Earth Sciences, Geography & Environment Books

Book SynopsisLegacy answers one of the most important questions faces us today. What would an economy look like if it were to be sustainable and hence leave the next generation with the capabilities to choose how to live their lives, having addressed the great environmental challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss?Trade Review'This is a powerful argument for valuing future generations which means saving and investing now so as to live sustainably.' David Willetts, President of the Resolution Foundation and author of The Pinch'This is a hugely important book from a powerful thinker and writer. We are living with crumbling infrastructures, decaying social fabrics, excessive pollution and mass biodiversity loss. Our economies are not sustainable. Sir Dieter's sharp observation is that 'what is not sustainable will not be sustained'. Legacy clearly and potently charts a course from dystopia to utopia. If you care about the fate of humanity, you should read this book and recommend it to others.' Cameron Hepburn, Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford'Dieter Helm does not pull his punches in this forthright and powerful book. What is unsustainable can, he insists, not be sustained. To avoid disaster, we must transform how we live. Above all, we must all pay for the maintenance of core natural assets, instead of living well off their destruction. This will demand radical changes in how we live our lives, individually and collectively. Some will assert that the revolution he seeks is impossible. Helm counters that it is inescapable.' Martin Wolf, Financial Times'Helm of Oxford university puts forward a passionate case for moving to a sustainable economy based on the principle that each generation bequeaths a stock of capital - physical and, far more important, natural - as good as what it inherited. To make this approach operational, we should embrace the twin ideas of 'polluter pays' and the 'precautionary principle'. Helm argues that implementing such ideas requires a concept of citizenship. Unfortunately, the challenges of making this idea work globally are daunting.' Martin Wolf, Financial Times - Best Economics Books of 2023'A revolutionary work in several senses.' Edward Lucas, The TimesTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. The next generation; 3. Taking precautions, building resilience; 4. The capitals; 5. Sustainable accounting and the balance sheet; 6. Polluter pays; 7. Public goods and zero marginal costs; 8. Sustainable consumption, deficits and debt; 9. Social justice; 10. Delivering the system plans; 11. A new constitution; 12. Conclusions: it could go either way.

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Book SynopsisIn this thought-provoking book, Deborah Wright examines the role of both space and objects as they become manifest in the psychoanalytic process and looks at how the role of the consulting room in the therapeutic process is both primitive and transferential. Wright explores spatialisation as simultaneously being a psychological projection of meaning and as physically acting upon the environment, utilised to master the undifferentiated, relentless, internal pressure of instinct. Throughout The Physical and Virtual Space of the Consulting Room, she considers the spatial aspects of work with patients by foregrounding the importance of the consulting room and its contents, including the impact of changes of consulting room, travelling, and in working virtually. Illustrated with clinical material and hand-drawn artwork, Wright orients the reader in the new territory by going beyond the existing literature that considers the objects and space of the consulting room solely asTrade Review'Dr Wright has written a remarkable book. She shows that spatial organization is fundamental to structuring experience: outside and inside the consulting room, outside and inside the transference. She bases her profound theory on diverse sources, including Freud’s many drawings, and extensive clinical experience. Her ideas on spatialization will generate new areas of investigation and practice and will evoke a eureka recognition of the unconscious ordering of everyday life.'Karl Figlio, Clinical Associate, British Psychoanalytical Society; Professor Emeritus, University of Essex, UK'Deborah Wright shows us an interesting and somewhat hidden tradition from Freud onwards. The consulting room and indeed all living spaces are given individual meanings by each of us, depending on our individual and cultural experiences. Our Unconscious ‘space’ offers a necessary dimension in addition to the transference to the person of the therapist who inhabits the space. The author provides clinical evidence, as well as cultural, to show how it can be exposed and used.'Dr. R.D. Hinshelwood, Psychoanalyst, and Professor Emeritus, University of Essex, UK'It is a truth universally acknowledged in psychoanalytic/psychodynamic discourse that the consulting room or 'setting', in which clinical work takes place, is of particular importance. Why that should be, beyond what seems 'obvious', however is under-theorised in the literature. Dr Wright rectifies this in her scholarly and accessible book in which she presents clinical observation which advances current theory and practice. She formulates a clear language and terminology to articulate her theory of spatial dynamics, and her own uncanny illustrations add depth to her discourse. The book is a delight to read and essential for teaching and training purposes.'Meg Errington, Psychoanalytic Psychotherapist; British Psychoanalytic Council, UK"This book is ground-breaking and contains an abundance of ideas to seed thinking. What Wright so generously offers here, others will no doubt build upon in their own imaginations, theorizing and clinical practices. It earns a place on our bookshelves." - Catriona Wrottesley, Society of Analytical Psychology and Tavistock RelationshipsTable of Contents1. Introduction and Background: Spatialisation in Spaces and Rooms 2. Sigmund Freud, Spatialisation, and Rooms 3. Spatial Concepts and Formulation of the Room-object Spatial Matrix 4. The Room-object Spatial Matrix in the Physical Space of the Consulting Room Clinical Study 5. Discussion of Findings of the Original Study of the Room-object Spatial Matrix in the Physical Space of the Consulting Room and Implications for Practice 6. The Room-object Spatial Matrix in the Virtual Consulting Room Space 7. Beyond the Consulting Room; Psychosocial Applications of the Room-object Spatial Matrix to E. M. Forster's Post-colonial, Capitalist, Pre-neo-liberal, Queer, and Virtual Rooms and Spaces of his Novels 8. The End Chapter, the End Room-object and Post Room-object Spaces; Conclusions of Clinical and Psychosocial Considerations of the Room-object Spatial Matrix

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Book SynopsisThe Design and Installation Guide for Roof Tiling is the definitive guide to obtaining successful results in pitched roofing construction using clay or concrete tiles. It was written by a team of experts from the Roof Tile Association (RTA) and the National Federation of Roofing Contractors (NFRC), the representative trade associations for pitched roofing. This book is in line with British and European Standards, the latest best site practices and industry recommendations to ensure readers are receiving the most up-to-date and accurate information available in the field.Based on actual teaching practice, this book is highly illustrated throughout to increase the accessibility of the text for the reader in their exploration of the practical aspects of roofing. It also includes an extensive glossary of roofing terms for ease of reference. It brings together a comprehensive collection of the design, material specifications and workmanship requirements to construct a succe

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Book SynopsisEach of the jurisdictions within the United Kingdom is constantly refining the operational characteristics of its planning system and while there are some common practices, there are also substantive divergences. In each territory the planning template is shaped within a dynamic political and legal context and thus students and practitioners require an accessible, in-depth and up-to-date literature dealing with this matter. The multi-disciplinary contributors to this expanded Second Edition of Planning Law and Practice in Northern Ireland explore the progression of planning within the region and discuss prominent facets of contemporary development management, development plans, environmental law, property law and professional practice. Consideration is given to the consequences of Brexit for planning in Northern Ireland, devolved government institutional structures for planning, and the post-2015 emergent performance of local authorities in this arena. The book makes an imporTable of Contents1 The evolving Northern Ireland planning systemStephen McKay and Michael Murray2 Development, planning applications and their determinationStephen McKay and Michael Murray3 Amenity and special forms of development managementStephen McKay and Michael Murray4 Continuity and change in development plansStephen McKay5 The evolution and application of planning enforcementJane McKay and Stephen McKay 6 Developer contributions and 'planning agreements' in Northern IrelandThomas Murphy, John McCord and Michael McCord7 Judicial review in the planning arenaStephen McKay and Michael Murray8 Environmental law in Northern IrelandBrian Jack9 Environmental health, environmental protection and their relationship with spatial planningSean MacIntyre10 Environmental impact assessment and development managementNeil Galway and Stephen McKay11 Planning and renewable energyStephen McKay and Michael Murray12 Planning and placemakingMura Quigley13 Marine spatial planning for Northern Ireland: from fragmentation towards integrationHeather Ritchie, Joseph Onwona Ansong and Wesley Flannery 14 Cross-border spatial planning on the island of IrelandGavan Rafferty15 Equality law, good relations and planningDiane O'Neill and Brendan Murtagh16 Property law and planning in Northern IrelandJohn McCord, Thomas Murphy and Peadar Davis17 Liquor licensing law and planning in Northern IrelandMichael Murray18 Planning and professional practiceGary McGhee, William Orbinson QC, Stephen McKay and Michael Murray

