Earth sciences Books

Book SynopsisChoice 'Outstanding Academic Title' award 2022Measures for Measure features once greatly-disturbed landscapes – now largely reclaimed, physically at least, by post-industrial activity. Yet the surviving machines, buildings and housing of the original Industrial Revolution, founded mostly upon Coal Measures strata, still loom large over many parts of Britain. They do so nowadays in the family-friendly and informative context of industrial museums, reconstructed industrial settlements, preserved landscapes and historic townscapes. Our society and its creative core of literature, visual arts and architecture were profoundly affected by the whole process. The British Carboniferous legacy for wider humankind was profound and permanent, more so with the realisation over the last 60 or so years that the emission of carbon dioxide during human utilisation of fossil fuels has caused global warming – with all its many unintended consequences. Coal, iron ore and other metallic ores and materials had been extracted from Carboniferous strata and traded for over five hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, notably since thirteenth century in the ‘London Trade’ of coal from Tyneside. By contrast, the neighbouring island of Ireland had no great deposits of coal and ironstone, although with gold, copper, lead and zinc aplenty. What produced this abundance of fossil carbon preserved in the Carboniferous rocks of Britain? Why did the Industrial Revolution originate in Britain in the early- to mid-eighteenth century and not elsewhere in mainland Europe where coal was also abundant?Linked geological, economic and social factors combined to enable the formation, preservation, exposure and exploitation of neighbouring coal- and iron-bearing reserves. The principal features of the distinctive industrial regions that grew up are traced back to their landscapes and geology in a major section of the book. Great industrial cities became wonders of the world, their entrepreneurs and industrialists proud at what they had created. However, industrial workers in their mines, foundries, forges, factories and mills had to collectively fight for economic, political and social rights and then to cope with the many traumas of de-industrialisation and unemployment.Measures for Measure will appeal to all with an interest in the industrial history of Great Britain and its impact on the landscape, economy, social history and culture of the island.Trade Review'As geologists, we understand that the Carboniferous rocks of the Coal Measures were essential to the first Industrial Revolution. They determined its location, pace and extent. This book explains not only this relationship but the profound consequences to our landscape, society, culture and economics that followed.An engaging narrative with cameos is used to frame the story, referencing the writings and eye witness accounts of contemporary individuals. The geological firsts attributed to George Sinclair, whose work involved predicting where mineral resources could be found and easy won, were particularly insightful. Abraham Darby with his technological knowhow sparked the revolutionary blueprint, but he relocated to Coalbrookdale for a reason!Professor Leeder’s vast knowledge comes to the fore in explaining the how, why and where. The answers of course are in the rocks, from the rise of forests, palaeoclimate and diagenesis to the Rheic Ocean’s demise and, finally, basin inversion. The richness of the geological story presented is like the creation of Pangaea itself - an impressive all-encompassing assemblage.Whether a balance between narrative and textbook style is achieved, only the reader can decide. It is however an enjoyable and though provoking read and thoroughly recommended.' Geoscientist online‘I would recommend this book for us all. Given the scope of the subject matter it could never have covered every aspect of the Industrial Revolution (just look at the number of books on this topic) but as an insight into Britain’s unique position from a geological perspective and as a reference source for helping shape the brave new world it is invaluable. The title — a take on one of Shakespeare’s ‘problem’ plays — perhaps reflects that ultimately human beings need to temper resource exploitation with moral justice — remembering that today’s renewable technological industries also require minerals.’ Edinburgh Geologist ‘Measure for Measure’ is a book that feels as solid as a coal ball, and is – at about £25 – reasonably priced. It enhances our understanding of the unique history of Great Britain. The writing is good; the scholarship fine; the diagrams exemplary; the bibliography comprehensive… ‘Measure for Measure’ is a fascinating book to cherish and return to – an enriching read, and definitely recommended.The GA Magazine (Geologists' Association)Table of ContentsPART 1: Economy in Motion: Setting the scene with six cameo sketches of key industrial developments. 1. Travellers’ Tales 1: Celia Fiennes and Daniel Defoe in Pre-Industrial Britain; 2: Beginning of Coallery: George Sinclair, ‘Scoto-Lothiani’; 3. New Reductions: Iron and ‘Charking Coles’; 4. Steam Engine Works: Newcomen to Watt; 5. Still Waters Run Shallow: Canal Mania. 6. Traveller’s Tales 2: Louis Simond Under Tyneside, 1811. PART 2: Redress of Time: Carboniferous Worlds Reconstructed: Some background geology, climate, botany and geochemistry. 7. Devonian Prequel: Scintillas, then Splashes of Green; 8. Carboniferous Tectonic Geography and Climate; 9. Carboniferous Equatorial Swamp Forests; 10. Carbon Accumulations and Mineral Additions; 11. Tectonic Inversion: Coal Basin Preservation.PART 3: Legacies: Carbon Cycling, Chimneys and Creativity: Various consequences of fossil fuel burning. 12. Atmospheres, Carbon Cycling and Glaciations; 13. Britain: First ‘Chimney of the World’; 14. Chimneys of the Modern World: A ‘Planetary Catastrophe’? 15. Industrial Sublime and Other Creative LegaciesPART 4: Landscapes of Industrial Revolution. Our industrial heritage and what it can mean to us today. 16. South Wales; 17. England’s West Country: Somerset/Gloucestershire; 18. North Wales; 19. English South Midlands; 20. East of the South Pennines: Yorkshire/Nottinghamshires/Derbyshire; 21. West of the South Pennines: Lancashire/North Staffordshire; 22. West and South Cumberland; 23. Northumberland and Durham; 24. Scottish Midlands. Chapter Notes and Sources. Bibliography. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisEssays on aspects of the natural world, its heritage, and how best to preserve it. Europe's engagement from the late sixteenth century onwards in scientific Earth science inquiry has generated numerous and varied collections of minerals, rocks, and fossils, together with their associated archives, artworks and publications, forming a rich cultural geoheritage held in major private and especially royal and aristocratic collections, museums, universities, archives and libraries. The mines, quarries, geological structures, landforms, minerals, rocks and fossils - or geodiversity - that underpin these collections populate past and present-day Earth science literature. However, for too long their scientific, historic and cultural significance was not universally recognised and generally they were not accorded adequate resources and protection - or geoconservation. Hence, geotourism was developed in the 1990s to raise public awareness of Europe's geoheritage and geodiversity and to promote itsgeoconservation; the volume's theoretical essays and case studies examine these four core geoelements and provide a timely introduction for anyone interested in natural history museums, countryside management, and landscape-basedtourism. Dr Thomas A. Hose is an Honorary Research Associate in the School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol. He has pioneered the recognition of and research into geotourism, and is the author of the world's first doctoral thesis on the subject. Contributors: Kevin Crawford, Peter Davis, John E. Gordon. Thomas A. Hose, Jonathan G. Larwood, Slobodan B. Markovic, Martin Munt, Emmanuel Reynard, Nemanja Tomic, Djordjije A. Vasiljevic, Margaret Wood, Volker WredeTrade ReviewEssential reading for anyone engaged in any aspect of geotourism and geohertiage. * DOWN TO EARTH MAGAZINE *Strengthen[s] the very basis in which we work. It is well worthwhile to read. * PROGEO NEWSLETTER *Table of ContentsIntroduction: Geoheritage and Geotourism - Thomas A. Hose Britain and Europe's Geoheritage - Thomas A. Hose Geological Inquiry in Britain and Europe: a Brief History - Thomas A. Hose Museums and Geoheritage in Britain and Europe - Thomas A. Hose Geoheritage for Sale: Collectors, Dealers and Auction Houses - Thomas A. Hose Geoheritage in the Field - Thomas A. Hose Geoconservation: an Introduction to European Principles and Practices - Jonathan Larwood Geotourism in Britain and Europe: Historical and Modern Perspectives - Thomas A. Hose Protecting and Promoting the Geoheritage of South-Eastern Europe - Thomas A. Hose and Djordjije Vasiljevic Geoheritage Case Study: the Isle of Wight, England - Martin Munt A Geoheritage Interpretation Case Study: the Antrim Coast of Northern Ireland - Kevin Crawford A Geoheritage Case Study: GeoMôn in Wales - John Conway and Margaret Wood Geoheritage Case Study: The Ruhrgebiet National GeoPark, Germany - Volker Wrede Geoheritage Case Study: Andalucia, Spain - Thomas A. Hose Geoheritage Case Study: Geotourism and Geoparks in Scotland - John Gordon Geoheritage Case Study: Canton Valais, Switzerland - Emmanuel Reynard Geoheritage Case Study: the Danube Region in Serbia - Djordjije Vasiljevic and Slobodon Markovic and Nemanja Tomic Conclusion - Thomas A. Hose

