many opinions on how to adapt aquatic environments to global warming in order to minimize the negative effects of climate change. Climatic Change and Global Warming of Inland Waters presents a synthesis of the latest research on a whole range of inland water habitats lakes, running water, wetlands and offers novel and timely suggestions for future research, monitoring and adaptation strategies. A global approach, offered in this book, encompasses systems from the arctic to the Antarctic, including warm-water systems in the tropics and subtropics and presents a unique and useful source for all those looking for contemporary case studies and presentation of the latest research findings and discussion of mitigation and adaptation throughout the world. Edited by three of the leading limnologists in the fielTrade Review“Limnologists, climate change biologists, fresh water ecologists, paleo-ecologists and students taking courses on earth and environmental sciences, will find this book summarising over 2,000 references to the scientific literature invaluable. It is equally of interest for policy makers, engineers and planners dealing with the climate change-freshwater ecology interphase.” (Latin American J. Management for Sustainable Development, 1 October 2014) “In summary, this is a delightful book that will appeal to limnologists, freshwater ecologists, hydrologists, paleoenvironmental scientists, and water engineers. There is also plenty inside for those students and researchers who are simply curious about some of the most remote and remarkable water landscapes on Earth.” (Quarterly Review Biology, 1 March 2015) “Readers with an interest in climate change will find this book challenging and informative; however, its target audience is those with a good general back-ground in physical sciences towards the graduate and professional level.” (New Zealand Geographer, 1 April 2014) “The book is a real representative one for environmental education, since it can assist students who are in the process of selecting an inspiring, relevant topic for their studies and later, their final research reports.” (Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 1 February 2014) “Overall, a valuable resource for graduate students and professional scientists and engineers, but less appropriate for undergraduates and the lay public. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Graduate students and above.” (Choice, 1 October 2013) Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xix Part I Impacts on Physical, Chemical, and Biological Processes 1 1 Climate Change Impacts on the Hydrology and Biogeochemistry of Arctic Rivers 3 Robert M. Holmes, Michael T. Coe, Greg J. Fiske, Tatiana Gurtovaya, James W. McClelland, Alexander I. Shiklomanov, Robert G.M. Spencer, Suzanne E. Tank, and Alexander V. Zhulidov 2 Climate Impacts on Arctic Lake Ecosystems 27 Warwick F. Vincent, Isabelle Laurion, Reinhard Pienitz, and Katey M. Walter Anthony 3 Trends in Hydrological and Hydrochemical Processes in Lake Baikal under Conditions of Modern Climate Change 43 M.N. Shimaraev and V.M. Domysheva 4 Hydrological Analysis of the Yellow River Basin, China 67 Xieyao Ma, Yoshinobu Sato, Takao Yoshikane, Masayuki Hara, Fujio Kimura, and Yoshihiro Fukushima 5 Water Resources under Climate Change in the Yangtze River Basin 79 Marco Gemmer, Buda Su, and Tong Jiang 6 Biogeochemical Ecosystem Dynamics in Lake Biwa under Anthropogenic Impacts and Global Warming 95 Mitsuru Sakamoto 7 Eutrophication, Warming and Historical Changes of the Plankton Community in Lake Biwa during the Twentieth Century 111 Narumi K. Tsugeki and Jotaro Urabe 8 Numerical Simulation of Future Overturn and Ecosystem Impacts for Deep Lakes in Japan 131 Daisuke Kitazawa 9 Model Development to Evaluate the Impacts of Climate Change on Total Phosphorus Concentrations in Lakes 145 Kohei Yoshiyama 10 Recent Climate-Induced Changes in Freshwaters in Denmark 155 Erik Jeppesen, Brian Kronvang, Torben B. Jørgensen, Søren E. Larsen, Hans E. Andersen, Martin Søndergaard, Lone Liboriussen, Rikke Bjerring, Liselotte S. Johansson, Dennis Trolle, and Torben L. Lauridsen 11 Lake Phytoplankton Responses to Global Climate Changes 173 Kirsten Olrik, Gertrud Cronberg, and Hel´ene Annadotter 12 The Influence of Climate Change on Lake Geneva 201 Ulrich Lemmin and Adeline Amouroux 13 Climate Change and Wetlands of the Prairie Pothole Region of North America: Effects, Management and Mitigation 219 Marley J. Waiser 14 Historic and Likely Future Impacts of Climate Change on Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, USA 231 Robert Coats, Goloka Sahoo, John Riverson, Mariza Costa-Cabral, Michael Dettinger, Brent Wolfe, John Reuter, Geoffrey Schladow, and Charles R. Goldman 15 Our New Biological Future? The Influence of Climate Change on the Vulnerability of Lakes to Invasion by Non-Native Species 255 Marion E. Wittmann, Ka Lai Ngai, and Sudeep Chandra 16 Long-Term Changes in the Lake Kinneret Ecosystem: The Effects of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Factors 271 Ilia Ostrovsky, Alon Rimmer, Yosef Z. Yacobi, Ami Nishri, Assaf Sukenik, Ora Hadas, and Tamar Zohary 17 Climate Change and the Floodplain Lakes of the Amazon Basin 295 John M. Melack and Michael T. Coe 18 Climatic Variability, Mixing Dynamics, and Ecological Consequences in the African Great Lakes 311 Sally MacIntyre 19 Effects of Climate Change on New Zealand Lakes 337 David P. Hamilton, Chris McBride, Deniz Ozkundakci, Marc Schallenberg, Piet Verburg, Mary de Winton, David Kelly, Chris Hendy, and Wei Ye 20 Global Change Effects on Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems: The Case of Maritime Antarctic Lakes 367 Antonio Quesada and David Velazquez Part II Impacts on Societies 383 21 Adaptation to a Changing Climate in Northern Mongolia 385 Clyde E. Goulden and Munhtuya N. Goulden 22 Managing the Effects of Climate Change on Urban Water Resources 395 Gabriela da Costa Silva Part III Mitigation Approaches 413 23 Water Management Preparation Strategies for Adaptation to Changing Climate 415 Balazs M. Fekete and Eugene Stakhiv 24 In Search of Strategies to Mitigate the Impacts of Global Warming on Aquatic Ecosystems 429 Justin D. Brookes, Martin Schmid, Dominic Skinner, and Alfred Wuest 25 Artificial Decomposition of Water into Hydrogen and Oxygen by Electrolysis to Restore Oxygen in Climate Change-Impacted Waters 449 Michio Kumagai and Hiroyasu Takenaka 26 Summary and Conclusions 455 Michio Kumagai Index 461