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Book SynopsisHow Democracy Survives explores how liberal democracy can better adapt to the planetary challenges of our time by evolving beyond the Westphalian paradigm of the nation state.The authors bring perspectives from Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and North America, their chapters engaging with the concept of transnational democracy by tracing its development in the past, assessing its performance in the present, and considering its potential for survival in this century and beyond. Coming from a wide array of intellectual disciplines and policymaking backgrounds, the authors share a common conviction that our global institutionsboth governments and international organizationsmust become more resilient, transparent, and democratically accountable in order to address the cascading political, economic, and social crises of this new epoch, such as climate change, mass migration, more frequent and severe natural disasters, and resurgent authoritarianism.This book Table of ContentsIntroduction Part I: The Forgotten Promise of 1945 1. The Other American Dream: The One World Order and Human Rights 2. We Were Once Colonized: Nehru, India and Afro-Asianism at the United Nations 3. The Peaceful Settlement of Disputes and Chapter VI of the UN Charter: Forgotten ‘Cardinal Feature’ of the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals? 4. The Postwar European Integration Process and the Progressive Construction of a Supranational Legal Order 5. Democracy and the Spectacle of Consent: The Forgotten Promise of the United Nations Part II: Globalizing Consent 6. Perceived Inequality and Democratic Support: A Close Analysis from the Asian Barometer Survey 7. Africa, its Diaspora, Transitional Justice, and Global Democracy: Towards a World Parliament 8. ‘World Organization Through Democracy’: Clarence Streit and the Genesis of the Present World Order 9. Current Proposals for Closer Cooperation among Democracies 10. Representation and Participation of Citizens at the United Nations: The Democratic Legitimacy of the UN and Ways to Improve It Part III: Confronting the Anthropocene 11. The Climate Commons and the Survival of Democracy 12. Democracies, Authoritarians, and Climate Change: Do Regime Types Matter? 13. Democracy to Avert Ecocide 14. What Disaster Response Can Teach Us about Democracy in the Anthropocene 15. Democracy in the Age of Automation, Robotics, and Advanced AI Epilogue

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Book SynopsisThis book is packed with bright ideas and practical projects for children aged 4-11 to raise environmental awareness and prompt discussion about climate change. Encouraging children to take charge right from the start, the activities range from creating recycled kites, windsocks, and garden decorations, to upcycling old t-shirts, building minibeast hotels and designing campaigns to eliminate single-use plastics from school. Some can be completed outdoors and some indoors, with each page including photos of the activity in action, plus details of the resources required and steps needed. As well as the main activity, extension ideas are provided, so there is plenty to fill each session. The tried-and-tested activities are themed in three main areas: Eco-friendly practice Recycling and upcycling Connecting with the natural worldWhether you run an eco-club, a craft club or you simply want to facilitate activities on a sustainability theme with childreTrade ReviewEco activities for the present, helping children to learn and be aware for their future. Designed for children, but also tried and tested on them too, and they always say it as it is!Julian Thomas, Headteacher of Georgeham Primary School, the UK's first 'plastic free' schoolI absolutely LOVED this book, the activities are so simple and easy to follow, they make use of ordinary, everyday materials, they promote eco-conscious thinking, and each activity comes with a "Why" - kids love to ask "WHY?"! The most inspiring activity book I have come across by far! (My favourite activity is number 36!).Isobel Mary Champion, Parenting CoachThis book is full of fantastic ideas to support and engage children of all ages and stages in becoming ‘sustainability heroes’ and making a difference to our world in the process. Each page is bursting with activities that are both engaging and easy for supporting adults to set up and manage. Each activity supports the development of critical thinking skills and empowers learners to see that they are never too small to make a difference. An amazing addition to any teacher, parent, or carers wish list.Ashley Forrester, Principal Teacher of ASN, SEND TeacherThis is the book our school has been waiting for! Our pupils recognise themselves as Eco warriors and work in partnership with national organisations to counteract the effects of climate change but what are the things that we can do daily in school and at home that enhances our understanding of these issues? Full of simple and useful activities that not only develop deeper understanding but also fires curiosity and creativity. I can see our children, staff and families adapting so many of these wonderful ideas and adding to them too. Thank you just isn't enough for a Eco small book that will make a huge impact.Sharifa Lee, HeadteacherYou would be hard pushed to find a more practical and easy to access book to enhance your outdoor teaching and learning. Every teacher should buy a copy for inspiration on how to deliver wonderful outdoor learning. It is perfectly timed for the eco agenda schools are heavily investing in and the book is full of wonderful ideas that will support teaching, stir up the creative juices and really get teachers inspired about their curriculum. 100% a must buy. Vivien Watson, Headteacher and Local Leader of Education, Hookstone Chase Primary SchoolTable of ContentsForewordIntroduction Part 1: Eco-friendly practicePart 2: Recycling and upcyclingPart 3: Connect with the natural worldConclusion

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Book SynopsisThis volume examines the impact of and responses to historic earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in the Azores. Study is placed in the contexts of: the history and geography of this fascinating archipelago; progress being made in predicting future events and policies of disaster risk reduction. This is the only volume to consider the earthquake and volcanic histories of the Azores across the whole archipelago and is based, not only on contemporary published research, but also on the detailed study of archival source materials. The authors seek to show how extreme environmental events, as expressed through eruptions, earthquakes and related processes operating in the past may be considered using both complementary scientific and social scientific perspectives in order to reveal the ways in which Azorean society has been shaped by both an isolated location in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean and the ever present threat of environmental uncertainty. Chapter 2, which analyses in dTable of ContentsList of Figures; List of Tables; Preface; Chapter 1: The Azores and the Azoreans; Chapter 2: The Tectonic and Geological Background; Chapter 3: Historical Eruptions and Earthquakes; Chapter 4: Evaluation and Prediction of Hazards; Chapter 5: Coping with Disasters in the Azores; Chapter 6: Conclusion: Developing Policies of Disaster Risk Reduction; Index.

