Earth sciences Books

Book SynopsisThis is not just the story of the origin, evolution, and production of diamonds, but a story about the evolution of the Earth's geology in general. Important to geologists, geophysicists, and engineers across multiple disciplines, written by an expert in the field and an expert on the Earth's geological evolution, this volume represents the state-of-the-art in major Earth geological processes. Of particular importance to mining engineers and petroleum engineers, it is also a practical guide for those who work in the mining or petroleum industry. Valuable as either a learning tool for the student or as a reference or refresher for the veteran scientist or engineer, the author explains important geological processes, such as the Earth's origin, composition, and structure, the Earth's energy balance, continental drift, tectonic activity, the evolution of the Earth's crust, and others. It is within this geological framework that the author offers practical guidance for engineers and sciTable of ContentsForeword xi Introduction xii 1 Major Parameters of Diamond-Bearing and Affine Rocks 1 2 Issues of the Diamond-Bearing Rocks’ Origin 7 3 Existing Concepts of the Diamond-Bearing Rocks Origin 11 4 Earth’s Origin, Composition and Structure 19 4.1 Energy and Heat Regimes of Young Earth 33 4.2 The Gadeyan Stage of Earth’s Evolution 35 5 The Earth’s Core Formation Process 41 5.1 Delayed Earth’s Core Separation Process 41 5.2 Earth’s Core Separation 45 5.3 Mechanism of Earth’s Matter Zonal Differentiation 50 5.4 Earth’s Matter Barodiffusion Differentiation 63 5.5 Earth’s Core Growth 75 5.6 Evolution of the Mantle Chemical Composition 82 5.7 Geologic Data About Earth’s Core Separation Time 93 6 Earth’s Energy Balance 103 6.1 The Accretion and Differentiation Earth’s Energy 104 6.2 Radioactive Elements and their Decay Energy 110 6.3 Earth’s Deceleration Tidal Energy 123 6.4 Earth’s Heat Losses 129 6.5 Earth’s Energy Balance and Tectonic Activity 134 6.6 Сalculation Parameters of Earth’s Tectonic Activity 138 6.7 Convecting Mantle Temperature Evolution 141 7 The Nature of Earth’s Tectonic Activity 145 7.1 Possible Causes of Earth’s Tectonic Activity 145 7.2 Possible Mechanisms of Lithospheric Plates Drift 149 7.3 The Nature of the Mantle Convection 156 7.4 Evolution of Earth’s Tectonic Activity Parameters 171 8 Earth’s Crust Evolution 175 8.1 Patterns in the Formation of Oceanic Lithospheric Plates 175 8.2 Formation of the Continental Crust in Archaean 181 8.3 The Continental Crust Growth 185 8.4 Major Features in the Composition of the Continental Crust in Archaean 190 8.5 Tectonic Regimes of the Continental Lithosphere Formation in Early Precambrian 196 8.6 Early Pre-Cambrian Continental Lithosphere Formation Mechanisms 201 8.7 Formation Mechanism of Lithospheric Plates and the Origin of Mid-Oceanic Ridges 219 8.8 Structure of Lithospheric Plate Subduction Zones 231 8.9 Geodynamics of the Plate Subduction Zones 237 8.10 The Mechanism of Pulling Oceanic Deposits in Subduction Zones 240 9 Continental Drift in Earth’s Geological History 249 9.1 Continental Shields’ Evolution in Archaean 249 9.2 Formation of Monogea Supercontinent at the End Archaean 252 9.3 Monogea Disintegration and the Formation of Megagea Supercontinent in Early Proterozoic 254 9.4 Disintegration of Megagea and Formation of Mesogea (Rodinia) Supercontinent in Middle Riphaean 258 9.5 Mesogea Disintegration in Late Riphaean and Formation of Pangea Supercontinent at the End Paleozoic – Early Mesozoic 263 10 Mantle Degassing and the Formation of Earth’s Hydrosphere and Atmosphere 271 10.1 The Primary Mantle Degassing 271 10.2 Seas and Oceans Formation on Earth Surface 275 10.3 Hydrothermal Processes on the Ocean Floor 282 10.4 The Nature of Global Marine Transgressions on Continents 289 10.5 Earth’s Tectonic Activity vs. Fluctuations of the World Ocean Level 291 10.6 Earth’s Primordial Atmosphere 294 10.7 Evolution of the Degassing Process of Carbon Dioxide Gas 295 10.8 Evolution of Nitrogen Partial Pressure 303 10.9 Evolution of Oxygen’s Partial Pressure 307 10.10 Abiogenous Methane Generation Patterns 312 10.11 The Evolution of Earth Atmosphere Composition and Pressure 321 11 Some Patterns of Economic Minerals’ Formation in Earth’s History 325 11.1 Mechanisms of Riftogenic Earth’s Crust Benefication with Ore and Lithophilic Elements 326 11.2 The Subduction Zone Metallogeny 330 11.3 Metallogeny of Early Stage in Earth Evolution and the Nature of a Unique Early Proterozoic Ore Formation Epoch 356 11.4 The Influence of the Ocean and of Earth Climates on the Formation of Sedimentary Commercial Minerals in Early Proterozoic, the Major Iron Ore Accumulation Epoch 361 12 Diamond Origin and the Formation of Kimberlite and their Affine Rocks 369 13 Carbon’s Depth Cycle 397 14 Isotopic Geochemistry of Diamonds and Kimberlites 411 15 Kimberlite Magma Rise Mechanism to Earth’s Surface 433 16 The Forecast Criteria of Diamond Magmatism Localization Zones and the Evolution of Some Diamond-Bearing Provinces 443 16.1 Some Formation Examples of World Diamond-Bearing Provinces 445 16.2 Geodynamical Evolution of the Western Part of the Russian Arctic and its Diamond-Bearing 450 16.3 The Zoning of Alkali-Ultramafic and Kimberlite Magmatism Localization Areas in the Northeastern Part of the Baltic Shield 470 Conclusions 477 References 483 Index 509

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Book SynopsisUsing isotopes as a tool for understanding Earth processes From establishing the absolute age of the Earth to providing a stronger understanding of the nexus between geology and life, the careful measurement and quantitative interpretation of minor variations in the isotopic composition of Earth's materials has provided profound insight into the origins and workings of our planet. Isotopic Constraints on Earth System Processes presents examples of the application of numerous different isotope systems to address a wide range of topical problems in Earth system science. Volume highlights include: examination of the natural fractionation of non-traditional stable isotopesutilizing isotopes to understand the origin of magmas and evolution of volcanic systemsapplication of isotopes to interrogate and understand Earth's Carbon and Oxygen cyclesexamination of the geochemical and hydrologic processes that lead to isotopic fractionationapplication of isotopic reactive transport models to Table of ContentsList of Contributors vii Preface ix About the Companion Website xii Dedication xiii Part I High-Temperature/Deep Earth Processes 1 High-Temperature Kinetic Isotope Fractionation of Silicate Materials 3 Frank M. Richter 2 Ca and K Isotope Fractionation by Diffusion in Molten Silicates: Large Concentration Gradients Are Not Required to Induce Large Diffusive Isotope Effects 27 James M. Watkins, John N. Christensen, Donald J. DePaolo, and Frederick J. Ryerson 3 Calcium Isotope Constraints on Recycled Carbonates in Subduction- Related Magmas 43 Justin I. Simon 4 Reassessing the Role of Continental Lithospheric Mantle in Cenozoic Magmatism, Southwestern North America 57 G. Lang Farmer 5 Rhyolite Ignimbrite Generation in the Northern Andes: The Chalupas Caldera, Ecuador 87 Lisa Hammersley, Donald J. DePaolo, Bernardo Beate, and Alan L. Deino 6 Xenolith Constraints on “Self-Assimilation” and the Origin of Low δ18O Values in Mauna Kea Basalts 133 John C. Lassiter, Danny W. Anderson, Daniel Villanueva-Lascurain, Edward W. Marshall, and Jaime D. Barnes 7 Monitoring Volcanic Activity Through Combined Measurements of CO2 Efflux and (222Rn) and (220Rn) in Soil Gas: An Application to Mount Etna, Italy 167 Salvatore Giammanco and Kenneth W. W. Sims Part II Low-Temperature/Shallow Earth Processes 8 The Carbon Isotope Record and Earth Surface Oxygenation 205 Thomas A. Laakso and Daniel P. Schrag 9 Detrital Garnet Geochronology: A New Window into Ancient Tectonics and Sedimentary Provenance 217 Kathryn A. Maneiro, Michelle K. Jordan, and Ethan F. Baxter 10 A Review of the Development of Cr, Se, U, Sb, and Te Isotopes as Indicators of Redox Reactions, Contaminant Fate, and Contaminant Transport in Aqueous Systems 237 Thomas M. Johnson, Jennifer L. Druhan, Anirban Basu, Noah E. Jemison, Xiangli Wang, Kathrin Schilling, and Naomi L. Wasserman 11 The Effects of Reactive Transport on Sulfur Isotopic Compositions in Natural Environments 271 Alexandra V. Turchyn and Jennifer L. Druhan 12 A Reactive Transport Framework Describing Covariation in the Isotopic Ratios of Multiple Elements in Natural Systems 285 Jennifer L. Druhan and Alexandra V. Turchyn 13 Stable Ca Isotope Fractionation in Cenozoic Marine Mammals: Beyond Biomineralization and Trophic Positioning 301 Cole M. Messa, Kenneth W.W. Sims, Sean R. Scott, and Mark T. Clementz Index 329

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xiv 1 Introduction to Karst 1 1.1 The Term Karst. Definition and Origin 1 1.2 Classification of Karst 2 1.3 Global Distribution of Karst 8 1.4 Karst Terminology 12 2 Karst Rocks 15 2.1 Karst Rocks Within the Rock Classifications 15 2.2 Carbonate Rocks and Minerals 17 2.2.1 Carbonate Minerals 20 2.2.2 Depositional Environments and Components of Marine Limestones 23 2.2.3 Limestone Classification Schemes 28 2.2.4 Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy 30 2.2.5 Limestone Diagenesis 32 2.2.6 Dolomite and Dolomitization 35 2.2.7 Terrestrial Carbonates 39 2.2.8 Porosity of Carbonate Rocks 44 2.2.9 Other Carbonate Rocks 46 2.2.9.1 Carbonate Conglomerates and Sandstones 46 2.2.9.2 Carbonate Breccias 47 2.2.9.3 Marbles 50 2.2.9.4 Carbonatites 51 2.3 Evaporite Rocks and Minerals 52 2.3.1 Gypsum and Anhydrite 56 2.3.2 Halite 62 2.3.3 Other Salts 65 2.4 Quartz Sandstones and Quartzites 67 3 Dissolution of Karst Rocks 76 3.1 Introduction 76 3.2 Basic Concepts and Parameters 80 3.2.1 Water, an Exceptional Dipolar Molecule and Solvent 80 3.2.2 Concentration Units and Related Parameters 82 3.2.3 Equilibrium Constant and Gibbs Free Energy of Reaction 86 3.2.4 Activity 88 3.2.5 Saturation Index 89 3.2.6 pH and the Acidity of Karst Waters 90 3.3 The Dissolution of Carbonate Rocks in Normal Meteoric Waters 91 3.3.1 Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere 92 3.3.2 Carbon Dioxide in Soils 94 3.3.3 Dissolved Carbon Dioxide in Water and the Carbonic Acid System 97 3.3.4 The Dissolution of Calcite and Dolomite 99 3.3.5 The Solubility of Carbonate Minerals 101 3.3.6 Open and Closed CO 2 - Dissolution Systems 102 3.4 The Dissolution of Carbonate Rocks by Sulfuric Acid 105 3.5 The Dissolution of Gypsum and Halite 111 3.6 The Dissolution of Silica 115 3.7 Factors that Influence the Solubility and Saturation State 117 3.7.1 Effects Related to Temperature and Pressure Changes 118 3.7.2 Common-Ion Effect 122 3.7.3 Ionic-Strength Effect 123 3.7.4 Ion-Pair Effect 123 3.7.5 Water Mixing 124 3.7.6 Exotic Inorganic Acids 127 3.7.7 Acid Rain 127 3.8 Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics of Karst Minerals 130 3.8.1 Dissolution Kinetics of Calcite, Aragonite, and Dolomite 133 3.8.2 Dissolution Kinetics of Gypsum and Halite 141 3.9 Geological Controls on Karst Development 143 3.9.1 Rock Composition and Purity 143 3.9.2 Grain Size and Texture 147 3.9.3 Porosity 148 3.9.4 Bedding Planes and Stratigraphic Contacts 150 3.9.5 Joints 153 3.9.6 Faults 159 3.9.7 Folds 163 3.9.8 Interbedded Non- soluble Rocks 167 3.10 Biokarst Processes 169 3.10.1 Biokarst Processes Associated with the Surface Environment 170 3.10.2 Biokarst Processes in Caves 173 4 Denudation in Karst. Rates and Spatial Distribution 195 4.1 Basic Concepts 195 4.2 Controlling Factors and the Influence of Climate 198 4.3 Methods for Measuring Denudation Rates and the Carbonate Karst Experience 203 4.3.1 Hydrochemical Measurements 203 4.3.2 Weight Loss of Standard Tablets 208 4.3.3 Micro- erosion Meter 210 4.3.4 High- Resolution 3d Surface Models 211 4.3.5 Long- term Surface Lowering around Pedestals, Dikes, and Siliceous Nodules 213 4.3.6 Long- term Erosion Rates Derived from Cosmogenic Chlorine- 36 in Calcite 217 4.4 Denudation Rates in Gypsum and Salt 219 4.5 Solutional Denudation of Quartz Sandstones and Quartzites 228 4.6 Interpretation and Integration of Denudation Rates 233 4.6.1 Vertical and Spatial Distribution of Karst Denudation and Deposition 235 4.6.2 Long- term Rates of Base- Level Lowering and Downcutting 242 5 Karst Hydrogeology 260 5.1 Introduction 260 5.2 Brief Historical Overview on Karst Hydrogeology (<1900) 260 5.3 Definitions 262 5.4 Groundwater Flow Fundamentals 267 5.4.1 Laminar Flow Through Granular Media 267 5.4.2 Turbulent Flow Through Conduits 269 5.4.3 Flow Through Fractured Media 271 5.5 Groundwater Flow in Karst Aquifers 271 5.5.1 The Hydrological and Geological Water Cycle 272 5.5.2 The Energy and Forces Involved in Groundwater Flow in Karst 275 5.5.3 Inputs 276 5.5.4 Outputs 279 5.5.5 Throughput 280 5.5.6 Lithological and Structural Control on Groundwater Flow 283 5.5.7 Karst Groundwater Basins 287 5.5.8 Hydrological Role of the Epikarst and the Transmission Zone 287 5.5.9 The Water Table in Karst 289 5.5.10 Freshwater–Saltwater Interface 291 5.6 Analysis of Karst Groundwater Basins 292 5.6.1 Defining Karst Aquifers 292 5.6.2 Complementary Approaches in Karst Aquifer Studies 293 5.6.3 Groundwater Basin Definition and Water Balance 295 5.6.4 Precipitation and Recharge 296 5.6.5 Flow Measurements 296 5.6.6 Boreholes 299 5.6.7 Spring Hydrographs and Chemographs 304 5.6.8 Water Tracing 311 5.6.9 Isotopes 319 5.6.10 Remote Sensing and Geophysical Techniques 322 5.6.11 Karst Aquifer Modeling 325 6 Karren and Sinkholes 336 6.1 Karst. A Special Geomorphic System 336 6.2 Karren 337 6.2.1 Bare Karren 341 6.2.2 Covered Karren 358 6.2.3 Bare and Covered Structural Karren 361 6.2.4 Coastal Karren 368 6.3 Sinkholes (Dolines) 374 6.3.1 General Aspects and Classification 374 6.3.2 Solution Sinkholes and Polygonal Karst 380 6.3.3 Collapse Sinkholes 387 6.3.4 Suffosion Sinkholes 400 6.3.5 Sagging Sinkholes 402 6.3.6 Factors that Control Subsidence Sinkholes and Human-Induced Sinkholes 407 6.3.7 Sinkhole Mapping 416 6.3.8 Sinkhole Morphometry and Spatial Distribution 424 7 Other Karst Landforms 466 7.1 Poljes 466 7.1.1 General Aspects and Distribution 466 7.1.2 Geomorphological, Hydrological and Geological Features of Poljes 468 7.1.3 Origin and Classification 475 7.2 Corrosion Plains, Rejuvenation, and Submergence 477 7.3 Residual Hills. Fenglin and Fengcong 484 7.4 Valleys in Karst 489 7.4.1 Through Valleys 490 7.4.2 Blind Valleys 493 7.4.3 Pocket Valleys 495 7.4.4 Cave- Collapse Valleys 495 7.4.5 Dry Valleys 497 7.5 Constructional Features. Calcareous Tufas and Travertines 498 8 Special Features Associated with Evaporites 517 8.1 Interstratal Evaporite Karst 519 8.2 Covered Evaporite Karst 538 8.3 Bare Evaporite Karst 541 8.4 Salt Tectonics and Karst in Salt Extrusions 546 8.4.1 The Special Rheology of Rock Salt. An Exceptional Mobile Bedrock 546 8.4.2 Salt Structures and the Geomorphic Impact of Salt Flow 548 8.4.3 The Morphological Evolution of Salt Extrusions and the Role of Dissolution 551 9 Cave Geomorphology 574 9.1 Introduction 574 9.1.1 Definition of Cave 574 9.1.2 Cave- Forming Processes 575 9.1.3 Cave Classifications 577 9.1.3.1 Solution Caves 577 9.1.3.2 Caves Related to Mechanical Movement and Accumulation 588 9.1.3.3 Caves Related to Mechanical Weathering and Erosion 589 9.1.3.4 Depositional Caves 594 9.1.3.5 Caves Related to Melting 595 9.1.3.6 Caves Related to Solidification 596 9.2 Macromorphology 598 9.2.1 Cave Surveying 599 9.2.2 Cave Entrances 600 9.2.3 Cave Passages 603 9.2.3.1 Shafts 604 9.2.3.2 Canyons 607 9.2.3.3 Tubes 609 9.2.3.4 Fissures 610 9.2.3.5 Mixed Phreatic- Vadose Forms 611 9.2.3.6 Phantom (Ghost- Rock) Passages 611 9.2.4 Cave Rooms 613 9.2.5 Cave and Passage Terminations 614 9.2.6 Cave Ground Plans 615 9.2.7 Cave Profile and Cave Storeys 618 9.3 Speleogens: Small- Scale Passage Morphologies 621 10 Cave Deposits 654 10.1 Introduction 654 10.2 Classification of Cave Sediments 655 10.3 Clastic Sediments 657 10.3.1 The Cave Sedimentary System 657 10.3.2 The Origin and Flux of Clastic Sediments in Caves 657 10.3.3 Fluvial Erosion and Transport 659 10.3.4 The Cave Sedimentary Facies 661 10.3.5 Other Allogenic Clastic Sediments 664 10.3.6 Provenance of Allogenic Clastic Cave Sediments 666 10.3.7 Autogenic Clastic Sediments 667 10.3.8 Anthropic Waste 671 10.3.9 Sedimentary Structures 672 10.4 Organic Sediments 675 10.4.1 Vegetal and Animal Debris 676 10.4.2 Autogenic Organic Sediments 678 10.5 Transported Chemical Deposits 679 10.6 Chemical Deposits 679 10.6.1 Minerogenetic Mechanisms in Caves 680 10.6.2 Carbonates 683 10.6.3 Other Cave Minerals 687 10.6.3.1 Halides 690 10.6.3.2 Sulfates 690 10.6.3.3 Phosphates and Nitrates 693 10.6.3.4 Oxides and Hydroxides 694 10.6.3.5 Silica and Silicates 696 10.6.4 Secondary Ice 696 10.7 Speleothems 698 10.7.1 Speleothems Formed by Dripping and Flowing Water 702 10.7.2 Speleothems Formed in Vadose Standing Water Bodies 712 10.7.3 Speleothems Formed in Phreatic (Thermal) Water Bodies 718 10.7.4 Speleothems Formed by Dominant Evaporation 718 10.7.5 Speleothems Formed by Capillary Water 725 10.7.6 Speleothems Formed by Microorganisms 728 10.7.7 The Color of Speleothems 731 10.7.8 Speleothem Growth Rate 732 10.7.9 Decay of Speleothems 733 10.7.10 Dating Clastic and Chemical Cave Sediments 736 10.7.10.1 Radiocarbon 736 10.7.10.2 Uranium–Thorium 738 10.7.10.3 Uranium- Lead and Other Methods 740 10.7.10.4 Aluminum–Beryllium 741 10.7.10.5 Potassium–Argon 742 10.7.10.6 Electron Spin Resonance, Optically Stimulated Luminescence, and Thermoluminescence 742 10.7.10.7 Amino Acid Racemization 743 10.7.10.8 Paleomagnetism 743 10.7.10.9 Lamina Counting- Fluorescence- Trace Elements 744 10.8 Cave Sediments as Paleoclimate and Paleo- Environmental Archives 745 11 Speleogenesis: How Solutional Caves Form 762 11.1 The Growth of Ideas about Cave Genesis 762 11.2 Geological Controls on Cave Genesis in Carbonate Rocks 765 11.2.1 Influence of Lithology 765 11.2.1.1 Influence of Rock Purity 765 11.2.1.2 Influence of Grain Size and Texture 766 11.2.1.3 Influence of Matrix Porosity 766 11.2.2 Influence of Stratigraphic Position of Soluble Rocks 766 11.2.3 Influence of Geological Structures 768 11.2.3.1 Influence of Bedding Planes 769 11.2.3.2 Influence of Joints 771 11.2.3.3 Influence of Faults 771 11.2.3.4 Influence of Folds 772 11.2.3.5 Inception Horizons 772 11.2.4 Topography, Base- Level and Climate 773 11.3 Simple Models of Initial Cave Development 775 11.3.1 Hardware Models of a Single Input 776 11.3.2 Computer Modeling of a Single Fissure 777 11.3.3 Hardware Modeling of Multiple Inputs 779 11.3.4 Computer Modeling of Two- and Three- Dimensional Fissure Networks 782 11.4 Hydrogeological Controls on Cave Genesis 784 11.4.1 Multiple- Point Recharge 785 11.4.2 Concentrated Recharge 786 11.4.3 Diffuse Recharge from Above 792 11.4.4 Diffuse Recharge from Below 794 11.4.5 Rising Thermal Fluids 797 11.4.6 Sulfuric Acid Fluids 805 11.4.7 Coastal Mixing 814 11.5 Caves in Non- Carbonate Rocks 823 11.5.1 Halite Caves 823 11.5.2 Gypsum–Anhydrite Caves 824 11.5.3 Quartzite Caves 830 11.5.4 Iron Formation Caves 832 11.6 Condensation–Corrosion 834 11.7 A Summary: Life Cycle of Solution Caves 839 11.7.1 Initiation of a Cave 839 11.7.2 Rapid Cave Enlargement 840 11.7.3 Cave Maturation 841 11.7.4 Cave Abandonment and Decay 842 Index 857