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Book SynopsisEntropy Theory and its Application in Environmental and Water Engineering responds to the need for a book that deals with basic concepts of entropy theory from a hydrologic and water engineering perspective and then for a book that deals with applications of these concepts to a range of water engineering problems.Table of ContentsPreface, xv Acknowledgments, xix 1 Introduction, 1 1.1 Systems and their characteristics, 1 1.1.1 Classes of systems, 1 1.1.2 System states, 1 1.1.3 Change of state, 2 1.1.4 Thermodynamic entropy, 3 1.1.5 Evolutive connotation of entropy, 5 1.1.6 Statistical mechanical entropy, 5 1.2 Informational entropies, 7 1.2.1 Types of entropies, 8 1.2.2 Shannon entropy, 9 1.2.3 Information gain function, 12 1.2.4 Boltzmann, Gibbs and Shannon entropies, 14 1.2.5 Negentropy, 15 1.2.6 Exponential entropy, 16 1.2.7 Tsallis entropy, 18 1.2.8 Renyi entropy, 19 1.3 Entropy, information, and uncertainty, 21 1.3.1 Information, 22 1.3.2 Uncertainty and surprise, 24 1.4 Types of uncertainty, 25 1.5 Entropy and related concepts, 27 1.5.1 Information content of data, 27 1.5.2 Criteria for model selection, 28 1.5.3 Hypothesis testing, 29 1.5.4 Risk assessment, 29 Questions, 29 References, 31 Additional References, 32 2 Entropy Theory, 33 2.1 Formulation of entropy, 33 2.2 Shannon entropy, 39 2.3 Connotations of information and entropy, 42 2.3.1 Amount of information, 42 2.3.2 Measure of information, 43 2.3.3 Source of information, 43 2.3.4 Removal of uncertainty, 44 2.3.5 Equivocation, 45 2.3.6 Average amount of information, 45 2.3.7 Measurement system, 46 2.3.8 Information and organization, 46 2.4 Discrete entropy: univariate case and marginal entropy, 46 2.5 Discrete entropy: bivariate case, 52 2.5.1 Joint entropy, 53 2.5.2 Conditional entropy, 53 2.5.3 Transinformation, 57 2.6 Dimensionless entropies, 79 2.7 Bayes theorem, 80 2.8 Informational correlation coefficient, 88 2.9 Coefficient of nontransferred information, 90 2.10 Discrete entropy: multidimensional case, 92 2.11 Continuous entropy, 93 2.11.1 Univariate case, 94 2.11.2 Differential entropy of continuous variables, 97 2.11.3 Variable transformation and entropy, 99 2.11.4 Bivariate case, 100 2.11.5 Multivariate case, 105 2.12 Stochastic processes and entropy, 105 2.13 Effect of proportional class interval, 107 2.14 Effect of the form of probability distribution, 110 2.15 Data with zero values, 111 2.16 Effect of measurement units, 113 2.17 Effect of averaging data, 115 2.18 Effect of measurement error, 116 2.19 Entropy in frequency domain, 118 2.20 Principle of maximum entropy, 118 2.21 Concentration theorem, 119 2.22 Principle of minimum cross entropy, 122 2.23 Relation between entropy and error probability, 123 2.24 Various interpretations of entropy, 125 2.24.1 Measure of randomness or disorder, 125 2.24.2 Measure of unbiasedness or objectivity, 125 2.24.3 Measure of equality, 125 2.24.4 Measure of diversity, 126 2.24.5 Measure of lack of concentration, 126 2.24.6 Measure of flexibility, 126 2.24.7 Measure of complexity, 126 2.24.8 Measure of departure from uniform distribution, 127 2.24.9 Measure of interdependence, 127 2.24.10 Measure of dependence, 128 2.24.11 Measure of interactivity, 128 2.24.12 Measure of similarity, 129 2.24.13 Measure of redundancy, 129 2.24.14 Measure of organization, 130 2.25 Relation between entropy and variance, 133 2.26 Entropy power, 135 2.27 Relative frequency, 135 2.28 Application of entropy theory, 136 Questions, 136 References, 137 Additional Reading, 139 3 Principle of Maximum Entropy, 142 3.1 Formulation, 142 3.2 POME formalism for discrete variables, 145 3.3 POME formalism for continuous variables, 152 3.3.1 Entropy maximization using the method of Lagrange multipliers, 152 3.3.2 Direct method for entropy maximization, 157 3.4 POME formalism for two variables, 158 3.5 Effect of constraints on entropy, 165 3.6 Invariance of total entropy, 167 Questions, 168 References, 170 Additional Reading, 170 4 Derivation of Pome-Based Distributions, 172 4.1 Discrete variable and discrete distributions, 172 4.1.1 Constraint E[x] and the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, 172 4.1.2 Two constraints and Bose-Einstein distribution, 174 4.1.3 Two constraints and Fermi-Dirac distribution, 177 4.1.4 Intermediate statistics distribution, 178 4.1.5 Constraint: E[N]: Bernoulli distribution for a single trial, 179 4.1.6 Binomial distribution for repeated trials, 180 4.1.7 Geometric distribution: repeated trials, 181 4.1.8 Negative binomial distribution: repeated trials, 183 4.1.9 Constraint: E[N] = n: Poisson distribution, 183 4.2 Continuous variable and continuous distributions, 185 4.2.1 Finite interval [a, b], no constraint, and rectangular distribution, 185 4.2.2 Finite interval [a, b], one constraint and truncated exponential distribution, 186 4.2.3 Finite interval [0, 1], two constraints E[ln x] and E[ln(1 − x)] and beta distribution of first kind, 188 4.2.4 Semi-infinite interval (0,∞), one constraint E[x] and exponential distribution, 191 4.2.5 Semi-infinite interval, two constraints E[x] and E[ln x] and gamma distribution, 192 4.2.6 Semi-infinite interval, two constraints E[ln x] and E[ln(1 + x)] and beta distribution of second kind, 194 4.2.7 Infinite interval, two constraints E[x] and E[x2] and normal distribution, 195 4.2.8 Semi-infinite interval, log-transformation Y = lnX, two constraints E[y] and E[y2] and log-normal distribution, 197 4.2.9 Infinite and semi-infinite intervals: constraints and distributions, 199 Questions, 203 References, 208 Additional Reading, 208 5 Multivariate Probability Distributions, 213 5.1 Multivariate normal distributions, 213 5.1.1 One time lag serial dependence, 213 5.1.2 Two-lag serial dependence, 221 5.1.3 Multi-lag serial dependence, 229 5.1.4 No serial dependence: bivariate case, 234 5.1.5 Cross-correlation and serial dependence: bivariate case, 238 5.1.6 Multivariate case: no serial dependence, 244 5.1.7 Multi-lag serial dependence, 245 5.2 Multivariate