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Book Synopsis***Shortlisted for theArchitectural Book Awards 2024***Thinking Through Twentieth-Century Architecture connects the practice of architecture with its recent history and its theoretical origins those philosophical ideas that lay behind modernism and its aftermath. By analyzing in straightforward and jargon-free language the genesis of modernism and the complex reactions to it, the book clarifies a continuing debate. It has been specifically written to connect issues of theory, history and contemporary practice and to allow students to make these connections easily.This is a history of twentieth-century architecture, written with close critical attention to the theories that lie behind the works described. Importantly, unlike other historical accounts, it does not take sides and urge the reader to identify with one strand of thinking or style of architecture at the expense of others, but it presents a dispassionate view, with persuasive argumenTrade Review"This book is welcome for treating theory and practice together, as the architects of the period did, giving students tackling current concerns a coherent account of the built legacy of twentieth-century architecture and ‘where it all came from’."Harry Charrington, Head of School of Architecture and Cities, University of Westminster"This book is the fruit of a lifetime’s consistent engagement with modern architecture’s moral and aesthetic aims. Nicholas Ray writes with a lucidity and a seriousness of purpose that are much needed amidst the cultural confusion of today."Andrew Saint, author, formerly editor of the Survey of London and historian at Historic England"This book will be welcomed by practicing architects because it stimulates us to look beyond the usual day-to-day preoccupations – describing a philosophical dimension which Ray argues has always accompanied ‘thoughtful buildings’ and which must surely be central in determining our profession’s priorities in the face of unprecedented existential challenges."Ben Zucchi, Principal & Chair of Architecture Profession, BDP"Why were early modern architects so hell-bent on their agenda? Why were reactions to it so passionately debated? What’s with all the manifestos? Why did it all matter so much? Understanding the to-and-fro of twentieth-century modernism is indispensable for anyone wanting to understand architecture today, but navigating its waters requires a gentle, patient and plain-spoken guide. Fortunately, we have Nick Ray for this. A keen observer, a sometime participant and experienced teacher, Ray is the ideal guide for explaining not only the ‘what happened?’ of modern architecture, but more importantly, the ‘why?’ of a movement that ultimately conquered the world."Tom Spector, Oklahoma University, General Editor Journal of the International Society for the Philosophy of Architecture“Weaving between architectural practice and theory, this books explores design through the convictions of their creators….An outline of each architect is provided with a summary of key designs and theories. The book will therefore serve as a useful resource for a wide market, including students…..and if the philosophical approach deters casual audiences, illustrations on almost every page will help.”Alborz Dianat, C20 Magazine"Ray combines short biographies, project descriptions, historical contexts, and a panoply of secondary literature to present readers with the fundamentals of numerous architects’ works, their design principles, the larger architectural culture of their time, and the present relevance of their ideas. An abundance of representative images illustrates each step of the narrative like visual footnotes […] it fulfils its purpose by retelling a familiar story in an abridged and accessible yet intricate and informative way."André Patrão, Drawing MatterTable of ContentsIntroduction 1. A philosophical framework 2. Origins of Modernism – the European picture 3. Fin de siècle Vienna as a paradigm of Modernism 4. The Modernist Canon: the Bauhaus, Le Corbusier and CIAM 5. Positive Scepticism: Alvar Aalto as an alternative modernist 6. Ideals and their representation: Louis Kahn 7. Humanizing Modernism: Team Ten and the Dutch 8. Postmodernism: Irony and Inclusiveness 9. The typological critique 10. Conflicting existential ideals 11. Conclusions – 21st century hindsight Acknowledgements Select bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisIn June 2017, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, and Egypt (the quartet) enacted a diplomatic, economic, and physical blockade of Qatar. Gulf politics has always been fractious, but this stunning political gambit took everyone Qatari leaders, scholars, the international community entirely by surprise. The quartet assailed Qatar with a litany of charges mostly relating to its support of a motley array of sub-state actors across the Middle East. However, few out with the quartet thought that Qatar's purported crimes warranted such a unique and all-encompassing punishment. The blockade ended in January 2021 just as it began out of the blue without any obvious instigating factors.The puzzle of the Gulf blockade and its myriad impacts are examined in this volume, which benefits from certain distance. It builds upon early analyses to offer a range of crisp, insightful reflections, many based on new primary sources. The chapters take a multidisciplinary and diverse theoretical apprTable of ContentsIntroduction, 1. Ontological Security and the Gulf Crisis, 2. Society and State in Post-Blockade Qatar: Lessons for the Arab Gulf Region, 3. Nationalism and Identity in Qatar after 2017: The Narrative of the New National Museum, 4. European Policies Towards the Gulf: Patterns, Dynamics, Evolution, and the case of the Qatar Blockade, 5. The Regional Implications of the Gulf Crisis, 6. The Blockade Against Qatar: A Blessing in Disguise?

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Book Synopsis***Winner ofArchitectural Guide of the Year at theArchitectural Book Awards 2024***The Deck Access Housing Design Guideis the first practical design guide to deck access housing. It focuses on the contemporary use of deck access housing, sharing practical guidance and providing in-depth case studies, while also presenting historical context about this flexible and evolving housing type.Despite a chequered history that saw it linked with urban decay and social malaise in the 1970s and 80s, deck access housing today, after a 40-year hiatus, is fast becoming the default solution for mid-rise housing in the UK, and London in particular. This is in part down to architects' renewed interest in post-war Modernist typologies, but also due to specific planning standards that favour the qualities dual-aspect plans, public' front doors of deck access design.This comprehensive, professional guide spotlights the best contemporary deck access housing Trade Review‘This is a timely book which is both stimulating and informative, and tackles the social and technical challenges of deck access in a pragmatic way. Ultimately, this book shows that deck access can not only work, but also be life-enhancing, as long as thoughtful designers and clients are involved.’Claire Bennie, director, municipal and former development director, Peabody‘The virtues of deck access housing are still a matter for debate, but recent examples gathered in this book show how valuable it can be. With photos, plans and explanatory texts setting out a wide range of case studies, fronted by a historical introduction and backed up with clear analytical guidance on variations of the typology and costing, The Deck Access Housing Design Guide argues convincingly for this solution. Professionals, students and anyone with an interest in contemporary housing will have their eyes opened.’Alan Powers, design history leader, London School of Architecture'Every so often a book appears that just hits all the targets. This is one of them. You might think it a dry subject – deck access housing! – but you would be wrong. A perfect starting place for any architect considering this building type.Olcayto's history of the type is an exemplary piece of writing and research. A book that ranges from excellent history to current design principles, with plenty of well-illustrated examples in between. Wonderful.'Tony McIntryre, Building DesignTable of ContentsIntroduction History Case Studies Types of Deck Access United Kingdom Mainland Europe Practical Guide