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Book SynopsisThe Earth’s oceans are currently undergoing unprecedented changes: rivers have suffered a severe reduction in their sediment transport, and as a result, sediment input to the oceans has dropped lower than ever before. These inputs have varied over millennia as a result of both natural occurrences and human actions, such as the building of dams and the extraction of materials from riverbeds. Sedimentary Crisis at the Global Scale 1 examines how river basins have been affected by the sedimentary crises of various historical epochs. By studying global balances, it provides insights into the profound disruption of the solid transport of fluvial bodies. The book also explores studies of various rivers, from the Amazon, which remains relatively unaffected, to dying rivers such as the Colorado and the Nile.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xi Introduction xv Chapter 1 The Torrential Crisis in the European Mountains (14th–19th Centuries) 1 1.1 Introductory generalities on global fluvial systems 1 1.2 Manifestations of the LIA crisis in the river valleys of Western Europe 5 1.2.1 Mountain crises 5 1.2.2 River crises and metamorphoses of the Drac and the Isère in Grenoble 7 1.2.3 Flooded piedmont plains in Switzerland 11 1.2.4 Sedimentation and large works in Italy 12 1.3 The difficult mastery of the Rhine delta in the modern era 17 1.3.1 Flow distribution between river branches: an age-old battle against the elements of nature 17 1.3.2 Returns on destabilization 19 1.4 Observations on the torrentiality of the Southern Alps in the late 18th and 19th Centuries 20 1.4.1 A highly degraded state of affairs in the late 18th Century 20 1.4.2 Prefect Pierre-Henri Dugied’s project (1819) 23 1.4.3 Alexandre Surell, author of the French policy for restoring mountain territories 23 1.4.4 The restoration of mountain land (RTM) 28 1.4.5 The Southern Prealps (Drôme): what kind of balance in torrential milieus? 31 1.5 The sediment conveyor belt, from torrents to outlets 32 1.5.1 The forester Georges Fabre, from the Aigoual to the Gironde 32 1.5.2 The Rhône river trough 33 1.5.3 The redistribution of alluvia in the upper delta of the Rhône 35 1.5.4 Solid contributions to the Rhône outlet and progression of the Camargue delta 35 Chapter 2 Continuity in European Hydraulic Science (16th–18th Centuries) 39 2.1 From hydraulic architecture to the fluvial system: transalpine preeminence 41 2.1.1 At the roots of European science 42 2.1.2 A great Italian scholar, Paolo Frisi 44 2.2 The first naturalist approaches to the water cycle in the Seine basin 50 2.2.1 Pierre Perrault 51 2.2.2 Edme Mariotte 52 2.2.3 French hydraulic science in the 18th Century 53 2.2.4 Emergence of the natural state of rivers in the mid-18th Century 59 2.2.5 Jean-Antoine Fabre, the great naturalist engineer of Southern Alpine torrents 62 2.3 Conclusion 67 Chapter 3 Exploited Nature and the River’s Responses to the Globe’s Surface 69 3.1 Mistreated soil and accelerated erosion 71 3.1.1 The Huang-He (Yellow River) basin: accelerated erosion in a highly fragile milieu 71 3.1.2 Soil erosion in North America 77 3.1.3 Accelerated erosion on the Great Russian Plains, from Belarus to the Urals 83 3.1.4 New Zealand, “destruction on the pretext of development” 86 3.2 Mineral predation and river bursts 91 3.2.1 Lead and zinc in the Pennines: mines threatening dairy livestock 92 3.2.2 The “debris” from the gold-bearing alluvia of the Sierra Nevada (California) 93 3.2.3 The coal mines of the Loess Plateau, the Huang-He watershed 100 3.2.4 Mountaintop mining in the Appalachians at the risk of downstream reaches 101 3.3 Conclusion 104 Chapter 4 From Hills to the Ocean: Production, Transfer and Trapping 107 4.1 Global continental contributions to oceans 107 4.1.1 Continental denudation and sediment flux to river mouths 108 4.1.2 Natural sediment interception on the way to oceans 112 4.1.3 Disturbances in “geological” fluxes during the Anthropocene 117 4.2 Selected case studies on the Earth’s surface 121 4.2.1 The Yangzi basin 121 4.2.2 The sediment load of rivers in mountain regions subject to tropical cyclones 121 4.2.3 The effects of the recent protection of degraded continental milieus 122 4.2.4 Mining and the increase in river loads 125 4.3 Irreversible flux disturbances 126 4.3.1 The major role of artificial reservoirs 126 4.3.2 Hydrological and sedimentary effects 127 4.3.3 Trapping and effects on sediment transfer 129 4.3.4 River diversion, loss of transport capacity and trapping 131 4.3.5 Predation of river resources: sand and gravel 135 Chapter 5 The Recent Hydrosedimentary History of Some of the Globe’s Largest Rivers 145 5.1 A river in its natural state, the Amazon 146 5.1.1 The river in its basin 146 5.1.2 River function 147 5.1.3 The threat of dams 149 5.2 Adjusted rivers in China and Southeast Asia 150 5.2.1 The Huang-He downstream of the Loess Plateau: contemporary generalities 150 5.2.2 The Yangtze and the Three Gorges Dam 155 5.2.3 The Mekong 160 5.3 The Mississippi, an altered river in a new country 166 5.3.1 Basin and hydrology 166 5.3.2 Geology of the Mississippi basin 167 5.3.3 Aspects of the river 168 5.3.4 Modifications to the sedimentary budget 170 5.4 Overexploited rivers in regions with a water deficit 176 5.4.1 The God River and the Aswan Dams 176 5.4.2 The Colorado River 182 Conclusion 189 Glossary 193 Bibliography 199 Index of Common Terms219 Index of Places 223 Index of Names 229

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the geological record and the evolution of ideas concerning the Variscan orogenic belt in France and neighboring regions. Volume 1 is based on a general introduction concerning the imprint of the Variscan period on the geology of France, as well as on the particularities of the study of this ancient orogen. A history of the concepts applied to the Variscan belt is proposed in order to consider this orogen in the history of Earth Sciences. A paleogeodynamic analysis of the Variscan cycle sets the general framework for the evolution of the orogen, which is then tackled through the prism of the magmatic, metamorphic and tectonic record of the early phases (from Cambrian to Lower Carboniferous). Volume 2 proposes an analysis of the late evolution of the Variscan orogenic belt, reflecting its dismantling in a high-temperature context during the Upper Carboniferous and Permian. The sedimentary archives are described, as well as the questions raised by the specificities of this ancient orogen.Table of ContentsPreface ixYoann DENÈLE and Julien BERGER Introduction xiYoann DENÈLE and Julien BERGER List of Figures xxiii Chapter 1 High-Temperature Metamorphism and Syn- to Late-Orogenic Magmatism 1Arnaud VILLAROS, Oscar LAURENT, Simon COUZINIE and Jean-François MOYEN 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 High-temperature/low- to medium-pressure metamorphism and partial melting of the Variscan crust 5 1.2.1 Evolution of high-temperature metamorphism 5 1.2.2 Petrology of high-temperature metamorphism 7 1.3 Late-orogenic magmatism 13 1.3.1 Two mica peraluminous leucogranites (MPG) 13 1.3.2 Biotite and cordierite peraluminous granites (CPG) 14 1.3.3 K-rich calc-alkaline granitoids (KCG) – durbachites, vaugnerites 16 1.3.4 Synchronous orogenic volcanism of HT metamorphism 17 1.3.5 Overview 18 1.4 Causes and geodynamic implications of crustal melting 19 1.4.1 Synchronous crustal melting episode of the Variscan collision 19 1.4.2 Melting associated with orogenic extension 19 1.4.3 High-temperature melting and the formation of domes 20 1.4.4 Synthesis of HT metamorphic evolution 22 1.4.5 Outlook 23 1.5 References 24 Chapter 2 Late-Orogenic Structural Reorganization of the Variscan Belt during the Upper Carboniferous 35Yoann DENÈLE and Bryan COCHELIN 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Major structures of the Variscan belt of Western Europe 38 2.3 Ibero-Armorican Arc 43 2.3.1 Formation of a major orocline in the upper Carboniferous 43 2.3.2 Structure and evolution of the Armorican domain 46 2.3.3 The Armorican shear zones 49 2.3.4 A simple shear model in a horizontal plane at the scale of the Central Armorican domain 53 2.4 Late orogenic deformation in the internal domain 56 2.4.1 South Armorican domain: thinning and longitudinal stretching of a previously thickened domain 56 2.4.2 The Carboniferous syn-tectonic plutons of the French Massif Central: interaction between strike–slip shear zone and longitudinal extension 65 2.4.3 The Velay dome and the Pilat detachment: transverse extension in the hinterland 74 2.5 Late-orogenic deformation in the southern foreland domain 77 2.5.1 The Montagne Noire migmatite-cored gneiss dome 77 2.5.2 The Variscan segment of the Pyrenees 85 2.6 Summary and discussion on the restructuring of the Variscan belt in the Carboniferous 93 2.7 Conclusion 99 2.8 References 99 Chapter 3 Sedimentary Basins and Evolution of Reliefs Associated with the Variscan Cycle in France and Adjacent Countries 121Markus ARETZ, Élise NARDIN, Frédéric CHRISTOPHOUL, Julien DENAYER 3.1 Introduction 121 3.2 Foreland basins along the Southern Laurussian Margin 122 3.2.1 The Ardenne and the Boulonnais 123 3.2.2 Rhenish Massif 138 3.3 Basins in the Inner Variscan zone 146 3.3.1 Armorican Massif Basins 147 3.3.2 Northern Vosges 152 3.4 Regions of the Gondwanan Margin and Foreland Basin 152 3.4.1 Middle Vosges and Southern Vosges 153 3.4.2 Morvan 154 3.4.3 Montagne Noire: reference for the Peri-Gondwanan Foreland Basin 154 3.4.4 The Pyrenees 162 3.5 Post-orogenic stage: Stephanian-Permian basins 169 3.5.1 Stratigraphy 171 3.5.2 Geodynamic and structural context 172 3.5.3 General sedimentological trends in Stephanian-Permian basins 177 3.6 Conclusion 179 3.7 References 181 Conclusion 203Yoann DENÈLE and Julien BERGER List of Authors 215 Index 217 Summary of Volume 1 219