exponential distributions, 245 5.2.1 Bivariate exponential distribution, 245 5.2.2 Trivariate exponential distribution, 254 5.2.3 Extension to Weibull distribution, 257 5.3 Multivariate distributions using the entropy-copula method, 258 5.3.1 Families of copula, 259 5.3.2 Application, 260 5.4 Copula entropy, 265 Questions, 266 References, 267 Additional Reading, 268 6 Principle of Minimum Cross-Entropy, 270 6.1 Concept and formulation of POMCE, 270 6.2 Properties of POMCE, 271 6.3 POMCE formalism for discrete variables, 275 6.4 POMCE formulation for continuous variables, 279 6.5 Relation to POME, 280 6.6 Relation to mutual information, 281 6.7 Relation to variational distance, 281 6.8 Lin’s directed divergence measure, 282 6.9 Upper bounds for cross-entropy, 286 Questions, 287 References, 288 Additional Reading, 289 7 Derivation of POME-Based Distributions, 290 7.1 Discrete variable and mean E[x] as a constraint, 290 7.1.1 Uniform prior distribution, 291 7.1.2 Arithmetic prior distribution, 293 7.1.3 Geometric prior distribution, 294 7.1.4 Binomial prior distribution, 295 7.1.5 General prior distribution, 297 7.2 Discrete variable taking on an infinite set of values, 298 7.2.1 Improper prior probability distribution, 298 7.2.2 A priori Poisson probability distribution, 301 7.2.3 A priori negative binomial distribution, 304 7.3 Continuous variable: general formulation, 305 7.3.1 Uniform prior and mean constraint, 307 7.3.2 Exponential prior and mean and mean log constraints, 308 Questions, 308 References, 309 8 Parameter Estimation, 310 8.1 Ordinary entropy-based parameter estimation method, 310 8.1.1 Specification of constraints, 311 8.1.2 Derivation of entropy-based distribution, 311 8.1.3 Construction of zeroth Lagrange multiplier, 311 8.1.4 Determination of Lagrange multipliers, 312 8.1.5 Determination of distribution parameters, 313 8.2 Parameter-space expansion method, 325 8.3 Contrast with method of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), 329 8.4 Parameter estimation by numerical methods, 331 Questions, 332 References, 333 Additional Reading, 334 9 Spatial Entropy, 335 9.1 Organization of spatial data, 336 9.1.1 Distribution, density, and aggregation, 337 9.2 Spatial entropy statistics, 339 9.2.1 Redundancy, 343 9.2.2 Information gain, 345 9.2.3 Disutility entropy, 352 9.3 One dimensional aggregation, 353 9.4 Another approach to spatial representation, 360 9.5 Two-dimensional aggregation, 363 9.5.1 Probability density function and its resolution, 372 9.5.2 Relation between spatial entropy and spatial disutility, 375 9.6 Entropy maximization for modeling spatial phenomena, 376 9.7 Cluster analysis by entropy maximization, 380 9.8 Spatial visualization and mapping, 384 9.9 Scale and entropy, 386 9.10 Spatial probability distributions, 388 9.11 Scaling: rank size rule and Zipf’s law, 391 9.11.1 Exponential law, 391 9.11.2 Log-normal law, 391 9.11.3 Power law, 392 9.11.4 Law of proportionate effect, 392 Questions, 393 References, 394 Further Reading, 395 10 Inverse Spatial Entropy, 398 10.1 Definition, 398 10.2 Principle of entropy decomposition, 402 10.3 Measures of information gain, 405 10.3.1 Bivariate measures, 405 10.3.2 Map representation, 410 10.3.3 Construction of spatial measures, 412 10.4 Aggregation properties, 417 10.5 Spatial interpretations, 420 10.6 Hierarchical decomposition, 426 10.7 Comparative measures of spatial decomposition, 428 Questions, 433 References, 435 11 Entropy Spectral Analyses, 436 11.1 Characteristics of time series, 436 11.1.1 Mean, 437 11.1.2 Variance, 438 11.1.3 Covariance, 440 11.1.4 Correlation, 441 11.1.5 Stationarity, 443 11.2 Spectral analysis, 446 11.2.1 Fourier representation, 448 11.2.2 Fourier transform, 453 11.2.3 Periodogram, 454 11.2.4 Power, 457 11.2.5 Power spectrum, 461 11.3 Spectral analysis using maximum entropy, 464 11.3.1 Burg method, 465 11.3.2 Kapur-Kesavan method, 473 11.3.3 Maximization of entropy, 473 11.3.4 Determination of Lagrange multipliers λk, 476 11.3.5 Spectral density, 479 11.3.6 Extrapolation of autocovariance functions, 482 11.3.7 Entropy of power spectrum, 482 11.4 Spectral estimation using configurational entropy, 483 11.5 Spectral estimation by mutual information principle, 486 References, 490 Additional Reading, 490 12 Minimum Cross Entropy Spectral Analysis, 492 12.1 Cross-entropy, 492 12.2 Minimum cross-entropy spectral analysis (MCESA), 493 12.2.1 Power spectrum probability density function, 493 12.2.2 Minimum cross-entropy-based probability density functions given total expected spectral powers at each frequency, 498 12.2.3 Spectral probability density functions for white noise, 501 12.3 Minimum cross-entropy power spectrum given auto-correlation, 503 12.3.1 No prior power spectrum estimate is given, 504 12.3.2 A prior power spectrum estimate is given, 505 12.3.3 Given spectral powers: Tk = Gj, Gj = Pk, 506 12.4 Cross-entropy between input and output of linear filter, 509 12.4.1 Given input signal PDF, 509 12.4.2 Given prior power spectrum, 510 12.5 Comparison, 512 12.6 Towards efficient algorithms, 514 12.7 General method for minimum cross-entropy spectral estimation, 515 References, 515 Additional References, 516 13 Evaluation and Design of Sampling and Measurement Networks, 517 13.1 Design considerations, 517 13.2 Information-related approaches, 518 13.2.1 Information variance, 518 13.2.2 Transfer function variance, 520 13.2.3 Correlation, 521 13.3 Entropy measures, 521 13.3.1 Marginal entropy, joint entropy, conditional entropy and transinformation, 521 13.3.2 Informational correlation coefficient, 523 13.3.3 Isoinformation, 524 13.3.4 Information transfer function, 524 13.3.5 Information distance, 525 13.3.6 Information area, 525 13.3.7 Application to rainfall networks, 525 13.4 Directional information transfer index, 530 13.4.1 Kernel estimation, 531 13.4.2 Application to groundwater quality networks, 533 13.5 Total correlation, 537 13.6 Maximum information minimum redundancy (MIMR), 539 13.6.1 Optimization, 541 13.6.2 Selection procedure, 542 Questions, 553 References, 554 Additional Reading, 556 14 Selection of Variables and Models, 559 14.1 Methods for selection, 559 14.2 Kullback-Leibler (KL) distance, 560 14.3 Variable selection, 560 14.4 Transitivity, 561 14.5 Logit model, 561 