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Book SynopsisSustainable management of natural resources is an urgent need, given the changing climatic conditions of Earth systems. The ability to monitor natural resources precisely and accurately is increasingly important. New and advanced remote sensing tools and techniques are continually being developed to monitor and manage natural resources in an effective way. Remote sensing technology uses electromagnetic sensors to record, measure and monitor even small variations in natural resources. The addition of new remote sensing datasets, processing techniques and software makes remote sensing an exact and cost-effective tool and technology for natural resource monitoring and management. Advances in Remote Sensing for Natural Resources Monitoring provides a detailed overview of the potential applications of advanced satellite data in natural resource monitoring. The book determines how environmental and - ecological knowledge and satellite-based information can be effectively combined to addreTable of ContentsList of Abbreviations xix List of Contributors xxix List of Editors xxxv Preface xxxvii Section I General Section 1 1 Introduction to Natural Resource Monitoring Using Remote Sensing Technology 3Prem Chandra Pandey and Laxmi Kant Sharma 1.1 Introduction 3 References 6 2 Spectroradiometry: Types, Data Collection, and Processing 9Prem Chandra Pandey, Manish Kumar Pandey, Ayushi Gupta, Prachi Singh, and Prashant K. Srivastava 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Literature Review 10 2.3 The Types of Spectroradiometry 12 2.3.1 Spectroradiometry 13 2.3.2 Photometry and Colorimetry 13 2.4 Principle of the Spectroradiometer 13 2.5 Radiance Measurement 16 2.5.1 Factors Affecting Spectral Reflectance Measurements 17 2.5.2 Data Processing 18 2.5.2.1 Radiometric Calibration 18 2.5.2.2 Reflectance/Transmittance 19 2.5.2.3 Radiance/Irradiance/Emissivity 20 2.5.2.4 1st Derivative 20 2.5.2.5 2nd Derivative 20 2.5.2.6 Parabolic Correction 20 2.5.2.7 Other Methods 21 2.6 Data Collection 21 2.7 Generation of the Metadata 21 2.7.1 Continuum Removal 22 2.8 Applications of ASD in Agriculture and Forestry 23 2.9 Future Importance, Limitations, and Recommendations 23 Acknowledgment 24 References 24 3 Geometric-Optical Modeling of Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function for Trees and Forest Stands 28Nour El Islam Bachari, Salim Lamine, and Khaled Meharrar 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 Model Description 29 3.2.1 Sunlit Surfaces 31 3.2.2 Shaded Surfaces 31 3.2.3 Forest Stand Modeling 32 3.3 General Shape of the Apparent Luminance 33 3.4 Simulation and Discussion 35 References 39 Section II Vegetation Resource Monitoring (Forest and Agriculture) 43 4 Mapping Stand Age of Indonesian Rubber Plantation Using Fully Polarimetric L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar 45Bambang H. Trisasongko 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Methodology 46 4.2.1 Test Site and Dataset 46 4.2.2 Processing 47 4.3 Results and Discussion 48 4.3.1 Scattering Behavior 48 4.3.2 Classification Using Backscatter Coefficients 50 4.3.3 Classification Using Model-Based Decomposition 51 4.3.4 The Role of Combining Datasets 51 4.3.5 The Best Subset 52 4.4 Conclusion 55 Acknowledgments 55 References 55 5 Responses of Multi-Frequency Remote Sensing to Forest Biomass 58Suman Sinha, A. Santra, Laxmi Kant Sharma, Anup Kumar Das, C. Jeganathan, Shiv Mohan, S.S. Mitra, and M.S. Nathawat 5.1 Background 58 5.1.1 Optical Remote Sensing 59 5.1.2 Microwave Remote Sensing 62 5.1.3 LiDAR Remote/Sensing 63 5.1.4 Synergic Use of Multi-Sensor Data 65 5.2 A Case Study in the Mixed Tropical Deciduous Forest of India 66 5.2.1 Study Area 66 5.2.2 Datasets 67 5.2.3 Methodology 67 5.2.4 Results 67 5.2.5 Conclusion 67 5.3 Uncertainties and Future Scope of Research in Biomass Estimation 71 5.3.1 Summary 71 Acknowledgment 72 References 72 6 Crop Water Requirements Analysis Using Geoinformatics Techniques in the Water-Scarce Semi-Arid Watershed 81K. Ibrahim-Bathis, S.A. Ahmed, V. Nischitha, and M.A. Mohammed-Aslam 6.1 Introduction 81 6.1.1 Crop Calendar 82 6.1.2 Crop Type Classification 83 6.1.3 Crop Water Requirements 86 6.1.4 CROPWAT Model 86 6.1.5 Meteorological Data 86 6.2 Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) 86 6.2.1 Effective Rainfall 88 6.2.2 Crop Coefficient (Kc) 89 6.3 Soil Data 89 6.4 Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc) 90 6.5 Irrigation Water Requirement 90 6.6 Conclusion 91 Acknowledgment 92 References 92 7 Biophysical Characterization and Monitoring Large-Scale Water and Vegetation Anomalies by Remote Sensing in the Agricultural Growing Areas of the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region 94Antônio Heriberto de Castro Teixeira, Janice Freitas Leivas, Edson Patto Pacheco, Edlene Aparecida Monteiro Garçon, and Celina Maki Takemura 7.1 Introduction 94 7.2 Material and Methods 96 7.3 Results and Discussion 99 7.4 Conclusions 104 Acknowledgments 105 References 105 Section III Soil and Land Resource Monitoring 111 8 SMOS L4 Downscaled Soil Moisture Product Evaluation Over a Two Year – Period in a Mediterranean Setting 113Patrick N.L. Lamptey, George P. Petropoulos, and Prashant K. Srivastava 8.1 Introduction 113 8.2 Experimental Setup 116 8.3 Datasets Description 116 8.3.1 SMOS L4 SM Product (1 km) 116 8.3.2 In-situ Soil Moisture Data 118 8.4 Methodology 119 8.4.1 SSM Extraction from SMOS 119 8.4.2 Pre-Processing of SMOS 119 8.4.3 Agreement Evaluation 119 8.5 Results 120 8.5.1 Station ES-CPA 120 8.5.2 Station N9 122 8.5.3 Station M5 123 8.5.4 Station H7 123 8.5.5 Station K9 124 8.6 Discussion 126 8.7 Conclusions 127 Acknowledgments 128 References 128 9 Estimating Urban Population Density Using Remotely Sensed Imagery Products 132Dimitris Triantakonstantis, Demetris Stathakis, and Zoi Papadopoulou 9.1 Introduction 132 9.2 Spatial Data Disaggregation–MAUP Problem 134 9.2.1 Spatial Interpolation 135 9.3 Materials and Methods 136 9.3.1 Study Area and Data Sources 136 9.3.2 Areal Interpolation Using Cokriging 137 9.4 Areal Interpolation Using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) 138 9.5 Results and Discussion 139 9.6 Conclusions 144 References 145 10 Impact of Land Cover Change on Surface Runoff 150Apoorv Sood, S.K. Ghosh, and Priyadarshi Upadhyay 10.1 Introduction 150 10.2 Literature 151 10.3 Methodology 152 10.3.1 Supervised Classification 152 10.3.2 SWAT Model 153 10.3.3 SWAT Inputs 153 10.3.4 SWAT Outputs 154 10.4 Methodology 154 10.5 Study Area 154 10.5.1 Justification for Study Area Selection 154 10.6 Data Used 155 10.6.1 Weather Data 156 10.6.2 Satellite Data 158 10.6.2.1 LANDSAT Dataset 158 10.6.3 Digital Elevation Model 158 10.6.4 Soil Map 158 10.7 Results and Discussion 158 10.7.1 LU/LC Classification 158 10.7.2 LU/LC Map 1987 161 10.7.3 LU/LC Map 1997 161 10.7.4 LU/LC Map 2007 161 10.7.5 LU/LC Map 2017 161 10.7.6 Watershed Delineation 163 10.8 SWAT Results 164 10.8.1 HRU Analysis Report 164 10.8.2 Runoff Generated in Sub Basins 164 10.9 Conclusion 167 Acknowledgment 168 References 168 11 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zone and Site Suitability of Rainwater Harvesting Structures Using Remote Sensing and In Situ Geophysical Measurements 170Prachi Singh, Akash Anand, Prashant K. Srivastava, Arjun Singh, and Prem Chandra Pandey 11.1 Introduction 170 11.2 Study Area 171 11.3 Data Used and Methodology 172 11.3.1 Data Used 172 11.3.2 Methodology 173 11.3.3 Vertical Electrical Sounding 173 11.3.4 Weightage Calculation 174 11.4 Results and Discussion 175 11.4.1 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) 175 11.4.2 Soil 175 11.4.3 Hydro-Geomorphology 176 11.4.4 Lithology 176 11.4.5 Drainage Density 178 11.4.6 Lineament Density 178 11.5 Resistivity Survey 179 11.5.1 VES Survey and Cross Section 179 11.5.2 Interpolated Subsurface Soil Profile 181 11.5.3 Groundwater Potential Zone 181 11.5.4 Suitable Sites for Rainwater Harvesting Structures 182 11.6 Conclusions 185 Acknowledgment 186 References 186 12 Structural Control on the Landscape Evolution of Son Alluvial Fan System in Ganga Foreland Basin 189Manish Pandey, Yogesh Ray, Aman Arora, U.K. Shukla, and Shyam Ranjan 12.1 Introduction 189 12.2 Study Area 192 12.2.1 Geomorphological Setting of SAFS 192 12.2.2 Geology of the Son Valley and SAFS 196 12.2.3 Drainage 196 12.2.4 Climate 197 12.3 Materials and Methods 198 12.3.1 Data Used 198 12.3.2 Preprocessing of DEM 199 12.3.3 DEM Derived Parameters 199 12.3.4 Conceptual Background 199 12.3.4.1 Quantitative Measure of River Basin Dynamics/Reorganization 200 12.3.4.2 X (χ)-Metrics and Cross-Divide χ-Anomaly 200 12.3.4.3 Rationale Behind Experimental Use of χ-Transform for Alluvial Stream Long Profiles 203 12.3.5 Normalized Channel Steepness Index (ksn) and Channel Concavity Index (θ) Computation 205 12.3.6 Stream Sinuosity 205 12.3.7 Hypsometric Curve (HC) 206 12.4 Results and Discussion 206 12.4.1 Zones of (dis)equilibrium Over SAFS in Ganga Foreland Basin (GFB) 206 12.4.2 Sinuosity of Streams and Drainage Behavior Over SAFS 211 12.4.3 Extent of SAFS vis-à-vis Evolution of Ganga Plain 212 12.5 Conclusion and Recommendations 214 Acknowledgments 215 References 215 12.A Appendix A: Supplementary Figures 226 12.B Field Evidences of Neotectonic Activity (Source: Google Earth Pro) 240 12.C Longitudinal Profile of the Ganga and its Right Bank Tributaries Flowing over SAFS 242 12.D Lines of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Profiles 244 12.E SAFS Profiles from Pandey 2014 245 Section IV Water Resource Monitoring 247 13 Managing the Blue Carbon Ecosystem: A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach 249Parul Maurya, Anup Kumar Das, and Rina Kumari 13.1 Introduction 249 13.2 Blue Carbon Ecosystem 249 13.2.1 Distribution 250 13.2.2 Mangrove 251 13.2.3 Seagrass 251 13.2.4 Salt Marshes 252 13.3 Factors Affecting Carbon Storage in Blue Carbon Ecosystems 253 13.4 Carbon Storage in the Blue Carbon Ecosystem 254 13.5 Pathways of Carbon in the Blue Carbon Ecosystem 254 13.6 Evaluation of Long-Term Carbon Deposition in Sediments 255 13.7 Ecosystem Services 256 13.8 Threats to Coastal Blue Carbon Ecosystems 256 13.9 Economy of Blue Carbon Ecosystems 257 13.10 Management 258 13.11 Conservation of Blue Carbon Ecosystem: A Remote Sensing Approach 258 13.11.1 Role of Optical Remote Sensing 259 13.11.2 Mapping the Mangrove Cover and Change Detection 259 13.12 Quantification of Biophysical Variables 260 13.12.1 Phenology 260 13.12.2 Role of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing 260 13.12.3 Mangrove-Mapping and Dynamics Studies Using Radar Data 261 13.12.4 Dependence on Frequency 261 13.12.5 Species Identification 261 13.13 Conclusion 262 Acknowledgment 262 References 262 14 Appraising the Changing Climate and Extent of Snow in the Kashmir Himalaya Using MODIS Data 269Seema Rani 14.1 Introduction 269 14.2 Study Area 270 14.3 Materials and Methods 271 14.4 Results and Discussions 273 14.4.1 Trend in Air Temperature 273 14.4.2 Trend in Snow Cover Area 275 14.4.3 Variations in SCA Under Elevation Zones 278 14.5 Conclusion 282 Acknowledgments 283 References 283 15 Knowledge-Based Mapping of Debris-Covered Glaciers in the Greater Himalayan Range 287Swagata Ghosh and Raaj Ramsankaran 15.1 Introduction 287 15.1.1 Overview of Ablation Pattern of Glaciers in the Western Himalaya 288 15.1.2 Overview of Glacier Mapping Techniques 288 15.2 Study Area 290 15.3 Data Sources 291 15.4 Methodology 292 15.4.1 Pre-Processing of Satellite Data 293 15.4.2 Knowledge-Based Approach 295 15.4.2.1 Segregation of Snow and Ice from Other Land Covers Using Spectral Index 295 15.4.2.2 Segregation Between Snow and Ice Types Using Spectral Indices 298 15.4.2.3 Segregation of Supraglacial Debris Types from Non-Glacier Area 298 15.5 Results and Discussions 299 15.5.1 Accuracy Assessment of Supraglacial Covers Mapping of Pensilungpa Glacier 303 15.5.2 Knowledge-Based Approach Versus Manual Digitization for Mapping Pensilungpa Glacier 304 15.5.3 Uncertainty Analysis 306 15.5.4 Knowledge-Based Approach Versus Supervised Classification for Mapping Pensilungpa Glacier 307 15.5.5 Evaluation of Spatiotemporal Application Potential of the Knowledge-Based Approach 311 15.6 Summary and Conclusions 312 15.7 Future Scope 315 References 315 16 Seawater Intrusion and Salinity Mapping in Coastal Aquifers: A Geospatial Approach 323Tanushree and Rina Kumari 16.1 Introduction 323 16.1.1 Water Stress in Coastal Aquifers Due to Salinity: A Global Concern 323 16.1.2 Salinization of Aquifers in Semiarid Regions 324 16.1.3 Seawater Intrusion: Basic Concept 324 16.1.4 Various Approaches to Study Seawater Intrusion 325 16.2 Aquifer Vulnerability Concept 326 16.2.1 Vulnerability Types 327 16.2.1.1 Intrinsic Vulnerability 327 16.2.1.2 Specific Vulnerability 327 16.2.2 Aquifer Vulnerability Due to Seawater Intrusion 327 16.2.3 Methods to Assess Vulnerability 327 16.2.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis 328 16.2.4 Significance 331 16.2.5 Geophysical Approaches 332 16.2.5.1 Electromagnetic Surveys 332 16.2.5.2 Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) 333 16.2.5.3 Frequency Domain Electromagnetic (FEM) 333 16.2.5.4 Self-Potential 333 16.2.5.5 Ground Penetrating Radar 333 16.2.6 Numerical Model for Explaining Seawater Intrusion 334 16.2.7 Remote Sensing for Salinity Mapping 334 16.2.7.1 Optical Remote Sensing for Salinity Mapping 334 16.2.7.2 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing 335 16.2.7.3 Microwave Remote Sensing for Salinity Mapping 335 16.3 Conclusion 336 Acknowledgments 337 References 337 17 Wetland-Inundated Area Modeling and Monitoring Using Supervised and Machine Learning Classifiers 346Swapan Talukdar, Sakshi Mankotia, Md Shamimuzzaman, Shahfahad, and Susanta Mahato 17.1 Introduction 346 17.2 Study Area 348 17.3 Data Sources and Methods 349 17.3.1 Data Sources 349 17.3.2 Methods for Wetland-Inundated Area Mapping 349 17.3.2.1 Methods for Machine Learning Classifiers 350 17.3.2.2 Method for Supervised Classifiers 352 17.3.3 Methods for Accuracy Assessment of Wetland-Inundation Area Mapping 352 17.3.4 Methods of Modeling Wetland Landscape Transformation 353 17.4 Results and Discussion 353 17.4.1 Wetland Mapping Using Different Classifiers 353 17.4.2 Validation of the Methods 354 17.4.3 Spatiotemporal Analysis of Hydrological Variability of the Wetlands 356 17.4.4 Fragmentation Analysis of the Hydrological Variability 357 17.5 Conclusion 360 Acknowledgment 360 References 360 18 A Focus on Reaggregation of Playa Wetland scapes in the Face of Global Ecological Disconnectivity 366Laxmi Kant Sharma, Rajashree Naik, and Prem Chandra Pandey 18.1 Introduction 366 18.2 Global Ecological Disconnectivity 367 18.3 Playa Wetland scapes 367 18.3.1 Importance 368 18.3.2 Threats 368 18.3.3 Playas of India 370 18.4 Indian Playa Wetland scapes for Global Ecological Connectivity 371 18.5 Reaggregation of Playa Wetland scapes 374 18.6 Recent Approaches Used for Wetland scape Studies 375 18.7 Limitations of Current Wetland scape Studies 377 18.8 Scope of Integrated Playa Wetland scape Modeling 380 Acknowledgment 381 References 381 Section V Disaster Monitoring of Natural Resources 389 19 Flood Damage Assessment in a Part of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain Region, India 391Rajesh Kumar 19.1 Introduction 391 19.2 Study Area 393 19.3 Materials and Methods 393 19.4 Results and Discussion 395 19.4.1 Flood-Prone and Flooded Areas 395 19.4.2 Flood Damage and Flood Protection Works 396 19.4.3 Trends in Flood Damage and Peak Flood Discharge 398 19.5 Conclusions 400 Acknowledgments 401 Declaration 401 References 401 20 Texture-Based Riverine Feature Extraction and Flood Mapping Using Satellite Images 405Kuldeep, P.K. Garg, and R.D. Garg 20.1 Introduction 405 20.2 Related Work 406 20.3 The Study Area and Data Resources 408 20.4 Methodology 408 20.4.1 Geometric Correction and Image Enhancement 408 20.4.2 Texture Feature Extraction and Optimal Feature Selection 409 20.4.3 Texture-Based Classification 411 20.4.4 Flood Hazard Mapping for Identification of Safe Islands 411 20.4.4.1 Flood Inundation Mapping 411 20.4.4.2 Validation of Flood Extent 412 20.4.4.3 Damage Assessment 412 20.5 Results and Discussions 413 20.5.1 Feature Selection and Classification 413 20.5.2 Flood Hazard Mapping 418 20.5.3 HEC-RAS Processing and Model Validation 419 20.5.4 Flood Damage Assessment 421 20.6 Conclusion 424 Acknowledgment 426 References 426 21 Numerical Simulation and Comparison of Tsunami Inundation for Different Satellite-Derived Datasets for the Gujarat Coast of India 431Shafique Matin and S.S. Praveen 21.1 Introduction 431 21.2 Study Area 432 21.3 Methodology 432 21.3.1 Extraction of Different Satellite-Derived Datasets 432 21.3.2 Numerical Modeling 434 21.4 Results and Discussion 436 21.4.1 Analysis of Datasets 439 21.4.2 Parallel Transects 440 21.4.3 Perpendicular Transects 440 21.5 Conclusions 442 Acknowledgments 442 References 443 Section VI Future Aspect of Natural Resource Monitoring 445 22 Future Aspects and Potential of the Remote Sensing Technology to Meet the Natural Resource Needs 447Laxmi Kant Sharma, Rajit Gupta, and Prem Chandra Pandey 22.1 Introduction 447 22.2 Advances in Remote Sensing for Natural Resources Monitoring 449 22.3 Potential Applications in Natural Resource Monitoring 451 22.4 Challenges and Future Aspects 453 22.5 Conclusion 455 Acknowledgment 456 References 456 Index 465

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Book SynopsisReservoir management is fundamental to the efficient and responsible means of extracting hydrocarbons, and maximising the economic benefit to the operator, licence holders and central government. All stakeholders have a social responsibility to protect the local population and environment. The process of managing an oil or gas reservoir begins after discovery and continues through appraisal, development, production and abandonment; there is cost associated with each phase and a series of decision gates should be in place to ensure that an economic benefit exists before progress is made. To correctly establish potential value at each stage it is necessary to acquire and analyse data from the subsurface, the planned surface facilities and the contractual obligations to the end-user of the hydrocarbons produced. This is especially true of any improved recovery methods proposed or plans to extend field life. To achieve all the above requires a multi-skilled team of professionals working together with a clear set of objectives and associated rewards. The team's make-up will change over time, as different skills are required, as will the management of the team, with geoscientists, engineers and commercial analysts needed to address the issues as they arise. This book is designed as a guide for non-specialists involved in the process of reservoir management, which is often treated as a task for reservoir engineers alone: it is a task for all the disciplines involved in turning a exploration success into a commercial asset. Most explorers earn their bonus based on the initial estimates of in-place hydrocarbons, regardless of the ultimate cost of production; the explorers have usually moved on to a new basin before the first oil or gas is produced! This book is not a deeply academic tome, rather the description of a process enlivened by a number of stories and case studies from the author's forty years of experience in the oil-patch.Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Basics 3 1.2 Field Appraisal 5 1.3 Volumetrics 7 1.4 Drive Mechanism 8 1.5 Field Development 9 1.6 Reservoir Simulation 11 1.7 Field Production 12 1.8 Reservoir Monitoring and Surveillance 13 1.9 Improved Hydrocarbon Recovery 14 1.10 Cessation of Production: Field Abandonment 15 1.11 Summary 15 2 Reservoir Management Process 17 2.1 Field Appraisal 19 2.2 Field Development 22 2.3 Field Production 27 2.4 An Integrated Team Structure for Reservoir Management 30 2.5 Summary 34 3 Reservoir Description 35 3.1 Multi-scale Data 36 3.2 Reservoir Structure 37 3.3 Reservoir Framework 44 3.4 Depositional Environment 46 3.5 Static Reservoir Properties 47 3.6 Dynamic Reservoir Properties 53 3.7 Reservoir Hydrocarbon Fluids 59 3.8 Summary 63 4 Building an Integrated Reservoir Model 65 4.1 Simulation Model Design 67 4.2 Designing the Modeling Grid 73 4.3 Facies Modeling 87 4.4 Property Modeling 97 4.5 Upscaling 108 4.6 Model Analysis and Uncertainty 109 4.7 Summary 110 5 Performance, Monitoring, and Forecasting 111 5.1 Natural Drive Mechanisms 112 5.2 Reservoir Monitoring 120 5.3 Production System 122 5.4 Resource and Reserves Estimation 126 5.5 Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) 136 5.6 Summary 141 6 Improving Hydrocarbon Recovery 143 6.1 Primary Recovery 145 6.2 Secondary Recovery 148 6.3 Tertiary Oil Recovery 153 6.4 Summary 158 7 Development Economics 159 7.1 Key Economic Criteria 160 7.2 Risk and Uncertainty 165 7.3 Summary 171 8 Tales of the Unexpected 173 8.1 Laggan and Tormore, Flett Basin, West of Shetland, UKCS 173 8.2 Dación Field, Maturín Basin, Venezuela 176 8.3 As-Sarah Field, East Sirt Basin, Libya 177 8.4 Ceiba Field, Rio Muni Basin, Equatorial Guinea 178 8.5 Glenn Pool Field, Cherokee Basin, Oklahoma, USA 181 8.6 Schiehallion Field, Faroe–Shetland Basin, West of Shetland 184 8.7 North Burbank Field, Cherokee Basin, Oklahoma, USA 187 8.8 Nakhla Field, Hameimat Trough, East Sirt Basin, Libya 192 8.9 Forties Field, Central North Sea, UKCS 196 8.10 Leman Field, Southern North Sea, UKCS 201 8.11 Summary 204 Appendix 1 Guide to Reservoir Simulation 205 A.1 Phases of a Reservoir Simulation Study 206 A.2 Data Gathering 209 A.3 Upscaling 229 A.4 History Matching 243 A.5 Summary 251 References 253 Bibliography 261 Index 263

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Book SynopsisDemystifies the academic career path with practical advice With the number of people being awarded PhDs growing far more rapidly than the supply of academic jobs, those at an early-career stage must think strategically in order to be competitive and successful. Navigating an Academic Career: A Brief Guide for PhD students, Post docs, and New Faculty is a concise and conversational manual that guides readers through starting their academic journey, surviving the demands of their first academic position, and thriving in academia and beyond. Volume highlights include: Firsthand perspective on the characteristics of a successful academic Guidance on interviewing, negotiating, branding, and other essential soft skills Tips for effective time management and writing high-impact research papers Insights into developing leadership skills and mentoring others The American Geophysical Union promotes discovTable of ContentsPreface vii About the Author ix Part I: The PhD Student and Postdoc Years 1 1 An Academic Career 3 2 Traits of Successful Scientists 7 3 Avoiding a PhD in Anxiety 11 4 Getting Your First Academic Job 15 5 The Academic Matthew Effect 19 Part II: Surviving and Thriving in the First Few Years 23 6 Paper Writing Gone Hollywood 25 7 The Perfect Department 27 8 Ethics in the Real World 31 9 Research Brand Identity 35 10 The 1‐Hour Workday 39 11 Orchestrating a Powerful Research Group 41 12 Proposal Writing Hacks 43 Part III: Tenure and Beyond 47 13 Mentoring the Middle 49 14 Research Visits and Academic Growth Spurts 53 15 On Leadership 57 16 The Sustainable Professor 61 17 A Scientist Looks at 60 63 Postface 67 Acknowledgments 69 Notes 73 Further Reading 77 Index 81