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Book SynopsisGeodynamics of the Alps consists of three volumes. This first volume describes the recent and present-day structure and tectonic setting of the Alpine chain, from the lithospheric mantle to brittle crust and surface topography. It also provides a historical overview of Alpine research, with two chapters covering specific Alpine regions (Corsica and the Eastern Alps) through all phases of Alpine history. The aim of this book is to create a space for experts on Alpine research to present the state of the art of specific subjects and provide their own interpretations.

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Book SynopsisThe interior of our planet is one of the last 'terra incognita'. Its chemical composition and onion-like structure of solid rocks and rare minerals make it a fascinating object. It is primarily its dynamic that makes Earth such a singular object in the solar system, with perennial, active plate tectonics for several billion years. While its dynamic is obvious on the surface (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mid-oceanic rifts), the very nature of the Earth's mantle beneath the crust and in contact with the core has not revealed all of its secrets. Structure and Dynamics of the Earth's Interior 2 recalls the fundamental principles of several key physicochemical properties of the materials which make up the Earth's mantle. This book then describes the latest technological advances used at high pressures and temperatures to reproduce the extreme conditions of the Earth's mantle in the laboratory. It also presents the latest and most significant scientific results.

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Book SynopsisThe silicate mantle and its dynamics have controlled the Earth's internal cooling for over four billion years. Today, these dynamics are rather slow, but this was not always the case: shortly after the core/mantle separation, this reservoir was significantly melted, with dynamics like those of a magma ocean. Despite advances in analytical and numerical tools and a better understanding of the Earth's internal structure, the Earth's mantle currently remains a mystery. Structure and Dynamics of the Earth's Interior 1 presents the evolution of mantle dynamics throughout Earth's history, from its formation to the present day. It examines the contributions of numerical modeling, as well as the seismological, petrological and geochemical data used to constrain dynamic models. Finally, the book analyzes the manifestations of mantle dynamics in terms of surface cooling, volcanism and coupling with the atmosphere.

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Book SynopsisEarth observation has witnessed a unique paradigm change in the last decade with a diverse and ever-growing number of data sources. Among them, time series of remote sensing images has proven to be invaluable for numerous environmental and climate studies. Multitemporal Earth Observation Image Analysis provides illustrations of recent methodological advances in data processing and information extraction from imagery, with an emphasis on the temporal dimension uncovered either by recent satellite constellations (in particular the Sentinels from the European Copernicus programme) or archival aerial images available in national archives. The book shows how complementary data sources can be efficiently used, how spatial and temporal information can be leveraged for biophysical parameter estimation, classification of land surfaces and object tracking, as well as how standard machine learning and state-of-the-art deep learning solutions can solve complex problems with

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Book SynopsisSoils are a vital resource in agricultural production. This book aims to provide an overview of several topics concerning agricultural soil management. Without claiming to be exhaustive, it nevertheless provides a useful basis for understanding how agricultural soils function, and how to manage these functions within agroecosystems. Our approach to soils is multidisciplinary, ranging from natural sciences to human and social sciences. Agricultural Soil Science also highlights the characteristics of soils in specific geographical regions (Mediterranean soils, tropical soils) and environments (urban soils). The content of this book is based on the training programs run by its authors at the higher education establishments where they teach. At a time of ecological transition, soils must once again play a central role in the management of agroecosystems. This book sets out to play its part in making that happen.

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Book Synopsis​On February 15, 2013, the Chelyabinsk meteor sailed over Russian skies in a streak of light that was momentarily brighter than the Sun. The remarkable event and its subsequent shock wave were witnessed and documented by countless local residents, launching a widespread scientific expedition to gather and study the remaining meteoritic fragments.This book chronicles Chelyabinsk’s tale of recovery and discovery from the minds of many of the scientists who studied the superbolide, leading field experiments and collecting meteorites and meteorite dust across the region. The Chelyabinsk superbolide is a complex and multi-aspect phenomenon. The book not only presents the results of the scientific research but also details the firsthand experiences of those involved in such efforts, providing readers with a unique opportunity to look at the "inner workings" of science that are seldom shown to the public.Over the course of their studies, the scientists collected over 200 photographs and a dozen video recordings taken by nearly 40 different eyewitnesses. Many of those never-before-published illustrations and photos can be found in full color in the pages of this book.Trade Review“It is … suitable for most non-specialists and contains many colour photographs not seen elsewhere. … All in all, a very useful summary of the effects of the superbolide, and a book to be recommended.” (Storm Dunlop, The Observatory, Vol. 141 (1281), April, 2021)Table of ContentsAcknowledgements.- Dedication.- Preface.- 1. Meteors, meteorites and the Chelyabinsk superbolide: main facts.- 2. A million observers of the superbolide.- 3. The fate of the fiery serpent.- 4. Meteorite rush: the collection of sky stones.- 5. The hunt for cosmic dust.- 6. Chebarkul meteorite ice hole.- 7. Underwater excavations and welcoming the Big Meteorite.- 8. Why the stone exploded.- 9. Chemical composition, structure and age of the Chelyabinsk bolide.- 10. Meteorology of the superbolide or super-experiment in the atmosphere.- 11. Dust ring around the Earth caused by the Chelyabinsk bolide.- 12. Basalt threads in the dust of the Chelyabinsk bolide: Pele’s hair analog.- 13. Frequency of meteorite falls.- 14. How to protect Earth from meteoroids, asteroids and comets.- 15. The cultural aftershock of the Chelyabinsk bolide.- Appendix: The lonely Moon, double asteroids, and multiple collisions.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive introduction to well logging and the inverse problem. It explores challenges such as conventional data processing methods’ inability to handle local minima issues, and presents the explanations in an easy-to-follow way. The book describes statistical data interpretation by introducing the fundamentals behind the approach, as well as a range of sampling methods. In each chapter, a specific method is comprehensively introduced, together with representative examples. The book begins with basic information on well logging and logging while drilling, as well as a definition of the inverse problem. It then moves on to discuss the fundamentals of statistical inverse methods, Bayesian inference, and a new sampling method that can be used to supplement it, the hybrid Monte Carlo method. The book then addresses a specific problem in the inversion of downhole logging data, and the interpretation of earth model complexity, before concluding with a meta-technique called the tempering method, which serves as a supplement to statistical sampling methods. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable reference guide for drilling engineers, well logging tool physicists, and geoscientists, as well as students in the areas of petroleum engineering and electrical engineering. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Foundation of Bayesian Inversion and Sampling Methods.- Beyond the Random Walk: a Hybrid Monte Carlo Sampling.- Interpret Model Complexity: Trans-Dimensional Markov Chain Monet Carlo Method.- Accelerated Bayesian Inversion Using Parallel Tempering

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Book SynopsisThis textbook introduces methods of geoscientific data acquisition using MATLAB in combination with inexpensive data acquisition hardware such as sensors in smartphones, sensors that come with the LEGO MINDSTORMS set, webcams with stereo microphones, and affordable spectral and thermal cameras. The text includes 35 exercises in data acquisition, such as using a smartphone to acquire stereo images of rock specimens from which to calculate point clouds, using visible and near-infrared spectral cameras to classify the minerals in rocks, using thermal cameras to differentiate between different types of surface such as between soil and vegetation, localizing a sound source using travel time differences between pairs of microphones to localize a sound source, quantifying the total harmonic distortion and signal-to-noise ratio of acoustic and elastic signals, acquiring and streaming meteorological data using application programming interfaces, wireless networks, and internet of things platforms, determining the spatial resolution of ultrasonic and optical sensors, and detecting magnetic anomalies using a smartphone magnetometer mounted on a LEGO MINDSTORMS scanner. The book’s electronic supplementary material (available online through Springer Link) contains recipes that include all the MATLAB commands featured in the book, the example data, the LEGO construction plans, photos and videos of the measurement procedures.Table of ContentsData Acquisition in Earth Sciences.- Introduction to MATLAB.- MATLAB Programming.- Geometric Properties.- Visible Light Images.- Spectral Imaging.- Acquisition of Elastic Signals.- Gravimetric, Magnetic and Weather Data.