14.6 Risk and vulnerability assessment, 574 14.6.1 Hazard assessment, 576 14.6.2 Vulnerability assessment, 577 14.6.3 Risk assessment and ranking, 578 Questions, 578 References, 579 Additional Reading, 580 15 Neural Networks, 581 15.1 Single neuron, 581 15.2 Neural network training, 585 15.3 Principle of maximum information preservation, 588 15.4 A single neuron corrupted by processing noise, 589 15.5 A single neuron corrupted by additive input noise, 592 15.6 Redundancy and diversity, 596 15.7 Decision trees and entropy nets, 598 Questions, 602 References, 603 16 System Complexity, 605 16.1 Ferdinand’s measure of complexity, 605 16.1.1 Specification of constraints, 606 16.1.2 Maximization of entropy, 606 16.1.3 Determination of Lagrange multipliers, 606 16.1.4 Partition function, 607 16.1.5 Analysis of complexity, 610 16.1.6 Maximum entropy, 614 16.1.7 Complexity as a function of N, 616 16.2 Kapur’s complexity analysis, 618 16.3 Cornacchio’s generalized complexity measures, 620 16.3.1 Special case: R = 1, 624 16.3.2 Analysis of complexity: non-unique K-transition points and conditional complexity, 624 16.4 Kapur’s simplification, 627 16.5 Kapur’s measure, 627 16.6 Hypothesis testing, 628 16.7 Other complexity measures, 628 Questions, 631 References, 631 Additional References, 632 Author Index, 633 Subject Index, 639

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Book SynopsisThe new revised fifth edition of Natural Hazards remains the go-to introductory-level survey intended for university and college courses that are concerned with earth processes that have direct, and often sudden and violent, impacts on human society. The text integrates principles of geology, hydrology, meteorology, climatology, oceanography, soil science, ecology, and solar system astronomy.The textbook explains the earth processes that drive hazardous events in an understandable way, illustrates how these processes interact with our civilization, and describes how we can better adjust to their effects. Written by leading scholars in the area, the new edition of this book takes advantage of the greatly expanding amount of information regarding natural hazards, disasters, and catastrophes. The text is designed for learning, with chapters broken into small consumable chunks of content for students. Each chapter opens with a list of learning objectives and ends with reviTable of Contents1 Introduction to Natural Hazards 2 Internal Structure of Earth and Plate Tectonics 3 Earthquakes4 Tsunamis5 Volcanoes 6 Flooding 7 Mass Wasting 8 Subsidence and Soils 9 Atmospheric Processes and Severe Weather 10 Hurricanes and Extratropical Cyclones 11 Coastal Hazards 12 Climate Change and Natural Hazards13 Wildfires 14 Impacts and Extinctions

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisPart of a monograph series on fossilsThe publication,New Middle and Late Anisian (Middle Triassic) Ammonoid Faunas from Northwestern Nevada - Taxonomy and Biochronology details proceedings from the Fifth International Brachiopod Congress in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2005. Congress topics included various aspects of the study of brachiopods.

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Book SynopsisLithic Materials and Paleolithic Societies provides a detailed examination of the Paleolithic procurement and utilization of the most durable material in the worldwide archaeological record.Table of ContentsPart I: Regional Landscape Perspectives. 1. Raw materials and techno-economic behaviors at Oldowan and Acheulean sites in the West Turkana region, Kenya (Sonia Harmand). 2. Patterns of lithic material procurement and transformation during the Middle Paleolithic in western Europe (Liliane Meignen, Anne Delagnes, and Laurence Bourguignon). 3. Revisiting European Upper Paleolithic raw material transfers: the demise of the cultural ecological paradigm? (Jehanne Féblot-Augustins). 4. Raw materials for chipped stone artifacts: state of the art in the Carpathian Basin of central Europe (Kati Biró). 5. Upper Paleolithic toolstone procurement and selection across Beringia (Kelly Graf and Ted Goebel). 6. Reduction, recycling, and raw material procurement in western Arnhem Land, Australia (Peter Hiscock). Part II: Technological and Assemblage Variability. 7. Paleolithic exploitation of rounded and sub-angular quartzites in the Indian Subcontinent (Parth Chauhan). 8. Filling the void: lithic raw material utilization during the Hungarian Gravettian (Viola Dobosi). 9. Technological efficiency as adaptive behavior among Paleolithic hunter-gatherers: evidence from la-Côte, Caminade Est, and le Flageolet I, France (Stephen Cole). 10. Trash: the structure of Great Basin Paleoarchaic debitage assemblages in western North America (Rebecca Kessler, Charlotte Beck, and George Jones). Part III: Micro-landscape Perspectives. 11. Reconstructing landscape use and mobility in the Namibian Early Stone Age using operations analysis (Grant McCall). 12. Changing the face of the earth: human behavior at Sede Ilan, an extensive Lower-Middle Paleolithic quarry site in Israel (Ran Barkai and Avi Gopher). 13. Aurignacian core reduction and landscape utilization in the vicinity of la Ferrassie, France (Brooke Blades). 14. Obłazowa and Hłomcza: two Paleolithic sites in the North Carpartians Province of southern Poland (Pawel Valde-Nowak). 15. Raw material economy and technological organization at Solvieux, France (Linda Grimm and Todd Koetje). Part IV: Hominid Cognition, Adaptation, and Cultural Chronology. 16. Inferring aspects of Acheulean sociality and cognition from biface technology in the Hunsgi-Baichbal valley of India (Ceri Shipton, Michael Petraglia, and K. Paddayya). 17. Quina procurement and tool production (Peter Hiscock, Alain Turq, Jean-Philippe Faivre, and Laurence Bouguignon). 18. The impact of lithic raw material quality and post-depositional processes on cultural/chronological classification: the Hungarian Szeletian case (Brian Adams). 19. Raw material durability, function, and retouch in the Upper Paleolithic of the Transbaikal region (Karisa Terry, William Andrefsky, and Mikhail Konstantinov). 20. Clovis and Dalton: unbounded and bounded systems in the Midcontinent of North America (Brad Koldehoff and Thomas Loebel).