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Book SynopsisASTROBIOLOGY This unique book advances the frontier discussion of a wide spectrum of astrobiological issues on scientific advances, space ethics, social impact, religious meaning, and public policy formulation. Astrobiology is an exploding discipline in which not only the natural sciences, but also the social sciences and humanities converge. Astrobiology: Science, Ethics, and Public Policy is a multidisciplinary book that presents different perspectives and points of view by its contributing specialists. Epistemological, moral and political issues arising from astrobiology, convey the complexity of challenges posed by the search for life elsewhere in the universe. We ask: if a convoy of colonists from Earth make the trip to Mars, should their genomes be edited to adapt to the Red Planet's environment? If scientists discover a biosphere with microbial life within our solar system, will it possess intrinsic value or merely utilitarian value? If astronomers discover an intelligent civiliTable of ContentsÜber die Autoren 9 Einführung 19 Über dieses Buch 19 Törichte Annahmen über die Leser 20 Wie dieses Buch aufgebaut ist 21 Teil I: Bedeutung von Homeoffice 21 Teil II: Ich im Homeoffice 21 Teil III: Wir im Homeoffice 22 Teil IV: Der Top-Ten-Teil 22 Symbole, die in diesem Buch verwendet werden 22 Wie es weitergeht 23 Teil I: Was bedeutet »Homeoffice« eigentlich? 25 Kapitel 1 Bedeutung von »Homeoffice« und Abgrenzung 27 »Homeoffice« und »Telearbeit« 27 Abgrenzung zu »mobilem Arbeiten« oder »mobile working« 28 Die Arbeitsstättenverordnung 28 Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen 29 Arbeitszeiten 29 Erreichbarkeit als Arbeitnehmer und Kollege 29 Ausstattung und Nutzung des privaten Wohnraums 29 Einbindung des Betriebsrats 30 Homeoffice und Mietvertrag 30 Mögliche Steuervorteile 31 Versicherungsschutz 31 Unfallversicherung 32 Haftpflicht-und Hausratversicherung 32 Kapitel 2 Trends und Studien 33 Die Gesellschaft ändert sich 35 Nachhaltigkeit 35 Demografischer Wandel 35 Veränderte Rollenbilder 37 Digitalisierung 38 Unternehmen ändern sich 41 Immobilienflächennutzung 42 Büroflächen 42 Coworking 43 Flächenumwandlung und Landflucht 43 Arbeitgeberattraktivität 44 Was braucht der Mensch? 44 Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden 44 Einflussfaktoren auf die Leistung 46 Psychische Gesundheit 47 Teil II: Ich im Homeoffice 49 Kapitel 3 Wie gestalte ich mein Arbeitszimmer? 51 Den geeigneten Platz finden 51 Raumgröße Arbeitszimmer 53 Arbeiten unter der Dachschräge 53 Im Keller 53 Im Gäste-,Kinder-oder Schlafzimmer 54 Bedarfsermittlung – was brauchen Sie wirklich? 55 Ihr typischer Alltag im Homeoffice 56 Haupt-oder Zusatzarbeitsplatz? 57 Beschaffenheit des Raums 57 Raumklima 57 Tageslicht 57 Planung der Ausstattung 58 (Schreib-) Tisch 58 Stuhl oder Steh-Sitz-Möglichkeit 59 Ergonomie 64 Ablage (Regale, Schränke und Rollcontainer) 67 Whiteboard, Flipchart & Co. 67 Künstliche Lichtquellen 68 Technik 70 Gestaltung 77 Wenn mehrere Personen im Homeoffice arbeiten 80 Kapitel 4 Auf das eigene Wohlbefinden achten 81 Körperliche Einflussfaktoren 82 Das Gehirn und sein Umgang mit Stress 82 Hormone 85 Biorhythmus 88 Persönlichkeitstypen 88 Die Organisierte (gewissenhaft) 89 Die Workaholikerin (dynamisch) 89 Die Bequeme (vorhersehbar) 89 Die Kommunikative (extrovertiert) 89 Die Scheue (gewissenhaft-vorhersehbar) 90 Eltern 90 Psychisches Wohlbefinden 90 Tagesstruktur und Ziele 91 Meditation 92 Körperliche Aktivitäten 92 Lachen 93 Musik 94 Tageslicht 95 Ernährung 96 Vereinbarkeit von Beruf-und Privatleben 97 Belohnungen 105 Der Arbeitsplatz 105 Professionelle Hilfe bei psychischer Belastung 105 Teil III: Wir im Homeoffice 107 Kapitel 5 Zusammenarbeit im Team 109 Der Mensch als soziales Wesen 110 Evolutionsbiologie und Hirnforschung 110 Bedürfnis nach sozialer Bindung 111 Theorien zur Motivation 111 Unternehmenskultur 116 Grundlagen einer gemeinschaftlichen Führungs-und Unternehmenskultur 117 Vertrauen und Kontrolle 120 Führen auf Distanz 125 Methoden und Tools 127 Werkzeuge für virtuelle Zusammenarbeit 127 Einsatz künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) 130 Ein Blick auf den Istzustand … 131 … und in die Zukunft 132 Kapitel 6 Ökosystem der Arbeit – mehr als Homeoffice 135 Hybrides Arbeiten 136 Verteiltes Arbeiten – »distributed work« 136 Checkliste zur Einführung von verteiltem Arbeiten 137 Fünf Ebenen verteilten Arbeitens 138 Weitere Begriffe beim verteilten Arbeiten 139 Weiterentwicklung von Arbeitsprozessen und selbstorganisierten Teams 141 Prozesse und Agilität 141 Selbstorganisation von Teams 142 Erfolgshebel für selbstorganisierte Teams 145 Homeoffice und sein Platz im zukünftigen Ökosystem der Arbeit 147 Zukunft des Ökosystems 148 Zusammenarbeiten mit virtuellen Realitäten 149 Augmented Reality, Augmented Virtuality und Virtual Reality 150 Teil IV: Der Top-Ten-Teil 151 Kapitel 7 Die zehn wichtigsten Trends 153 Digitalisierung und Breitbandausbau 153 Flexibilisierung von Arbeitszeit und -ort 153 Sinn und Wertebewusstsein 153 Vielfalt digitaler Tools 154 Hybride Zusammenarbeit 154 Veränderte Büroflächennutzung 154 Nachhaltigkeit und Mobilität 154 Corporate Coworking 155 Führung und Zusammenarbeit 155 Flexibilisierung der Arbeit 155 Kapitel 8 Die zehn größten Vorteile des Homeoffice 157 Zeitgewinn 157 Vereinbarung von Privat-und Berufsleben 157 Wahlfreiheit der Arbeitsmöglichkeiten 157 Unterstützung individueller Biorhythmus 158 Förderung der Gesundheit 158 Persönliches Wohlfühlen 158 Arbeitgeberattraktivität 158 Verbesserung des CO2-Footprint 158 Qualitativ höherwertigere Büros 159 Globales Rekrutieren 159 Kapitel 9 Die zehn größten Nachteile des Homeoffice 161 Fehlende Präsenz 161 Zu wenig Platz zum Arbeiten und Leben 161 Alternativlose Arbeitsumgebung 161 Fehlende mentale Abgrenzung 162 Weniger Bewegung 162 Fehlende räumliche Rückzugsmöglichkeit 162 Mangelndes Vertrauen von Führungskräften 162 Reduzierte Aufstiegschancen 163 Mangelhafte Büroausstattung 163 Unvollständige Gestik und Körperhaltung 163 Kapitel 10 Die zehn wichtigsten Tipps 165 Kamera an 165 Tagesstruktur und Wochenplan 165 Regelmäßig Pausen 165 Bestmögliche Ausstattung 166 Organisation und Agenda 166 Techniktraining 166 Bewegung und Abwechslung 166 Nachfragen 167 Virtuelle Veranstaltungen 167 Raumklima 167 Stichwortverzeichnis 171

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Book SynopsisISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY Provides a thorough and up-to-date overview of radiogenic and stable isotope geochemistry Now in its second edition, Isotope Geochemistry presents a comprehensive introduction to radiogenic and stable isotope geochemistry. The first five chapters cover fundamentals including the physics of nuclei, radioactive decay, nucleosynthesis, geochronology, and the theory of stable isotope fractionation. The next chapter focuses on the isotope geochemistry of meteorites and their constraints on the formation of the solar system and the Earth. The subsequent three chapters cover radiogenic and stable isotope geochemistry evolution of the Earth's mantle and crust. Three more chapters are devoted to the Earth's surface, the exogene, including the hydrologic system, the biosphere, and climate. A new chapter in this edition focuses on the use of isotopes in paleontology and archeology. The final chapter is devoted to the isotope geochemistry of the noble gases. Illustrated in full color throughout, Isotope Geochemistry is intended primarily as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. It is also intended as a reference for earth science professionals, reflecting the impact that isotope geochemistry has on virtually every aspect of the earth sciences, from climate change and geomorphology to geodynamics.Table of Contents 1: Atoms and Nuclei: Their Physics and Origins 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Physics of the nucleus 1.3 Radioactive Decay 1.4 Nucleosynthesis 2: Decay Systems and Geochronology I 2.1 Basics of Radioactive Isotope Geochemistry 2.2 Fundamentals of Geochronology 2.3 The K-Ar-Ca system 2.4 The Rb-Sr System 2.5 Rare Earth Decay Systems 2.6 The Re-Os-Pt System 3: Decay Systems and Geochronology II: U and Th 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Pb-Pb Ages and Isochrons 3.3 Zircon Dating 3.4 U-Decay Series Dating 4: Geochronology III: Other Dating Methods 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Cosmogenic Nuclides 4.3 Thermochronology 5: Fractionation of isotopes 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Notation, definitions, and standards 5.3 Theory of Equilibrium isotopic fractionations 5.4 Kinetic fractionation 5.5 Mass dependent versus mass dependent fractionation 6: Isotope Cosmochemistry 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Star Birth 6.3 Meteorites 6.4 Cosmochronology 6.5 Stardust 6.6 Isotopic variations in bulk meteorites 6.7 Cosmic ray exposure ages of meteorites 7: Isotope Geochemistry of the Mantle 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Composition of the Earth's Mantle 7.3 Radiogenic isotopes in oceanic basalts 7.4 Inferences on mantle structure and evolution 7.5 The Subcontinental Lithosphere 7.6 U-Series Isotopes and Melt Generation 8: Isotope geochemistry of the continental crust 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Mechanisms of crustal growth 8.3 The earliest continental crust 8.4 The continental crust through time 8.5 Isotopic composition of the continental crust 8.6 Subduction Zones 9: Stable Isotopes in the solid Earth 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Equilibrium Fractionations Among Minerals 9.3 Geothermometry 9.4 Stable Isotope Composition of the Mantle 9.5 Oxygen Isotopes in Hydrothermal Systems 9.6 Sulfur Isotopes in magmatic and hydrothermal systems 9.7 Copper isotopes in ore deposits 10: Light Stable Isotopes in the exogene 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The hydrologic system 10.3 isotope ratios in the biosphere 10.4 isotope ratios in the atmosphere 11: Non-traditional stable and radiogenic isotopes in the exogene 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Radiogenic isotopes in the modern ocean 11.3 Stable isotope ratios of conservative elements 11.4 Stable isotope ratios of nutrient elements 11.5 Stable isotope ratios of transition metals 12: Paleoclimate, paleoceanography, and atmospheric history 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The Pleistocene Climate Record in Deep Sea Sediments 12.3 Isotopes in paleoceanography 12.4 Climate in the Cenozoic 12.5 Carbon isotopes, atmospheric carbon dioxide, and climate 12.6 Tracing the evolution of atmospheric oxygen 13: Life, Paleoecology, and Human History 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Isotopes in evolution 13.3 Isotopes and diet: you are what you eat 13.4 Paleoecology of grasslands 13.5 Paleoecology of the Pleistocene Tundra Steppe 13.6.1 Domestication of maize 13.7 The metallurgical revolution 14: Noble Gas Isotope Geochemistry 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Noble Gas Chemistry 14.2 Noble Gases in the Solar System 14.3 Helium 14.4 Neon 14.5 Argon 14.6 Krypton 14.7 Xenon 14.8 Implications of Noble Gas Isotope Ratios for the Origin and Evolution of the Earth 14.9 Noble gas constraints on formation and evolution of the Earth

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Book SynopsisMechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing Comprehensive single-volume reference work providing an overview of experimental results and predictive methods for hydraulic fracture growth in rocks Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing: Experiment, Model, and Monitoring provides a summary of the research in mechanics of hydraulic fractures during the past two decades, plus new research trends to look for in the future. The book covers the contributions from theory, modeling, and experimentation, including the application of models to reservoir stimulation, mining preconditioning, and the formation of geological structures. The four expert editors emphasize the variety of diverse methods and tools in hydraulic fracturing and help the reader understand hydraulic fracture mechanics in complex geological situations. To aid in reader comprehension, practical examples of new approaches and methods are presented throughout the book. Key topics covered in the book include: Prediction of fracture shapes, sizes, and distributions in sedimentary basins, plus their importance in petroleum industry Real-time monitoring methods, such as micro-seismicity and trace tracking How to uncover geometries of fractures like dikes and veins Fracture growth of individual foundations and its applications Researchers and professionals working in the field of fluid-driven fracture growth will find immense value in this comprehensive reference on hydraulic fracturing mechanics.Table of ContentsPart I. Experimental and Monitoring Observations 1. Hydraulic Fracture Geometry from Mineback Mapping 2. Measurements of the Evolution of the Fluid Lag in Laboratory Hydraulic Fracture Experiments in Rocks 3. Mapping Hydraulic Fracture Growth Using Tiltmeter Monitoring Technique 4. Experimental Observations of Hydraulic Fracturing 5. A Field Trial and Experimental Studies on scCO2 Fracturing Part II. Theoretical and Numerical Methods 6. An Unstructured Moving Element Mesh for Hydraulic Fracture Modelling 7. Study of Hydraulic Fracture Interference with a Lattice Model 8. The Tipping Point: How Tip Asymptotics Can Enhance Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Fracture Evolution 9. Plasticity: A Mechanism for Hydraulic Fracture Height Containment 10. Turbulent Flow Effects in Hydraulic Fracture Propagation in Permeable Rock 11. Analysis of a Constant Height Hydraulic Fracture 12. Discrete Element Modelling of Hydraulic Fracturing Part III. Applications and Engineering Approaches 13. Interaction of a Hydraulic Fracture with Natural Fractures of Lesser Height and Weak Bedding Interfaces as a Possible Mechanism for Fracture Swarms 14. Hydraulic Fracturing Mechanisms Leading to Self-Organization within Dyke Swarms 15. Numerical Simulation of Thermal Fracturing During Heat Extraction from a Closed-Loop Circulation Enhanced Geothermal System 16. Multiple Hydraulic Fractures from a Highly Deviated Well: A XFEM Study 17. Hydraulic Fracturing-Induced Slip on a Permeable Fault

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Book SynopsisA transdisciplinary approach to investigating relationships between biomass burning and human health outcomes Where and when wildfires occur, what pollutants they emit, how the chemistry of smoke changes in the atmosphere, and what impact this air pollution has on human health and well-being are questions explored across different scientific disciplines. Landscape Fire, Smoke, and Health: Linking Biomass Burning Emissions to Human Well-Being is designed to create a foundational knowledge base allowing interdisciplinary teams to interact more effectively in addressing the impacts of air pollution from biomass burning on human health. Volume highlights include: Core concepts, principles, and terminology related to smoke and air quality used in different disciplinesObservational and modeling tools and approaches in fire scienceMethods to sense, model, and map smoke in the atmosphereImpacts of biomass burning smoke on the health and well-being of children and adultsPerspectives from researchers, modelers, and practitionersCase studies from different countriesInformation to support decision-making and policy The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.Table of ContentsList of Contributors vii Preface xi Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii 1 Bridging Geophysical and Health Sciences to Study the Impacts of Biomass Burning on Human Well- Being Tatiana V Loboda, Nancy H F French, and Robin C Puett 1 Part I From Fires to Emissions 2 Biomass Burning as an Integral Force Amber J Soja, Emily M Gargulinski, and Elizabeth B Wiggins 9 3 Mapping and Characterizing Fire Louis Giglio, David P Roy, Michael L Humber, Evan Ellicott, Maria Zubkova, and Christopher O Justice 37 4 Wildland Fuel Characterization Across Space and Time Susan J Prichard, Eric Rowell, Robert E Keane, Andrew T Hudak, Duncan Lutes, and E Louise Loudermilk 53 5 Biomass Burning Fuel Consumption and Emissions for Air Quality Nancy H F French and Andrew T Hudak 69 Part II From Emissions to Concentrations 6 Surface Monitoring of Fire Pollution Allison E Bredder 91 7 Data Assimilation for Numerical Smoke Prediction Edward J Hyer, Christopher P Camacho, David A Peterson, Elizabeth A Satterfield, and Pablo E Saide 105 8 A Review of Modeling Approaches Used to Simulate Smoke Transport and Dispersion Derek V Mallia and Adam K Kochanski 127 9 Profiles of Operational and Research Forecasting of Smoke and Air Quality Around the World Susan M O’Neill, Peng Xian, Johannes Flemming, Martin Cope, Alexander Baklanov, Narasimhan K Larkin, Joseph K Vaughan, Daniel Tong, Rosie Howard, Roland Stull, Didier Davignon, Ravan Ahmadov, M Talat Odman, John Innis, Merched Azzi, Christopher Gan, Radenko Pavlovic, Boon Ning Chew, Jeffrey S Reid, Edward J Hyer, Zak Kipling, Angela Benedetti, Peter R Colarco, Arlindo Da Silva, Taichu Tanaka, Jeffrey McQueen, Partha Bhattacharjee, Jonathan Guth, Nicole Asencio, Oriol Jorba, Carlos Perez Garcia- Pando, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Mikhail Sofiev, Melissa E Brooks, Jack Chen, Eric James, Fabienne Reisen, Alan Wain, Kerryn McTaggart, and Angus MacNeil 149 Part III From Concentrations to Health Outcomes 10 Assessing Smoke Exposure in Space and Time Patricia D Koman and Nancy H F French 195 11 Wildfire Smoke Toxicology and Health Luke Montrose, Adam Schuller, Savannah M D’Evelyn, and Christopher Migliaccio 217 12 Wildfire Smoke Exposures and Adult Health Outcomes Miriam E Marlier, Natalie Crnosija, and Tarik Benmarhnia 233 13 Health Effects of Wildfire Smoke During Pregnancy and Childhood Amy M Padula and Camille Raynes- Greenow 249 14 State of the Science and Future Directions: From Biomass Fire to Health Outcomes Robin C Puett, Nancy H F French, and Tatiana V Loboda 265 Index 269

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Book SynopsisAdvances in Remote Sensing for Forest Monitoring An expert overview of remote sensing as applied to forests and other vegetation In Advances in Remote Sensing for Forest Monitoring, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an expansive and insightful discussion of the latest research on remote sensing technologies as they relate to the monitoring of forests, plantations, and other vegetation. The authors also explore the use of unmanned aerial vehicles and drones, as well as multisource and multi-sensor data such as optical, SAR, LIDAR, and hyperspectral data. The book draws on the latest data and research to show how remote sensing solutions are being used in real-world settings. It offers contributions from researchers and practitioners from a wide variety of backgrounds and geographical regions to provide a diverse and global set of perspectives on the subject. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to forest monitoring using remote sensing including recent advancesTable of Contents1. Introduction to Forest Monitoring Using Advanced Remote Sensing Technology 2. Geospatial Perspectives of Sustainable Forests Management to Enhance Ecosystem Services and Livelihood Security 3. Distinguishing Carotene and Xanthophyll Contents in the Leaves of Riparian Forest Species by Applying Machine Learning Algorithms to Field Reflectance Data 4. Modelling of Abiotic Stress of Conifers with Remote Sensing Data 5. Retrieval of Mangrove Forest Properties Using Synthetic Aperture Radar 6. Photosynthetic Variables Estimation in a Mangrove Forest 7. Quantifying Carbon Stock Variability of Species within a Reforested Urban Landscape Using Texture Measures Derived from Remotely Sensed Imagery 8. Mapping Oil Palm Plantations in the Fringe of Sebangau National Park, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia 9. Forest Fire Susceptibility Mapping by Integrating Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Algorithms 10. Leveraging Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Landsat Images to Assess Bushfire Severity and Postfire Short-Term Vegetation Recovery: a Case Study of Victoria, Australia. 11. Recent Advancement and Role of Drones in Forest monitoring: Research and Practices 12. Applications of Multi-Source and Multi-Sensor Data Fusion of Remote Sensing for Forest Species Mapping 13. Challenges and Monitoring Methods of Forest Management through Geospatial Application 14. Challenges and Future Possibilities Towards Himalayan Forest Monitoring

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Book SynopsisDocuments the declining quality and quantity of springs around the world and efforts to preserve, protect, and restore them. Anthropogenic causes, including climate change, have been degrading springs around the world. Changes in spring water quality and flow impact human health, cultural values, ecology, and livelihoods. Threats to Springs in a Changing World: Science and Policies for Protection presents a range of international studies illustrating the causes of spring degradation and strategies being used to safeguard springs both now and for the future. Volume highlights include: Examples of threatened springs in diverse hydrogeologic settings Innovative methods and tools for understanding the hydrogeology of spring systems Current policy and governance approaches for alleviating damage to springs Different approaches to management of springs A call for practitioners, policy makers, scientiTable of ContentsList of Contributors vii Preface xi 1 Protecting Springs in a Changing World Through Sound Science and Policy 1Matthew J. Currell and Brian G. Katz Part I Threats to Springs and Their Values 2 Assessing Pollution and Depletion of Large Artesian Springs in Florida’s Rapidly Developing Water-Rich Landscape 9Robert L. Knight and Angeline Meeks 3 Regional Passive Saline Encroachment in Major Springs of the Floridan Aquifer System in Florida (1991–2020) 19Rick Copeland, Gary Maddox, and Andy Woeber 4 Karst Spring Processes and Storage Implications in High Elevation, Semiarid Southwestern United States 35Keegan M. Donovan, Abraham E. Springer, Benjamin W. Tobin, and Roderic A. Parnell 5 Nitrogen Contamination and Acidification of Groundwater Due to Excessive Fertilizer Use for Tea Plantations 51Hiroyuki Ii 6 Springs of the Southwestern Great Artesian Basin, Australia: Balancing Sustainable Use and Cultural and Environmental Values 69Gavin M. Mudd and Matthew J. Currell Part II Methods, Tools, and Techniques to Understand Spring Hydrogeology 7 Environmental Tracers to Study the Origin and Timescales of Spring Waters 87Axel Suckow and Christoph Gerber 8 Assessment of Water Quality and Quantity of Springs at a Pilot-Scale: Applications in Semiarid Mediterranean Areas in Lebanon 111Joanna Doummar, Marwan Fahs, Michel Aoun,Reda Elghawi, Jihad Othman, Mohamad Alali, and Assaad H. Kassem 9 Uncertainties in Understanding Groundwater Flow and Spring Functioning in Karst 131Francesco Fiorillo, Mauro Pagnozzi, Rosangela Addesso, Simona Cafaro, Ilenia M. D’Angeli, Libera Esposito, Guido Leone, Isabella S. Liso, and Mario Parise 10 The Great Subterranean Spring of Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, and the Potential Impact of Subsurface Urban Heat Islands 145Greg Brick Part III Policy and Governance Approaches for the Protection of Springs 11 Community-Based Water Resource Management: Pathway to Rural Water Security in Timor-Leste? 157Tanja Rosenqvist, George Goddard, Jack Nugent, Nick Brown, Eugenio Lemos, Elsa Ximenes, and Aleixo Santos 12 Setting Benthic Algal Abundance Targets to Protect Florida Spring Ecosystems 171Robert A. Mattson 13 Protecting Springs in the Southwest Great Artesian Basin, Australia 181Mark Keppel, Anne Jensen, Melissa Horgan, Aaron Smith, and Simone Stewart 14 Patterns in the Occurrence of Fecal Bacterial Indicators at Public Mineral Springs of Central Victoria, 1986–2013 199Andrew Shugg 15 Towards a Collective Effort to Preserve and Protect Springs 209Brian G. Katz and Matthew J. Currell Index 213