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Book SynopsisThis book of Springer Proceedings in Geoarchaeology and Archaeological Mineralogy contains selected papers presented at the 7th Geoarchaeology Conference, which took place during October 19–23, 2020, at the South Urals Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Miass, Russia. The Proceedings combine studies in archeometry, geoarchaeology, and ancient North Eurasian technologies, including paleometallurgy, stone tools investigation, past exploitation of geological resources, bioarchaeology, residue analysis, pottery, and lithics studies. This book also specializes in various non-organic materials, rocks, minerals, ores, and metals, especially copper and metallurgical slags. Many types of research also use modern analytical methods of isotopic, chemical, and mineralogical analysis to address the composition and structure of ancient materials and the technological practices of past human populations of modern Russia, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Mongolia. This book is intended for archaeologists, historians, museum workers, and geologists, as well as students, researchers from other disciplines, and the general public interested in the interdisciplinary research in the field of archaeology and archaeological materials, strategies and techniques of past quarrying, mining, metallurgy and lithic technologies at different chronological periods in Eurasian steppe and adjacent forest zone.Table of Contents​PART 1 ANCIENT METALLURGY: GENERAL ISSUESInternal and external impulses for the development of ancient Chinese metallurgyGrigoriev S. Iron sources and technologies during the Early Iron Age in the Northern Pontic regionKulkova M., Kashuba M., Kulkov A., Ryabkova T. Vetrova M., Zanoci A., Bubnova O. Lead isotope analysis of the Bronze Age metal from the steppe of the Cis- and Trans-UralsKiseleva D., Soloshenko N., Okuneva T., Shagalov E., Tkachev V., Bogdanov S., Ankushev M., Koryakova L., Vinogradov N. PART 2 ANCIENT METALLURGY: CASE STUDIESMetalworking and metallurgical slag in the Tokskoe Late Bronze Age settlement Ankushev M., Faizullin I., Artemyev D., Blinov I. Arrowheads from Two Sarmatian Burials of the One Mound: Metal Composition and Shape RelationBlinov I., Tairov A. The ancient Bronzes of Bashkiria: findings on the composition of non-ferrous metal obtained at the burial grounds of the Bronze AgeBakhshiev I., Kamaleev E. Mineral Composition of the Ground Material from the Stone Pestles of the Gonur-Depe Administrative and Religious Center (South-Eastern Karakum)Yuminov A., Dubova N., Ankusheva N. Comparison of the results of studying the alloy composition of coins of the Chersonesos minting during Roman and Byzantine times Antipenko A.V., Maksimova E.M., Naumenko V.E., Naukhatskiy I.A., Smekalova T.N."A Crucible with Solidified Substance" or an Ore Sample: Experience of the Complex Analysis of a Unique Find of the Chepetskaya Archaeological CultureRusskikh E. Kazburun archaeological micro-district of the Late Bronze Age and copper ore mines in the Southern Trans-Urals Shcherbakov N., Shuteleva I. PART 3 BIOARCHAEOLOGY AND RESIDUE ANALYSISDiet and Mobility in the Pre-Urals Bronze Age, Russia (Preliminary Results of Stable Isotope Analysis) Epimakhov A. Sampling Methodology for Assessing a Multi-Proxy Bioavailable Strontium Isotope Baseline for the Orenburg Region (Russia): Fieldwork Results Kiseleva D., Shagalov E., Ryanskaya A., Pankrushina E. Provenance of the Bronze Age Wool Textiles from the Western Orenburg Region (Russia)Shishlina N., Kiseleva D., Kuptsova L., Okuneva T., Soloshenko N., Shagalov E., Faizullin I. Preliminary results of REE distribution and 87Sr/86Sr ratio in organic and mineral sources from the Paleolithic sites of Mongolia Vishnevskaya I., Okuneva T., Bazargur D., Urazova K., Klementiev A., Marchenko D., Gunchinsuren B., Rybin E., Olsen J., Khatsenovich A. PART 4 MINING OF ORES AND MINERALS IN THE PASTStarodubtseva Yama - a new ancient mine in the steppes of the Southern Trans-Urals Ankusheva P., Alaeva I., Ankushev M., Artemyev D., Bazhenov E., Yuminov A. The Paleosoils Properties of Vorovskaya Yama Copper Mine and the Late Bronze Age Climate on the Trans-Urals PlateauPlekhanova L. New objects of geoarchaeology of Baishevsky archaeological micro-district and adjacent territory of Bashkir Trans-Urals (Southern Urals) Kazakov P. Assessment of Excavated Volume and Labor Investment at the Novotemirsky Copper Ore Mining SiteChechushkov I. PART 5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTTERYMiddle Eastern Glazed Ceramics of the 11th Century in Bilyar, the Capital of Volga BulgariaValiulina S. Chemical and Technological Characteristics of Glazed Vessels from the Pottery Workshop of the Tsarevskoye Medieval City Valiulina S., Bocharov S. Asbestos Ceramics from Archaeological Sites of Southern Fennoscandia (Karelia): Mineralogical and Geochemical AspectsKulkova M., Gerasimov D., Kulkov A., Zhulnikov A., Danilov G., Streltsov M. PART 6 LITHIC TOOLS AND MATERIALSDiversity of Lithic Raw Material Types Used by the Population of the Mountain-Forest Trans-Urals (3rd – 2nd Millennium BC)Korochkova O., Spiridonov I., Usacheva I., Shagalov E. Stone raw materials as an indicator of economy relations (based on the materials of the sites of the Cucuteni-Tripolye culture heyday in the Bug-Dniester interfluve)Terekhina V., Skakun N., Bicbaev V. The Role of Non-Isotropic Stone Raw Materials in Industrial Complexes of the Upper Paleolithic Sites (Based on Materials from the Cosauti Site, Republic of Moldova)Skakun N., Kovalenko S., Terekhina V., Shulga D., Mednikova E. Use of pebble raw materials in the Paleolithic and Mesolithic of the UralsSerikov Yu.Obsidian as the primary main raw material for the production of tools in the early agricultural societies of Azerbaijan Arazova R., Skakun N. “Home, sweet home”: stones from the Bronze Age settlement hearths (South Trans-Urals, Russia)Alaeva I., Ankushev M., Ankusheva P., Vasyuchkov E. PART 7 SITE ANALYSES AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) IN ARCHAEOLOGYGeoarchaeological studies of kurgans with moustaches: achievements and prospects Grudochko I. The remote methods for search and study of archaeological objects in Bashkortostan Nasretdinov R., Bakhshiev I., Gabitov R. Complex investigation (GIS, photogrammetry and natural-scientific methods) of the historical and cultural landscape of Northwestern Colchis in the late antique and medieval timesTrebeleva G., Yurkov G. Kizilov A., Glazov K., Tatiana Yu. Shvedchikova T. Application of remote sensing methods for studying the ancient land division system of Tauric Chersonesos on the Mayachnyi peninsulaSmekalova T., Terekhin E. Geoarchaeological Studies on the Territory of Baikal Siberia: Approach and Methods Berdnikova N., Berdnikov I., Vorobyova G., Shchetnikov A., Filinov I., Krutikova K., Zolotarev D., Lipnina E. PART 8 REVIEWS. THOUGHTS. MEMOIRSHistorical experience and ancient metal production in the South UralsVinogradov N. Problems with the definition of artifacts material (the help of the geologists to archaeologists)Kabanova L., Zaykova E. Search and Mining of Silver in the UralsKurlaev E. Problems and perspectives of stone type investigation: elimination of the depassportization of medieval statues of Eurasian nomadsYevglevskyy A. About the Life and Work of Archaeologist Prof. Gennady B. ZdanovichOn Behalf of the Editorial Board

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Book SynopsisThe Sentinel missions of the COPERNICUS Programme of the European Union, as well as other Earth Observation missions, provide new opportunities for systematic monitoring of natural and man-made hazards and disasters that can highly impact human societies.The contributions collected in this book address a broad range of geohazards observable from space, including earthquakes, volcanic hazards, extreme events (e.g. storm surges, floods and droughts), fires, pollution, tipping points in physical and biological systems, etc.. They provide information on how space observations can improve our understanding of the driving mechanisms at the origin of such geohazards, and of their mutual interactions. Focus is given on the expected added-value information obtained by combining different types of space-based and in situ observations as well as model results.The chapters "Space-Based Earth Observations for Disaster Risk Management", "Earth Observation for the Assessment of Earthquake Hazard, Risk and Disaster Management", "Earth Observation for Crustal Tectonics and Earthquake Hazards", "Earth Observations for Monitoring Marine Coastal Hazards and Their Drivers", "Air Pollution and Sea Pollution Seen from Space" are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.Previously published in Surveys in Geophysics, Volume 41, Issue 6, 2020Table of ContentsGuest Editorial: International Space Science Institute (ISSI) Workshop on Geohazards and Risks Studied from Earth Observations Earth Observations for Coastal Hazards Monitoring and International Services: A European Perspective Space-Based Earth Observations for Disaster Risk Management Early Warning from Space for a Few Key Tipping Points in Physical, Biological, and Social-Ecological Systems Geoscientists in the Sky: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Responding to GeohazardsEarth Observation for the Assessment of Earthquake Hazard, Risk and Disaster Management Earth Observation for Crustal Tectonics and Earthquake Hazards Remote Sensing for Assessing Landslides and Associated Hazards Fire Danger Observed from SpaceOn the Use of Satellite Remote Sensing to Detect Floods and Droughts at Large ScalesEarth Observations for Monitoring Marine Coastal Hazards and Their DriversContributions of Space Missions to Better Tsunami Science: Observations, Models and WarningsAir Pollution and Sea Pollution Seen from Space Geomagnetic Field Processes and Their Implications for Space Weather