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Book SynopsisSpecial Papers in Palaeontology, published by The Palaeontological Association, is a series of substantial separate works conforming to the style of the Palaeontology journal. Two issues are published each year and feature high standard illustrations.Table of ContentsForeword: P. M. Barrett and T. J. Fedak. 1. The First Complete Skull Of The Triassic Dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria): A. M. Yates. 2. A Phylogenetic Analysis Of Basal Sauropodomorph Relationships: Implications For The Origin Of Sauropod Dinosaurs: P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett and P. M. Galton. 3. The Evolution Of Feeding Mechanisms In Early Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs: P. M. Barrett and P. Upchurch. 4. The Pectoral Girdle And Forelimb Anatomy Of The Stem-Sauropodomorph Saturnalia Tupiniquim (Upper Triassic, Brazil): M. C. Langer, M. A. G. Franc¸A and S. Gabriel. 5. Were The Basal Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs Plateosaurus And Massospondylus Habitual Quadrupeds?: M. F. Bonnan And P. Senter. 6. A New Description Of The Forelimb Of The Basal Sauropodomorph Melanorosaurus: Implications For The Evolution Of Pronation, Manus Shape And Quadrupedalism In Sauropod Dinosaurs: M. F. Bonnan and A. M. Yates. 7. Bone Histology And Growth Of The Prosauropod Dinosaur Plateosaurus Engelhardti Von Meyer, 1837 From The Norian Bonebeds Of Trossingen (Germany) And Frick (Switzerland): N. Klein and P. M. Sander. 8. What Pneumaticity Tells Us About ‘Prosauropods’, And Vice Versa: M. Wedel. 9. New Information On Lessemsaurus Sauropoides (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) From The Upper Triassic Of Argentina: D. Pol and J. E. Powell. 10. New Information On The Braincase And Skull Of Anchisaurus Polyzelus (Lower Jurassic, Connecticut, USA; Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha): Implications For Sauropodomorph Systematics: T. J. Fedak and P. M. Galton. 11. Basal Sauropodomorpha: Historical And Recent Phylogenetic Hypotheses, With Comments On Ammosaurus Major (Marsh, 1889): P. C. Sereno.

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Book SynopsisLarge predators are among the most threatened species on the planet and ways of conserving them in the face of increasing human populations and associated resource requirements are becoming critical. This book draws upon the experiences of some of the world's foremost large carnivore specialists to discuss the numerous issues associated reintroducing large predators back into their natural habitats. Reviews of internationally renowned reintroduction programs for wolves, European lynx and African wild dog reveal the successes and failures of these actions. Experts on tigers, snow leopards and jaguars contend that there are other conservation options of higher priority that will ensure their security in the long-term. Other experts discuss more theoretical aspects such as whether we know enough about these species to be able to predict their behavioural or ecological response to the reintroduction process. Social, economic, political and genetic considerations are also addressed.Trade Review"This is an informative and important book that will prove to be of great interest to Australian ecologists as the need for top-order predator reintroductions becomes more urgent in this country. It is highly recommended reading for all state and national conservation administrators and wild-life scientists." (Austral Ecology and Ecological Management & Restoration, 2011) "This book, which is very easy to read, is based on the experiences of some large carnivore specialists in the world to discuss the numerous issues associated with reintroduction of large predators in their natural habitats." (Mammalia, 2010)Table of ContentsList of contributors. Foreword by Hans Kruuk. Acknowledgements. Dedications. 1. Reintroduction of Top-order Predators: Using Science to restore one of the drivers of biodiversity Matt W. Hayward & Michael J. Somers . 2. A critical assessment of South Africa’s managed metapopulation recovery strategy for African wild dogs and its value as a template for large carnivore conservation elsewhere Harriet T. Davies-Mostert, M. Gus L. Mills & David W. Macdonald. 3. Reintroduction decisions taken at the incorrect social scale devalue their conservation contribution: the African lion in South Africa Rob Slotow & Luke T.B. Hunter. 4. Recovery of Eurasian lynx in Europe: what part has reintroduction played? John D. C. Linnell, Urs Breitenmoser, Christine Breitenmoser-Würsten, John Odden & Manuela von Arx. 5. Reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park: History, values and ecosystem restoration. Douglas W. Smith & Edward E. Bangs. 6. Aspects and Implications of Bear Reintroduction Joseph D. Clark. 7. Tiger reintroduction in India: conservation tool or costly dream? A. J. T. Johnsingh & M. D. Madhusudan. 8. Snow Leopards: Is reintroduction the best option? Rodney M Jackson and Som B. Ale. 9. The Suitability of the Jaguar (Panthera onca) for Reintroduction (what we know, what we need to know) Marcella J. Kelly & Scott Silver. 10. The status and conservation of leopards and other large carnivores in the Congo Basin, and the potential role of reintroduction Philipp Henschel. 11. Reintroducing the dingo: can Australia’s conservation wastelands be restored? Chris R. Dickman, Alistair S. Glen & Mike Letnic. 12. The role of social behaviour in carnivore reintroductions Michael J. Somers & Markus Gusset. 13. Survival of cheetahs relocated from ranchland to fenced protected areas in South Africa Kelly Marnewick, Matt W. Hayward, Deon Cilliers, & Michael J. Somers. 14. A framework for evaluating reintroduction success in carnivores: lessons from African wild dogs Markus Gusset. 15. A synthesis of early indicators of the drivers of predator conservation on private lands in South Africa P.A. Lindsey, S. Romañach & H. Davies-Mostert. 16. Moving beyond the descriptive: predicting the responses of top-order predators to reintroduction Matt W. Hayward. 17. Genetic considerations in reintroduction programs for large terrestrial predators Richard Frankham. 18. Breeding Far Eastern leopards for reintroduction – the zoo program perspective Sarah Christie. 19. Lessons learnt and plans laid: seven awkward questions for the future of reintroductions David W. Macdonald. Index