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Book SynopsisECOLOGICAL SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS Unleash the natural power and adaptability of forests with this cutting-edge guide For generations, silvicultural systems have focused largely on models whose primary objective is the production of timber, leading to drastically simplified forests with reduced ecological richness, diversity, and complexity. Ecological silviculture, by contrast, focuses on producing and maintaining forests with all their parts, that is, with the diversity and flexibility to respond and adapt to global changes. Ecological silviculture seeks to emulate natural development models and sustain healthy forests serving multiple values and goals. Ecological Silvicultural Systems provides a comprehensive introduction to these approaches and their benefits tailored to diverse types of forests, designed for forest management professionals. It provides a series of exemplary models for ecological silviculture and surveys the resulting forest ecosystems.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xviii Acknowledgments xix 1 The Context of Ecological Silviculture 1 Brian J. Palik and Anthony W. D’Amato 1.1 What Is Ecological Silviculture? 1 1.2 How Does Ecological Silviculture Differ from Classical Commodity- Focused Silviculture? 2 1.3 Why Is Ecological Silviculture Needed? 2 1.4 What Are the Foundational Concepts of Ecological Silviculture? 3 1.5 What to Expect from the Chapters that Follow? 8 References 8 2 Ecological Silviculture for Great Lakes Red Pine Ecosystems 11 Brian J. Palik and Anthony W. D’Amato 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Characteristics of Red Pine Ecosystems 11 2.2.1 Composition and Structure 11 2.2.2 Natural Disturbance Regime 13 2.2.3 Natural Development Model 14 2.2.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 14 2.2.3.2 Preforest Stage 14 2.2.3.3 Young Forest Stage 15 2.2.3.4 Mature Forest Stage 15 2.2.3.5 Old Forest Stage 15 2.2.3.6 The Cycle of Disturbance and Development 16 2.3 An Ecological Silvicultural System for Red Pine Ecosystems 16 2.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 17 2.3.2 Preforest Stage 17 2.3.3 Young Forest Stage (Early) 19 2.3.4 Young Forest Stage (Later) 19 2.3.5 Mature Forest Stage 20 2.3.6 Old Forest Stage 21 2.3.7 Natural- Origin Stands Versus Plantations 21 2.4 Climate Change Considerations 22 2.5 Summary 22 References 23 3 Ecological Silviculture for Northern Hardwood Ecosystems of Northeastern U.S. 25 Anthony W. D’Amato 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Characteristics of Northern Hardwood Ecosystems 26 3.2.1 Composition and Structure 26 3.2.2 Historical Natural Disturbance Regime 28 3.2.3 Natural Development Model 28 3.2.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 29 3.2.3.2 Preforest Stage 29 3.2.3.3 Young Forest Stage 30 3.2.3.4 Mature Forest Stage 30 3.2.3.5 Old Forest Stage 30 3.2.4 The Cycle of Disturbance and Development 30 3.3 An Ecological Silvicultural System for Northern Hardwood Ecosystems 31 3.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 31 3.3.2 Preforest Stage 31 3.3.3 Young Forest Stage (Early) 34 3.3.4 Young Forest Stage (Later) 34 3.3.5 Mature Forest Stage 34 3.3.6 Old Forest Stage 36 3.4 Climate Change Considerations 36 3.5 Summary 37 References 38 4 Ecological Silviculture in Douglas- fir–Western Hemlock Ecosystems 40 Abraham Wheeler, Jerry F. Franklin, and Stephanie J. Wessell 4.1 Introduction 40 4.2 Characteristics of Douglas- fir–Western Hemlock Ecosystems 41 4.2.1 Tree Species Composition 41 4.2.2 Natural Disturbance Regime and Developmental Model 41 4.2.2.1 Natural Disturbance 41 4.2.2.2 Preforest Stage 41 4.2.2.3 Young Forest Stage 42 4.2.2.4 Mature Forest Stage 42 4.2.2.5 Old Forest Stage 42 4.3 Essential Elements of an Ecological Silvicultural System for Douglas-fir–Western Hemlock Ecosystems 42 4.3.1 Landscape Context 43 4.3.2 Special Features 43 4.3.3 Spatial Heterogeneity 43 4.3.4 Structural Retention 43 4.3.5 Species Diversity 43 4.3.6 Limited Use of Chemicals 44 4.3.7 Regeneration Approaches 44 4.3.8 Silvicultural System 44 4.3.8.1 Emulating Natural Disturbance 44 4.3.8.2 Long Recovery Periods 46 4.3.8.3 Large, Open Harvest Areas 46 4.3.8.4 Ecological Thinning 46 4.3.9 Ecological Silvicultural Tradeoffs 47 4.4 Real- World Application of an Ecological Silvicultural System for the DF-WH Ecosystem 48 4.5 Climate Change Considerations 48 4.6 Summary 51 References 51 5 Ecological Silviculture for Longleaf Pine Woodlands in the Southeastern U.S. 53 Steven B. Jack, Benjamin O. Knapp, and R. Kevin McIntyre 5.1 Introduction 53 5.2 Characteristics of Longleaf Pine Ecosystems 54 5.2.1 Natural History 54 5.2.2 Natural Disturbance 54 5.2.3 Composition and Structure 55 5.3 Development Model 57 5.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 58 5.3.2 Preforest Stage 58 5.3.3 Young Forest Stage 58 5.3.4 Mature Forest Stage 58 5.3.5 Old Forest Stage 59 5.4 Prevailing Silvicultural Systems 59 5.5 An Ecological Silvicultural System for Longleaf Pine 59 5.5.1 Ecological Silviculture to Maintain Mature Forests 61 5.5.2 Ecological Silviculture for Restoration 61 5.6 Climate Change Considerations 63 5.7 Summary 64 References 64 6 Ecological Silviculture for Southeastern US Pine-Oak Forests 67 Justin L. Hart, J. Davis Goode, and Daniel C. Dey 6.1 Introduction 67 6.2 Characteristics of Pine- Oak Ecosystems 67 6.2.1 Silvics of Common Species 68 6.2.2 Disturbance Ecology 70 6.3 Development Model 71 6.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 71 6.3.2 Preforest Stage 71 6.3.3 Young Forest Stage 72 6.3.4 Mature Forest Stage 72 6.3.5 Old Forest Stage 73 6.4 Ecological Silvicultural Systems for Pine- Oak Ecosystems 73 6.4.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 75 6.4.2 Preforest Stage 76 6.4.3 Young Forest Stage 77 6.4.4 Mature Forest Stage 77 6.4.5 Old Forest Stage 78 6.5 Climate Change Considerations 78 6.6 Summary 78 References 79 7 Ecological Silviculture for Lowland Wet Conifer Forest Lake States 81 Marcella A. Windmuller-Campione, Laura F. Reuling, Robert A. Slesak, and Randy K. Kolka 7.1 Overview 81 7.2 Glacial History 82 7.3 Plant Community Composition 83 7.4 Historical Natural Disturbance Regime 84 7.4.1 Stand- Replacing Disturbance 84 7.4.2 Gap Dynamics 86 7.5 Silvics of Black Spruce and Eastern Larch 86 7.6 Current/Conventional Silvicultural Approaches 88 7.7 Natural Development Model for Lowland Conifer Ecosystems 89 7.7.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 89 7.7.2 Preforest Stage 89 7.7.3 Young Forest Stage 89 7.7.4 Mature Forest Stage and Old Forest Stage 89 7.8 Ecological Silviculture System 90 7.8.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 91 7.8.2 Preforest Stage and Young Forest Stages 91 7.8.3 Mature Forest Stage and Old Forest Stages 91 7.9 Climate Changes Impact on Lowland Conifer Ecosystems 92 7.10 Summary 92 References 94 8 Ecological Silviculture for Southern Appalachian Hardwood Forests 98 Jodi A. Forrester, Tara L. Keyser, and David K. Schnake 8.1 The Southern Appalachian Mixed- Oak Forests 98 8.2 Contemporary Forests of the Southern Appalachians 99 8.3 Structure, Composition, and Development of the Southern Appalachian Mixed-Oak Ecosystem 101 8.3.1 Structure and Composition 101 8.3.2 Natural Development Model 103 8.4 Regenerating Upland Oak Forests in the Southern Appalachians 104 8.5 An Ecologically Based Silvicultural System for Mixed- Oak Ecosystems 105 8.5.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 105 8.5.2 Preforest Stage 106 8.5.3 Young Forest Stage 107 8.5.4 Mature Forest Stage 107 8.5.5 Old Forest Stage 108 8.6 Climate Change Considerations 108 8.7 Summary 108 References 109 9 Ecological Silviculture for Yellow Birch–Conifer Mixedwoods in Eastern Canada 112 Patricia Raymond and Daniel Dumais 9.1 Introduction 112 9.2 Characteristics of Yellow Birch–Conifer Mixedwoods 112 9.2.1 Species Composition 112 9.2.2 Structure 115 9.2.3 Historical Natural Disturbance Regime 115 9.2.4 Natural Development Model 116 9.2.4.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 119 9.2.4.2 Young Forest Stage 120 9.2.4.3 Mature Forest Stage 120 9.2.4.4 Old Forest Stage 120 9.3 An Ecological Silvicultural System for Yellow Birch–Conifer Mixedwoods 120 9.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 120 9.3.2 Young Forest Stage 121 9.3.3 Mature Forest Stage 123 9.3.4 Old Forest Stage 123 9.4 Climate Change Considerations 124 9.5 Summary 124 Acknowledgments 125 References 125 10 Ecological Silviculture of Black Spruce in Canadian Boreal Forests 128 Miguel Montoro Girona, Martin Alcala Pajares, and Maxence Martin 10.1 Introduction 128 10.2 Characteristics of Black Spruce Forests 128 10.2.1 Distribution and Composition 128 10.2.2 Climate, Soil, and Topography 130 10.3 Black Spruce Forest Types 130 10.3.1 Black Spruce–Feathermoss Forests 130 10.3.2 Black Spruce–Lichen Forests 130 10.3.3 Black Spruce–Dwarf Shrub Forests 131 10.4 Developmental Model for Black Spruce Forests 131 10.5 Emulating Natural Dynamics of Black Spurce Forests with Sivliculture 135 10.5.1 Clear-cutting as Tool to Emulate High-severity Wildfire 135 10.5.2 Thinning to Restore Complex Structures 135 10.5.3 Diameter-Limit Cuts to Emulate Secondary Disturbances of High Severity 136 10.5.4 Shelterwoods to Emulate Moderate- Severity Secondary Disturbances 136 10.5.5 Selection Harvests to Emulate Low- Severity Disturbances and Background Mortality 137 10.6 Summary 138 References 138 11 Ecological Silviculture for Acadian Forests 141 Robert S. Seymour 11.1 Introduction and Context 141 11.2 Ecological Characteristics 141 11.3 Models of Disturbance and Stand Development 144 11.4 Restoration Challenges and Possible Pathways 148 11.5 Regeneration Treatments at the Mature Forest Stage 149 11.6 Silvicultural Systems Based on Natural Disturbance Parameters – The Acadian Femelschlag 149 11.6.1 Tending Gap Regeneration – The Young Forest Stage 150 11.6.2 Locating Skid Trails, Initial Gaps, and Reserve Trees 151 11.6.3 Results After 27 Years 151 11.7 Climate Considerations 153 11.8 Summary 153 References 153 12 Ecological Silviculture for Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer Forests 156 Robert A. York 12.1 Introduction 156 12.2 Characteristics of Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer Forests 157 12.2.1 The Disturbance Regime, Composition, and Structure 157 12.2.2 Current Silviculture in the Sierra Nevada MCF 158 12.2.2.1 Planted Forests 158 12.2.2.2 Partial Harvests 159 12.2.2.3 Fuel Treatments 159 12.3 Natural Development Model 160 12.3.1 Disturbance, Legacy Creation, and Preforest 160 12.3.2 Young Forest 161 12.3.3 Mature and Old Forest 162 12.4 An Ecological Silviculture System for Mixed Conifer Forests 163 12.5 Climate Change Considerations 164 12.6 Using the Natural Development Model to Alter Existing Systems 165 12.6.1 Planted Forests 165 12.6.2 Partial Harvests 166 12.6.3 Fuel Treatments 166 References 166 13 Ecological Silviculture for Aspen Mixedwoods in Western Canada 169 S. Ellen Macdonald, Philip G. Comeau, Charles A. Nock, and Brad D. Pinno 13.1 Introduction 169 13.2 Natural Disturbance and Successional Dynamics 170 13.3 Current Silvicultural Approaches 173 13.4 Ecological Silvicultural Systems for Boreal Mixedwoods in Western Canada 173 13.4.1 Harvesting Options for Boreal Mixedwoods Under Ecological Silvicultural Systems 174 13.4.1.1 Retention Harvesting 174 13.4.1.2 Understory Protection Harvesting 174 13.4.2 Regeneration Options for Boreal Mixedwoods Under Ecological Silvicultural Systems 177 13.4.3 Tending Options for Boreal Mixedwoods Under Ecological Silvicultural Systems 178 13.5 Policy Challenges 178 13.6 Climate Change Considerations for Boreal Mixedwood Management 179 13.7 How Does This Bring Management Closer to Nature? 179 References 180 14 Ecological Silviculture for Interior Ponderosa Pine and Dry Mixed-Conifer Ecosystems 184 Andrew J. Larson and Derek J. Churchill 14.1 Introduction 184 14.2 Characteristics of Ponderosa Pine and Dry- Mixed Conifer Ecosystems 185 14.2.1 Composition and Structure 185 14.2.2 Disturbance Regime 186 14.2.3 Developmental Model 189 14.3 An Ecological Silvicultural System for Ponderosa Pine and Dry- Mixed Conifer Ecosystems 189 14.3.1 Incorporating Prescribed Fire in Silvicultural Treatments 192 14.4 Example Applications of Ecological Silviculture in Contrasting Initial Conditions 193 14.4.1 High Density, Even-Aged 193 14.4.2 High Density, Multi-Cohort with Abundant Fire- and Drought-Tolerant Species 194 14.4.3 High-Density Lacking Healthy Trees of the Desired Species 194 14.4.4 Recent Moderate- or High-Severity Wildfire 195 14.4.5 Low Density, Multi-Cohort 196 14.5 Climate Change Considerations 196 14.6 Summary 197 References 197 15 Ecological Silviculture for North American Pacific Coastal Temperate Rainforests 199 Justin S. Crotteau, William J. Beese, John-Pascal Berrill, Robert L. Deal, Constance A. Harrington, and Kellen N. Nelson 15.1 Introduction 199 15.2 Characteristics of Temperate Rainforest Ecosystems 200 15.2.1 Tree Composition, Size, and Age Structure 200 15.2.2 Natural Disturbances and Stand Development 201 15.2.3 Developmental Model 201 15.2.3.1 Preforest Stage 202 15.2.3.2 Young Forest Stage 202 15.2.3.3 Mature Forest Stage 202 15.2.3.4 Old Forest Stage 202 15.3 An Ecological Silvicultural System for the Temperate Rainforest 202 15.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 204 15.3.2 Preforest Stage 204 15.3.3 Young Forest Stage (Early) 207 15.3.4 Young Forest Stage (Late) 207 15.3.5 Mature Forest Stage 208 15.3.6 Old Forest Stage 209 15.4 Climate Change Considerations 209 15.5 Summary 210 Acknowledgments 211 References 211 16 Ecological Silviculture for Oak Ecosystems of the Central Hardwoods Region, USA 213 Miranda T. Curzon and John M. Kabrick 16.1 Introduction 213 16.2 Characteristics of Central Hardwood Forests and Woodlands 214 16.2.1 Composition and Structure 214 16.2.2 Natural Disturbance 215 16.3 Natural Developmental Model 216 16.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 217 16.3.2 Preforest Stage 218 16.3.3 Young Stage 218 16.3.4 Mature Stage 218 16.3.5 Old Stage 218 16.4 Ecological Silvicultural Systems for Central Hardwoods Ecosystems 219 16.4.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 219 16.4.2 Preforest Stage 222 16.4.3 Young Stage 222 16.4.4 Mature Stage 223 16.4.5 Old Stage 224 16.5 Climate Change Considerations 224 16.6 Summary 225 Acknowledgments 226 References 226 17 Ecological Silviculture for Fennoscandian Scots Pine Ecosystems 229 Timo Kuuluvainen and Timo Pukkala 17.1 Introduction 229 17.2 Structure, Dynamics, and Composition of Scots Pine Ecosystems 231 17.3 Dead Standing Kelo Trees as a Key Component of Fennoscandian Pine Forests 232 17.4 Evolution of Ecological Silviculture of Scots Pine Forests 233 17.5 Toward Ecological Silviculture for Scots Pine in Fennoscandia 234 17.6 Reconciling Economic Profitability with Biodiversity: A Case Study Using Any-Aged Forestry 235 17.7 Ecological Silviculture in Fennoscandia: Policy Context and Future Prospects 239 17.8 Conclusions 240 References 241 18 Silvicultural Systems in the Mountain Ash Forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, South-eastern Australia 244 David B. Lindenmayer 18.1 Introduction 244 18.2 Ecosystem Characteristics 245 18.3 Prevailing Silvicultural Systems in Mountain Ash Forests 246 18.3.1 Clear-Cutting 246 18.3.2 Variable Retention Harvesting Systems 246 18.4 Natural Development Model and Silviculture 250 18.5 The Challenges for Mountain Ash Silviculture: Climate Change and Other Drivers 251 18.6 A New Silvicultural Model for Mountain Ash Forests 253 Acknowledgments 254 References 254 19 Ecological Silviculture for European Beech-Dominated Forest Ecosystems 257 Thomas A. Nagel, Miroslav Svoboda, Lucie Vítková, and Dušan Roženbergar 19.1 Introduction 257 19.2 Characteristics and Natural Dynamics of European Beech-Dominated Ecosystems 257 19.2.1 Composition 257 19.2.2 Disturbance Regime 259 19.2.3 Developmental Model 259 19.2.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 259 19.2.3.2 Preforest Stage 259 19.2.3.3 Young Forest Stage 260 19.2.3.4 Mature Forest Stage 261 19.2.3.5 Old Forest Stage 261 19.3 Conventional Silvicultural Approach 262 19.4 Ecological Silviculture for European Beech- Dominated Ecosystems 263 19.4.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 263 19.4.2 Preforest Stage 266 19.4.3 Young Forest Stage 266 19.4.4 Mature Forest Stage 267 19.4.5 Old Forest Stage 267 19.5 Climate Change Considerations 268 19.6 Summary 268 References 269 20 Ecological Silviculture for Chilean Temperate Rainforests 271 Pablo J. Donoso and Daniel P. Soto 20.1 Introduction 271 20.2 Characteristics of the Evergreen Forest Type (EFT) 272 20.2.1 Composition, Structure, and Growth 272 20.2.2 Forest Disturbance and Dynamics 273 20.2.3 Secondary Forest Development Following Human Disturbances 275 20.3 Natural Developmental Model 276 20.3.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 276 20.3.2 Young Forest Stage 276 20.3.3 Mature Forest Stage 276 20.3.4 Old Forest Stage 278 20.4 An Ecological Silvicultural System for the Chilean Hardwood- Dominated Evergreen Forest Type 279 20.4.1 Disturbance and Legacy Creation 279 20.4.2 Young Forest Stage 279 20.4.3 Mature Forest Stage 280 20.4.4 Old Forest Stage 280 20.5 Summary: Ecological Silviculture for Chilean Temperate Forests 281 Acknowledgments 282 References 282 21 The Place of Ecological Silviculture, Now and in the Future 286 Anthony W. D’Amato and Brian J. Palik 21.1 Introduction 286 21.2 A Diversity of Approaches for a Diversity of Forests 286 21.2.1 Commonalities Among Ecological Silvicultural Approaches 287 21.2.2 Differences Among Ecological Silvicultural Approaches 289 21.3 Conclusions 290 References 291 Index 292

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Book SynopsisA practical and insightful discussion of time-frequency analysis methods and technologies Timefrequency analysis of seismic signals aims to reveal the local properties of nonstationary signals. The local properties, such as time-period, frequency, and spectral content, vary with time, and the time of a seismic signal is a proxy of geologic depth. Therefore, the timefrequency spectrum is composed of the frequency spectra that are generated by using the classic Fourier transform at different time positions. Different timefrequency analysis methods are distinguished in the construction of the local kernel prior to using the Fourier transform. Based on the difference in constructing the Fourier transform kernel, this book categorises timefrequency analysis methods into two groups: Gabor transform-type methods and energy density distribution methods. This book systematically presents timefrequency analysis methods, including technologies which have not been prTable of ContentsPreface viii 1 Nonstationary signals and spectral properties 1 1.1 Stationary signals 1 1.2 Nonstationary signals 5 1.3 The Fourier transform and the average properties 7 1.4 The analytic signal and the instantaneous properties 10 1.5 Computation of the instantaneous frequency 13 1.6 Two groups of time-frequency analysis methods 17 2 The Gabor transform 19 2.1 Short-time Fourier transform 19 2.2 The Gabor transform 23 2.3 The cosine function windows 26 2.4 Spectral leakage 31 2.5 The Gabor limit of time-frequency resolution 33 2.6 Implementation of the Gabor transform 36 2.7 The inverse Gabor transform 40 2.8 Application in inverse Q Filtering 42 3 The continuous wavelet transform 47 3.1 Basics of the continuous wavelet transform 47 3.2 The complex Morlet wavelet 51 3.3 The Morse wavelet 54 3.4 The generalised seismic wavelet 58 3.5 The frequency representation 62 3.6 The inverse wavelet transform 64 3.7 Implementation of the continuous wavelet transform 66 3.8 Hydrocarbon reservoir characterisation 68 4 The S transform 73 4.1 Basics of the S transform 74 4.2 The generalised S transform 77 Time-Frequency vi Analysis of Seismic Signals 4.3 The fractional Fourier transform 79 4.4 The fractional S transform 83 4.5 Implementation of the S transform 86 4.6 The inverse S transform 88 4.7 Application to clastic and carbonate reservoirs 93 5 The W transform 95 5.1 Basics of the W transform 95 5.2 The generalised W transform 99 5.3 Implementation of nonstationary convolution 106 5.4 The inverse W transform 108 5.5 Application to detect hydrocarbon reservoirs 109 5.6 Application to detect karst voids 112 6 The Wigner-Ville distribution 117 6.1 Basics of the Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) 117 6.2 Defining the WVD with the analytic signal 120 6.3 Properties of the WVD 123 6.4 The smoothed WVD 126 6.5 The generalised class of time-frequency representations 132 6.6 The ambiguity function and the generalised WVD 134 6.7 Implementation of the standard and smoothed WVDs 140 6.8 Implementation of the ambiguity function and the generalised WVD 147 7 Matching pursuit 151 7.1 Basics of matching pursuit 151 7.2 Three-stage matching pursuit 153 7.3 Matching pursuit with the Morlet wavelet 157 7.4 The sigma filter 159 7.5 Multichannel matching pursuit 163 7.6 Structure-adaptive matching pursuit 168 7.7 Three applications 170 8 Local power spectra with multiple windows 175 8.1 Multiple orthogonal windows 176 8.2 Multiple windows defined by the prolate spheroidal wave functions 178 8.3 Multiple windows constructed by solving a discretised eigenvalue problem 180 8.4 Multiple windows constructed by Gaussian functions 184 8.5 The Gabor transform with multiple windows 187 8.6 The WVD with multiple windows 190 Contents vii Appendices 195 A The Gaussian integrals, the Gamma function, and the Gauss error functions 195 B The Fourier transform of the tapered boxcar window, the truncated Gaussian window, and the Blackman window 198 C The generalised seismic wavelet 201 D The fractional Fourier transform 203 E Marginal conditions and the analytic signal in the WVD definition 204 F Prolate spheroidal wave functions and the associated Legendre polynomials 209 References 215 Author index 223 Subject index 225

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Book SynopsisAs a consequence of recent increased awareness of the social and political dimensions of climate, many non-specialists discover a need for information about the variety of available climate models.Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgements xv About the companion website xvi Why Model Climate? 3 The Evolution of Climate Models 69 Energy Balance Models 139 Intermediate Complexity Models 199 Coupled Climate System Models 281 Through the Looking Glass 371 Collected Endnotes 393 Hints and Solutions 401 List of Abbreviations 402 List of Symbols 406 Bibliography 407 Index 431