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Book SynopsisCrime Prevention: Approaches, Practices, and Evaluations, Eleventh Edition, meets the needs of students and instructors for engaging, evidence-based, impartial coverage of interventions that can reduce or prevent deviance.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1 Crime and the Fear of CrimeProblem of Crime in SocietyCosts of Crime/Victimization Fear of Crime Summary CHAPTER 2 Crime Prevention Crime Prevention through the Ages Defining Crime Prevention Crime Prevention Classifications Alternate Classifications of Crime Prevention CHAPTER 3 Evaluation and Crime Prevention Types of Evaluation Cost–Benefit Evaluations Theory and Measurement in Evaluation The Method for Evaluation An Overview of the Book PART I Primary Prevention CHAPTER 4 The Physical Environment and Crime Prevention Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Implementation of Environmental Design The Impact of Physical Design A Second-Generation CPTED A Third-Generation CPTED Incivility, Disorder, and Crime Summary CHAPTER 5 Community Crime Prevention Types of Community Crime Prevention Approaches Building Guardianship Evaluation of Community Crime Prevention Citizen Participation and Support Problematic Assumptions in Organizing for Crime Prevention Summary CHAPTER 6 The Mass Media and Crime Prevention The Media and Crime Media Crime Prevention Activities Publicity and Prevention The Media’s Responsibility for Crime Prevention Summary CHAPTER 7 Developmental Crime Prevention Background Programs Developmental Concerns Summary CHAPTER 8 General Deterrence Deterrence Requirements for Deterrence The Deterrent Effect of Legal Sanctions Perceptions and Deterrence Summary PART II Secondary Prevention CHAPTER 9 Prediction for Secondary Prevention Predicting Future Offending Structured Professional JudgmentRisk Factors and Prediction Predicting Places and Events Repeat Victimization Implications for Crime Prevention CHAPTER 10 Situational Crime Prevention The Growth of Situational Prevention The Theoretical Basis Situational Typologies Issues and Concerns with Situational Prevention Implementing Situational Prevention Situational Prevention StudiesIssues with Product DesignSummary CHAPTER 11 Displacement and Diffusion Crime Displacement Diffusion Offender Choice and Mobility Evidence of Displacement and Diffusion Implications of Displacement and Diffusion CHAPTER 12 Partnerships for Crime Prevention Community Policing Problem Identification Partnership Efforts and Assessment Problems and Concerns Successful Partnerships Summary CHAPTER 13 Substance Use, Crime, and Crime Prevention The Scope of Drug Use The Drugs–Crime Connection Interventions and Prevention Drugs and Crime Prevention CHAPTER 14 The School and Crime Prevention Crime and Victimization in Schools School Contributions to Antisocial Behavior Responses to In-School Victimization Police and Security MeasuresSchool Programs for Delinquency Prevention The Future of School/Educational Programs in Crime Prevention PART III Tertiary Prevention CHAPTER 15 Specific Deterrence and Incapacitation The Specific Deterrent Effect of Criminal Sanctions Incapacitation Future Implications CHAPTER 16 Rehabilitation The "What Works?" Argument Evaluations of Rehabilitation Programs Assessing Rehabilitation and Crime Prevention CHAPTER 17 Some Closing Thoughts on Crime Prevention and the Future The State of the Evidence Improving Our Knowledge Recognizing the Diversity in Crime Prevention Crime Prevention Policy Summary

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Book SynopsisThis book is designed as an undergraduate text for water and environmental engineering courses and as preliminary reading for postgraduate courses in water and environmental engineering- including introductory coverage of irrigation and drainage, water resources, hydrology, hydraulic structures, and more. The text and exercises have been classroom tested by undergraduate water and environmental engineering students and are augmented by material prepared for extramural short courses. It covers basic concepts of agricultural irrigation and drainage, including planning and design, surface intakes, economics, environmental impacts wetlands, and legal issues.Features: Numerous illustrations throughout to clarify the concepts presented Examines and compares the advantages and disadvantages of several methods of irrigation practice Explains the integral components including pumps, filters, piping, valves, and more <

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Book SynopsisImpact Investing for a Sustainable Planet guides investors in supporting entrepreneurs to scale business models which maximize positive impact outcomes, including climate- and nature-based solutions. EcoEnterprises Fund is a long-standing leader in the impact investing industry, which helps advance sustainable entrepreneurial ventures and promote environmental stewardship in Latin America. Following on from their previous book, Portfolio for the Planet, Tammy E. Newmark and Michele A. Pena take stock of EcoEnterprises Fund's processes and partnerships over two decades and three impact funds. They detail the unique strategies employed by the Fund to invest in expanding sectors such as regenerative agriculture, agroforestry, bio-innovation, and climate tech. Close analysis of the investment processes and company engagements offers practical takeaways, ranging from tips on structuring transactions to guidance on enhancing companies' environmental and social managTable of Contents1. Introduction – Two decades of monumental shifts 2. Evolution of EcoEnterprises Fund: From proof to convention. 3. Nature-based solutions: Path to a sustainable future 4. Management of a portfolio at scale 5. Catalyzing enduring sustainable businesses 6. Impact investing for the next generation

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Book SynopsisThis book is a celebration of the humble gudgeon, the angler's favourite 'tiddler'. This much-loved little fish is long overdue a little book all of its own. Scientist, author and broadcaster Dr Mark Everard tells tales about the biology of the gudgeon, gudgeon fishing, and the diverse social quirks and values of this most popular of little fishes.Table of ContentsIntroduction. What is a gudegeon? Gudgeon fishing. Gudgeon and people. Gudgeon bibliography.

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Book SynopsisThis volume focuses on mining and the challenges for this industry as it transitions and evolves as the demand for products and responsible and sustainable mining ever increases.Mining is a prerequisite for modern society, yet the industry is often criticized for having many negative environmental and social impacts. The volume explores the challenges, controversies and responses that arise when a society is reliant on the products of mining to maintain their standard of living, yet are simultaneously calling for the implementation of sustainable practices, with many communities also being resistant to mining activities taking place in their own location. Many transitions which present a solution to one problem can often lead to new issues and developments elsewhere. For example, the electrification of vehicles will help to mitigate climate change, but this will simultaneously increase the demand for minerals required for batteries. The acceptance of, or resistance to, mining varies from location to location and across different scales, with key factors relating to the social and environmental impacts and the economic benefits. One common tension revolves around whether local communities really benefit economically from mining activities, and even if they do, they could now be negatively impacted by the digitization of the industry which will naturally lead to a reduction in the number of jobs. This volume explains how transitions of these types are inextricably linked by demand, acceptance and the perception of benefits, and that as the industry evolves, more tensions and controversies will develop.This book will be of great interest to scholars and students of mining and the extractive industries, transitions and sustainable development, as well as to professionals working in natural resource management.

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Book SynopsisGeographical information systems (GIS) are powerful tools for reporting on the environment, natural resources and social and economic development; modelling the environmental, biophysical, social and economic processes; assessing environmental and social impacts; evaluating environmental, social and economic policies and actions and dissimilating spatial information. Geographical Information Systems: A Practical Approach provides the fullest available introduction to GIS and their environmental, social and economic applications. This new edition has been substantially revised and updated to incorporate the key developments in GIS technology and spatial data science and their applications that have taken place in recent years.The key features include: A comprehensive coverage of concepts, methods, techniques and tools in GIS for spatial data capturing, processing, visualisation, analysis, modelling and decision-making Incorporation of advanced machine