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Book SynopsisA study of the stratigraphical occurrences of non-ammonoid cephalopods in the Late-Silurian-Middle Devonian. It collects more than 2000 cephalopod specimens from a section in the Tafilalt of south-east Morocco. It includes 16 plates and 23 text-figures.Table of ContentsAbstract. Introduction. Terminology. Open nomenclature. Terminology of higher taxa. Morphological terms. Diversity Measures. The Locality. Sedimentary Succession and Stratigraphy. 1. Temperoceras limestone succession. 2. Scyphocrinites limestone succession. 3. Jovellania limestone succession. 4. Pragian-Zlı´chovian limestone succession. 5. Early Eifelian limestone succession. Interpretation of the Sedimentary Succession. General remarks. Description of depositional cycles. Cephalopod Succession. Diversity signal. Morphological signal. Evolutionary signal. Systematic Palaeontology. Class Cepalopoda Cuvier, 1797. Order Discosorida Flower, in Flower and Kummel 1950. Family Phragmoceratidae Miller, 1877. Genus Pseudendoplectoceras gen. nov. Order Oncocerida Flower, in Flower and Kummel 1950. Family Brevicoceratidae Flower, 1945. Genus Brevicoceras Flower, 1938. Genus Cerovoceras gen. nov. Family Jovellaniidae Foord, 1888. Genus Jovellania Bayle, in Bayle and Zeller 1878. Genus Bohemojovellania Manda, 2001. Family Karoceratidae Teichert, 1939. Genus Ankyloceras Zhuravleva, 1974. Genus Ventrobalashovia gen. nov. Family Nothoceratidae Fischer, 1882. Genus Mutoblakeoceras gen. nov. Genus Tafilaltoceras gen. nov. Indet. Nothoceratidae. Family Oncoceratidae Hyatt, 1884. Genus Orthorizoceras gen. nov. Order Nautilida Agassiz, 1847. Family Centroceratidae Hyatt, 1900. Genus Centroceras Hyatt, 1884. Order Actinocerida Teichert, 1933. Family Ormoceratidae Saemann, 1852. Genus Ormoceras Stokes, 1840. Genus Deiroceras Hyatt, 1884. Genus Metarmenoceras Flower, 1940. Order Pseudothocerida Barskov, 1963. Family Pseudorthoceratidae Flower and Caster, 1935. Genus Geidoloceras gen. nov. Genus Neocycloceras Flower and Caster, 1935. Genus Probatoceras Zhuravleva, 1978. Genus Subdoloceras gen. nov. Genus Subormoceras gen. nov. Family Spyroceratidae Shimizu and Obata, 1935a. Genus Spyroceras Hyatt, 1884. Genus Cancellspyroceras gen. nov. Genus Diagoceras Flower, 1936. Genus Suloceras Manda, 2001. Order Lituitida Starobogatov, 1974. Family Lamellorthoceratidae Teichert, 1961. Genus Arthrophyllum Beyrich, 1850. Family Sphooceratidae Flower, 1962. Genus Sphooceras Flower, 1962. Order Orthoceratida Kuhn, 1940. Family Orthoceratidae McCoy, 1844. Genus Chebbioceras Klug et al., 2008. Genus Infundibuloceras Klug et al., 2008. Genus Kopaninoceras Kiselev, 1969. Genus Merocycloceras Ristedt, 1968. Genus Michelinoceras Foerste, 1932. Genus Orthocycloceras Barskov, 1972. Genus Pseudospyroceras gen. nov. Genus Theoceras gen. nov. Genus Tibichoanoceras gen. nov. Orthoceratidae gen. et sp. indet. Family Arionoceratidae Dzik, 1984. Genus Arionoceras Barskov, 1966. Genus Adiagoceras gen. nov. Genus Parakionoceras Foerste, 1928. Family Dawsonoceratidae Flower, 1962. Genus Anaspyroceras Shimizu and Obata, 1935a. Indet. Dawsonoceratidae. Family Geisonoceratidae Zhuravleva, 1959. Genus Angeisonoceras gen. nov. Genus Temperoceras Barskov, 1960. Family Kionoceratidae Hyatt, 1900. Genus Kionoceras Hyatt, 1884. Family Sichuanoceratidae Zhuravleva, 1978. Genus Sichuanoceras Chang, 1962. Family Sphaerorthoceratidae Ristedt, 1968. Genus Sphaerorthoceras Ristedt, 1968. Genus Akrosphaerorthoceras Ristedt, 1968. Genus Hemicosmorthoceras Ristedt, 1968. Genus Parasphaerorthoceras Ristedt, 1968. Genus Plagiostomoceras Teichert and Glenister, 1952. Order Bactritida Shimansky, 1951. Family Bactritidae Hyatt, 1884. Genus Bactrites Sandberger, 1843. Genus Devonobactrites Shimansky, 1962. Genus Lobobactrites Schindewolf, 1932. List of New Combinations. Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. Appendix

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding basin-fill evolution and the origin of stratal architectures has traditionally been based on studies of outcrops, well and seismic data, studies of and inferences on qualitative geological processes, and to a lesser extent based on quantitative observations of modern and ancient sedimentary environments.Table of ContentsPreface. Numerical simulation of the syn- to post-depositional history of a prograding carbonate platform: the Rosengarten, Middle Triassic, Dolomites, Italy (Axel Emmerich, Robert Tscherny, Thilo Bechstädt, Carsten Büker, Ullrich A. Glasmacher, Ralf Littke and Rainer Zühlke). Fine-scale forward modelling of a Devonian patch reef, Canning Basin, Western Australia (Claude-Alain Hasler, Erwin W. Adams, Rachel A. Wood and Tony Dickson). Structural, reverse-basin and forward stratigraphic modelling of the Southern Cantabrian Basin, northwest Spain (Zbynek Veselovský, Thilo Bechstädt and Rainer Zühlke). Numerical modelling of alluvial deposits: recent developments (John Bridge). Process-based stochastic modelling: meandering channelized reservoirs (Simon Lopez, Isabelle Cojan, Jacques Rivoirard and Alain Galli). Simulation of tidal flow and circulation patterns in the Early Miocene (Upper Marine Molasse) of the Alpine foreland basin (Ulrich Bieg, Michael Peter Süss and Joachim Kuhlemann). Predicting discharge and sediment flux of the Po River, Italy since the Last Glacial Maximum (Albert J. Kettner and James P.M. Syvitski). Impact of discharge, sediment flux and sea-level change on stratigraphic architecture of river–delta–shelf systems (George Postma and Aart Peter van den Berg van Saparoea). Grain-size sorting of river–shelf–slope sediments during glacial–interglacial cycles: modelling grain-size distribution and interconnectedness of coarse-grained bodies (Xander D. Meijer0. Modelling the preservation of sedimentary deposits on passive continental margins during glacial–interglacial cycles (Xander D. Meijer, George Postma, Peter A. Burrough and Poppe L. de Boer). Modelling source-rock distribution and quality variations: the organic facies modelling approach (Ute Mann and Janine Zweigel). Spatial data templates: combining simple models of physical processes with stochastic noise to yield stable, archetypal landforms (Peter A. Burrough). Models that talk back (John C. Tipper). Index.