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Book SynopsisAn expert review of recent progress in the study of turbulent flows with a focus on recently identified organized structures. This book reviews the recent progress in the study of the turbulent flows that sculpt the Earth's surface, focusingin particular on the organized structures that have been identified in recent years within turbulent flows. Thesecoherent flow structures can include eddies or vortices at the scale of individual grains, through structures thatscale with the flow depth in rivers or estuaries, to the large-scale structure of flows at the morphological orlandform scale. These flow structures are of wide interest to the scientific community because they play animportant role in fluid dynamics and influence the transport, erosion and deposition of sediment and pollutantsin a wide variety of fluid flow environments. Scientific knowledge of these structures has improved greatly over the past 20 years as computational fluid dynamicshas come toTable of ContentsList of Contributors, vii Preface, xi About the Companion Website, xiii 1 What is a Coherent Flow Structure in Geophysical Flow? 1Jeremy G. Venditti, Richard J. Hardy, Michael Church, & James L. Best 2 Structure of Turbulent Boundary Layers 17Ronald J. Adrian 3 Structural Attributes of Turbulent Flow over a Complex Topography 25Ricardo Mejia-Alvarez, Julio M. Barros, & Kenneth T. Christensen 4 Coherent Flow Structures in the Pore Spaces of Permeable Beds underlying a Unidirectional Turbulent Boundary Layer: A Review and some New Experimental Results 43Gianluca Blois, James L. Best, Kenneth T. Christensen, Richard J. Hardy, & Gregory H. Sambrook Smith 5 Instabilities in Stratified Shear Flow 63Gregory A. Lawrence, Edmund W. Tedford, & Jeffrey R. Carpenter 6 Scalar Turbulence within the Canopy Sublayer 73Gabriel G. Katul, Daniela Cava, Mario Siqueira, & Davide Poggi 7 On the Structure of Wall Turbulence in the Thermally Neutral Atmospheric Surface Layer 97Michele Guala, Jeff LeHew, Meredith Metzger, & Beverley J. McKeon 8 Critical Reflections on the Coherent Flow Structures Paradigm in Aeolian Geomorphology 111Bernard O. Bauer, Ian J. Walker, Andreas C.W. Baas, Derek W.T. Jackson, Cheryl McKenna Neuman, Giles F.S. Wiggs, & Patrick A. Hesp 9 Coherent Flow Structures in Vegetated Channels 135Heidi Nepf, Jeffrey Rominger, & Lijun Zong 10 Coherent Eddy Structures over Plant Canopies 149Roger H. Shaw, Edward G. Patton, & John J. Finnigan 11 SPIV Analysis of Coherent Structures in a Vegetation Canopy Model Flow 161Laurent Perret & Tony Ruiz

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Book SynopsisA ground-up approach to explaining dynamicspatial modelling for an interdisciplinary audience. Across broad areas of the environmental and social sciences, simulation models are an important way to study systems inaccessible to scientific experimental and observational methods, and also an essential complement to those more conventional approaches. The contemporary research literature is teeming with abstract simulation models whose presentation is mathematically demanding and requires a high level of knowledge of quantitative and computational methods and approaches. Furthermore, simulation models designed to represent specific systems and phenomena are often complicated, and, as a result, difficult to reconstruct from their descriptions in the literature. This book aims to provide a practical and accessible account of dynamic spatial modelling, while also equipping readers with a sound conceptual foundation in the subject, and a useful introduction to the wide-ranginTrade Review“The book by O’Sullivan and Perry thoroughly introduces basic theoretical work and offers not only a rich source of inspiration but also readily accessible examples from various applications that can be adopted and adapted in order to get started.” (Frontiers of Biogeography, 2 June 2014) “In summary, the book brings a comprehensiveness and structure that will aid any researcher in the development of a spatial simulation model, no matter their experience. In moving from simple "building blocks" to sophisticated extensions of fundamental processes, the book brings a new maturity to the field of spatial simulation. As Volker Grimm correctly points out in the foreword - "This book was badly needed..” (Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 1 March 2014)Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xix Introduction xxi About the Companion Website xxv 1 Spatial Simulation Models: What? Why? How? 1 1.1 What are simulation models? 2 1.1.1 Conceptual models 4 1.1.2 Physical models 7 1.1.3 Mathematical models 7 1.1.4 Empirical models 8 1.1.5 Simulation models 9 1.2 How do we use simulation models? 12 1.2.1 Using models for prediction 13 1.2.2 Models as guides to data collection 13 1.2.3 Models as ‘tools to think with’ 14 1.3 Why do we use simulation models? 15 1.3.1 When experimental science is difficult (or impossible) 16 1.3.2 Complexity and nonlinear dynamics 18 1.4 Why dynamic and spatial models? 23 1.4.1 The strengths and weaknesses of highly general models 23 1.4.2 From abstract to more realistic models: controlling the cost 27 2 Pattern, Process and Scale 29 2.1 Thinking about spatiotemporal patterns and processes 30 2.1.1 What is a pattern? 30 2.1.2 What is a process? 31 2.1.3 Scale 32 2.2 Using models to explore spatial patterns and processes 38 2.2.1 Reciprocal links between pattern and process: a spatial model of forest structure 39 2.2.2 Characterising patterns: first- and second-order structure 40 2.2.3 Using null models to evaluate patterns 43 2.2.4 Density-based (first-order) null models 46 2.2.5 Interaction-based (second-order) null models 48 2.2.6 Inferring process from (spatio-temporal) pattern 49 2.2.7 Making the virtual forest more realistic 53 2.3 Conclusions 56 3 Aggregation and Segregation 57 3.1 Background and motivating examples 58 3.1.1 Basics of (discrete spatial) model structure 59 3.2 Local averaging 60 3.2.1 Local averaging with noise 63 3.3 Totalistic automata 64 3.3.1 Majority rules 65 3.3.2 Twisted majority annealing 68 3.3.3 Life-like rules 69 3.4 A more general framework: interacting particle systems 70 3.4.1 The contact process 71 3.4.2 Multiple contact processes 73 3.4.3 Cyclic relationships between states: rock–scissors–paper 76 3.4.4 Voter models 78 3.4.5 Voter models with noise mutation 80 3.5 Schelling models 83 3.6 Spatial partitioning 86 3.6.1 Iterative subdivision 86 3.6.2 Voronoi tessellations 87 3.7 Applying these ideas: more complicated models 88 3.7.1 Pattern formation on animals’ coats: reaction–diffusion models 89 3.7.2 More complicated processes: spatial evolutionary game theory 91 3.7.3 More realistic models: cellular urban models 93 4 Random Walks and Mobile Entities 97 4.1 Background and motivating examples 97 4.2 The random walk 99 4.2.1 Simple random walks 99 4.2.2 Random walks with variable step lengths 102 4.2.3 Correlated walks 103 4.2.4 Bias and drift in random walks 108 4.2.5 Lévy flights: walks with non-finite step length variance 109 4.3 Walking for a reason: foraging and search 111 4.3.1 Using clues: localised search 115 4.3.2 The effect of the distribution of resources 116 4.3.3 Foraging and random walks revisited 119 4.4 Moving entities and landscape interaction 119 4.5 Flocking: entity–entity interaction 121 4.6 Applying the framework 125 4.6.1 Animal foraging 126 4.6.2 Human ‘hunter-gatherers’ 128 4.6.3 The development of home ranges and path networks 129 4.6.4 Constrained environments: pedestrians and evacuations 129 4.6.5 Concluding remarks 131 5 Percolation and Growth: Spread in Heterogeneous Spaces 133 5.1 Motivating examples 133 5.2 Percolation models 137 5.2.1 What is percolation? 137 5.2.2 Ordinary percolation 138 5.2.3 The lost ant 142 5.2.4 Invasion percolation 145 5.3 Growth (or aggregation) models 148 5.3.1 Eden growth processes: theme and variations 149 5.3.2 Diffusion-limited aggregation 155 5.4 Applying the framework 158 5.4.1 Landscape pattern: neutral models and percolation approaches 158 5.4.2 Fire spread: Per Bak’s ‘forest fire model’ and derivatives 162 5.4.3 Gullying and erosion dynamics: IP + Eden growth + DLA 166 5.5 Summary 168 6 Representing Time and Space 169 6.1 Representing time 170 6.1.1 Synchronous and asynchronous update 170 6.1.2 Different process rates 172 6.1.3 Discrete time steps or event-driven time 173 6.1.4 Continuous time 174 6.2 Basics of spatial representation 175 6.2.1 Grid or lattice representations 175 6.2.2 Vector-based representation: points, lines, polygons and tessellations 177 6.3 Spatial relationships: distance, neighbourhoods and networks 179 6.3.1 Distance in grids and tessellations 179 6.3.2 Neighbourhoods: local spatial relationships 181 6.3.3 Networks of relationships 183 6.4 Coordinate space: finite, infinite and wrapped 185 6.4.1 Finite model space 185 6.4.2 Infinitely extensible model space 186 6.4.3 Toroidal model space 187 6.5 Complicated spatial structure without spatial data structures 188 6.6 Temporal and spatial representations can make a difference 190 7 Model Uncertainty and Evaluation 193 7.1 Introducing uncertainty 193 7.2 Coping with uncertainty 194 7.2.1 Representing uncertainty in data and processes 195 7.3 Assessing and quantifying model-related uncertainty 198 7.3.1 Error analysis 200 7.3.2 Sensitivity analysis 200 7.3.3 Uncertainty analysis 202 7.3.4 Analysis of model structural uncertainty 204 7.3.5 Difficulties for spatial data and models 206 7.3.6 Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis for a simple spatial model 207 7.4 Confronting model predictions with observed data 211 7.4.1 Visualisation and difference measures 212 7.4.2 Formal statistical tests 214 7.5 Frameworks for selecting between competing models 216 7.5.1 Occam’s razor 216 7.5.2 Likelihood 217 7.5.3 Multi-model inference 220 7.6 Pattern-oriented modelling 222 7.6.1 POM case-study: understanding the drivers of treeline physiognomy 224 7.7 More to models than prediction 226 8 Weaving It All Together 229 8.1 Motivating example: island resource exploitation by hunter-gatherers 230 8.2 Model description 231 8.2.1 Overview 232 8.2.2 Design concepts 236 8.2.3 Details 238 8.3 Model development and refinement 244 8.3.1 The model development process 244 8.3.2 Model refinement 246 8.4 Model evaluation 247 8.4.1 Baseline dynamics 247 8.4.2 Sensitivity analysis 254 8.4.3 Uncertainty analysis 258 8.5 Conclusions 262 9 In Conclusion 265 9.1 On the usefulness of building-block models 265 9.2 On pattern and process 266 9.3 On the need for careful analysis 268 References 271 Index 299

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Book SynopsisNatural disasters are occasional intense events that disturb Earth's surface, but their impact can be felt long after. Hazard events such as earthquakes, volcanos, drought, and storms can trigger a catastrophic reshaping of the landscape through the erosion, transport, and deposition of different kinds of materials. Geomorphology and Natural Hazards: Understanding Landscape Change for Disaster Mitigation is a graduate level textbook that explores the natural hazards resulting from landscape change and shows how an Earth science perspective can inform hazard mitigation and disaster impact reduction. Volume highlights include: Definitions of hazards, risks, and disastersImpact of different natural hazards on Earth surface processesGeomorphologic insights for hazard assessment and risk mitigationModels for predicting natural hazardsHow human activities have altered 'natural' hazardsComplementarity of geomorphology and engineering to manage threatsTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xv 1 Natural Disasters and Sustainable Development in Dynamic Landscapes 1 1.1 Breaking News 1 1.2 Dealing with Future Disasters: Potentials and Problems 5 1.3 The Sustainable Society 10 1.4 Benefits from Natural Disasters 12 1.5 Summary 16 References 16 2 Defining Natural Hazards, Risks, and Disasters 19 2.1 Hazard Is Tied To Assets 19 2.1.1 Frequency and Magnitude 20 2.1.2 Hazard Cascades 24 2.2 Defining and Measuring Disaster 25 2.3 Trends in Natural Disasters 26 2.4 Hazard is Part of Risk 27 2.4.1 Vulnerability 28 2.4.2 Elements at Risk 32 2.4.3 Risk Aversion 35 2.4.4 Risk is a Multidisciplinary Expectation of Loss 36 2.5 Risk Management and the Risk Cycle 37 2.6 Uncertainties and Reality Check 39 2.7 A Future of More Extreme Events? 41 2.8 Read More About Natural Hazards and Disasters 43 References 46 3 Natural Hazards and Disasters Through the Geomorphic Lens 49 3.1 Drivers of Earth Surface Processes 50 3.1.1 Gravity, Solids, and Fluids 50 3.1.2 Motion Mainly Driven by Gravity 52 3.1.3 Motion Mainly Driven by Water 54 3.1.4 Motion Mainly Driven by Ice 56 3.1.5 Motion Driven Mainly by Air 56 3.2 Natural Hazards and Geomorphic Concepts 57 3.2.1 Landscapes are Open, Nonlinear Systems 57 3.2.2 Landscapes Adjust to Maximize Sediment Transport 59 3.2.3 Tectonically Active Landscapes Approach a Dynamic Equilibrium 62 3.2.4 Landforms Develop Toward Asymptotes 65 3.2.5 Landforms Record Recent Most Effective Events 68 3.2.6 Disturbances Travel Through Landscapes 69 3.2.7 Scaling Relationships Inform Natural Hazards 71 References 73 4 Geomorphology Informs Natural Hazard Assessment 77 4.1 Geomorphology Can Reduce Impacts from Natural Disasters 77 4.2 Aims of Applied Geomorphology 80 4.3 The Geomorphic Footprints of Natural Disasters 81 4.4 Examples of Hazard Cascades 86 4.4.1 Megathrust Earthquakes, Cascadia Subduction Zone 86 4.4.2 Postseismic River Aggradation, Southwest New Zealand 90 4.4.3 Explosive Eruptions and their Geomorphic Aftermath, Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile 93 4.4.4 Hotter Droughts Promote Less Stable Landscapes, Western United States 93 References 94 5 Tools for Predicting Natural Hazards 97 5.1 The Art of Prediction 97 5.2 Types of Models for Prediction 100 5.3 Empirical Models 102 5.3.1 Linking Landforms and Processes 102 5.3.2 Regression Models 107 5.3.3 Classification Models 109 5.4 Probabilistic Models 111 5.4.1 Probability Expresses Uncertainty 111 5.4.2 Probability Is More than Frequency 115 5.4.3 Extreme-value Statistics 119 5.4.4 Stochastic Processes 121 5.4.5 Hazard Cascades, Event Trees, and Network Models 122 5.5 Prediction and Model Selection 124 5.6 Deterministic Models 126 5.6.1 Static Stability Models 126 5.6.2 Dynamic Models 127 References 137 6 Earthquake Hazards 145 6.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Earthquakes 145 6.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Earthquakes 148 6.2.1 The Seismic Hazard Cascade 148 6.2.2 Postseismic and Interseismic Impacts 152 6.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Earthquakes 154 6.3.1 Offset Landforms 155 6.3.2 Fault Trenching 158 6.3.3 Coseismic Deposits 161 6.3.4 Buildings and Trees 166 References 167 7 Volcanic Hazards 173 7.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Volcanic Eruptions 173 7.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions 177 7.2.1 The Volcanic Hazard Cascade 177 7.2.2 Geomorphic Impacts During Eruption 177 7.2.3 Impacts on the Atmosphere 180 7.2.4 Geomorphic Impacts Following an Eruption 181 7.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Volcanic Impacts 188 7.3.1 Effusive Eruptions 188 7.3.2 Explosive Eruptions 191 7.4 Climate-Driven Changes in Crustal Loads 195 References 197 8 Landslides and Slope Instability 203 8.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Landslides 203 8.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Landslides 210 8.2.1 Landslides in the Hazard Cascade 210 8.2.2 Landslides on Glaciers 212 8.2.3 Submarine Landslides 213 8.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Landslides 213 8.3.1 Landslide Inventories 213 8.3.2 Reconstructing Slope Failures 215 8.4 Other Forms of Slope Instability: Soil Erosion and Land Subsidence 218 8.5 Climate Change and Landslides 220 References 225 9 Tsunami Hazards 233 9.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Tsunamis 233 9.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Tsunamis 236 9.2.1 Tsunamis in the Hazard Cascade 236 9.2.2 The Role of Coastal Geomorphology 237 9.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Tsunamis 241 9.4 Future Tsunami Hazards 252 References 253 10 Storm Hazards 257 10.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Storms 257 10.1.1 Tropical Storms 257 10.1.2 Extratropical Storms 259 10.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Storms 261 10.2.1 The Coastal Storm-Hazards Cascade 261 10.2.2 The Inland Storm-Hazard Cascade 266 10.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Storms 269 10.3.1 Coastal Settings 270 10.3.2 Inland Settings 273 10.4 Naturally Oscillating Climate and Increasing Storminess 275 References 280 11 Flood Hazards 285 11.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Floods 286 11.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Floods 289 11.2.1 Floods in the Hazard Cascade 289 11.2.2 Natural Dam-break Floods 291 11.2.3 Channel Avulsion 297 11.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Floods 298 11.4 Lessons from Prehistoric Megafloods 306 11.5 Measures of Catchment Denudation 308 11.6 The Future of Flood Hazards 311 References 315 12 Drought Hazards 323 12.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Droughts 323 12.1.1 Defining Drought 324 12.1.2 Measuring Drought 325 12.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Droughts 326 12.2.1 Droughts in the Hazard Cascade 326 12.2.2 Soil Erosion, Dust Storms, and Dune Building 327 12.2.3 Surface Runoff and Rivers 332 12.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Drought Impacts 334 12.4 Towards More Megadroughts? 339 References 342 13 Wildfire Hazards 345 13.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Wildfires 345 13.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Wildfires 348 13.2.1 Wildfires in the Hazard Cascade 348 13.2.2 Direct Fire Impacts 348 13.2.3 Indirect and Postfire Impacts 350 13.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Wildfires 354 13.4 Towards More Megafires? 359 References 361 14 Snow and Ice Hazards 365 14.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Snow and Ice Hazards 365 14.2 Geomorphic Impact of Snow and Ice Hazards 367 14.2.1 Snow and Ice in the Hazard Cascade 367 14.2.2 Snow and Ice Avalanches 367 14.2.3 Jökulhlaups 374 14.2.4 Degrading Permafrost 375 14.2.5 Other Ice Hazards 379 14.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Snow and Ice Processes 380 14.4 Atmospheric Warming and Cryospheric Hazards 384 References 389 15 Sea-Level Change and Coastal Hazards 395 15.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Sea-Level Change 399 15.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Sea-Level Change 404 15.2.1 Sea Levels in the Hazard Cascade 404 15.2.2 Sedimentary Coasts 404 15.2.3 Rocky Coasts 407 15.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Sea Levels 408 15.4 A Future of Rising Sea Levels 411 References 414 16 How Natural are Natural Hazards? 419 16.1 Enter the Anthropocene 419 16.2 Agriculture, Geomorphology, and Natural Hazards 424 16.3 Engineered Rivers 430 16.4 Engineered Coasts 435 16.5 Anthropogenic Sediments 438 16.6 The Urban Turn 443 16.7 Infrastructure’s Impacts on Landscapes 445 16.8 Humans and Atmospheric Warming 446 16.9 How Natural Are Natural Hazards and Disasters? 448 References 450 17 Feedbacks with the Biosphere 457 17.1 The Carbon Footprint of Natural Disasters 457 17.1.1 Erosion and Intermittent Burial 460 17.1.2 Organic Carbon in River Catchments 466 17.1.3 Climatic Disturbances 469 17.2 Protective Functions 473 17.2.1 Forest Ecosystems 473 17.2.2 Coastal Ecosystems 478 References 485 18 The Scope of Geomorphology in Dealing with Natural Risks and Disasters 495 18.1 Motivation 496 18.2 The Geomorphologist’s Role 498 18.3 The Disaster Risk Management Process 499 18.3.1 Identify Stakeholders 500 18.3.2 Know and Share Responsibilities 501 18.3.3 Understand that Risk Changes 503 18.3.4 Analyse Risk 504 18.3.5 Communicate and Deal with Risk Aversion 505 18.3.6 Evaluate Risks 507 18.3.7 Share Decision Making 509 18.4 The Future – Beyond Risk? 511 18.4.1 Limitations of the Risk Approach 511 18.4.2 Local and Regional Disaster Impact Reduction 511 18.4.3 Relocation of Assets 513 18.4.4 A Way Forward? 514 References 516 19 Geomorphology as a Tool for Predicting and Reducing Impacts from Natural Disasters 519 19.1 Natural Disasters Have Immediate and Protracted Geomorphic Consequences 519 19.2 Natural Disasters Motivate Predictive Geomorphology 520 19.3 Natural Disasters Disturb Sediment Fluxes 521 19.4 Geomorphology of Anthropocenic Disasters 521 References 523 Glossary 525 Index 531

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Book SynopsisThe Geotours Workbook is the go-to resource for using Google Earth to explore the fascinating geology of our planet:

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Book SynopsisA compelling history of seashells and the animals that make them, revealing what they have to tell us about nature, our changing oceans and ourselvesTrade Review"Will have you marveling at nature… Barnett’s account remarkably spirals out, appropriately, to become a much larger story about the sea, about global history and about environmental crises and preservation." -- 24 Books to Read this Summer - The New York Times Book Review"Cynthia Barnett presents us with a glittering Wunderkammer for our age, a staggeringly varied history — scientific, cultural, philosophical and economic — of one of the most beloved and enduring natural objects on Earth: the seashell... “The Sound of the Sea” is a glorious history of shells and of those who have loved shells. It is a history of fascination and of shame." -- Katherine Norbury - The Washington Post"“Seashells were money before coin, jewellery before gems, art before canvas,” says science writer Cynthia Barnett in her arresting meditation on shells and ocean history." -- Andrew Robinson reviews five of the week's best science picks - Nature

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Book SynopsisIntroducing the exciting science of earth systems