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Book SynopsisThis open access book presents the results of three years collaboration between earth scientists and data scientist, in developing and applying data science methods for scientific discovery. The book will be highly beneficial for other researchers at senior and graduate level, interested in applying visual data exploration, computational approaches and scientifc workflows.Table of ContentsData Science and Earth System Science.- The Digital Earth project: focus and agenda.- Data analysis and exploration with visual approaches.- Data analysis and exploration with computational approaches.- Data analysis and exploration with scientific workflows.- The Digital Earth SMART monitoring concept and tools.- Interdisciplinary collaboration.- Evaluating the success of the Digital Earth project.- Lessons learned in the Digital Earth project.

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Book SynopsisPython is used in a wide range of geoscientific applications, such as in processing images for remote sensing, in generating and processing digital elevation models, and in analyzing time series. This book introduces methods of data analysis in the geosciences using Python that include basic statistics for univariate, bivariate, and multivariate data sets, time series analysis, and signal processing; the analysis of spatial and directional data; and image analysis. The text includes numerous examples that demonstrate how Python can be used on data sets from the earth sciences. The supplementary electronic material (available online through Springer Link) contains the example data as well as recipes that include all the Python commands featured in the book.Table of ContentsData Analysis in the Earth Sciences.- Introduction to Python.- Univariate Statistics.- Bivariate Statistics.- Time Series Analysis.- Signal Processing.- Spatial Data.- Image Processing.- Multivariate Statistics.- Directional Data.

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Book SynopsisThis book contains the proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Geoinformatics and Data Analysis (ICGDA 2022), held in January 21–23, Paris, France. Geoinformatics helps to support basic scientific inquiry as well as address the complex social and environmental challenges. It becomes very important technology to decision-makers across a wide range of disciplines such as computer science, information technology, software engineering, biogeography, geography, conservation, architecture, spatial analysis and reinforcement learning. The papers included in this proceeding share the latest research results and practical application examples on the methodologies and algorithms in the area of geoinformatics and data analysis, including software and information engineering, environmental geography and geographic information system, which makes the book a valuable reference for researchers, engineers and university students who are working in the field.Table of ContentsSpatio-temporal Characteristics of Land-cover Changes in China During 2000-2019.- Analyzing Geospatial Key Factors and Predicting Bike Activity in Hamburg.- Evaluation and Pattern Optimization of Ecological Space of Chongqing with Remote Sensing Data.- Research on Calculation Model of National Fragile State Based on Climate Vulnerability.- Daily Rainfall Analysis in Indonesia using ARIMA, Neural Network and LSTM.- Development of A Geoinformation Monitoring Module for The Khankalsky Geothermal Deposit in The Chechen Republic.- Mapping Fences in Xilingol Grassland Using High Spatiotemporal Resolution Remote Sensing Data.- Comparative Study on Remote Sensing Image Classifier of Jiulong River Basin.- OSM-GAN: Using Generative Adversarial Networks for Detecting Change in High-Resolution Spatial Images.- Analysis of Urban Sprawl and Growth Pattern Using Geospatial Technologies in Megacity, Bangkok, Thailand.- WEB-GIS for Transportation System of Oran City.- Construction Method of City-level Geographic Knowledge Graph Based on Geographic Entity.- Development of Remote Sensing Software Using a Boosted Tree Machine Learning Model Architecture for Professional and Citizen Science Applications.- Fast Construction of Vegetation Polygons Based on Object-oriented Method.- A/B Testing via Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery.- An Automated Approach for Mapping between Software Requirements and Design Items: An Industrial Case from Turkey.- Code Comprehension for Read-Copy-Update Synchronization Contexts in C Code.

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Book SynopsisThis volume offers expert contributions proposing new and recently set scientific standards for smart air quality (AQ) networks data processing, along with results obtained during field deployments of pervasive and mobile systems. The book is divided into 5 main sections; 1) future air quality networks, 2) general data processing techniques, 3) field deployments performances, 4) special applications, and 5) cooperative and regulatory efforts. The authors offer different sources of data for the production of trustworthy insights, including spatio-temporal predictive AQ maps meant to boost citizen awareness, and informed participation in remediation and prevention policies. Readers will learn about the best and most up-to-date practices for measuring and assessing air quality, while also learning about current regulatory statuses regarding air quality technology design and implementation. The book will be of interest to air quality regulatory agencies, citizen science groups, city authorities, and researchers and students working with air quality sensors and geostatistics. Table of Contents1. Future air quality networks.- 2. General data processing techniques.- 3. Fields deployments performances.- 4. Special applications.- 5. Cooperative and regulatory efforts.

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Book SynopsisThe 4th International Conference on Performance-based Design in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (PBD-IV) is held in Beijing, China. The PBD-IV Conference is organized under the auspices of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering - Technical Committee TC203 on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering and Associated Problems (ISSMGE-TC203). The PBD-I, PBD-II, and PBD-III events in Japan (2009), Italy (2012), and Canada (2017) respectively, were highly successful events for the international earthquake geotechnical engineering community. The PBD events have been excellent companions to the International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (ICEGE) series that TC203 has held in Japan (1995), Portugal (1999), USA (2004), Greece (2007), Chile (2011), New Zealand (2015), and Italy (2019). The goal of PBD-IV is to provide an open forum for delegates to interact with their international colleagues and advance performance-based design research and practices for earthquake geotechnical engineering.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the first comprehensive compilation of cutting-edge research on Merapi volcano on the island of Java, Indonesia, one of the most iconic volcanoes in the world. It integrates results from both the natural (geology, petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, physical volcanology) and social sciences, and provides state-of-the-art information on volcano monitoring, the assessment of volcanic hazards, and risk mitigation measures.As one of Indonesia’s most active and dangerous volcanoes, Merapi is perhaps best known for its pyroclastic density currents, which are produced by gravitational or explosive lava dome failures (commonly referred to as Merapi-type nuées ardentes). Merapi’s eruptions have posed a persistent threat to life, property and infrastructure within the densely populated areas on the volcano’s flanks, as demonstrated most recently by catastrophic eruptions, which attracted worldwide media interest.Table of ContentsThe Scientific Discovery of Merapi: From Ancient Javanese Sources to the 21st Century.- Physical Environment and Human Context at Merapi Volcano: A Complex Balance Between Accessing Livelihoods and Coping With Volcanic Hazards.- Merapi and Its Dynamic 'Disaster Culture'.- The Geodynamic Setting and Geological Context of Merapi Volcano in Central Java, Indonesia.- Crustal Structure and Ascent of Fluids and Melts Beneath Merapi: Insights From Geophysical Investigations.- Geological History, Chronology and Magmatic Evolution of Merapi.- The Godean Debris Avalanche Deposit From a Sector Collapse of Merapi Volcano.

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Book SynopsisThis book is based on the accepted papers for presentation at the 2nd MedGU Annual Meeting, Marrakesh 2022. The book presents a series of newest research studies that are nowadays relevant to Middle East, Mediterranean region, Africa, and surrounding areas.

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Book SynopsisCapturing the mechanical behaviour of engineered soils requires new constitutive models tailored for stabilising materials (biogenic, polymeric, etc.) and methods for their inclusion in soil. In this book and to accommodate such an integrated approach, a range of non-conventional materials are first discussed from physio-chemo-mechanical, circularity, and socioeconomic perspectives. Contributions continue with tailored methods for the determination of advanced mechanical properties and methods to capture the response of grand systems constituting such materials. The book concludes with contributions about how materials and methods should and are combined to develop new soil models. The integrated approach followed in this book makes it of interest to geotechnical researchers, as well as design engineers, policymakers, and planners—hence the broad spectrum of built environment stakeholders. Table of ContentsUtilizing Silkworm Cocoon Fibres for Improving Strength of Clay: An Experimental Study.- Scopes for use of Indian agriculture wastes in Soil Stabilisation.- Scopes for use of Nigerian agriculture wastes in Soil Stabilisation.- Advances in Conditioning Techniques for Earthen Materials.- Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Glass Powder and Silica Fume Stabilized Clay Soil.- Enhancing Soil Stabilization with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1. Imagination and History.- Chapter 2. Augusta Thekla Hasslock Kemp:  Woman of Accomplishment and the Pre-Glamour Geologist.- Chapter 3. Women Will Win Geology and Careers for Women in the World Wars.- Chapter 4. World War II Glamour: The Image of the Female Geologist, and the Newspaper Pin-up.- Chapter 5. Microscopes and the Post-War:  Women at Work.- Chapter 6. The Pressure of Doing it All:  Glamour Girls, Imagination, and Identity In Post-War Petroleum Industries.- Chapter 7. Mobilogue: Women, the Office, and the Oil Industry:  Women's Changing Place in the Office.- Chapter 8. Identities, Politics, and Culture in Flux:  Bodily Autonomy, Political Rights, the ERA, and Breaking from Established Narratives.- Chapter 9. Resistance, Discrimination, and the New Glamour.- Chapter 10. Glamour Returns:  Images, Heroics, Dolls, But Far From An Ending.