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Book SynopsisLandscapes are mainly hillslopes with streams occupying less than 10# of drainage-basin areas. This book emphasizes tectonic geomorphology of hills, and treats the network of stream channels as the connecting link between upstream and downstream parts of a fluvial system.Trade Review"I recommend this book to anyone working in the field of seismic hazards assessment, to tectonics researchers, and to students of tectonics." (Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, 3 August 2011) "One of the appealing aspects of the book is that Bull uses a limited suite of landscapes with an array of climatic, lithologic and tectonic characteristics to highlight case studies. . . This work is well-suited for use as an upper level undergraduate textbook or as a resource for graduate students." (Geological Magazine, 2010) "Drawing on over 40 years of experience, this is the second geomorphology and neotectonics textbook that Bull has written in the last three years. Both books are well written and have a highly personal style." (Geological Magazine, 2010)Table of ContentsPreface x PART 1 — TECTONIC SETTINGS AND SCOPE OF INQUIRY. 1 Study Regions. 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 North America-Pacific Plate Boundary 4 1.2.1 Walker Lane-Eastern California Shear Zone 4 1.2.1.1 Panamint Range 7 1.2.2 Sierra Nevada 8 1.2.3 Diablo Range 12 1.2.4 Mendocino Triple Junction 14 1.3 Australia-Pacific Plate Boundary 16 1 4 India-Asia Plates Collision 20 1 5 Aegean Transtension 21 PART 2 — RESPONSES OF HILLSLOPES TO BEDROCK UPLIFT. 2 Drainage Basins. 2.1 Hydraulic Coordinates 26 2.2 Basin Shapes 27 2.2.1 Panamint Range Watersheds 27 2.3 Divide Migration and Stream Capture 30 2.3.1 Stream Capture and Changing Geomorphic Processes 30 2.3.2 Drainage-Basin Evolution in a Fold and Thrust Belt 39 2.3.2.1 Wrench-Fault Tectonics 39 2.3.2.2 Mt. Diablo Fold and Thrust Belt 40 2.4 Tectonically Translocated Watersheds 43 3 Hillslopes. 3.1 Hillslope Model Boundaries 49 3.2 Late Quaternary Tectonic Deformation of the Diablo Range Study Area 50 3.3 Sediment Flux and Denudation Rates 56 3.4 Ridgecrests 57 3.4.1 California Coast Ranges 57 3.4.2 Badlands 61 3.5 Canyonlands 62 3.5.1 The Loop of the San Juan River 64 3.5.1.1 Footslopes 69 3.6. Cross-Valley Shapes 72 3.6.1 Lithologic Controls 72 3.6.2 Tectonic Controls 74 3.7 Tectonic Signatures in Hillslopes 77 4 Tectonic Controls on Hillslope Denudation. 4.1 Sediment Yield 85 4.1.1 Influences of Rock Uplift 85 4.1.2 Lithologic Controls 89 4.2. Mass Movements 90 4.2.1 Rain, Ground-Water Levels, and Landslide Thresholds 91 4.2.1.1 Ground-Water-Induced Stresses in Hillslopes 91 4.2.1.2 Rain and Hillslope Stability 96 4.2.2 Landslides of Tectonically Active Regions 102 PART 3 — TECTONICS AND TOPOGRAPHY. 5 A Debate About Steady State. 5.1 A Century of Conceptual Models 113 5.2 Hillslope Degradation 119 5.3 Erosion of Mountain Ranges 123 5.3.1 Southern Alps 123 5.4.2 Sierra Nevada and Appalachian Mountains 128 5.4 Non-Steady State Erosion of Tectonically Active and Inactive Fluvial Systems 131 6 Influences of Erosion on Tectonic Deformation and Fault Propagation. 6.1 Exfoliation 134 6.2 Ridgecrest Spreading 134 6.3 Erosional Controls of Fault Zone Partitioning 139 6.4 Consequences of Erosion Induced by Long-Term Plate Collision 141 6.5 Fault Propagation 150 6.5.1 Normal Faulting 151 6.5.1.1 Nevada Basin and Range Province 151 6.5.1.2 Greece 152 6.5.2 Thrust Faulting 156 6.5.2.2 New Zealand 156 6.5.2.2 California 166 7 Tectonic Geomorphology of a Plate Boundary. 7.1 Walker Lane-Eastern California Shear Zone 177 7.1.1 Panamint Range 182 7.2 Sierra Nevada Microplate 188 7.2.1 Present Topography 188 7.2.2 Geomorphic Responses to an Uplift Event 189 7.3 Mendocino Triple Junction 203 7.3.1 Marine Terraces 203 7.3.2 Stream Channels 212 7.3.2.1 Independent Variables for Coastal Fluvial Systems 212 7.3.2.2 Fluvial System Responses to a Shifting Plate Boundary 215 References Cited 227 Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the paleomagnetism of sediments and sedimentary rocks, how sediments and sedimentary rocks become magnetized, and how the physical and chemical processes involved can affect the accuracy of paleomagnetism. Topics covered include depositional and post-depositional remanence acquisition, the detection and correction of compaction-caused inclination shallowing, reduction diagenesis of magnetic minerals, chemical remagnetization, and rotation of remanence by grain-scale rock strain. The book also has a chapter on environmental paleomagnetism, including examples of the new technique of high-resolution rock magnetic cyclostratigraphy and its application to sedimentary sequences. By emphasising the accuracy of sedimentary paleomagnetism and the magnitude of post-depositional processes that can affect it, the book will be invaluable in the geologic interpretation of sedimentary paleomagnetic data. Paleomagnetism of Sedimentary Rocks will be welcomed Trade Review“The book can be read easily and with great interest, particularly by readers being introduced to the subject. Kodama intelligently summarizes achievements in the field of sedimentary paleomagnetism, where he also plays an important role.” (Pure Appl. Geophys, 1 January 2015) “This easy-to-read volume is well illustrated, including 27 color plates, and it contains a useful glossary. Production quality is high. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates, graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 May 2013)Table of Contents1 The Paleomagnetism of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks: Importance and Reliability, 1 2 The Magnetization Mechanism of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks: Depositional Remanent Magnetization, 16 3 Post-Depositional Remanent Magnetization, 26 4 Inclination Shallowing in Sedimentary Rocks: Evidence, Mechanism and Cause, 34 5 How to Detect and Correct a Compaction-shallowed Inclination, 46 6 Post-Depositional Diagenesis and Chemical Remanent Magnetization, 66 7 Tectonic Strain Effects on Remanence: Rotation of Remanence and Remagnetization in Orogenic Belts, 81 8 Magnetization of Sediments and the Environment, 94 9 The Magnetization of Sedimentary Rocks: Processes and their Interpretation, 124 Glossary of Paleomagnetic and Rock Magnetic Acronyms, 136 References, 139 Index, 154 Color plate between pages 90 and 91