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Book SynopsisCLEAN and RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION According to the World Renewable Energy Council (WREC), by the year 2100, the world's population will increase to 12 billion and the worldwide energy demand will increase steeply to about five times the present scenario. Researchers are striving to find alternative forms of energy, and this quest is strongly forced by the increasing worry over climate change and planetary heating. Among the diverse varieties of alternative energy sources, biomass has the singular advantage of being carbon neutral. The carbon that is discharged to the atmosphere during its exercise is read back during the utilization of biomass resources for energy output. Currently, biomass provides approximately 13% of the world's primary energy supply and more than 75% of global renewable energy. Indeed, it is estimated that bioenergy could contribute 2533% of the global energy supply by 2050. Continued adoption of biomass will require efficient conversion rates and avoidance of Table of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Vegetable Seed Oils as Biofuel: Need, Motivation, and Research Identifications 1Deepak Kumar, Vijay Kumar Chhibber, Ajay Singh and Adesh Kumar 1.1 Introduction to Vegetable Oils 2 1.2 Motivation 4 1.3 Need of Research 6 1.4 Detailed Survey 10 1.5 Identification of the Research Gaps 16 1.6 Conclusions 20 2 Methodology and Instrumentation for Biofuel with Study on Cashew Nut Shell Liquid 27Deepak Kumar, Vijay Kumar Chhibber, Ajay Singh and Adesh Kumar 2.1 Methodology 28 2.2 Procedure 29 2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 31 2.4 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry 32 2.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 34 2.6 CNSL Study 35 2.7 Conclusions 51 3 Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Energy Applications 53Swagata Sarma, Gaurav Pandey, Uttamasha B. Borah, Nadezhda Molokitina, Geetanjali Chauhan and Monika Yadav 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration 56 3.3 Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage 70 3.4 Renewable Energy 74 3.5 Conclusion 81 4 Affordable and Clean Energy: Natural Gas Hydrates and Hydrogen Storage 87Uttamasha B. Borah, Gaurav Pandey, Swagata Sarma, Nadezhda Molokitina and Geetanjali Chauhan 4.1 Introduction 88 4.2 Gas Hydrates 89 4.3 Hydrogen Energy 108 4.4 Recent Advancement Toward Clean Energy Applications 114 4.5 Conclusion 115 5 Wind and Solar PV System-Based Power Generation: Imperative Role of Hybrid Renewable Energy Technology 123Madhura K. Pardhe, Rupendra Kumar Pachauri and Priyanka Sharma 5.1 Introduction 124 5.2 Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development 126 5.3 Global Energy Scenario 127 5.4 Solar Energy Potential 129 5.5 Wind Potential for Power Generation 129 5.6 Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems 130 5.7 Pros and Cons of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System 132 5.8 Conclusion 137 6 A Systematic Review of the Last Decade for Advances in Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells with Bioelectricity Generation 143Vijay Parthasarthy, Riya Bhattacharya, Roshan K. R., Shankar R., Siddhant Srivastava and Debajyoti Bose 6.1 Introduction 144 6.2 Background 145 6.3 Methodology 148 6.4 Study Selection Criteria 149 6.5 Configurations and Performance Evaluation of Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells 150 6.6 Outlook 163 7 Hydrothermal Liquefaction as a Sustainable Strategy for Integral Valorization of Agricultural Waste 175Manisha Jagadale, Mahesh Jadhav, Nagesh Kumar T., Prateek Shrivastava and Niranjan Kumar 7.1 Introduction 176 7.2 Generation of Biofuels 177 7.3 Biomass Conversion Routes 178 7.4 HTL Reaction Mechanism 179 7.5 HTL Process Yield Calculations 180 7.6 HTL Advantage Over Pyrolysis 180 7.7 Types of Reactors for the Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process 182 7.8 Influence of Operating Parameters 184 7.9 Product Distribution and Evaluation 190 7.10 Potential Applications of HTL Products 192 7.11 Challenges and Limitations of the HTL Process 193 7.12 Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis 194 7.13 Conclusions 194 8 Imperative Role of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System and Hydrogen Energy Storage for Modern Electric Vehicle Transportation: Challenges and Future Perspectives 201Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Deepa Sharma, Surajit Mondal, Shashikant and Priyanka Sharma 8.1 Introduction 202 8.2 Modeling of the PEMFC System 206 8.3 Electrical Vehicle Categories 207 8.4 Hydrogen Energy Storage 211 8.5 Future Scope, Challenges, and Benefits of FCEVs 214 8.6 Pros and Cons of Electric Vehicles in the Aspect of Modern Transportation System 216 8.7 MATLAB/Simulink Study of FC-Powered Electric Drive System 216 8.8 Conclusion 221 9 Ocean Energy—A Myriad of Opportunities in the Renewable Energy Sector 225R. Raajiv, R. Vijaya Kumar and Jitendra Kumar Pandey 9.1 Introduction 226 9.2 International Agencies Promoting Ocean Energy Projects 227 9.3 Ocean Energy Potential 228 9.4 Types of Ocean Energy 230 9.5 Tidal Energy 230 9.6 Tidal Currents 235 9.7 Wave Energy 235 9.8 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 237 9.9 Salinity Gradient 238 9.10 Marine Energy Projects in India 239 9.11 Conclusion 241 10 Performance of 5@Years of ESE Lightning Protection System: A Review 247Sachin Kumar, Gagan Singh and Nafees Ahamad Introduction 248 11 Solar Photovoltaic System-Based Power Generation: Imperative Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 267Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Jitendra Yadav, Stephen Oko@Gyan@Torto, Ahmad Faiz Minai, Vikas Pandey, Shashikant and Priyanka Sharma 11.1 Introduction 268 11.2 Solar Energy Power Generation Scenario in the Indian Context 271 11.3 Applications of AI and ML in Solar PV Systems 271 11.4 Pros and Cons of AI and ML Techniques in Solar PV System 277 11.5 Application of GA-Based Optimal Placement of PV Modules in an Array to Reduce PSCs 277 11.6 Conclusion 283 12 Waste to Energy Technologies for Energy Recovery 287Senthil Kumar Kandasamy and Ramyea R. 12.1 Introduction 287 12.2 Preparation Methods 290 12.3 Carbonization and Activation 290 12.4 Electrode Materials Extracted from Biowastes 293 12.5 Energy Storage Applications 297 12.6 Importance of Electrolyte 304 12.7 Conclusions 304 13 A Review of Electrolysis Techniques to Produce Hydrogen for a Futuristic Hydrogen Economy 313Vijay Parthasarthy, Siddhant Srivastava, Riya Bhattacharya, Sudeep Katakam, Akash Krishnadoss, Gaurav Mitra and Debajyoti Bose 13.1 Introduction 314 13.2 Methodology 317 13.3 Configurations and Performance Evaluation of AEM Electrolyzer 319 13.4 Scope for Improvements 329 13.5 Conclusion 331 14 Prospects of Sustainability for Carbon Footprint Reduction 335Riya Bhattacharya, Debajyoti Bose, Gaurav Mitra and Abhijeeta Sarkar 14.1 Introduction 336 14.2 Context and Outcomes of the United Nations Climate Change Framework 337 14.3 Monitoring Direct and Indirect Carbon Emissions 339 14.4 Sustainable Alternatives to Reduce Carbon Footprints 341 14.5 Carbon Elimination from the Atmosphere 347 14.6 Outlook 348 15 Conventional and AI-Based MPPT Techniques for Solar Photovoltaic System-Based Power Generation: Constraints and Future Perception 355Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Vaibhav Sharma, Adesh Kumar, Shashikant, Akhlaque Ahmad Khan and Priyanka Sharma 15.1 Introduction 356 15.2 MPPT Systems 359 15.3 Challenges and Future Perspective 369 15.4 Radial Diagram-Based Relational Performance of MPPT Techniques 370 15.5 Conclusion 370 16 Bioethanol Production and Its Impact on a Future Bioeconomy 375Apurva Jaiswal, Riya Bhattacharya, Siddhant Srivastava, Ayushi Singh and Debajyoti Bose 16.1 Introduction to Bioenergy 376 16.2 Overview of Lignocellulosic Biomass 380 16.3 Challenges and Opportunities 389 16.4 Bioethanol Economy 395 17 Waste-to-Energy Technologies for Energy Recovery 413Shivam Pandey, Anjana Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Nupur Aggarwal and Ajay Vasishth 17.1 Energy 414 17.2 Alternatives to Waste-to-Energy Routes that Might Be Used 417 17.3 The Situation of the Waste-to-Energy Market Today 418 17.4 Technical and Economic Considerations 423 17.5 Conclusion 432 18 Biodiesel Production, Storage Stability, and Industrial Applications: Opportunities and Challenges 437Girdhar Joshi 18.1 Biodiesel 438 18.2 Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production 439 18.3 Biodiesel Conversion Methods 445 18.4 Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel 466 18.5 Storage Stability of Biodiesel 466 18.6 Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel 475 18.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives of Biodiesel 476 19 Biomass Energy and Its Conversion 489Naval V. Koralkar, Mohit Kumar, Raj Kumar and Praveen Kumar Ghodke 19.1 Introduction 490 19.2 Sources of Biomass 491 19.3 Techniques for Converting Biomass Into Energy 492 19.4 Biochemical/Biological Conversion 496 19.5 Physical Conversion 497 19.6 Power Plant Dynamic Modeling and Simulation Using Biomass as Fuel 498 19.7 Summary 500 20 Co-Gasification of Coal and Waste Biomass for Power Generation 505Naval V. Koralkar, Mohit Kumar, Raj Kumar and Praveen Kumar Ghodke 20.1 Introduction 506 20.2 Co-Gasification 509 20.3 Biomass Gasification Co-Generation 516 20.4 Summary 516 References 517 Index 523

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Book SynopsisThis exciting new volume covers the most up-to-date advances, theories, and practical applications for non-motorized transportation (NMT) systems, geographic information system-based transportation systems, and signal processing for urban transportation systems. This book will allow readers to readers to identify traffic and transport problems in cities and to study mass transportation systems, and modes of transportation and their characteristics, focusing on transportation infrastructure which includes green bays, control stations, mitigation buildings, separator lanes, and safety islands. From this, readers will be able to study urban public transport systems and gain some background into intelligent transportation and telemetric systems, including techniques for designing transport telemetric systems and applying them to urban transportation. Applications include advanced traffic management systems, advanced traveler information systems, advanced vehicle control systems, commercia

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisOne of Springer’s Major Reference Works, this book gives the reader a truly global perspective. Paleoclimate topics covered in the encyclopedia give the reader the capability to place the observations of recent global warming in the context of longer-term natural climate fluctuations.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "This book is an A-Z series of entries on paleoclimatology and ancient environments. … offers a good overview of its subject matter and would be a suitable reference for any academic library that supports research in paleoclimatology and ancient environments or related fields. It would also be of interest to the general public who were interested in this subject area. … here is a chronological list of the geological time-periods as an appendix. This makes the text more accessible to the non-specialist … .” (Clari Hunt, Reference Reviews, Vol. 23 (8), 2009) “I was very impressed by the sedimentology encyclopedia … and I had therefore great expectations of this new title. … seems to be more interesting for Quaternary geologists and climatologists … . I must conclude that the volume comprises a wealth of valuable information, and that most chapters are truly useful. … the book is well printed, most figures are instructive and well-readable, and the binding has the quality that is required for such a huge work.” (A. J. Tom van Loon, Journal of Sedimentary Research, February, 2010)“This companion volume focuses on paleoclimatology and spans Earth’s climate history from the early Precambrian to the Little Ice Age, which ran from the 16th to the mid-19th centuries. … All articles contain excellent bibliographies leading to additional information. The work is well indexed, entries are cross-referenced, and the text is profusely illustrated with maps, graphs, and charts. Summing Up: Essential. Reference collections supporting programs in climate studies, lower-level undergraduates through professionals/practitioners, and general readers.” (J. C. Stachacz, Choice, Vol. 47 (6), February, 2010)“The chapters of the encyclopaedia are informative … . Palaeoclimatology, palaeogeography, geomorphology, geochemistry, and several more disciplines that are important for the climatological reconstruction of the geological past form a wide spectrum, and the encyclopaedia is, therefore, truly comprehensive. … easy to use. … Each chapter ends with cross-references, which indicate relevant chapters on related topics. … very useful for all geoscientists. It belongs in each geoscience library.” (Dmitry A. Ruban, Geologos, Vol. 16 (2), 2010)“The first major reference work covering the field of palaeoclimatology through the whole of Earth’s history from the early Precambrian to recent times. … the authors and editor have done a great job in making each entry accessible, creating a work that is extremely useful for providing introductions to undergraduate students approaching palaeoclimatology for the first time, or to postgraduates and academics wanting a quick explanation of an area outside of their area of expertise or an insight into how theories have developed over time.” (Jonathan R. Dean, Journal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 47, 2012)Table of ContentsList of Contributors.- Preface.- Acknowledgments.- Abrupt climate change.- Aerosols (mineral).- Albedo (feedbacks).- Alkenones.- Animal proxies, invertebrates.- Animal proxies, vertebrates.- Anoxic events.- Antarctica, glaciation history.- Antarctic Bottom Water and climate change.- Antarctic Cold Reversal.- Antarctic sea ice history, Late Quaternary.- Archean environments.- Archeological data and climate change.- Arctic sea ice.- Arid climates and indicators.- Astronomical theory of climate change.- Atmospheric circulation during the Last Glacial Maximum.- Atmospheric evolution, Earth.- Atmospheric evolution, Mars.- Atmospheric evolution, Venus.- Banded iron formations and the early atmosphere.- Basal ice.- Beachrock.- Beetles as Quaternary and Late Tertiary climate indicators.- Beryllium-10.- Binge/purge model of ice sheet dynamics.- Bolide impacts and climate.- Bølling-Allerød interstadial.- Borehole climatology: climate change from geothermal data.- Carbon cycle.- Carbon dioxide, dissolved (ocean).- Carbon dioxide and methane, Quaternary variations.- Carbon isotopes, stable.- Carbon isotope variations over geologic time .- Carbonate compensation depth.- Carbonates, cool water.- Carbonates, warm water.- Cenozoic climate and long-term cooling.- Cirques.- CLAMP (Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program).- CLIMAP.- Climate change, causes.- Climate forcing.- Climate variability, last 1000 years.- Coal beds, origin and climate.- Coastal environments.- Coccoliths.- COHMAP.- Continental sediments.- Corals and coral reefs.- Cordilleran ice sheet.- Cosmogenic radionuclides.- Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary.- Cretaceous warm climates.- Cryosphere.- Cyclic sedimentation (cyclothems).- Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles.- Dating, amino acid geochronology.- Dating, biostratigraphic methods.- Dating, dendrochronology.- Dating, fission tracks.- Dating, luminescence techniques.- Dating, magnetostratigraphy.- Dating, radiometric methods.- Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP).- Deltaic sediments, climate records.- Dendroclimatology.- Desert varnish as climate proxy.- Deuterium, deuterium excess.- Diamicton.- Diatoms.- Dinoflagellates.- Dole effect .- Drumlins.- Duricrusts.- Dust transport, Quaternary.- Earth laws and climatology.- Early Paleozoic climates (Cambrian-Devonian).- Eccentricity, earth’s orbit.- Eemian (Sangamonian) interglacial.- Electrical conductivity.- Eolian dust, marine sediments.- Eolian sediments and processes.- Eolianite.- Eskers.- Evaporites.- Evolution and climate change.- Faint Young Sun Paradox.- Flood basalts, climatic implications.- Foraminifera.- Geochemical proxies (non-isotopic).- Glacial erratic.- Glacial eustasy.- Glacial geomorphology.- Glacial isostasy.- Glacial.- megalakes .- Glacial sediments.- Glaciations, pre-Quaternary.- Glaciations, Quaternary.- Glaciofluvial sediments.- Glaciomarine sediments.- Glendonite/ikaite.- "Greenhouse" (warm) climates.- Heat transports, oceanic and atmospheric.- Heinrich events.- History of Paleoclimatology.- Holocene climates.- Holocene treeline fluctuations.- Hypsithermal.- Human evolution and climate change.- Ice cores, Antarctica and Greenland.- Ice cores, mountain glaciers.- "Icehouse" (cold) climates.- Ice-rafted debris (IRD).- Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP).- Interstadials.- Iron and climate change.- Isotopic fractionation.- Kames.- Kettles.- Lacustrine sediments.- Lake level variations.- Late Glacial Maximum .- Last Glacial Termination.- Laterite.- Late Paleozoic climates.- Late Quaternary-Holocene vegetation modeling.- Late Quaternary megafloods .- Laurentide ice sheet.- Little Ice Age.- Loess deposits.- Marine biogenic sediments.- Marine carbon geochemistry.- Marine clay minerals.- Marine non-biogenic (inorganic) sediments.- Mars: water and past climates .- Mass extinctions: role of Climate.- Maunder minimum.- Medieval warm period.- Mesozoic climates.- Messinian salinity crisis.- Methane hydrates, carbon cycling, and environmental change.- Mid-Pliocene warming.- Millennial climate variability.- Mineral indicators of past climates.- Monsoons, Pre-Quaternary.- Monsoons, Quaternary.- Moraines.- Mountain.- glaciers,.- Mountain uplift and climate change.- Nearest-living-relative method.- Neogene climates.- Nitrogen isotopes.- North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) records.- North Atlantic Deep Water and climate change.- Obliquity, earth’s orbit.- Ocean Drilling Program (ODP).- Ocean paleocirculation.- Ocean paleoproductivity.- Ocean paleotemperatures.- Organic geochemical proxies.- Ostracodes.- Outwash plains.- Oxygen isotopes.- PAGES.- aleobotany.- Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.- Paleoclimate modeling, Quaternary.- Paleoclimate modeling, pre-Quaternary .- Paleoclimate proxies, an introduction.- Paleo-El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) records.- Paleogene climates.- Paleohydrology.- Paleo-ocean modeling.- Paleo-ocean pH.- Paleoceanography.- Paleolimnology.- Paleo-precipitation indicators.- Paleosols–pre-Quaternary.- Paleosols–Quaternary.- Paleotemperatures, proxy reconstructions.- Paleotempestology–sedimentary record of intense hurricanes.- Palynology.- Patterned ground.- Periglacial geomorphology.- Phosphorite.- Phosphorus cycle.- Pingo.- Plate tectonics and climate change.- Pleistocene climates.- Pliocene climates.- Pollen analysis.- Potassium-Argon/argon-argon dating.- Precession, earth’s orbit.- Pre-Quaternary Milankovitch cycles and climate.- Proglacial lacustrine sediments.- Proterozoic climates.- Quaternary climate transitions and cycles.- Quaternary vegetation distribution.- Radiocarbon dating.- Radiolaria.- Red beds.- Roche moutonnée.- Sapropels (organic-rich muds).- Scandinavian ice sheet.- Sea level change, Holocene.- Sea level change, Quaternary.- Sea level change, last 250 million years.- Sea level indicators.- Sedimentary indicators of climate change.- Snowball Earth hypothesis.- SPECMAP.- Speleothems.- Stable isotope analysis.- Strontium isotopes.- Sulfur isotopes.- Sun-climate connections.- Tephrochronology.- The 8200 year BP cold event.- Thermohaline circulation.- Time series analysis.- Till and Tillites.- Transfer functions.- Triassic-Jurassic climates.- Uranium-series dating.- Varved sediments.- Volcanic eruptions and climate change.- Weathering and climate.- Wisconsinan (Weichselian, Wurm) glaciation.- Younger Dryas.- Author index.- Subject index.

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Book SynopsisWhat Paleopalynology Is and Is Not.- Why One Does'' Paleopalynology and Why It Works.- The Natural History of Palynomorphs.- Spores/Pollen Basic Biology.- Spores/Pollen Morphology.- Stratigraphic PalynologyPrecambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician.- Cambrian to Silurian Non-Marine Palynology.- Devonian Palynology.- Carboniferous/Permian Palynology to the End of the Paleophytic''.- Permo-Triassic Palynofloras.- Triassic-Jurassic Palynology.- Triassic-Jurassic Megaspores, Dinoflagellates, Other Microplankton.- Jurassic-Cretaceous Palynology: End of the Mesophytic.'' Advent and Diversification of Angiosperms. Dynamic Evolution of Dinoflagellates.- Paleogene Palynology.- Neogene Palynology.- Holocene Palynology.- Production, Dispersal, Sedimentation and Taphonomy of Spores/Pollen in Relation to the Interpretation of Palynofloras.- Differential Sorting of Palynomorphs into Sediments: Palynofacies, Palynodebris, Discordant Palynomorphs.- Some Factors Affecting Practical Applications of PaleopalynoloTrade ReviewFrom the reviews of the second edition: "Paleopalynology, second edition, provides profusely illustrated treatment of fossil palynomorphs, including spores, pollen, dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs, chitinozoans, scolecodonts, and various microscopic fungal and algal dispersal bodies. The book serves both as a student text and general reference work. Palynomorphs yield information about age, geological and biological environment, climate during deposition, and other significant factors about the enclosing rocks. Extant spores and pollen are treated first, preparing the student for more difficult work with fossil sporomorphs and other kinds of palynomorphs. Recognizing that palynomorphs occur together in rocks because of chemical robustness and stratigraphic distribution, not biological relationship, the central sections are organized stratigraphically. Among many other topics presented are the sedimentation and geothermal alteration of palynomorphs, and palynofacies analysis. An appendix describes laboratory methods. The glossary, bibliographies and index are useful tools for study of the literature." American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, Newsletter September 2007, Volume 40, Number 3. "This book, like the first edition, succeeds admirably and will be a necessary addition to any pollen laboratory. The book could be used as an introductory textbook in a course in geological palynology, but it is also a reference that would be of use in pollen labs or for people needing an introduction to this literature". Review published in EOS, Vol. 89, No. 11, 11 March 2008, written by Konrad Gajewski, Lab. for Paleoclimatology and Climatology, Dept. of Geography, Univ. of Ottowa, Canada. "Paleopalynology defines this subdiscipline of paleontology in a single concise volume. … The bibliography, glossary, and index are comprehensive, all of which contributes to the utility of this work as a stand-alone manual of paleopalynology. … it is possible, with this book in hand, to gain the basics needed to do research on fossil pollen and spores. This work belongs in all libraries that profess to include the natural sciences. Summing Up: Essential. All levels." P. K. Strother, CHOICE, Vol. 45 (8), 2008. "The book has been thoroughly updated with contemporary references, some new topics, a variety of new ideas, and some old conundrums resolved. … The second edition of Paleopalynology adds new data on the sedimentation and taphonomy of palynomorphs and extracts key concepts from the 1994 volume to give the reader a concise and practical overview … for a variety of geological questions. … an invaluable reference for working scientists and a comprehensive text for students. … Certainly this is an invaluable scientific contribution.", Nan Crystal Arens, American Paleontologist, Vol. 17 (1), Spring 2009. "This book is a valuable asset to paleopalynology and highlights its importance as a microplaleontological discipline. … This book will serve as a useful reference for palynologists and nonpalynologists, and for professionals and students … .", Francisca E. Oboh-Ikuenobe, Palaios Society for Sedimentary Geology, June, 2009.Table of ContentsChapter 1 What Paleopalynology Is and Is Not 1. Definition of the subject 2. Historical Matters 3. Annotated Bibliography of Readily Available Publications Chapter 2 Why One 'Does' Paleopalynology and Why It Works 1. Purposes 2. Why Paleopalynology Works 3 Disadvantages and Limitations Chapter 3 The Natural History of Palynomorphs 1. Introduction 2. Chitin 3. Sporopollenin 4. Palynomorphs in Petroleum 5. General Occurrence of Palynomorphs in Time Chapter 4 Spores/Pollen Basic Biology 1. Introduction 2. Bryophyte Life Cycles 3. Pteridophyte Life Cycles 4. Seed Plant Life Cycles 5. Spores, Pollen, 'Miospores,' and Other Terminological Troubles Chapter 5 Spores/Pollen Morphology 1. Introduction 2. Morphological Types 3. 'Shell Code' 4. Morphological Types in Detail 5. Supplemental Notes on Morphology 6. Exine Surface, and Subsurface: Sculpture and Structure 7. Spores/Pollen Orientation and Shape 8. Microscopic Methods and Sporomorph Morphology Chapter 6 Stratigraphic Palynology--Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician 1. Introduction 2. Acritarchs and Other Phytoplankton of Precambrian–Ordovician 3. Cambrian/Ordovician Cryptospores 4. Cambrian/Ordovician Chitinozoans 5. Cambrian/Ordovician Scolecodonts Chapter 7 Cambrian to Silurian Non-Marine Palynology 1. General Discussion 2. 'Non-Spore' Palynology Chapter 8 Devonian Palynology 1. Introduction 2. Paleozoic Spore Morphology andPertinence to the Devonian 3. Megaspores, Seeds, and Pollen 4. Pollen vs. Spore Morphology, Polarity, and Germination 5. Non-Spore Palynomorphs in the Devonian 6. Devonian Palynostratigraphy Chapter 9 Carboniferous/Permian Palynology to the End of the 'Paleophytic' 1. Introduction 2. Potonié's Turmal System and Modifications of It 3. 'Turmal' Classification of Paleophytic (Silurian To About Mid-Permian) Spores and Pollen 4. Paleobotanical Matters Regarding the Late 'Paleophytic' 5. 'Paleophytic' Spores/pollen: the Plants Which Produced Them 6. Paleoecology of Late Paleozoic Spores 7. Comments on Trends in the 'Paleophytic' and the 'Paleophytic'/'Mesophytic' Boundary 8. Morphological Comment Regarding Carboniferous/Permian Pseudosaccate and Saccate Spores/Pollen and Related Matters 8.1. About 'Protosaccate' and 'Eusaccate' 9. Late Carboniferous-Permian Megaspores 10. Carboniferous-Permian Acritarchs Chapter 10 Permo-Triassic Palynofloras 1. Introduction 2. Striates and Bisaccates, Permo-Triassic Hallmarks 3. Other Spore/Pollen Types of Permo-Triassic 4. Permo-Triassic Acritarchs 5. Terminal Permian 'Fungal Spike' (?) and Related Matters Chapter 11 Triassic-Jurassic Palynology 1. Introduction 2. Circumpolloid Pollen 3. Colpate (Sulcate) Forms in The Triassic/Jurassic 4. Further Notes on Triassic/Jurassic Saccates 5. Jurassic Palynomorph Paleogeography 6. Major Known Botanical Relationships of 'Mesophytic' (Late Permian-Early Cretaceous) Dispersed Spores/Pollen Genera Chapter 12 Triassic-Jurassic Megaspores, Dinoflagellates, Other Microplankton 1.