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Book SynopsisDialogues between Psychoanalysis and Architecture explores the multisensory space of therapy, real or virtual, and how important it is in providing the container for the therapeutic relationship and process.This book is highly original in bringing psychoanalysis and architecture together and highlighting how both disciplines strive to achieve transformation of our psychic space. It brings together contributions that comprise three parts: the first explores the space of the consulting room through the senses to examine issues such as smell and its link with memory and belonging, hearing out the Other, the psychoanalytic couch, the medical therapy room and the so-called sixth sense; secondly, the book questions how the consulting room can represent or be redesigned to reflect the philosophy that underlies the therapy process, foregrounding an architectural point of view; and thirdly, the book attends to the significance of the consulting room as a virtual space, as it emTrade Review'I cannot recall the last time that I encountered such a truly original book. Drawing upon her training in both mental health and, also, anthropology, Dr. Christina Moutsou has curated a deeply compelling collection of essays by talented writers, who transport us on an engaging tour of the consulting room through the senses. I only wish that I had absorbed all of this wisdom decades ago when I rented my very first consulting room! This volume should be required reading for psychoanalytical trainees and practitioners of ever age and shape and size.' Brett Kahr, professor; senior fellow at the Tavistock Institute of Medical Psychology, London; visiting professor of psychoanalysis and mental health at Regent's University, London; and honorary director of research, Freud Museum, London'How does the physical and sensory space of the consulting room impact on the psychic space that develops within psychoanalysis? And in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, how does the use of the virtual therapy room change or facilitate analytic work? Christina Moutsou is to be congratulated on providing us with a wonderfully original and stimulating book that addresses these and other timely questions. With the help of distinguished contributors from the fields of both psychoanalysis and architecture, she has created a fascinating dialogue between disciplines that are too rarely considered together.' Rosemary Rizq, Ph.D., CPsychol, AFBPs, FHEA, Professor Emerita of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, University of Roehampton, London, UK'This book comes as an extraordinary gift to let us reconsider the complex relationships between imagining and creating spaces, the senses, and the process of crafting a psychoanalytic mind. Even in the face of pain and loss, emerging from the bound and the ordered allows us to claim unanticipated freedom in the fragility and vitality of the senses to retrieve the spontaneity of wonder, shift the drivenness of the mind, and achieve growth.' Emmanouil Manakas, Ph.D., psychoanalytic psychotherapist, North Hellenic Psychoanalytic SocietyTable of ContentsIntroduction Part One: The Relational Space of the Consulting Room Through the Senses 1. In the Beginning is Smell: The Sense of Belonging and Remembering and the Impact of its Loss in Psychotherapy 2. Hearing Other Voices: The Ear as the Eye of Invisible Class Discrimination 3. Touching Nostalgia and Regret When Lying to Tell the Truth on the Couch 4. The Therapy Consulting Room in a Medical Setting as Experienced Through the Senses 5. Unfurling Ariadne's Thread: Psychic Connections and the Engagement of the 'Sixth Sense' in the Consulting Room Part Two: Dialogues Between Architecture and Psychoanalysis 6. On the Architect's Couch: Elective Affinities Between Architecture and Psychoanalysis 7. Dialogues Between Architecture and Psychotherapy: Revisiting Four Consulting Rooms Part Three: The Online Consulting Room During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond 8. The Screen Therapy Room: Real Flowers in a Digital Vase 9. Sensual Deprivation and Therapy During the Covid-19 Pandemic 10. Observing and Consulting in Digital Aquariums

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Book SynopsisThis book presents fresh ways of thinking about the future for all those involved in conceiving, planning, designing, funding, constructing, occupying and managing the built environment, to face the challenges, and grasp the opportunities, that lie ahead over the next few decades. Four major themes form the basis of the volume:(1)  Future Awareness and a New Sense of Place.(2)  Global Governance and Anticipatory Leadership. (3) Innovation, Reform and Exemplars. (4) Urban Planning and Real Estate Transformations. Within these structural themes are a diverse range of ''Discourses'' addressing many of the big questions and driving forces that face us, together with a proposed methodology (Strategic Foresight) and an array of practical illustrations viewing what can be done today whether by organisations, individuals, cities or communities to positively shape a preferred future and manipulate us towards achieving it. It will be important reTable of ContentsPreface Exordium (Spirit of the Work). Humankind 2050: Built Environment Challenges. A personal reflection by Prof John RatcliffeTHEME ONE: Future Awareness and a New Sense of Place Discourse 1: 'Imagine Ahead - Plan Backwards': The Art and Science of Strategic ForesightDiscourse 2: The 'Big Questions': A Cosmos of UncertaintyDiscourse 3: The Premium of PlaceDiscourse 4: Cultural Heritage Futures Discourse 5: Post-pandemic: Disruptions, Aftershocks and OpportunitiesTHEME TWO: Global Governance and Anticipatory LeadershipDiscourse 6: Can the World Be Governed?Discourse 7: A New Sense of the Commons.Discourse 8: The Pantheon of Public-Private Partnership.Discourse 9: Anticipatory Leadership and Fostering Deliberative DemocracyDiscourse 10: China and the World: A Changing RelationshipTHEME THREE: Innovation, Reform and ExemplarsDiscourse 11: Whither Work and the Workplace?Discourse 12: Reconceptualising Higher Education Discourse 13: Enterprise and EntrepreneurshipDiscourse 14: Critical Infrastructure and Global MegaprojectsDiscourse 15: Health, Well-Being and HappinessTHEME FOUR: Urban Planning and Real Estate TransformationsDiscourse 16: Smart Cities and Smart Property MarketsDiscourse 17: The 'Great Land Question'Discourse 18: Transforming the Professions of the Built EnvironmentDiscourse 19: Values and ValuationIndex

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the tools, the methods, and the theory to meet the challenges of contemporary data science applied to geographic problems and data. In the new world of pervasive, large, frequent, and rapid data, there are new opportunities to understand and analyze the role of geography in everyday life. Geographic Data Science with Python introduces a new way of thinking about analysis, by using geographical and computational reasoning, it shows the reader how to unlock new insights hidden within data.Key Features:?       Showcases the excellent data science environment in Python.?       Provides examples for readers to replicate, adapt, extend, and improve.?       Covers the crucial knowledge needed by geographic data scientists.It presents concepts in a far more geographic way than competing textbooks, covering spatial data, mapping, and spatial sTrade Review"The geospatial Python ecosystem is evolving rapidly, and until now there has been no one-stop reference for the geospatial programmer on data I/O, spatial analysis, and geovisualization. I will use this book in my teaching and will also recommend it to students as a book to keep on the shelf and use as a supplement to other courses, for independent projects, and for their future careers. I don't think there is anything quite like it in the market."-Professor Lee Hachadoorian, Temple University"Geographic Data Science with Python is an essential resource for data scientists looking to extend their skills into the geographic domain and for geographers looking to add data science skills. The book's approach achieves a highly effective balance between introducing theoretical concepts and applying them to practical examples. The book also serves as a guide to the modern open source spatial Python stack. The accompanying interactive Jupyter notebooks are great resources for running what-if scenarios to extend the concepts introduced in the book and for getting started with new projects. If you want to understand the unique properties of spatial data and how to apply them in creative ways using Python, this book is a must have."- David C. Folch, Associate Professor, Northern Arizona University"Three things will stand out after taking a close look at this book. First, the authors present a timely book that is like an encyclopedia of the emerging field of geographic data science. This book will aspire geographers with what data science can do in helping them answer questions with spatial data, and data scientists in providing critical spatial and methodological contexts of the data. For this reason, this book provides what the seemingly countless tutorials out there in the digital cloud cannot do: a wholistic view of the landscape that may often be daunting to grasp by both communities. Second, the core of this book comes from years of intensive software development of the authors. Their experience (and hard work) has made reading this book a treasure hunt -- not necessarily the challenging sort because you can find good stuff everywhere you turn. Lastly, this is an "open" book because of the Jupyter notebooks associated with this book that are ready to use and, more importantly, to extend to new problems and applications. Because of these features, this book transcends a traditional GIS textbook or how-to tech book and is highly recommended for anyone wishing to understand geographic data."- Ningchuan Xiao, Professor, The Ohio State UniversityTable of ContentsPart 1. Building Blocks 1. Geographic thinking for data scientists 2. Computational Tools for Geographic Data Science 3. Spatial Data 4. Spatial Weights Part 2. Spatial Data Analysis 5. Choropleth Mapping 6. Global Spatial Autocorrelation 7. Local Spatial Autocorrelation 8. Point Pattern Analysis Part 3. Advanced Topics 9. Spatial Inequality Dynamics 10. Clustering & Regionalization 11. Spatial Regression 12. Spatial Feature Engineering