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Book SynopsisPart 1: New Ideas and Innovations in Cities' Structures.- Part 2: Construction and Materials.- Part 3: Testing and Reviewing Technologies in Cities' Buildings and Infrastructure.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers all aspects of inertial navigation systems (INS), including the sensor technology and the estimation of instrument errors, as well as their integration with Global Navigation Satellite Systems, specifically the Global Positioning System (GPS) for geodetic applications. The text is of interest to geodesists, including surveyors, mappers, and photogrammetrists; to engineers in aviation, navigation, guidance, transportation, and robotics; and to scientists involved in aerogeophysics and remote sensing. The most recent developments are covered with this second edition that also features an updated treatment of the classical material. Detailed mathematical derivations of the principles of measurement and data processing of inertial measurement units for both stabilized and strapdown systems. Complete treatment of the error dynamics from a statistical viewpoint, including the Kalman filter. A self-contained description of GPS with emphasis on kinematic applications. Key concepts supported by illustrations and numerical examples.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis exclusive compilation written by eminent experts from more than ten countries, outlines the processes and methods for geologic sequestration in different sinks. It discusses and highlights the details of individual storage types, including recent advances in the science and technology of carbon storage. The topic is of immense interest to geoscientists, reservoir engineers, environmentalists and researchers from the scientific and industrial communities working on the methodologies for carbon dioxide storage.Increasing concentrations of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are often held responsible for the rising temperature of the globe. Geologic sequestration prevents atmospheric release of the waste greenhouse gases by storing them underground for geologically significant periods of time. The book addresses the need for an understanding of carbon reservoir characteristics and behavior. Other book volumes on carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) attempt to cover the entire process of CCUS, but the topic of geologic sequestration is not discussed in detail. This book focuses on the recent trends and up-to-date information on different storage rock types, ranging from deep saline aquifers to coal to basaltic formations.Table of ContentsPart I. Introduction1. Carbon capture, transport and geologic storage: A brief introduction Part II. Geological Characterisation of storage sites 2. Algorithms for CO2 storage capacity estimation: Review and Case study Part III. CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers 3. Trapping mechanism of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers: brief review 4. Monitoring of CO2 plume migration in deep saline formations with kinetic interface sensitive tracers (A numerical modelling study for the laboratory) 5. Monitoring of soil gases in the characterization stage of CO2 storage in saline aquifers and possible effects of CO2 leakages in the groundwater system 6. CO2 storage capacity estimates for a Norwegian and a Swedish aquifer using different approaches - from theoretical volumes, basin modelling to reservoir models 7. Determination of CO2-brine-rock interactions for carbon dioxide sequestration using SEM-EDS methods Part IV. CO2 Storage in Coal 8. Geological Considerations for CO2 Storage in Coal 9. A review summary on multiple aspects of coal seam sequestration Part V. CO2 Storage in Depleted/Producing Oil reservoirs 10. CO2 Storage in Depleted/Producing Oil reservoirs Part VI. CO2 storage in Other Sites 11. Mineral Carbonation in Ultramafic and Basaltic Rocks 12. Ocean Applications for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Part VII. Risk Assessment of CO2 Storage 13. Risk Assessment of the Geological Storage of CO2: A Review 14. Numerical modelling of CO2 gas injection with hydrate formation: A Case Study in the Laboratory-Scale Sand Sediment 15. Security Assessment on Geological Storage of CO2: Application to Hontomin Site

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the restoration and reconstruction process and activities undertaken in Japan in the first five years since the 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami – a period widely considered to be the most intensive reconstruction phase within the 10-year restoration plan drawn up by the Japanese Government. The respective chapters explore technical, scientific, social and non-scientific (policy-related) aspects, including: reconstruction and restoration policies, infrastructure and designs for tsunami coastal defence, resilient urban areas and affected communities, housing and relocation schemes, disaster mitigation and evacuation measures, reactivation of the economy, revitalization of fisheries and coastal agriculture, and industry and tourism. The book also illustrates some of the achievements and failures in a broad range of projects and initiatives intended to address the above-mentioned issues, making it particularly relevant for experts, decision makers, students and other interested scholars.Table of ContentsPart I. Planning, Policy and GovernanceChapter 1Complexities and Difficulties Behind the Implementation of Reconstruction Plans after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (2011)Onoda Yasuaki, Tsukuda Haruka and Suzuki SachiChapter 2The Problems of Plan-Making: Reconstruction Plans after the Great East Japan Earthquake and TsunamiFukuo AkimotoChapter 3Building Back a Better Tohoku from the March 2011 Tsunami —Contradicting EvidenceShingo NagamatsuChapter 4Creating Resilience using Spatial Planning: The Case of Miyako City over the First Five Years after the Great East Japan EarthquakeNadine MägdefrauChapter 5Lessons Learned in Disaster Debris Management of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and TsunamiTerri R NortonPart II. Societal and Community Recovery Chapter 6Revisiting Tohoku’s Five-Year Recovery: Community Rebuilding Policies, programs and implementationKanako Iuchi, Robert Olshansky and Laurie JohnsonChapter 7Enhancing Community Resilience through Capacity Development After GEJE: The Case of Sendaishi-chiiki Bousai Leaders (SBLs) in Miyagi PrefectureAiko Sakurai and Takeshi SatoChapter 8Community Design in Recovery Following the March 2011 Earthquake and TsunamiHideiki Koizumi and Mariko TsujiChapter 9Healthy Community Resilience against DisasterShinichi Egawa, Aya Murakami and Hiroyuki SasakiPart III. Urban Planning, Housing and DevelopmentChapter 10Planning Challenges for Housing and Built-Environment Recovery after the Great East Japan Earthquake: Collaborative Planning and Management Go beyond Government-Driven Redevelopment Projects Tamiyo KondoChapter 11Housing and Reconstruction Over Five Years after the 2011 Japan Earthquake and TsunamiYoshimitsu ShiozakiChapter 12Changes in Land Use after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Related Issues of Urban FormMichio UbauraChapter 13Housing Recovery and Displacement from Fukushima: Five Years Post-Nuclear Meltdown Elizabeth MaliPart IV. The Environment; Research, Damage and RecoveryChapter 14Restoration Measures after the 2011 Tohoku-oki Tsunami and Their Impact on Tsunami Research Catherine Chagué-Goff, Kazuhisa Goto, Daisuke Sugawara, Yuichi Nishimura and Takeshi KomaiChapter 15Impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on the Seaweed (Eisenia bicyclis) Habitat at Oshika Peninsula, Miyagi, JapanTamaki Hitoshi and Muraoka DaisukeChapter 16Changes in the Coastal Ecotone along the Sanriku Coastline after the GEJE and Tsunami of March 2011Teruhisa Komatsu, Shuji Sasa, Masahiro Hamana, Shingo Sakamaoto, Genki Terauchi, Ryou Tsujimoto and Tetsuo YanagiChapter 17Reconstruction and Restoration after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami -Tohoku Ecosystem-Associated Marine Sciences Project ActivitiesAkihiro Kijima, Kazuhiro Kogure, Hiroshi Kitazato and Katsunori FujikuraChapter 18The Coastal Environment and the Reconstruction Process after GEJE—A Few NotesV. Santaigo-Fandino and Eric MasPart V. Farming and RestorationChapter 19Impact of the 2011 Tohoku-oki Earthquake Tsunami on Cultivated Soil in Miyagi Prefecture, Northeastern Japan: An Overview Hitoshi KannoChapter 20The Regional Structure and Farming Resumption in a Tsunami-affected Community -The Case Study of Otomo and Hirota Districts in Rikuzentakata City—Iwate PrefectureToshihiro Hattori, Natsuki Shimizu and Akemi SaitoChapter 21Tohoku University Rapeseed Project for Restoring Tsunami-Salt-Damaged Farmland:Was the Wisdom of Agricultural Science Utilized for the Restoration?Nakai Y, Nishio T, Kitashiba H, Nanzyo M, Saito M, Ito T, Omura M and Kanayama Y.Part VI. Coastal Engineering, Structures and HazardsChapter 22The Yamamoto Coast over Five Years: the Reconstruction of an Embankment with Tsunami-induced EmbaymentVo Cong Hoang, Hitoshi Tanaka, Yuta Mitobe, Keiko Udo and Akira ManoChapter 23Challenges in Reconstruction and Strategies for Prevention and Mitigation of Coastal Disasters Five Years after the GEJEYoshimitsu TajimaChapter 24Formation of Breaking Bores in Fukushima Prefecture due to the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami—A Comprehensive Study Five Years afterSato Shinji and Ohkuma ShoheiChapter 25The Role of Tsunami Engineering in Building Resilient Communities and Issues to Be Improved after the GEJEFumihiko Imamura, Anawat Suppasri, Shosuke Sato and Kei YamashitaPart VII. Coastal Modelling and Hazards PredictionChapter 26Evolution of Numerical Modeling as a Tool for Predicting Tsunami-induced Morphological Changes in Coastal Areas: A review Since the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Daisuke SugawaraChapter 27Nobuhito Mori, Katsuichiro Goda and Daniel Cox