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Book SynopsisClay minerals are one of the most important groups of minerals that destroy permeability in sandstones. However, they also react with drilling and completion fluids and induce fines migration during hydrocarbon production. They are a very complex family of minerals that are routinely intergrown with each other, contain a wide range of solid solutions and form by a variety of processes under a wide range temperatures and rock and fluid compositions. In this volume, clay minerals in sandstones are reviewed in terms of their mineralogy and general occurrence, their stable and radiogenic isotope geochemistry, XRD quantification, their effects on the petrophysical properties of sandstones and their relationships to sequence stratigraphy and palaeoclimate. The controls on various clay minerals are addressed and a variety of geochemical issues, including the importance of mass flux, links to carbonate mineral diagenesis and linked clay mineral diagenesis in interbedded mudstone-sandTable of ContentsReview papers. 1. Clay minerals in sandstones: controls on formation, distribution and evolution: R. H. Worden and S. Morad. 2. Predictive diagenetic clay-mineral distribution in siliciclastic rocks within a sequence stratigraphic framework: J.M. Ketzer, S. Morad and A. Amorosi. 3. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of diagenetic clay minerals in sandstones: a review of the data and controls: S. Morad, R. H. Worden and J.M. Ketzer. 4. Palaeoclimate controls on spectral gamma-ray radiation from sandstones: A. Ruffell, R.H. Worden and R. Evans. 5. Smectite in sandstones: a review of the controls on occurrence and behaviour during diagenesis: J. M. McKinley, R. H. Worden and A. H. Ruffell. 6. Patterns of clay mineral diagenesis in interbedded mudrocks and sandstones: an example from the Palaeocene of the North Sea: H.F. Shaw and D.M. Conybeare, D.M. 7. Cross-formational flux of aluminium and potassium in Gulf Coast (USA) sediments:M. Wilkinson, R.S. Haszeldine and K.L. Milliken. 8. Silicate-carbonate reactions in sedimentary systems: fluid composition control and potential for generation of overpressure: I. Hutcheon and S. Desrocher. 9. Experimental studies of clay mineral occurrence: D. A. C. Manning. 10. Effect of clay content upon some physical properties of sandstone reservoirs: Paul F. Worthington. 11. Quantitative analysis of clay and other minerals in sandstones by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD): S. Hillier. 12. A review of radiometric dating techniques for clay mineral cements in sandstones: P. J. Hamilton. Chlorite case study. 13. Chlorite authigenesis and porosity preservation in the Upper Cretaceous marine sandstones of the Santos Basin, offshore eastern Brazil: S. M. C. Anjos, L. F. De Ros and C. M. A. Silva. Kaolinite case studies. 14. Origin and diagenetic evolution of kaolin in reservoir sandstones and associated shales of the Jurassic and Cretaceous, Salam Field, Western Desert (Egypt): R. Marfil, A. Delgado, C. Rossi, A. La Iglesia and K. Ramseyer. 15. Microscale distribution of kaolinite in Breathitt Formation sandstones (middle Pennsylvanian): implications for mass balance: K. L. Milliken. 16. The role of the Cimmerian unconformity (Early Cretaceous) in the kaolinitization and related reservoir-quality evolution in Triassic sandstones of the Snorre Field, North Sea: J.M. Ketzer, S. Morad, J.P. Nystuen and L.F. De Ros. 17. The formation and stability of kaolinite in Brent sandstone reservoirs: a modelling approach: É. Brosse, T. Margueron, C. Cassou, B. Sanjuan, A. Canham, J.-P. Girard, J.-C. Lacharpagne and F. Sommer. Illite case studies. 18. Illite fluorescence microscopy: a new technique in the study of illite in the Merrimelia Formation, Cooper Basin, Australia: N. M. Lemon and C. J. Cubitt. 19. Geochemical modelling of diagenetic illite and quartz cement formation in Brent sandstone reservoirs: example of the Hild Field, Norwegian North Sea: B. Sanjuan, J.-P. Girard, S. Lanini, A. Bourguignon and E. Brosse. 20. The effect of oil emplacement on diagenetic clay mineralogy: the Upper Jurassic Magnus Sandstone Member, North Sea: R.H. Worden and S.A. Barclay. Glauconite case study. 21. Application of glauconite morphology in geosteering and for on-site reservoir quality assessment in very fine-grained sandstones: Carnarvon Basin, Australia: J.P.Schulz-Rojahn, D.A. Seeburger and G.J. Beacher. Index

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Book SynopsisDiagenesis affects all sediments after their deposition and includes a fundamental suite of physical, chemical and biological processes that control the texture, mineralogy and fluid-flow properties of sedimentary rocks. Understanding the processes and products of diagenesis is thus a critical component in the analysis of the evolution of sedimentary basins, and has practical implications for subsurface porosity destruction, preservation and generation. This in turn is of great relevance to the petroleum and water industries, as well as to the location and nature of some economic mineral deposits. Combines key papers in sandstone diagenesis published in Sedimentology over the last 30 years. Records the development of diagenesis from the description of grain shapes through provenance, petrography and analytical geochemistry to predictive models of diagenetic process. Provides definitions and eTable of ContentsIntroduction. 1. Sandstone Diagenesis – The Evolution Of Sand To Stone: R.H. Worden And S.D. Burley. Eogenesis (Early Diagenesis). Marine Eogenesis. Early Diagenetic Iron Sulphide In Recent Sediments Of The Wash (England): L.G. Love. Sedimentology (1967) 9, 327–352. Formation Of Siderite–Mg-Clacite–Iron Sulphide Concretions In Intertidal Marsh And Sandflat Sediments, North Norfolk, England: K. Pye, J.A.D. Dickson, N. Schiavon, M.L. Coleman And M. Cox. Sedimentology (1990) 37, 325–343. Origin Of Authigenic Carbonates In Sediment From The Deep Bering Sea: J.R. Hein, J.R. O’neill And M.G. Jones. Sedimentology (1979) 26, 681–705. De Glauconiarum Origine: G.S. Odin And A. Matter. Sedimentology (1981) 28 611–641. Low-Mg Calcite Marine Cement In Cretaceous Turbidites: Origin, Spatial Distribution And Relationship To Seawater Chemistry: J.P. Hendry, N.H. Trewin And A.E. Fallick. Sedimentology (1996) 43, 877–900. The Concretions Of The Bearreraig Sandstone Formation: Geometry And Geochemistry: M. Wilkinson. Sedimentology (1991) 38, 899–912. Non-Marine Eogenesis 1: Warm And Wet Environments. The Anatomy Of An Early Dinantian Terraced Floodplain: Palaeo-Environment And Early Diagenesis: J.E. Andrews, M.S. Turner, G. Nabi And B. Spiro. Sedimentology (1991) 38, 271–287. Early Diagenetic Siderite As An Indicator Of Depositional Environment In The Triassic Rewan Group, Southern Bowen Basin, Eastern Australia: J.C. Baker, J. Kassan And P.J. Hamilton. Sedimentology (1995) 43, 77–88. Early Diagenetic Spherulitic Siderites From Pennsylvanian Palaeosols In The Boss Point Formation, Maritime Canada: G.H. Browne And D.M. Kingston. Sedimentology (1993) 40, 467–474. Early Diagenesis And Its Relationship To Depositional Environment And Relative Sea-Level Fluctuations (Upper Cretaceous Marshybank Formation, Alberta And British Columbia): J.L. Mckay, F.J. Longstaffe And A.G. Plint. Sedimentology (1995) 42, 161–190. Non-Marine Eogenesis 2: Dry And Hot Environments. Diagenetic Alunite In Clastic Sequences, Kuwait, Arabian Gulf: F.I. Khalaf. Sedimentology (1990) 37, 155–164. Nodular Silcretes Of The Cypress Hills Formation (Upper Eocene To Middle Miocene) Of Southern Saskatchewan, Canada: D.A. Leckie And R.J. Cheel. Sedimentology (1990) 37, 445–454. Rock Varnish In The Sonoran Desert: Microbiologically Mediated Accumulation Of Manganiferous Sediments [Abstract And Sems Only: B. Nagy, L.A. Nagy, M.J. Rigali, W.D. Jones, D.H. Krinsley And N.A. Sinclair. Sedimentology (1991) 38, 1153–1171. Models Of Rock Varnish Formation Constrained By High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy [Abstract Only]: D. Krinsley. Sedimentology (1998) 45, 711–725. Calcretes Related To Phreatophytic Vegetation From The Middle Triassic Otter Sandstone Of South West England: K. Purvis And V.P. Wright. Sedimentology (1991) 38, 539–551. Zeolitic Diagenesis Of Late Quaternary Fluviolacustrine Sediments And Associated Calcrete Formation In The Lake Bogoria Basin, Kenya Rift Valley [Abstract Only]: R.W. Renaut. Sedimentology (1993) 40, 271–301. Groundwater Dolocretes From The Upper Triassic Of The Paris Basin, France: A Case Study Of An Arid, Continental Diagenetic Facies: C. Spötl And V.P. Wright. Sedimentology (1992) 39, 1119–1136. Mesogenesis (Burial Diagenesis). Quartz-Related Mesogenesis. Formation Of Quartz Overgrowths In The Penrith Sandstone (Lower Permian) Of Northwest England As Revealed By Scanning Electron Microscopy: B. Waugh. Sedimentology (1970) 14, 309–320. A Scale Of Dissolution For Quartz And Its Implications For Diagenetic Processes In Sandstones: A.R. Hurst. Sedimentology (1981) 28, 451–459. Thin Section And S.E.M. Textural Criteria For The Recognition Of Cement-Dissolution Porosity In Sandstones: S.D. Burley And J.D. Kantorowicz. Sedimentology (1986) 33, 587–604. A Numerical Model For Porosity Modification At A Sandstone–Mudstone Boundary By Quartz Pressure Dissolution And Diffusive Mass Transfer: A.M. Mullis. Sedimentology (1992) 39, 99–107. Origin Of Quartz Cements In Some Sandstones From The Jurassic Of The Inner Moray Firth (Uk): G.B. Vagle, A. Hurst And H. Dypvik. Sedimentology (1994) 41, 363–377. Carbonate Cement-Dominated Mesogenesis. Geochemistry Of Carbonate Cements In The Sag River And Shublik Formations (Triassic/Jurassic), North Slope, Alaska: Implications For The Geochemical Evolution Of Formation Waters: P.S. Mozley And K. Hoernle. Sedimentology (1990) 37, 817–836. Burial Dolomitization And Porosity Development In A Mixed Carbonate-Clastic Sequence: An Example From The Bowland Basin, Northern England: R.L. Gawthorpe. Sedimentology (1987) 34, 533–558. Clay And Aluminosilicate Mineral-Related Mesogenesis. Diagenetic Origin Of Graywacke Matrix Minerals: J.T. Whetten And J.W. Hawkins Jr. Sedimentology (1970) 15, 347–361. Diagenetic Origin Of Graywacke Matrix Minerals: A Discussion: J.P.B. Lovell. Sedimentology (1972) 19, 141–143. Diagenetic Origin Of Graywacke Matrix Minerals: A Reply: J.T. Whetten And J.W. Hawkins Jr. Sedimentology (1972) 19, 144–146. Diagenesis Of Sandstones In The Back-Arc Basins Of The Western Pacific Ocean: Y.I. Lee And G.Dev. Klein. Sedimentology (1986) 33, 651–675. Diagenetic K-Feldspar Pseudomorphs In The Triassic Buntsandstein Sandstones Of The Iberian Range, Spain: S. Morad, R. Marfil And J.A De La Pena. Sedimentology (1989) 36, 635–650. Zeolites In Sedimentary Rocks, With Reference To The Depositional Environments And Zonal Distribution [Abstract Only]: A. Iijima And M. Utada. Sedimentology (1966) 7, 327–357. Diagenesis Of The Newark Rift Basin, Eastern North America [Abstract Only]: M. El Tabakh And B.C. Schreiber. Sedimentology (1998) 45, 855–874. The Origin Of Faceted Garnets In Sandstones: Dissolution Or Overgrowth? A.C. Morton, G. Borg, P.L. Hansley, P.D.W. Haughton, D.H. Krinsley And P. Trusty. Sedimentology (1989) 36, 927–942. Effect Of Oil On Sandstone Mesogenesis. Comparison Of Post-Sedimentary Alterations Of Oil-, Gas- And Water-Bearing Rocks: R.M. Yurkova. Sedimentology (1970) 15, 53–68. Plagioclase Dissolution Related To Biodegradation Of Oil In Brent Group Sandstones (Middle Jurassic) Of Gullfaks Field, Northern North Sea: S.N. Ehrenberg And K.G Jakobsen. Sedimentology (2001) 48, 703–721. Integrated Time-, Temperature- And Water Compositional-Analyisis Of Sandstone Mesogenesis. Diagenesis And Reservoir Quality Of The Aldebaran Sandstone, Denison Trough, East-Central Queensland, Australia: J.C. Baker. Sedimentology (1991) 38, 819–838. Diagenesis And Formation Water Chemistry Of Triassic Reservoir Sandstones From Southern Tunisia: S. Morad, H.N. Ben Ismail, L.F. De Ros, I.S. Al-Aasm And N.-E. Serrhini. Sedimentology (1994) 41, 1253–1272. The Petrology And Diagenesis Of Middle Jurassic Clastic Sediments, Ravenscar Group, Yorkshire: J.D. KANTOROWICZ. Sedimentology (1985) 32, 833–853Telogenesis (Uplift Related Diagenesis). The Role Of The Late Cimmerian Unconformity For The Distribution Of Kaolinite In The Gullfaks Field, Northern North Sea: P.A. Bjørkum, R. Mjøs, O. Walderhaug And A. Hurst. Sedimentology (1990) 37, 395–406. Index

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Book SynopsisThis state-of-the-art volume reviews both past work and current research, with contributions from internationally recognized experts. The book is organized into fourteen chapters and designed to embrace the full range of terrestrial geochemical sediments.Trade Review"The editors of this book have composed an excellent, up-to-date overview of continental chemical deposits. ... This volume contributes substantially to a better understanding of several earth-surface processes. It is a book that many earth scientists interested in geomorphology, weathering, soils and continental paleoenviroments long have waited for." (Journal of Sedimentary Research, January 2009) "I would highly recommend this text to both students and academics—I will certainly be adding it to my class reading lists." (Geographical Journal, 2009)Table of Contents1. Introduction: Geochemical Sediments in Landscapes (David J. Nash and Sue J. McLaren). 2. Calcrete (V. Paul Wright). 3. Laterite and ferricrete (Mike Widdowson). 4. Silcrete (David J. Nash and J. Stewart Ullyott). 5. Aeolianite (Sue J. McLaren). 6. Tufa and travertine (Heather A. Viles and Allan Pentecost). 7. Speleothems (Ian J. Fairchild, Anna Tooth, Andrea Borsato and Silvia Frisia). 8. Rock varnish (Ronald I. Dorn). 9. Lacustrine and palustrine geochemical sediments (Eric P. Verrecchia). 10. Terrestrial evaporites (Allan R. Chivas). 11. Beachrock and intertidal precipitates (Eberhard Gischler). 12. Nitrate deposits and surface efflorescences (Andrew S. Goudie and Elaine Heslop). 13. Analytical techniques for investigating terrestrial geochemical sediments (John McAlister & Bernie J. Smith). 14. Geochemical sediments and landscapes: general summary (Sue J. McLaren and David J. Nash).

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Book SynopsisThis important book brings together eighteen cutting-edge research papers first presented at the Second International Conference on Braided Rivers. It includes the latest research on the dynamics, deposits and ecology of these rivers. Essential reading for geomorphologists, earth scientists, engineers and ecologists with a pure and applied interest in the study, modelling and management of braided rivers. Table of ContentsAcknowledgements. Braided Rivers: Where Have We Come in 10 Years? Progress and Future Needs (Greg Sambrook Smith, Jim Best, Charlie Bristow and Geoff Petts). Depositional Models of Braided Rivers (John S. Bridge and Ian A. Lunt). A Sedimentological Model to Characterize Braided River Deposits for Hydrogeological Applications (Peter Huggenberger and Christian Regli). Scaling and Hierarchy in Braided Rivers and Their Deposits: Examples and Implications for Reservoir Modelling (Sean Kelly). Approaching the System-Scale Understanding of Braided River Behaviour (Stuart N. Lane). Cellular Modelling of Braided River Form and Process (A.P. Nicholas, R. Thomas and T.A. Quine). Numerical Modelling of Alternate Bars in Shallow Channels (A. Bernini, V. Caleffi and A. Valiani). Methods for Assessing Exploratory Computational Models of Braided Rivers (Andrea B. Doeschl-Wilson, Peter E. Ashmore and Matt Davison). Bed Load Transport in Braided Gravel-Bed Rivers (Christian Marti and Gian Reto Bezzola). Sediment Transport in a Microscale Braided Stream: From Grain Size to Reach Size (P. Meunier and F. Métivier). Morphological Analysis and Prediction of River Bifurcations (Guido Zolezzi, Walter Bertoldi, Marco Tubino). Braided River Management: From Assessment of River Behaviour to Improved Sustainable Development (H. Piégay, Gordon Grant, Futoshi Nakamura and Noel Trustrum). Bank Protection and River Training Along the Braided Brahmaputra-Jamuna River, Bangladesh (Erik Mosselman). Morphological Response of the Brahmaputra-Padma-Lower Meghna River System to the Assam Earthquake of 1950 (Maminul Haque Sarker and Colin R. Thorne). Use of Remote-Sensing with Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Models to Assess Impacts of Hydro-Operations on a Large, Braided, Gravel-Bed River: Waitaki River, New Zealand (D. Murray Hicks, U.Shankar, M. J. Duncan, M. Rebuffé and J. Aberle). Effects of Human Impact on Braided River Morphology: Examples From Northern Italy (Nicola Surian). Ecology Of Braided Rivers (Klement Tockner, Achim Paetzold, Ute Karaus, Cécile Claret and Jürg Zettel). Riparian Tree Establishment on Gravel Bars: Interactions Between Plant Growth Strategy and the Physical Environment (Robert A. Francis, Angela M. Gurnell, Geoffrey E. Petts and Peter J. Edwards). Index.

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Book SynopsisWritten for a wide audience of earth scientists and climatologists, The Holocene: An Environmental History provides undergraduates with a much-needed coherent scientific account of the great transformation of nature that has taken place in the last 10,000 years.Trade Review“In conclusion, we find the new edition highly recommendable to students and researchers but to those who are interested in how our modern envi­ronment came about and how human kind interacts with nature.” (Geologos Journal, 1 August 2015) “All the sections are very well referenced, making this a good book for serious research or to dip into a particular area of interest to the reader. For a reference work it is surprisingly easy to just sit and read, which I did, and found it interesting through to the last page. I particularly liked the way a wide range of ideas and disciplines were brought together to form a coherent thread throughout the book.” (Proceedings of the Open University Geological Society, 1 April 2015) “The text makes enjoyable reading, and although the author introduces many technical terms, they are all covered in a glossary at the end and included in the index. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Lower-division undergraduates and above; general readers.” (Choice, 1 October 2014) “This excellent book should be mandatory reading for any student taking a palaeobased environmental change module, and academics will also very much enjoy reading Neil Roberts’ fine prose.” (The Holocene, 1 October 2014) Table of ContentsTechnical boxes viii Preface to the third edition ix Acknowledgements xi About the companion website xii 1 Introduction 1 Sources of information on past environments 2 Nature and society 5 The significance of the Holocene 6 References 7 2 Reconstructing Holocene environments 10 Dating the past 10 Historical and archaeological dating 11 Radiometric dating methods 13 Dendrochronology and radiocarbon calibration 19 Other dating methods 25 Conclusion 28 Palaeoecological techniques 32 Pollen analysis 33 Plant remains 40 Creatures great and small 44 Freshwater and marine organisms 46 Geological techniques 47 Ice and ocean 51 Stable isotope analysis 53 Geomorphology and climate 55 Geo-archaeology 59 Modelling the past 61 Models of environmental reconstruction 61 Computer model simulations 64 Conclusion 66 References 66 3 The Pleistocene prelude (>11 700 Cal. yr bp) 83 Ice Age environments 83 The glacial–interglacial cycle 83 Understanding the causes of long-term climatic change 88 The Last Glacial Maximum and after 92 The terminal Pleistocene (15 000–11 700 Cal. yr bp) 96 The Late Glacial in the North Atlantic region 96 Terminal Pleistocene climatic oscillation: a globally synchronous event? 102 Adjustment of geomorphic systems 105 Human ecology at the end of the Pleistocene 107 Megafaunal extinctions 110 References 115 4 Early Holocene adaptations (11 700–6000 Cal. yr bp) 128 Changes in the physical environment 128 Ice sheets and sea levels 128 Human adaptations to coastal environments 131 Lake ontogeny and soil development 135 The return of the forests 140 Europe 140 Eastern North America 142 Dry Mediterranean woodland 144 Tropical forests 145 Factors affecting forest re-advance 146 The ecology of Mesolithic Europe 151 The early Holocene in the tropics 154 Saharan palaeoecology 155 Early Holocene climates: Pattern and process 158 Conclusion 165 References 167 5 The first farmers 178 Agricultural origins 178 Southwest Asia 179 China and South Asia 184 Mesoamerica 186 Tropical domesticates 190 Independent innovation or diffusion? 193 The role of environmental change in early agriculture 194 Early agricultural impacts 199 European agricultural dispersals 201 Ecological consequences of early European agriculture 204 Conclusion 207 References 208 6 The taming of nature (6000–1000 Cal. yr bp) 217 Introduction 217 Changes in the natural environment 219 Climate and vegetation 219 The origin and development of blanket mires 228 Coasts and rivers 232 Cultural evolution 235 Hydraulic civilisation in Mesopotamia 236 Environmental impact in pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica 239 Pastoral nomadism 241 Mediterranean ecosystems 242 The making of the landscape: The British Isles 249 The primaeval forest 250 Shaugh Moor – a Bronze Age landscape 254 The environmental impact of permanent agricultural clearance 256 Conclusion 261 References 262 7 The impact of modern times (1000–0 Cal. yr bp) 277 Introduction 277 Climatic changes in historical times 280 Climate history and global warming 282 Consequences of medieval and Little Ice Age climate change 288 Expansion at the periphery 291 Conquest of the Northlands 291 The Pacific 295 Ecological imperialism 300 Land-use history and soil erosion 303 Pollution histories 312 Eutrophication: natural or cultural? 312 Acidification and atmospheric pollution 318 References 323 8 The environmental future: A Holocene perspective 336 Holocene environmental crises 340 Environmental conservation and Holocene Environmental history 343 References 347 Appendix: Calibration table for radiocarbon ages 352 Glossary 353 Index 358

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Book SynopsisSpecial Papers in Palaeontology, published by The Palaeontological Association, is a series of substantial separate works conforming to the style of the Palaeontology journal. Two issues are published each year and feature high standard illustrations. Investigates the shell-rich Llandovery strata of the Anticosti ramp and presents the orthide brachiopods which reached their evolutionary diversity acme and abundance in the Ordovician Highlights the nine families of orthides which were lost at the end of the Ordovician, but discusses how some 16 families crossed the boundary (though mostly showing declines in the Silurian) Greatly expands the old locality register and enables the accurate placement of known and new species in a stratigraphic, evolutionary, as well as type locality framework Brings together researchers, geologists and enthusiasts who continue to find material of significance Includes 19 plates and 14Table of ContentsIntroduction. Stratigraphic Setting. The Early Silurian Orthide Brachiopod Fauna. Systematic Palaeontology. Family Glyptorthidae. Family Hesperorthidae. Family Platystrophidae. Family Wangyuiidae. Family Dalmanellidae. Family Heterorthidae. Family Platyorthidae. Family Rhipidomellidae. Family Draboviidae. Family Saukrodictyidae. Acknowledgements. References. Appendix.

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Book SynopsisPart of the Fossils and Strata SeriesThe publication, Trace Fossils in Evolutionary Palaeocology, details the session proceedings on Trace Fossils at the First International Palaeontological Congress in Sydney, Australia, held in 2002.

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Book SynopsisMajor insights on distribution and more Fossils and Strata, Number 50: Lower Vertebrates From the Paleozoic presents a series of papers presented at the International Paleontological Congress''s 2002 symposium on Paleozoic Vertebrates. Topics include systematics, biostratigraphy, biogeography, taphonomy, and more, covering a range of early vertebrate groups including jawless agnathans, early-jawed fishes, and Paleozoic tetrapods. These proceedings include major contributions to the field, and shed light on new aspects of Devonian fauna distribution. With contributors from seven countries, these proceedings represent the global nature of paleontology and offer new answers to questions in the field.