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Book SynopsisThis new second edition of Geographical Thought remains a clear and accessible introduction to the key ideas and figures in human geography. A renewed focus on climate justice is layered throughout the book segueing into a new chapter on decolonizing geography. Each of the chapters have been refreshed using the latest scholarship in the field, cutting-edge theory and contemporary case studies. From animal geographies to Black Geographies, the current text is brimming with new theories, concepts and ideas.Across three distinctive parts ('Geographical Foundations', 'Geography at the Intersections' and 'Plural and Relational Geographies'), this book provides an essential introduction to the theories that have shaped the study of societies and space. Opening with an exploration of the founding concepts of human geography in the Nineteenth-Century academy, Nayak and Jeffrey examine the range of theoretical perspectives that have emerged within human geography over the las

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Book SynopsisMember states of the European Union often label themselves as the world's top Green Leaders. Air Protection in the European Union Member States examines the EU members'' air protection policies by taking into consideration wider political, social, and economic perspectives.The book is divided into four chapters, each focusing on different aspects of the European Union''s environmental policies and the member states'' air protection efforts: Green and Smart The Development of the European Union's Environmental Policies, Ever Cleaner Union and the Air Protection Concept, Trends of Air Pollution in the European Union Comparative Perspective, and In-Depth Case Studies. These chapters provide a comparative approach to emerging emission trends within the European Union, paying particular attention to key events spanning 20202023, such as the implementation of the Green Deal, the reinterpretation of the meaning of public health caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the strat

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Book SynopsisCombining innovative social theory with ongoing policy discussions on climate change, this book analyzes past and present efforts at challenging global poverty through reforming the dynamics of worldwide agricultural production.Focusing on the efforts of the World Bank and CGIAR research centers, particularly through research and projects that have been launched by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Climate-Smart to Climate-Justâ exposes how neoliberal principles of limited government and individual entrepreneurship have expanded through the development of Climate-Smart Agriculture. At the same, an alternative - Climate-Just Agricultureâ â is becoming possible as rightwing populists have disrupted international free trade orthodoxy, and social movement demands for food sovereignty gain traction in key international spaces. As Pahnke explains in this innovative account, Climate-Just Agriculture includes structural changes to free trade agreements that would build from local and regional food systems to make them resilient in the face of the adverse effects of climate change. This resiliency, moreover, allows marginalized groups the capacity to create and participate in markets that allow for greater self-sufficiency as they push back on colonialism and imperialism.Written in a clear and accessible style, this book will be essential reading to students and scholars of sociology, environmental studies, and politics, as well as policymakers and professionals involved with climate change policy and the agriculture and food industry.

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The new and updated eighth edition of Political Geography once again shows itself fit to tackle a frequently and rapidly changing geopolitical landscape. It retains the intellectual clarity, rigour, and vision of previous editions based upon its world-systems approach and is complemented by the perspective of feminist geography. The book successfully integrates the complexity of individuals with the complexity of the world-economy by merging the compatible, but different, research agendas of the co-authors.This edition explores political geography within the context of USâChina competition, Russiaâs war with Ukraine, global climate change, new technologies, and challenges to democracy. It advances the discussion from the previous editions on the dynamics of the capitalist world-economy and the constant tension between the global scale of economic processes and the territorialization of politics in the current context of geopolitical change. The chapters have been updat

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding and Implementing Environmental Public Policies provides a comprehensive overview of the complex subject of environmental policies. It engages readers in critical thinking on topics related to environmental policy while enabling them to learn common technical terminology and consider the application of environmental policy in Europe.The complex dynamics of global environmental policies and the pressing challenges of the climate emergency are becoming increasingly prominent in todayâs landscape. This book aims not only to examine how we can govern the environment but also to explore and understand the complexity of the challenges posed by its current state, and looks to reconstruct a European framework of reference. The book critically focuses on environmental issues and identifies the numerous actors involved, analyzing their actions and retracing the policy cycle (formulation-decision making-implementation-evaluation) in an attempt to outline a path that can be applied to environmental policies.As a practical guide, Understanding and Implementing Environmental Public Policies is intended for students enrolled in university courses or masterâs programs dedicated to environmental public policy and politics, as well as for practitioners exploring different perspectives in the analysis of public policies.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a comprehensive summary of research on tropical cyclone variability at various time scales, from intraseasonal and interannual to interdecadal and centennial. It covers the fundamental theory, statistics and numerical modelling techniques used when considering climate variability in relation to tropical cyclone activity. Major climate oscillations including the Madden-Julian, El Niño, Atlantic Meridional Mode, and Pacific Decadal oscillations are covered, and their impacts on tropical cyclone activity in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans are discussed. Hurricane landfalls in the United States, Caribbean and East Asia are also considered. Climate models and numerical simulations are used to show how prediction models of tropical cyclones are developed, while looking to the future, particular attention is paid to predicting how tropical cyclones will change in response to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases. This book ideal for researchers and practitioners in aTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Climate Variability Part I: Intraseasonal Oscillation; 3. Climate Variability Part II: Interannual to Interdecadal Variability; 4. Climate Variability and Tropical Cyclones; 5. Subseasonal to Seasonal Tropical Cyclone Prediction; 6. Extreme Typhoon Rainfall Under Changing Climate; 7. Future Tropical Cyclone Projections; Abbreviations Used; Index.

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Book SynopsisBiostatistics with R provides a straightforward introduction on how to analyse data from the wide field of biological research, including nature protection and global change monitoring. The book is centred around traditional statistical approaches, focusing on those prevailing in research publications. The authors cover t-tests, ANOVA and regression models, but also the advanced methods of generalised linear models and classification and regression trees. Chapters usually start with several useful case examples, describing the structure of typical datasets and proposing research-related questions. All chapters are supplemented by example datasets, step-by-step R code demonstrating analytical procedures and interpretation of results. The authors also provide examples of how to appropriately describe statistical procedures and results of analyses in research papers. This accessible textbook will serve a broad audience, from students, researchers or professionals looking to improve their Trade Review'We will never have a textbook of statistics for biologists that satisfies everybody. However, this book may come closest. It is based on many years of field research and the teaching of statistical methods by both authors. All useful classic and advanced statistical concepts and methods are explained and illustrated with data examples and R programming procedures. Besides traditional topics that are covered in the premier textbooks of biometry/biostatistics (e.g. R. R. Sokal & F. J. Rohlf, J. H. Zar), two extensive chapters on multivariate methods in classification and ordination add to the strength of this book. The text was originally published in Czech in 2016. The English edition has been substantially updated and two new chapters 'Survival Analysis' and 'Classification and Regression Trees' have been added. The book will be essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students, professional researchers, and informed managers of natural resources.' Marcel Rejmánek, Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USATable of Contents1. Basic statistical terms, sample statistics; 2. Testing hypotheses, goodness-of-fit test; 3. Contingency tables; 4. Normal distribution; 5. Student's T distribution; 6. Comparing two samples; 7. Nonparametric methods for two samples; 8. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal–Wallis test; 9. Two-way analysis of variance; 10. Data transformations for analysis of variance; 11. Hierarchical ANOVA, split-plot ANOVA, repeated measurements; 12. Simple linear regression: dependency between two quantitative variables; 13. Correlation: relationship between two quantitative variables; 14. Multiple regression and general linear models; 15. Generalised linear models; 16. Regression models for nonlinear relationships; 17. Structural equation models; 18. Discrete distributions and spatial point patterns; 19. Survival analysis; 20. Classification and regression trees; 21. Classification; 22. Ordination; Appendix 1. First steps with R software.