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisAt a time when people use more and more geographic information and tools, the management of geographical information in software systems still holds many challenges and motivates researchers from different backgrounds to propose innovative solutions. Representing geographical space beyond our mere perception is key to making relevant decisions, whether it is with respect to sustainable development or to the planning of everyday activities. Designing, sharing and exploiting such representations entails many challenges. This book presents recent software design projects, led in teams, which sometimes have different backgrounds, to address these challenges. It analyzes the specificities of these projects in terms of motivation, data models and analysis methods. Proposals are also put forward to improve resource sharing in this domain. Contents 1. Introduction, Bénédicte Bucher and Florence Le Ber. Part 1. Software Presentation 2. ORBISGIS: Geographical Information System Designed by and for Research, Erwan Bocher and Gwendall Petit. 3. GEOXYGENE: an Interoperable Platform for Geographical Application Development, Éric Grosso, Julien Perret and Mickaël Brasebin. 4. Spatiotemporal Knowledge Representation in AROM-ST, Bogdan Moisuc, Alina Miron, Marlène Villanova-Olivier and Jérôme Gensel. 5. GENGHIS: an Environment for the Generation of Spatiotemporal Visualization Interfaces, Paule-Annick Davoine, Bogdan Moisuc and Jérôme Gensel. 6. GEOLIS: a Logical Information System to Organize and Search Geo-Located Data, Olivier Bedel, Sébastien Ferré and Olivier Ridoux. 7. GENEXP-LANDSITES: a 2D Agricultural Landscape Generating Piece of Software, Florence Le Ber and Jean-François Mari. 8. MDWEB: Cataloging and Locating Environmental Resources, Jean-Christophe Desconnets and Thérèse Libourel. 9. WEBGEN: Web Services to Share Cartographic Generalization Tools, Moritz Neun, Nicolas Regnauld and Robert Weibel. Part 2. Summary and Suggestions 10. Analysis of the Specificities of Software Development in Geomatics Research, Florence Le Ber and Bénédicte Bucher. 11. Challenges and Proposals for Software Development Pooling in Geomatics, Bénédicte Bucher, Julien Gaffuri, Florence Le Ber and Thérèse Libourel.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction 1 Bénédicte BUCHER and Florence LE BER 1.1. Geomatics software 2 1.2. Pooling 12 1.3. Book outline 17 1.4. Bibliography 18 PART 1. SOFTWARE PRESENTATION 23 Chapter 2. ORBISGIS: Geographical Information System Designed by and for Research 25 Erwan BOCHER and Gwendall PETIT 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. Background history 26 2.3. Major functionalities 30 2.4. Architecture and graphical interface 39 2.5. Examples of use 48 2.6. Community 61 2.7. Conclusion and perspectives 63 2.8. Acknowledgments 64 2.9. Bibliography 64 Chapter 3. GEOXYGENE: an Interoperable Platform for Geographical Application Development 67 Éric GROSSO, Julien PERRET and Mickaël BRASEBIN 3.1. Introduction 67 3.2. Background history 68 3.3. Major functionalities and examples of use 69 3.4. Architecture 75 3.5. Communities 84 3.6. Conclusion 86 3.7. Bibliography 88 Chapter 4. Spatiotemporal Knowledge Representation in AROM-ST 91 Bogdan MOISUC, Alina MIRON, Marlène VILLANOVA-OLIVIER and Jérôme GENSEL 4.1. Introduction 91 4.2. From AROM to AROM-ST 93 4.3. AROM-ST 100 4.4. From AROM-OWL to ONTOAST 112 4.5. Architecture 113 4.6. Community 115 4.7. Conclusions and prospects 116 4.8. Bibliography 117 Chapter 5. GENGHIS: an Environment for the Generation of Spatiotemporal Visualization Interfaces 121 Paule-Annick DAVOINE, BogdanMOISUC and Jérôme GENSEL 5.1. Introduction 121 5.2. Context 122 5.3. Functionalities linked to the generation of geovisualization applications 127 5.4. Functionalities of the geovisualization application generated by GENGHIS 133 5.5. Architecture 140 5.6. Scope and user communities 141 5.7. Conclusion and perspectives 147 5.8. Acknowledgments 148 5.9. Bibliography 149 Chapter 6. GEOLIS: a Logical Information System to Organize and Search Geo-Located Data 151 Olivier BEDEL, Sébastien FERRÉ and Olivier RIDOUX 6.1. Introduction 151 6.2. Background history 152 6.3. Main functionalities and use cases 153 6.4. Architecture 182 6.5. Users and developers 184 6.6. Conclusion 186 6.7. Bibliography 186 Chapter 7. GENEXP-LANDSITES: a 2D Agricultural Landscape Generating Piece of Software 189 Florence LE BER and Jean-François MARI 7.1. Introduction 189 7.2. Context 190 7.3. Major functionalities 193 7.4. Case uses 201 7.5. Architecture 204 7.6. Communities 207 7.7. Conclusion 209 7.8. Acknowledgments 209 7.9. Bibliography 210 Chapter 8. MDWEB: Cataloging and Locating Environmental Resources 215 Jean-Christophe DESCONNETS and Thérèse LIBOUREL 8.1. Introduction 215 8.2. Context 216 8.3. Major functionalities and case uses 220 8.4. Cataloging functionality 224 8.5. Locating functionality 238 8.6. Administration functionality 244 8.7. Architecture 247 8.8. User community 249 8.9. Conclusion 251 8.10. Bibliography 253 Chapter 9. WEBGEN: Web Services to Share Cartographic Generalization Tools 257 Moritz NEUN, Nicolas REGNAULD and Robert WEIBEL 9.1. Introduction 257 9.2. Historical background 258 9.3. Major functionalities 262 9.4. Area of use 265 9.5. Architecture 273 9.6. Associated communities 276 9.7. Conclusion and outlook 277 9.8. Acknowledgments 279 9.9. Bibliography 279 PART 2. SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS 283 Chapter 10. Analysis of the Specificities of Software Development in Geomatics Research 285 Florence LE BER and Bénédicte BUCHER 10.1. Origin and motivations 286 10.2. Major functionalities, fields, and reusability 288 Chapter 11. Challenges and Proposals for Software Development Pooling in Geomatics 293 Bénédicte BUCHER, Julien GAFFURI, Florence LE BER and Thérèse LIBOUREL 11.1. Requirements and challenges 294 11.2. Solutions 303 11.3. Conclusion 311 11.4. Bibliography 313 Glossary 317 List of Authors 325 Index 329

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