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Book SynopsisAllow yourself to be taken back into deep geologic time when strange creatures roamed the Earth and Western North America looked completely unlike the modern landscape. Volcanic islands stretched from Mexico to Alaska, most of the Pacific Rim didn’t exist yet, at least not as widespread dry land; terranes drifted from across the Pacific to dock on Western Americas’ shores creating mountains and more volcanic activity. Landscapes were transposed north or south by thousands of kilometers along huge fault systems. Follow these events through paleogeographic maps that look like satellite views of ancient Earth. Accompanying text takes the reader into the science behind these maps and the geologic history that they portray. The maps and text unfold the complex geologic history of the region as never seen before.Winner of the 2021 John D. Haun Landmark Publication Award, AAPG-Rocky Mountain SectionTable of ContentsGeologic setting of the Cordillera: Introduction to terranes.- Overview of modern landscapes and geology, Western North America.- Proterozoic – origin of continental crust and passive margin history.- Passive margins and broad seaways – Early Pz (Camb-Dev).- First accretion – Antler orogeny (Dev-Miss).- Unstable margin – Marginal Island Arcs and terrane juxtaposition (Miss-Penn).- Second Accretion – Sonoman orogeny (Perm-Tr).- Cordilleran Arc – Sevier orogeny – volcanoes, batholiths, and more terranes (J-K).- Shallow subduction and arc disruption (Paleogene).- Transform margin and crustal extension (Neogene).- Canyons and glaciers – shaping the modern landscape (Pleistocene to Recent).- Special places – where to see the landscapes.- Use of Plaeogeographic maps.- New North American series (whole or cropped to area covered) – broad areas and broad events – to provide broad geologic setting.- Colorado Plateau-SW North America series – regional detail and events of N Mexico, California, Nevada, Western Arizona, Western Utah, Oregon, Idaho.- Global series – broad geologic setting of Western North America through geologic time.

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Book SynopsisThe International Conference on Environment: Survival and Sustainability, held at the Near East University, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus 19-24 February 2007, dealt with environmental threats and proposed solutions at all scales. The 21 themes addressed by the conference fell into four broad categories; Threats to Survival and Sustainability; Technological Advances towards Survival and Sustainability; Activities and Tools for Social Change; Defining Goals for Sustainable Societies. Activities and tools that move the society towards greater sustainability were emphasized at the conference. These included environmental law and ethics, environmental knowledge, technology and information systems, media, environmental awareness, education and lifelong learning, the use of literature for environmental awareness, the green factor in politics, international relations and environmental organizations. The breadth of the issues addressed at the conference made clear the need for greatly increased interdisciplinary and international collaboration the survival and sustainability concept. The exchanges at the conference represent a step in this direction.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on motions of incompressible ?uids of a freely moving surface being in?uenced by both the Earth’s rotation and density strati?cation. In contrast to traditional textbooks in the ?eld of geophysical ?uid dynamics, such as those by by Cushman-Roisin (1994) and Gill (1982), this book uses the method of proce- oriented hydrodynamic modelling to illustrate a rich variety of ?uid phenomena. To this end, the reader can adopt the model codes, found on the Springer server accompanying this book, to reproduce most graphs of this book and, even better, to create animation movies. The reader can also employ the codes as templates for own independent studies. This can be done by a lay person as a hobby activity, undergraduate or postgraduate students as part of their education, or professional scientists as part of research. Exercises of this book are run with open-source software that can be freely downloaded from the Internet. This includes the FORTRAN 95 compiler “G95” used for execution of model simulations, the data visualisation program “SciLab”, and “ImageMagick” for the creation of graphs and GIF animations, which can be watched with most Internet browsers.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“Advanced Ocean Modelling is a combination of a textbook and a workbook including 25 computer-based exercises, written in Fortran 95. … The book is clearly written in an interesting manner, and is addressed to anyone wanting to learn what it takes to solve problems in ocean dynamics and needs to find effective methods to apply to them. This is an accessible textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in marine physics, physical oceanography and ocean modelling. Experienced researchers will welcome this book as a stimulating source.”­­­ (Andrzej Icha, Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 168, 2011)Table of Contents1D Models of Ekman Layers.- Basics of Nonhydrostatic Modelling.- 2.5D Vertical Slice Modelling.- 3D Level Modelling.

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Book SynopsisMetals in the earth's crust are very unevenly distributed and, traditionally, a small number of ore deposits, districts or countries have dominated the world supply and have influenced commodity prices. The importance of exceptionally large, or rich, deposits has greatly increased in the age of globalization when a small number of international corporations dominate the metals market, based on few very large ore deposits, practically anywhere in the world. Search for giant orebodies thus drives the exploration industry: not only the in-house teams of large internationals, but also hundreds of junior companies hoping to sell their significant discoveries to the "big boys". Geological characteristics of giant metallic deposits and their setting and the politico-economic constraints of access to and exploitation in prospective areas have been a "hot topic" in the past fifteen years, but the knowledge generated and published has been one-sided, scattered and fragmented. This is the first comprehensive book on the subject that provides body of solid facts rather than rapidly changing theories, written by author of the Empirical Metallogeny book series and founder of the Data Metallogenica visual knowledge system on mineral deposits of the world, who has had an almost 40 years long international academic and industrial experience. The book will provide abundant material for comparative research in metallogeny, practical information for the explorationists as to where to look for the "elephants", and some inspiration for commodity investors.Table of ContentsCivilization based on metals.- Data on metallic deposits and magnitude categories: the giant and world class deposits.- From trace metals to giant deposits.- Geological divisions that contain ore giants: introduction and the role of mantle.- Oceans and young island arc systems.- Andean-type convergent continental margins (upper volcanic-sedimentary level).- Cordilleran granitoids in convergent continental margins (lower, plutonic levels).- Intracratonic (intraplate) orogens granites hydrothermal deposits.- Volcano-sedimentary orogens.- Precambrian greenstone-granite terrains.- Proterozoic-style intracratonic orogens and basins: extension, sedimentation, magmatism.- Rifts, paleorifts, rifted margins, anorogenic and alkaline magmatism.- Sedimentary associations and regolith.- Higher-grade metamorphic associations.- Giant deposits in geological context.- Giant deposits: industry, economics, politics.- Finding or acquiring giant deposits.- Epilogue.- References.- Index of mineral deposits.- Appendix: Database of significant metal accumulations.

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Book SynopsisHervorragende Fachautoren beschreiben ihre Erfahrungen zu Tragwerkstypen, Berechnungs-, Herstellungs- und Bauausführungsverfahren sowie Bauüberwachungsmethoden. Gegenüber den beiden vorangegangenen Auflagen wird im Einführungskapitel auf die neuere Entwicklung der Verwendung von Hochleistungsbeton im Brückenbau sowie auf Brücken aus Textilbeton eingegangen. Des Weiteren werden in diesem Kapitel integrale und semiintegrale Brücken behandelt, es werden Entwicklungen in der Bauweise mit verbundlosen internen Spanngliedern und die Nachrechnung von Brücken behandelt. Dazu wurden auch die sechs in den Jahren 2010 bis 2014 mit Brückenbaupreisen ausgezeichneten Brücken aufgenommen, sodass nun alle zehn von 2006 bis 2014 mit dem Brückenbaupreis ausgezeichneten Brücken im Buch enthalten sind. Die folgenden Kapitel, in denen auf das Entwerfen, Konstruieren, Berechnen, Bauen und Erhalten der Brücken eingegangen wird, wurden aktualisiert, indem die aktuellen EUROCODES berücksichtigt sind. Das Kapitel 12, Überwachung ,Prüfung, Bewertung und Beurteilung von Brücken, wird um den Abschnitt 12.7, Kontinuierliche, rechnergestützte, Dauerüberwachung (Monitoring) erweitert, indem an einem Beispiel, der Gärtnerplatzbrücke in Kassel, die Dauerüberwachung mit Hilfe von Schwingungstestdaten demonstriert wird. Nicht nur für Bauingenieure und Studierende des Bauingenieurwesens, sondern auch für alle, die am Brückenbau und seiner Entwicklung interessiert sind, ist dieses Buch ein unverzichtbarer Begleiter.Table of ContentsVorwort.- Brückenbau auf dem Weg vom Altertum zum modernen Brückenbau.- Ingenieuraufgaben im Brückenbau.- Entwurf.- Querschnittsgestaltung.- Haupttragwerke der Überbauten.- Lagerung.- Unterbauten.- Berechnung.- Herstellung und Ausführungsmethoden.- Brückenausrüstung.- Überwachung, Prüfung, Bewertung und Beurteilung von Brücken.- Brückeninstandsetzung und Sanierung.- Brückenverstärkung.- Literaturverzeichnis.- Brückenverzeichnis.- Personen- und Firmenverzeichnis.- Sachverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisViele Fragen zur Auswirkung der Energiewende auf die Böden und die Landwirtschaft werden beantwortet. Diese Anthologie vereint ausführliche Beiträge zur Trassenplanung, bodenkundlichen Baubegleitung, Erdverkabelung, Strombelastbarkeit von Erdkabeln und Erdwärme die im Rahmen eines Symposiums am Geozentrum Hannover referiert wurden.Table of ContentsTrassenplanung in Deutschland.- Bodenkundliche Baubegleitung -Bodenschutz beim Trassenbau.- Erdverkabelung aus Sicht der Landwirtschaft.- Das CableEarth-Verfahren zur ökologischen Bewertung und Optimierung der Strombelastbarkeit erdverlegter Energiekabel.- Erdwärme in Deutschland.- Die Rolle des Bodens bei der Nutzung oberflächennaher Erdwärme.