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Book SynopsisThis book documents the present state of wildlife on a global scale, using a taxonomic approach. It is an essential guide for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in conservation biology and natural resource management, and academics and professionals involved in conservation.Table of Contents1. Introduction and the evolution of life on earth Norman Maclean; 2. Flowering plants Sara Oldfield and Lauren Gardiner; 3. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes; Spore-bearing land plants Mary Gibby; 4. Terrestrial mammals Alexis M. Mychajliw; 5. Marine mammals: exploited for millennia, but still holding on Alexis M. Mychajliw and Thomas A. Jefferson; 6. Birds Tristram Allinson; 7. Reptiles Philip Bowles; 8. Amphibians Phillip J. Bishop † , Sally Wren, Ariadne Angulo and Richard A. Griffiths; 9. Freshwater fishes: threatened species and threatened waters on a global scale Peter B. Moyle and Robert A. Leidy; 10. The amazing yet threatened world of marine fishes Mark A. Hixon and Brian W. Bowen; 11. Insects Manu E. Saunders, Simon Leather †, Jenni Stockan and David Yeates; 12. Marine invertebrates Alex David Rogers, Patricia Miloslavich, David Obura and Octavio Aburto-Oropreza; 13. Non-insect terrestrial arthropods Gonzalo Giribet; 14. Terrestrial invertebrates other than arthropods and molluscs Gonzalo Giribet; 15. Non-marine Molluscs Robert H. Cowie, Benoît Fontaine and Philippe Bouchet; 16. An account of the diversity and conservation of fungi and their close relatives Gregory Mueller and Jessica L. Allen; 17. Simple life forms Norman Maclean; 18. Assessing species conservation status: the IUCN red list and green status Molly Grace; 19. Problems with the world`s ecosystems Matt W. Hayward; 20. Conservation methods and successes Norman Maclean; 21. What does the future hold for our planet and its wildlife? Norman Maclean; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis Element examines how the discourses on adaptation finance of many developing country negotiators, environmental groups, development charities, academics and international bureaucrats have renewed a specific vision of aid intended to respond to international injustices and to fuel a regular transfer of resources between rich and poor countries.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Climate Impacts: External or Internal Causes?; 3. Moral Duty: Distributive or Corrective Justice?; 4. Allocation: Liberal or Perfectionist Perspective?; 5. Evaluation: Deontological or Consequentialist Attitude?; 6. General Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisMuch of the current rhetoric surrounding climate change focuses on the physical changes to the environment and the resulting material damage to infrastructure and resources. Although there has been some dialogue about secondary effects (namely mass migration), little effort has been given to understanding how rapid climate change is affecting people on group and individual levels. In this Element, we examine the psychological impacts of climate change, especially focused on how it will lead to increases in aggressive behaviors and violent conflict, and how it will influence other aspects of human behavior. We also look at previously established psychological effects and use them to help explain changes in human behavior resulting from rapid climate change, as well as to propose actions that can be taken to reduce climate change itself and mitigate harmful effects on humans.Table of ContentsIntroduction; The Climate Change – Violence Model; The Direct Effects of Heat on Cognition and Behavior: Route 1; Indirect Effects of Climate Change on Aggression and Violence; What Solutions are There?; Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisThis book critiques responses to the Covid pandemic in the Majority World, leading to construction of better, more just approaches for adapting to the climate crisis going forward. It will be valuable for social science students and researchers, policymakers, and anyone interested in inequality and vulnerability in developing countries.Table of Contents1. Portrait of a grief; 2. Collapsing dominoes; 3. Vulnerabilities amplified; 4. Walled world; 5. Obscene opulence; 6. Climate nationalism; 7. Toggling the system; 8. Decluttering consumption; 9. Confronting neoliberalism; 10. Ceasing arrogance; 11. Making amends; 12. Collective solidarities; 13. Decolonising from within; 14. Indigenous epistemology; 15. Communicating risks; 16. The hubris of control; 17. Mobilising the 3.5%; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisIntroducing Physical Geography, 6th Edition is known for its clear writing, distinctive photos and illustrations and a strong supplements program. The text continues its tradition as a great book to help non-science readers visualize and understand earth processes and learn the basic language of physical geography.Table of ContentsIntro Pt 1: Introducing Physical Geography Intro Pt 2: Tools of Physical Geography Chapter 1 The Earth as a Rotating Planet Chapter 2 The Earth’s Global Energy Balance Chapter 3 Air Temperature Chapter 4 Atmospheric Moisture and Precipitation Chapter 5 Winds and the Global Circulation Chapter 6 Weather Systems Chapter 7 Global Climates Chapter 8 Biogeographic Processes Chapter 9 Global Biogeography Chapter 10 Global Soils Chapter 11 Earth from Inside Out Chapter 12 Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes Chapter 13 Weathering and Mass Wasting Chapter 14 Fresh Water of the Continents Chapter 15 Landforms Made by Running Water Chapter 16 Landforms Made by Waves and Wind Chapter 17 Glacial Landforms and the Ice Age App 1 Climate Definitions and Boundaries App 2 Conversion Factors App 3 Topographic Map Symbols