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Book SynopsisA detailed investigation of Phosphatocopina Fossils and Strata, Number 49: Morphology, Ontogeny, and Phylogeny of the Phosphatocopina (Crustacea) from the Upper Cambrian Orsten of Sweden presents a detailed look at Phosphatocopina through the rigorous lens of modern scientific study. Fully examined here in study form, this monograph details methods, materials, systematics, phylogenetic analysis and more to bolster discussion and back analyses of comparative morphology. Extensive figures and photos clarify qualitative data, while detailed explanation of analysis methods provide a firm foundation for conclusions and future research.Table of ContentsIntroduction 3 “Orsten”-type fossils 3 History of phosphatocopine research 3 Prior assumptions on the systematics of Phosphatocopina. 3 Soft parts and new perspectives about the phytogeny4 Scope and aims 4 Material and methods 4 Material 4 General information 4 Statistical data 5 Stratigraphy 6 Methods 7 Isolation of specimens (not done for this work) 7 Preparation for SEM 8 Measurements 8 Terminology 8 Systematics 10 Crustacea Brunnich, 1772 13 Phylogenetic analysis 13 Results 13 Hesslandona Milller, 1964. 15 Hesslandona abdominalis Hinz-Schallreuter, 1998 16 Hesslandona reichi Hinz-Schallreuter, 1993 16 Hesslandona unisulcata Milller, 1982. 16 Hesslandona necopina Milller, 1964. 58 Hesslandona kinnekullensis Muller, 1964 67 Hesslandona trituberculata (Lochman 8t Hu, 1960) Rushton, 1978 71 Hesslandona ventrospinata Grundel in Grundel 8c Buchholz, 1981 77 Hesslandona suecica n. sp 85 Hesslandona angustata n. sp 89 Hesslandona curvispina n. sp 93 Hesslandona toreborgensis n. sp 104 Trapezilites Hinz-Schallreuter, 1993 106 Trapezilites minimus (Kummerow, 1931) Hinz-Schallreuter, 1993 106 Waldoria Griindel in Griindel 8c Buchholz, 1981 113 Waldoria rotundata Griindel in Griindel 8c Buchholz, 1981. 115 Veldotron Grundel in Griindel 8c Buchholz, 1981 121 Veldotron bratteforsa (Muller, 1964) Hinz-Schallreuter, 1993 123 Falites Muller, 1964 128 Falites fala Muller, 1964 131 Vestrogothia Muller, 1964 137 Vestrogothia spinata Muller, 1964 139 Discussion 145 Comparative morphology' 145 Phylogenetic analysis of Phosphatocopina 159 General remarks 159 Reconstructed phytogeny of Phosphatocopina 160 Phosphatocopina ("Phosphatocopida sp." + Euphosphatocopina new name 160 Phosphatocopida sp 165 Euphosphatocopina new taxon 165 Vestrogothia spinata 168 NN1 (Falites fala + Hesslandonina) 169 Falites fala 169 Hesslandonina (Cyclotronidae + Hesslandonidae) 170 Cyclotronidae (Veldotron bratteforsa + Cyclotron lapworthi) 171 Veldotron bratteforsa 171 Cyclotron lapworthi 172 Waldoria rotundata 172 Hesslandonidae (Trapezilites minimus + Hesslandona) 173 Trapezilites minimus 173 Hesslandona 174 Hesslandona unisulcata 174 Dorsospinata new taxon 174 NN3 (Hesslandona kinnekullensis+NN4) 175 Hesslandona kinnekullensis 175 NN4 (Hesslandona toreborgensis n. sp., H. angustata n. sp. + H. suecica n. sp.) 177 Hesslandona toreborgensis n. sp 177 Hesslandona suecica n. sp 177 Hesslandona angustata n. sp 178 NN5 (Hesslandona ventrospinata + NN6) 178 Hesslandona ventrospinata............... 179 NN6 (Hesslandona trituberculata + NN7) 179 Hesslandona trituberculata.................. .....179 NN7 (Hesslandona necopina + H. curvispina) 179 Hesslandona necopina 180 Hesslandona curvispina n. sp 180 Consequences of the proposed phytogeny of Phosphatocopina 180 Crustacean phytogeny 182 Ground pattern of Crustacea 182 The Ground pattern of Labrophora Siveter, Waloszek 8e Williams (2003) 185 Ground pattern of Phosphatocopina 190 Ground pattern of Eucrustacea 191 Conclusions 194 Future investigations and prospects 194 Acknowledgements 194 References 195 Appendix A - Data for the phylogenetic analysis 203 PAUP settings 203 List of all coded characters 203 Character matrix 206 Appendix B — Synonymy of Phosphatocopine taxa 209 Possible Phosphatocopine taxa 209 Possible Phosphatocopines, described in open nomenclature 237

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Book SynopsisPart of an international series of monographs in palaeontology and biostratigraphyThe publication, Conodont Biostratigraphy and Taxonomy of the Ordovician Shelf Margin Deposits in the Scandinavian Caledonides, is Number 48 in the Fossils and Strata series.

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Book SynopsisSpecial Papers in Palaeontology, published by The Palaeontological Association, is a series of substantial separate works conforming to the style of the Palaeontology journal. Two issues are published each year and feature high standard illustrations. This issue investigates the forty-two graptoloid graptolite species which are described from the upper Hirnantian persculptus Biozone, lower Rhuddanian ascensus-acuminatus and vesiculosus biozones and Aeronian of Jordan. Studies the recent interest in modelling the deposition of the organic-rich shales of latest Ordovician and early Silurian age in Jordan which has led to the collection of a considerable number of graptolites. Brings together researchers, geologists and enthusiasts who continue to find material of significance. Includes 2 plates and 22 text-figures. Table of ContentsIntroduction. Previous Work. Locality Information. Biostratigraphy. Characters. Systematic Palaeontology. Neodiplograptus. Normalograptus. Paraclimacograptus. Metaclimacograptus. Sudburigraptus. Cystograptus. Akidograptus. Parakidograptus. Rhaphidograptus. Dimorphograptus. Atavograptus. Huttagraptus. Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. Appendix.

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Book SynopsisConway, JPL's historian, offers an insider's perspective into the changing goals of Mars exploration, the ways in which sophisticated computer simulations drove the design process, and the remarkable evolution of landing technologies over a thirty-year period.Trade ReviewA masterpiece of research and writing. Quest: History of Spaceflight Quarterly A 'must' for any reader of modern astronomy who wants insights into how the lab conducts its research, solves problems, and handle[s] technological challenges. Midwest Book Review A great tale of ambition, mishap and recovery, building on extensive archival research and interviews with JPL managers, scientists and engineers, to deliver a detailed overview of each mission's feats and failures... Exploration and Engineering is a great book for everyone seriously interested in the struggles and achievements of JPL as NASA's centre for Mars exploration. Sky at Night According to Conway, there is a 'disconnect' between the desire to travel into space and the desire to understand it. This 'disconnect' is a more fundamental difficulty for NASA than decades' worth of budget cuts. It's a contradiction that's built into the agency's structure, which includes a human exploration program on the one hand and a scientific program on the other... Conway puts himself on the side of science, and, as far as he's concerned, humans are the wrong stuff. They shouldn't even be trying to get to another planet. Not only are they fragile, demanding, and expensive to ship; they're a mess. New Yorker Will be appreciated by space enthusiasts, especially those interested in the perennial NASA battle over whether to fund unmanned science probes or human spaceflight. Choice This book is a must-read in the history of space exploration. Students of engineering, management, and history of technology will find much to enjoy in this virtual tour behind the scenes of some of NASA's most famous and evocative missions. Metascience A detailed book, Exploration and Engineering is a necessary read for anyon ewho wants to know about how space exploration becomes possible, useful to those studying the evolution and transmission of engineering knowledge, British Journal for the History of ScienceTable of ContentsAcknowledgementsIntroduction1. Planetary Observers, Mars Observer2. Politics and Engineering on the Martian Frontier3. Attack of the Great Galactic Ghoul4. Engineering for Uncertainty5. Mars Mania6. The Faster-Better-Cheaper Future7. Revenge of the Great Galactic Ghoul8. Recovery and Reform9. Margins on the Final Frontier10. Sending a Spy Satellite to Mars11. Robotic Geologists on the Red Planet12. Reengineering a Spacecraft, and a ProgramConclusionEpilogueAppendixNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisTraining a powerful lens on the microscopic wonders of the universe, hundreds of photos, both exquisite and strange, accompany this startling exposé of a secret world invisibly evolving around us for billions of years. Silver Winner of the 2021 IBPA Benjamin Franklin Award for Nature & EnvironmentMicrofossilsthe most abundant, ancient, and easily accessible of Earth's fossilsare also the most important. Their ubiquity is such that every person on the planet touches or uses them every single day, and yet few of us even realize they exist. Despite being the sole witnesses of 3 billion years of evolutionary history, these diminutive fungi, plants, and animals are themselves invisible to the eye. In this microscopic bestiary, prominent geologist, paleontologist, and scholar Patrick De Wever lifts the veil on their mysterious world. Marvelous Microfossils lays out the basics of what microfossils are before moving on to the history, tools, and methods of investigating them. The author deTrade ReviewEnhanced by sumptuous images, Marvelous Microfossils reveals microfossils' amazing forms and fascinating architecture. Readers will be easily hypnotized by their patterns, their rhythms, their symmetries . . . a delight for the eyes, this book is also notable for its scientific intelligibility. The author is able to render his interest and the complexity of an invisible and inert world with a sharp literary pen, clear text, and simple and effective examples and organization.—Rémi Luglia, President, Société Nationale de Protection de la NatureInitially an emotional thunderbolt for geologist and micropaleontologist Patrick De Wever, microfossils became the object of his research for decades. Sharing this feeling was his motivation to devote a book to the topic. To say the least, this book perfectly fulfills that function!—La RechercheThis book will make history! It is the fruit of a whole life's work dedicated to the study of microfossils. The author combines his qualities as a scientist with a great knowledge of the literature. His wish, to inspire us to look for the beauties hidden in stone, is fully realized in this beautiful and successful work!—A Fond la ScienceTable of ContentsPrefaceIntroductionA Marvelous Microscopic WorldWhat Is a Microfossil?Why Study MicrofossilsPart A: The Study of MicrofossilsPart B: Microfossils through the Geologic AgesPart C: The Diversity of MicrofossilsPart D: Architects, Builders, and Markers of Time

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Book SynopsisA guided journey through the inner workings of Earth, the cloaked mysteries of other planets in our solar system, and beyond. Extreme heat. Extreme cold. Extreme pressure. Toxic gases. Scorching magma flows, and ice volcanoes. Interior tides. Asteroids filled with gold. In What's Hidden Inside Planets? planetary scientist Dr. Sabine Stanley cracks the surface to reveal the beating heart of planets and what created themfrom the building blocks of swirling cosmic dust, pebbles, and gas to coalesced planetesimal beginnings to the worlds we see today. We're only beginning to explore the secretive interiors of planets, where awe-inspiring wonders await. Our home planet is no exception. Earth, from space, looks like a shimmering gem suspended in an inky, infinite expanse. But this serene image masks the magnificent and volatile interior forces that make life possible for millions of species on the surface. The placid appearances of our neighboring planets similarly belie their powersand scTrade ReviewStanley, a planetary scientist at Johns Hopkins University, approaches her topic with the generous enthusiasm of a nature guide taking visitors on a field trip....'I hope I've been able to portray how wondrous the inner worlds of planets are,' Stanley writes modestly near the end of her book. Hope achieved.—American ScientistTable of ContentsPreface 1. Gazing Inward2. Gazing Outward3. Telltale Planetary Parcels4. Fierce and Formative Forces5. How We Peer Inside Planets6. Curious Planetary Elements7. The Future of Planetary ExplorationAcknowledgmentsNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding Sea-Level Rise and Variability identifies the major impacts of sea-level rise, presents up-to-date assessments of past sea-level change, thoroughly explores all of the factors contributing to sea-level rise, and explores how sea-level extreme events might change. It identifies what is known in each area and what research and observations are required to reduce the uncertainties in our understanding of sea-level rise so that more reliable future projections can be made. A synthesis of findings provides a concise summary of past, present and future sea-level rise and its impacts on society. Key Features: Book includes contributions from a range of international sea level experts Multidisciplinary Four color throughout Describes the limits of our understanding of this crucial issue as well as pointing to directions for future research The book is for everyone interested in sea-level rise and its imTrade Review“The book is written in an elegant and inviting writing style. The book is quite thoroughly searched. It is also open and honest about uncertainty. Understanding Sea-level Rise and Variability is full of information, cases and methodologies. The book is for everyone interested in sea-level rise and its impacts, including policy makers, engineers, researchers, university teachers and students.” (International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 1 January 2013) “In summary, then, this book provides a synthesis of findings regarding sea level rise and its impacts on society. It should be on the desk of everyone concerned about sea level rise and its impacts, not only geoscientists and their research funders, but also policymakers and coastal managers.” (Geology Today, 1 September 2012) "In deciphering the many questions regarding the roles of isostacy, tectonics and neotectonics in sea level change, this excellently and vividly illustrated book shows that geoscientists have much to add to the debate, especially given their knowledge of the effects of sea level change in deep time. Each chapter is written by a panel of authorities on its topic. The result is a book with much to interest and intrigue geoscientists, coastal engineers and others concerned about modern-day sea level change, and a timely summary given the situation now facing many lowland areas…It should be on the desk of everyone concerned about sea level rise and its impacts, including not only geoscientists and their research funders, but also policymakers and coastal managers." (Geology Today, July 2012) “Having a structured and insightful book such as this text to back up and illustrate the present findings of sea level rise to spectators at a non-scientific conference is helpful...In little more than a dozen chapters, the editors explore and present a comprehensive outlook of the factors contributing to sea level rise and how that relates to probable extreme events in the near future. It also defines the strong and weak points in the present research and makes observations to reduce the uncertainties in the global understanding of sea level rise. The book is for students, scientists, educators on climate change, coastal managers, developers, engineers, and legislators. It is not only for people interested in the subject to better plan for the future, especially around coastal zones, but for those honestly concerned about the social impact of sea level rise and the future shape of humanity in the remaining of the 21st century." (Bulletin of Marine Science, June 2012) “This excellent volume concludes with a chapter synthesising sea-level rise and variability and considering the future outlook for the subject. . . It will indeed make a valuable addition to the bookshelf of anyone interested in sea-level rise and its impacts." (The Holocene, 21(7) 1173-1176, 28 September 2011) “The book is generally of a high quality and well presented with few weak papers." (Ocean Challenge, Vol. 18, Number: 3, July 2011) “It's a very comprehensive and important aide to understanding a globally vital subject." (Baird Maritime, 3 February 2012) “The book is intellectually rigorous and is open and honest about uncertainty. Its recommendations for the future research agenda are refreshing and it has signposted the way forward." (Quaternary Science Reviews, 2011) "In summary, I strongly recommend this book because of its thorough and exhaustive discussion on all aspects of sea-level rise due to climate change. Virtually every researcher and student of earth system can find something in it that links his/her field of interest to the broad canvas of research on sea-level rise. There is useful material in it too for the policymaker concerned with management of coastlines and islands to confront the sea-level rise. " (India Current Science, Vol. 101, No. 5, September 2011) "The editors of this fine book, themselves leading sea-level researchers, have assembled a galaxy of contributing authors to provide a comprehensive and insightful understanding of sea-level rise and variability. The 13 chapters cover all aspects of the topic in considerable detail, and together comprise a reference volume/monograph of sea-level knowledge of great value to the global sea-level community." (African Journal of Marine Science, 2011) “…for the sea-level specialist it is a comprehensive and beautifully presented book." (Australian Archaeology, 1 June 2011) “The book certainly made for an enjoyable and educational read; as could be expected, I found especially rewarding the chapters outside my own professional comfort zone. We need to be talking more." (Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin, 2011) "This book explains the lot. It's not escapist fare but it's crystal clear." (The Australian, 26 November 2010) "This book is highly recommended for anyone interested in coastal science and engineering and sea level history, as well as for anyone seeking documentation for global change. It would make an excellent text for a graduate-level course or seminar."(EOS, Vol. 92, No. 18, 3 May 2011) "....a reliable and definitive contribution to the literature on this sometimes controversial subject." (Terra et Aqua, Number 123, June 2011) "....condenses a vast amount of information into one book" (Oceanography, Vol.24, No.2) “…nicely summarises the state of knowledge to date in clear language that communicates well to the lay person, as well as to the technical specialist interested in navigation design or operational details related to sea level.” (The World Association for Waterborne Transportation – PIANC E- Newsletter, December 2010)Table of ContentsEditor Biographies x List of Contributors xi Foreword xvii Acknowledgments xix Abbreviations and Acronyms xxii 1 Introduction 1Philip L. Woodworth, John A. Church, Thorkild Aarup, and W. Stanley Wilson References 15 2 Impacts of and Responses to Sea-Level Rise 17Robert J. Nicholls 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Climate Change and Global/Relative Sea-Level Rise 18 2.3 Sea-Level Rise and Resulting Impacts 22 2.4 Framework and Methods for the Analysis of Sea-Level-Rise Impacts 25 2.5 Recent Impacts of Sea-Level Rise 27 2.6 Future Impacts of Sea-Level Rise 30 2.7 Responding to Sea-Level Rise 37 2.8 Next Steps 40 2.9 Concluding Remarks 41 Acknowledgments 43 References 43 3 A First-Order Assessment of the Impact of Long-Term Trends in Extreme Sea Levels on Offshore Structures and Coastal Refineries 52Ralph Rayner and Bev MacKenzie 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Design Considerations 54 3.3 Impact of Long-Term Trends in Extreme Sea Levels 55 3.4 Evaluating the Economic Impact 57 3.5 Conclusions 58 References 59 4 Paleoenvironmental Records, Geophysical Modeling, and Reconstruction of Sea-Level Trends and Variability on Centennial and Longer Timescales 61Kurt Lambeck, Colin D. Woodroffe, Fabrizio Antonioli, Marco Anzidei, W. Roland Gehrels, Jacques Laborel, and Alex J. Wright 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Past Sea-Level Changes 62 4.3 Sea-Level Indicators 73 4.4 Geophysical Modeling of Variability in Relative Sea-Level History 84 4.5 Regional Case Studies 88 4.6 Discussion and Conclusions 95 Acknowledgments 105 References 105 5 Modern Sea-Level-Change Estimates 122Gary T. Mitchum, R. Steven Nerem, Mark A. Merrifield, and W. Roland Gehrels 5.1 Introduction 122 5.2 Estimates from Proxy Sea-Level Records 123 5.3 Estimates of Global Sea-Level Change from Tide Gauges 126 5.4 Estimates of Global Sea-Level Change from Satellite Altimetry 133 5.5 Recommendations 137 Acknowledgments 138 References 138 6 Ocean Temperature and Salinity Contributions to Global and Regional Sea-Level Change 143John A. Church, Dean Roemmich, Catia M. Domingues, Josh K. Willis, Neil J. White, John E. Gilson, Detlef Stammer, Armin Köhl, Don P. Chambers, Felix W. Landerer, Jochem Marotzke, Jonathan M. Gregory, Tatsuo Suzuki, Anny Cazenave, and Pierre-Yves Le Traon 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Direct Estimates of Steric Sea-Level Rise 145 6.3 Estimating Steric Sea-Level Change Using Ocean Syntheses 152 6.4 Inferring Steric Sea Level from Time-Variable Gravity and Sea Level 154 6.5 Modeling Steric Sea-Level Rise 156 6.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 166 Acknowledgments 168 References 168 7 Cryospheric Contributions to Sea-Level Rise and Variability 177Konrad Steffen, Robert H. Thomas, Eric Rignot, J. Graham Cogley, Mark B. Dyurgerov, Sarah C.B. Raper, Philippe Huybrechts, and Edward Hanna 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Mass-Balance Techniques 178 7.3 Ice-Sheet Mass Balance 180 7.4 Mass Balance of Glaciers and Ice Caps 192 7.5 Glacier, Ice-Cap, and Ice-Sheet Modeling 200 7.6 Summary and Recommendations 210 References 214 8 Terrestrial Water-Storage Contributions to Sea-Level Rise and Variability 226P.C.D. (Chris) Milly, Anny Cazenave, James S. Famiglietti, Vivien Gornitz, Katia Laval, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Dork L. Sahagian, John M. Wahr, and Clark R. Wilson 8.1 Introduction 226 8.2 Analysis Tools 229 8.3 Climate-Driven Changes of Terrestrial Water Storage 236 8.4 Direct Anthropogenic Changes of Terrestrial Water Storage 241 8.5 Synthesis 246 8.6 Recommendations 248 References 249 9 Geodetic Observations and Global Reference Frame Contributions to Understanding Sea-Level Rise and Variability 256Geoff Blewitt, Zuheir Altamimi, James Davis, Richard Gross, Chung-Yen Kuo, Frank G. Lemoine, Angelyn W. Moore, Ruth E. Neilan, Hans-Peter Plag, Markus Rothacher, C.K. Shum, Michael G. Sideris, Tilo Schöne, Paul Tregoning, and Susanna Zerbini 9.1 Introduction 256 9.2 Global and Regional Reference Systems 263 9.3 Linking GPS to Tide Gauges and Tide-Gauge Benchmarks 274 9.4 Recommendations for Geodetic Observations 279 Acknowledgments 281 References 281 10 Surface Mass Loading on a Dynamic Earth: Complexity and Contamination in the Geodetic Analysis of Global Sea-Level Trends 285Jerry X. Mitrovica, Mark E. Tamisiea, Erik R. Ivins, L.L.A. (Bert) Vermeersen, Glenn A. Milne, and Kurt Lambeck 10.1 Introduction 285 10.2 Glacial Isostatic Adjustment 290 10.3 Sea Level, Sea Surface, and the Geoid 300 10.4 Rapid Melting and Sea-Level Fingerprints 302 10.5 Great Earthquakes 308 10.6 Final Remarks 311 Acknowledgments 313 References 313 11 Past and Future Changes in Extreme Sea Levels and Waves 326Jason A. Lowe, Philip L. Woodworth, Tom Knutson, Ruth E. McDonald, Kathleen L. McInnes, Katja Woth,Hans von Storch, Judith Wolf, Val Swail, Natacha B. Bernier, Sergey Gulev, Kevin J. Horsburgh, Alakkat S. Unnikrishnan, John R. Hunter, and Ralf Weisse 11.1 Introduction 326 11.2 Evidence for Changes in Extreme Sea Levels and Waves in the Recent Past 327 11.3 Mid-Latitude and Tropical Storms: Changes in the Atmospheric Drivers of Extreme Sea Level 337 11.4 Future Extreme Water Levels 346 11.5 Future Research Needs 357 11.6 Conclusions 361 Acknowledgments 361 References 361 12 Observing Systems Needed to Address Sea-Level Rise and Variability 376W. Stanley Wilson, Waleed Abdalati, Douglas Alsdorf, Jérôme Benveniste, Hans Bonekamp, J. Graham Cogley, Mark R. Drinkwater, Lee-Lueng Fu, Richard Gross, Bruce J. Haines, D.E. Harrison, Gregory C. Johnson, Michael Johnson, John L. LaBrecque, Eric J. Lindstrom, Mark A. Merrifi eld, Laury Miller, Erricos C. Pavlis, Stephen Piotrowicz, Dean Roemmich, Detlef Stammer, Robert H. Thomas, Eric Thouvenot, and Philip L. Woodworth 12.1 Introduction 376 12.2 Sustained, Systematic Observing Systems (Existing Capabilities) 377 12.3 Development of Improved Observing Systems (New Capabilities) 390 12.4 Summary 398 References 400 13 Sea-Level Rise and Variability: Synthesis and Outlook for the Future 402John A. Church, Thorkild Aarup, Philip L. Woodworth, W. Stanley Wilson, Robert J. Nicholls, Ralph Rayner, Kurt Lambeck, Gary T. Mitchum, Konrad Steffen, Anny Cazenave, Geoff Blewitt, Jerry X. Mitrovica, and Jason A. Lowe 13.1 Historical Sea-Level Change 403 13.2 Why is Sea Level Rising? 405 13.3 The Regional Distribution of Sea-Level Rise 408 13.4 Projections of Sea-Level Rise for the 21st Century and Beyond 409 13.5 Changes in Extreme Events 412 13.6 Sea Level and Society 412 References 416 Index 421

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Book SynopsisGroundbreaking book that examines the essential contribution of the social sciences to understanding and conserving biodiversity across the globe Authored by leading scholars at the nexus of social science and biodiversity conservation, Conservation Social Science addresses the growing realization that biodiversity conservation is, at heart, a social phenomenon. Threats to biological diversity are influenced by a wide range of political, economic and cultural factors. The conservation of biodiversity is conceived and carried out by people. Biodiversity conservation is a manifestation of human beliefs and values. Choices about which species and habitats to conserve, how to prioritize efforts, and how to conserve them are inherently social - with consequences not just for wildlife but also human lives and livelihoods. Key topics covered in this thought-provoking text include: An introduction to key social science disciplines and how each field specificallyTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Foreword xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Acronyms xv 1 Introduction: Biodiversity Conservation and the Social Sciences 1Ivan R. Scales, Daniel C. Miller, and Michael B. Mascia 2 Social Science Foundations 21Katie Moon and Deborah Blackman 3 Anthropology and Conservation 49Diane Russell and C. Anne Claus 4 Economics and Conservation 99Stephen Polasky 5 Human Geography and Conservation 139Ivan R. Scales and William M. Adams 6 Political Science and Conservation 185Daniel C. Miller and Arun Agrawal 7 Psychology and Conservation 233Olin Eugene Myers Jr. 8 Sociology and Conservation 289Jennifer Swanson, Steven R. Brechin, and J. Timmons Roberts 9 Conclusion: Toward Better Conversations about Conservation 335Daniel C. Miller, Ivan R. Scales, and Michael B. Mascia Glossary 349 Index 353

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