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Book SynopsisIn diesem essential beschreiben Bernd Hansjürgens und Urs Moesenfechtel die Dringlichkeit eines Perspektivenwechsels bei unserem Umgang mit der Natur. Sie schlagen dazu eine ökonomische Inwertsetzung von Ökosystemleistungen vor und zeigen auf, welche Handlungsmöglichkeiten dieser Ansatz dem Naturschutz eröffnet.Table of ContentsErläuterung des „Naturkapital Deutschland – TEEB DE“-Ansatzes für den Naturschutz.- Plädoyer für eine Neuausrichtung unseres ökonomischen Kompasses.

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Book SynopsisVegetation, soil and climate are the most important components of ecological systems. The book represents a compact synthesis of our current knowledge about the ecology of the Earth and is thus the basis for understanding the major interrelationships in a global perspective. In the first part, with a rich endowment of illustrations and photographic material, the well-introduced book deals with the essential processes and operations on the Earth's surface that lead to the formation of the vegetation cover with its distinctive zonation. In the second part, the individual vegetation zones as large-scale ecosystems (i.e. zonobiomes of the biosphere) are consistently described comparatively according to certain criteria. In a short and compact form, the main characteristics and structures as well as examples of ecosystem processes are discussed. The large-scale ecosystems are at the same time the basis and reference system for all anthropogenic changes that have drastically altered the vegetation in the last millennia, but especially in the 20th century.This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Vegetation und Klima by Siegmar-W. Breckle and M. Daud Rafiqpoor, published by Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature in 2019. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors.Table of ContentsI General Part.- Part A - Ecological Basics (Autoecology).- Part B - Ecological Basics (Synecology).- Part C - Ecological Systems and Ecosystem Biology.- II Special Part.- Part D - ZB I: Zonobiome of the evergreen tropical rainforest or equatorial humid diurnal climate.- Part E - ZB II: Zonobiome of savannas, deciduous forests and grasslands of the tropical summer rainfall region.- Part F - ZB III: Zonobiome of hot deserts or subtropical arid climate.- Part G - ZB IV: Zonobiome of hardwoods or Mediterranean winter rainfall regions.- Part H - ZB V: Zonobiome of laurel forests or warm temperate humid climate.- Part I - ZB VI: Zonobiome of winter barren deciduous forests or temperate nemoral climate.- Part J - ZB VII: Zonobiome of steppes and cold deserts or arid temperate climate.- Part K - ZB VIII: Zonobiome of hardwood forests or temperate arid climate. Part K - ZB VIII: Zonobiome of taiga or cold temperate boreal climate.- Part L - ZB IX: Zonobiome of tundra or arctic climate.- Part M - Summary, conclusions.- III Final part.

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Book SynopsisDieses Buch bietet eine vergleichsweise umfangreiche Einführung in die spezielle Mineralogie, Petrologie, Geochemie und Lagerstättenkunde. Es entwickelte sich aus dem ursprünglich von Siegfried Matthes konzipierten, dann von Martin Okrusch weitergeführten Lehrbuch, das mittlerweile zu einem bewährten Klassiker geworden ist. Die vorliegende, mittlerweile 10. Neuauflage unterscheidet sich von den Vorgängern durch eine komplette Überarbeitung von Text und Abbildungen, die stark von der Handschrift Hartwig Frimmels, dem Nachfolger von Martin Okrusch, geprägt ist. Dabei aber blieben die Autoren der Grundidee eines für den geowissenschaftlichen Unterricht an der Universität zugeschnittenen Lehrbuchs treu, welches die langjährige Erfahrung der Autoren in Lehre und Forschung widerspiegelt. Zahlreiche Hinweise auf die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung von Mineralen, Gesteinen und Erzen werden dem wieder erstarkten gesellschaftlichen Interesse an der zukünftigen Versorgung mit mineralischen Rohstoffen gerecht. Die gegenüber anderen, insbesondere Internetquellen deutlich tiefer gehende Bearbeitung von Themen ermöglicht es, ein Verständnis für die komplexen Zusammenhänge zwischen Geomaterialien und geologischen Prozessen – sei es auf der Erde oder auf anderen Himmelskörpern – aus moderner Sicht zu entwickeln. Dabei wird aber nicht auf essentielle Grundlagen verzichtet, auch wenn sie schon vor Jahrzehnten entwickelt worden sind. Nicht zuletzt wegen seiner umfangreichen Bebilderung ist das Buch wertvolles Handwerkszeug für interessierte Mineraliensammler.Table of ContentsTeil I Einführung und Grundbegriffe. Kristalle.- Minerale.- Gesteine. Teil II Spezielle Mineralogie. Elemente.- Sulfide, Arsenide und komplexe Sulfide (Sulfosalze).- Halogenide.- Oxide und Hydroxide.- Karbonate, Nitrate und Borate.- Sulfate, Chromate, Molybdate, Wolframate.- Phosphate, Arsenate, Vanadate.- Silikate.- Fluideinschlüsse in Mineralen. Teil III Petrologie und Lagerstättenkunde. Magmatische Gesteine (Magmatite).- Vulkanismus.- Plutonismus.- Magma und Lava.- Bildung und Weiterentwicklung von Magmen.- Experimente in magmatischen Modellsystemen.- Herkunft des Basalts.- Herkunft von Granit.- Orthomagmatische Erzlagerstätten.- Pegmatite.- Hydrothermale Mineral-Lagerstätten.- Verwitterung und erzbildende Vorgänge im Boden.- Sedimente und Sedimentgesteine.- Metamorphe Gesteine.- Phasengleichgewichte und Mineralreaktionen in metamorphen Gesteinen.- Metamorphe Fazies. Teil IV Stoffbestand und Bau von Erde und Mond – unser Planetensystem.- Aufbau des Erdinnern.- Mondgesteine und innerer Aufbau des Mondes.- Meteorite.- Die Planeten, ihre Satelliten und die kleineren planetaren Körper.- Einführung in die Geochemie.- Die Entstehung unseres Sonnensystems. Anhang.

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Book Synopsis1. Einführung.- 2. Entstehung von Öl- und Gaslagerstätten.- 3. Bohrungsarten.- 4. Die Tiefbohranlage.- 5. Bohrspülung.- 7. Der Bohrstrang und seine Elemente.- 8. Verrohren und Zementieren.- 9. Bohrungskomplettierung.- 10. Bohrlochkontrolle.- 11. Bohrlochhydraulik.- 12. Zusammenfassung.

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Book SynopsisSoil Physical Analysis serves as a comprehensive guide for both undergraduate and postgraduate students, providing them with the necessary knowledge and skills to perform soil physical analysis in a step-by-step manner. Additionally, this resource is beneficial for educators, researchers, and extension specialists working within the field of soil science. This handbook includes 20 chapters containing standard procedures for the soil sampling, determination/ measurement of particle size distribution (texture), density (bulk & particle), compatibility, component phases, aggregate analysis, crust strength, consistency, porosity, water retention and characteristics, water holding capacity, hydraulic conductivity, infiltration rate, aeration and temperature of soils, glossary of soil physical terminologies and basics of soil profile and soil orders.

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Book SynopsisPart of the Fossils and Strata Series from the Scandinavian University PressThe publication, Postcranial Anatomy and Habits of Asian Multituberculate Mammals, is a contribution to an international series on stratigraphy and paleontology. One of the authors, Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, headed Polish-Mongolian paleontological expeditions in the Gobi Desert.

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