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Book SynopsisThis book is designed for first- and second-year university students (and their instructors) in earth science, environmental science, and physical geography degree programmes worldwide. The summaries at the end of each section constitute essential reading for policy makers and planners. It provides a simple but masterly account, with a minimum of equations, of how the Earth's climate system works, of the physical processes that have given rise to the long sequence of glacial and interglacial periods of the Quaternary, and that will continue to cause the climate to evolve. Its straightforward and elegant description, with an abundance of well chosen illustrations, focuses on different time scales, and includes the most recent research in climate science by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It shows how it is human behaviour that will determine whether or not the present century is a turning point to a new climate, unprecedented on Earth in the last Table of ContentsForeword xiii Acknowledgements xv About the companion website xvii Introduction 1 PART I: THE CLIMATE ENGINE OF THE EARTH: ENERGY 5 1. Why are there many different climates on Earth? 7 2. Different climates . . . such diversity of life 11 2.1. The different climates on Earth 11 2.2. Climates, biomes and biodiversity 13 2.3. Climate and society 17 3. From a patchwork of climates to an average climate 19 3.1. Temperature and thermal equilibrium 19 3.2. The average temperature of the Earth’s surface 21 3.3. Precipitation 24 3.4. Wind 25 3.5. Three major items in energy consumption 26 4. The global mean climate 27 4.1. The Sun, source of energy 27 4.2. The energy equilibrium at the Earth’s surface 28 5. Atmosphere and ocean: key factors in climate equilibrium 33 5.1. Driving forces 34 5.2. The atmosphere 34 5.3. The oceans 42 5.4. Heat transport from the Equator to the poles 51 Part I: Summary 53 Part I: Notes 54 Part I: Further reading 54 PART II: MORE ON THE ENERGY BALANCE OF THE PLANET 55 6. Thermal radiation, solar and terrestrial radiation 57 6.1. Thermal radiation from a black body 57 6.2. The laws of black]body radiation 58 6.3. Solar and terrestrial radiation 59 7. The impact of the atmosphere on radiation 61 7.1. Scattering and reflection 61 7.2. Absorption by a gas – the cut]off approximation 62 7.3. Absorption of solar and terrestrial radiation by atmospheric gases 64 7.4. Direct transfer by the atmosphere 68 7.5. Major atmospheric constituents involved in radiative transfer 69 8. Radiative transfer through the atmosphere 73 8.1. Three radiative mechanisms that heat or cool the Earth’s surface 73 8.2. The greenhouse effect 78 8.3. Radiative transfer: the roles of the different constituents 83 8.4. The radiation balance of the Earth 86 9. The energy balance 87 9.1. The energy balance at the surface of the Earth in the single]layer model 87 9.2. The Earth’s energy balance at equilibrium 89 9.3. The impact of human activity 91 9.4. The present unbalanced global energy budget 91 10. Climate forcing and feedback 93 10.1. Climate forcing 93 10.2. Feedbacks 95 10.3. Climate sensitivity 98 11. Climate modelling 99 11.1. The Energy Balance and Radiative–Convective Models 99 11.2. Three-dimensional Atmosphere Global Circulation Models 101 11.3. Three-dimensional models: ever-increasing refinements 103 11.4. Climate models – what for? 104 Part II. Summary 105 Part II. Notes 106 Part II. Further reading 107 PART III: THE DIFFERENT CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE 109 12. The choice of approach 111 13. The Sun’s emission 115 13.1. The impact on the climate 115 13.2. How emission varies 115 13.3. What are the consequences? 117 14. The position of the Earth with respect to the Sun 119 14.1. An overview 119 14.2. Irradiance, determined by orbital parameters 120 14.3. Changes in obliquity: the impact on the seasons 120 14.4. Changes in the Earth’s orbit and eccentricity: the impact on the Earth–Sun distance 122 14.5. Precession of the axis of rotation: the impact on the Earth–Sun distance at different seasons 124 14.6. Changes in irradiance 127 15. The composition of the atmosphere 129 15.1. The effect on the climate: the mechanism 129 15.2. How the composition has changed, and why 130 15.3. What are the consequences? 133 16. Heat transfer from the Equator to the poles 135 16.1. The impact on the climate: the mechanism 135 16.2. How and why can the transfer vary? 135 16.3. What are the consequences? 136 17. Oscillations due to ocean–atmosphere interactions 137 17.1. The impact on the climate: the mechanism 137 17.2. The El Niño Southern Oscillation and trade wind fluctuations 138 17.3. The North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations 142 Part III. Summary 145 Part III. Notes 146 Part III. Further reading 147 PART IV: LEARNING FROM THE PAST … 149 18. Memory of the distant past 151 18.1. Over billions of years … 151 18.2. The past tens of millions of years: slow cooling 152 18.3. The entry of Northern Hemisphere glaciations 156 19. Since 2.6 million years ago: the dance of glaciations 161 19.1. The archives of the dance 161 19.2. The glacial–interglacial cycles 168 19.3. Glacials and interglacials: very different climate stages 169 19.4. Glacials and interglacials: similar but never identical 173 19.5. Abrupt climate changes in the last climate cycle 174 20. Glacial–interglacial cycles and the Milankovitch theory 181 20.1. The leading role of the Northern Hemisphere 182 20.2. Seasonal irradiance, the key parameter in Quaternary glaciations 182 20.3. Two types of configuration 183 20.4. The climate in the past 250,000 years 184 20.5. Glacials and interglacials: similar situations, never identical 188 20.6. The energy budget: radiative forcing and feedback 189 21. The glaciation dance: consequences and lessons 191 21.1. The impact on life of glacial–interglacial cycles 191 21.2. Lessons to be drawn 196 21.3. When will the next glaciation come? 198 22. The past 12,000 years: the warm Holocene 201 22.1. The Holocene 201 22.2. Deciphering climate changes during the Holocene 202 22.3. Slow changes in irradiance (Timescale 1: millennia) 203 22.4. Slow cooling at middle and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere 203 22.5. Strong monsoon in the Early Holocene: the ‘Green Sahara’ episode 206 22.6. Solar fluctuations (Timescale 2: centuries) 214 22.7. The Holocene and the birth of agriculture and animal husbandry 222 23. Global and regional fluctuations (Timescale 3: decades) 225 23.1. From global … 226 23.2. … to regional: the North Atlantic Oscillation 229 23.3. The Sun, the other source of change 230 24. Future warming and past climates 231 24.1. The global ‘hot flush’ of 55 million years ago 231 24.2. Three million years ago 233 24.3. Warmer periods in the past 2 million years? 233 Part IV. Summary 235 Part IV. Notes 236 Part IV. Further reading 239 PART V: CLIMATE CHANGE IN RECENT YEARS 241 25. Recent climate change 243 25.1. Changes in temperature 243 25.2. Changes in precipitation, water vapour and extreme events 249 25.3. An overview of the past few decades 255 25.4. The impact of global warming: the key issue 255 26. The impact of global warming on the cryosphere 257 26.1. Sea ice, the ‘canary’ of our planet 257 26.2. Changes in glaciers 261 26.3. Ice]sheet changes 264 26.4. Changes in frozen soils 267 26.5. Freeze]up and snow cover 271 27. The impact of warming on the ocean 273 27.1. Change in sea level 274 27.2. Regional changes in ocean salinity 278 27.3. Is deep ocean circulation slowing? 279 27.4. Changes in dissolved carbon dioxide and ocean acidification 280 27.5. In summary: consistency over the globe 283 28. The impact of warming on the biosphere 285 28.1. Ongoing changes 285 28.2. Oceans 286 28.3. Land 289 28.4. Portents of dysfunction 295 29. Warming in the 20th century: natural or human]induced? 297 29.1. The carbon cycle prior to the industrial era 298 29.2. The impact of human activity on the carbon cycle 305 29.3. Changes related to human activity 310 29.4. Natural causes: solar and volcanic activity 313 29.5. An overview of all the causes: the major role of human activity 314 Part V. Summary 320 Part V. Notes 321 Part V. Further reading 322 PART VI: CLIMATE IN THE 21ST CENTURY: DIFFERENT SCENARIOS 323 30. Two key factors 325 30.1. Greenhouse gas emissions 325 30.2. Population growth 328 31. Projections: economic scenarios and climate models 329 31.1. Successive steps in a projection 329 31.2. Climate models 331 32. Simulations: a survey 333 32.1. Long]term scenarios 333 32.2. IPCC 2007 scenarios for the 21st century 336 32.3. IPCC 2013 scenarios for the 21st century 339 33. Future warming and its consequences 343 33.1. Global warming 343 33.2. The water cycle and precipitation 344 33.3. Extreme events 347 33.4. Snow and ice 347 33.5. The sea level 348 33.6. Ocean acidification 349 33.7. Climate predictions: what degree of confidence? 350 33.8. In summary, the future is already with us 354 34. The choice 355 34.1. Can future warming be counteracted naturally? 355 34.2. Which choice of scenario? 356 34.3. Global warming: no more than 2°C 360 34.4. The ‘Triple Zero’ challenge 360 35. Climate change in the present state of the planet 363 35.1. Environmental degradation 363 35.2. Depletion of energy resources 364 35.3. Inexorable world population growth? 364 35.4. A new type of development? 364 Part VI. Summary 366 Part VI. Notes 367 Part VI. Further reading 368 Conclusion 369 References 373 Index 383

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