Earth Sciences, Geography & Environment Books

Book SynopsisShows the solid geology. Details of overlying drift deposits may be omitted or shown only in outline.

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Book SynopsisShows the bedrock and superficial geology together as 'under-foot' geology.

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Book SynopsisShows the bedrock and superficial geology together as 'under-foot' geology.

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Book SynopsisIn Bridgwater & the River Parrett, Rod Fitzhugh presents an invaluable record of the heyday of trade on the river when the prosperity of much of Somerset was dependent on access to the sea. From 1200 to 1971 when Bridgwater Docks finally closed, the river was a trading route for cargo. Early wooden craft, then schooners, ketches, other tall-masted ships, and finally steamships, made Bridgwater a leading industrial centre with high employment for ship building as well as brick- and tile-making. Imports, from wine to coal as needs changed through the centuries, ensured the wealth of the area, only declining with the development of the railways. The clanking of cranes was silenced, and the wooden pillars against which the ships had moored at the wharves, slowly sank in the mud. From the Bristol Channel through Burnham-on-Sea, Highbridge, Combwich, Dunball, Bridgwater, Somerset Bridge, Burrowbridge and finally into Langport, this fascinating selection of photographs, comprising the work

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Book SynopsisDiscover the joys of keeping The Biotime Log! Biotime, or biological time, runs at a very different pace and rhythm to human time. It can be observed by recording events in the natural world. These can be as varied as the day the first spring bulb opens, the last frost before summer, or the first sighting of a species of bird or insect in a new habitat. These events can be part of a larger natural rhythm, like the turning of the seasons, or an indicator of slow changes in an ecosystem, like unusual weather patterns or an increase of average temperatures. This helps gardeners, nature watchers. On a larger scale, we can also reflect on our own biological rhythms relating to the waxing and waning of the moon and the seasons and beyond! The Biotime Log provides a sound introduction to biotime and how to keep your own log. This is useful for: *Gardeners to plan new plantings and crops protection *Nature lovers to record natural rhythms like the annual migration of birds *Ecologists to log new volunteer species in the local ecosystem *For health and wellbeing, to record our own biological rhythms relating to the waxing and waning of the moon and the seasons. Beautifully illustrated, this ready-made book in which you can note your day-to-day observations will last for years. There are no days or years, just the dates of each month with two days allocated to each page. This allows you to record events by first adding the year at the beginning of each of your entries. Over time you build a picture that you can refer to year on year to compare your observations. Create your own fascinating record of your local environment and its rhythms and mysteries! Your observation will deepen your connection with the natural world around you, your understanding of its cycles, and your appreciation of your local ecosystems.

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Book SynopsisA radical, yet accessible, new theory of the origins and future of the universe by two of the world's leading cosmologistsTrade ReviewA very readable tale of scientific investigation * DAILY EXPRESS *

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Book SynopsisThe go-to single source of information on urban birds of preyUrban Raptors is the first book to offer a complete overview of urban ecosystems in the context of bird-of-prey ecology and conservation. This comprehensive volume examines the urban environment, explains why some species adapt to urban areas but others do not, and introduces modern research tools to help in the study of urban raptors. It delves into climate change adaptation, human-wildlife conflict, and the unique risks birds of prey face in urban areas before concluding with real-world wildlife management case studies and suggestions for future research and conservation efforts.Among researchers, urban green space planners, wildlife management agencies, birders, and informed citizens alike, Urban Raptors will foster a greater understanding of birds of prey and an increased willingness to accommodate them as important members, not intruders, of our cities.

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Book SynopsisAn eminent krill scientist takes us on a journey through the dark, icy world of krill.Krill. It’s a familiar word that conjures oceans, whales, and swimming crustaceans. Scientists say they are one of most abundant animals on the planet. But few can accurately describe krill or explain their ecological importance. Eminent krill scientist Stephen Nicol wants us to know more about these enigmatic creatures and how we can protect them as Antarctic ice melts. This engaging account takes us to the Southern Ocean to learn firsthand the difficulties and rewards of studying krill in their habitat. From his early education about the sex lives of krill in the Bay of Fundy to a krill tattoo gone awry, Nicol uses humor and personal stories to bring the biology and beauty of krill to life.

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Book Synopsis`The whole hive is really pervaded by the life of love. The individual bees relinquish love but develop it instead throughout the hive. And so we start to understand bee existence if we recognize that the bee lives in an air, an atmosphere, that is entirely impregnated with love.’ From time immemorial, human culture has been fascinated by bees. Mythic pictures and writings tell of our close affinity and connection with these complex creatures, as well as the inestimable value of honey and wax. In recent years, bees have come to prominence again in the media, with reports of colony collapse and the wholesale demise of bee populations, forcing us to awaken to the critical role they play in human existence. Rudolf Steiner’s unique talks reveal the hidden wisdom at work in bee colonies. Speaking in Switzerland in 1923, in response to concerns from beekeepers amongst his local workforce, Steiner delivered a series of addresses whose multi-layered content, structure and wording is unparalleled. In The World of Bees, editor Martin Dettli, a longstanding beekeeper, uses Steiner’s seminal bee lectures as the main framework of the book, augmenting them with further relevant passages from Steiner’s collected works. Dettli also provides substantial commentaries on the texts, placing them within the context of contemporary beekeeping. This new anthology is an essential handbook for anyone interested in beekeeping or the indispensable work that bees do for humanity. It features chapters on the origins of bees, human beings and beekeeping, the organism of the hive, the social qualities of bees, their relationship with wasps and ants, plants and elemental beings, the efficacy of honey, bee venom, as well as scientific aspects such as silica and formic acid processes and a critique of modern beekeeping.

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Book SynopsisIn the growing debate over eco-friendly living, it seems that everything is as bad as everything else. Do you do more harm by living in the country or the city? Is it better to drive a thousand miles or take an airplane? In NO IMPACT MAN, Colin Beavan tells the extraordinary story of his attempt to find some answers - by living for one year in New York City (with his wife and young daughter) without leaving any net impact on the environment. His family cut out all driving and flying, used no air conditioning, no television, no toilets. . .They went from making a few concessions to becoming eco-extremists. The goal? To determine what works and what doesn''t, and to fashion a truly ''eco-effective'' way of life. Beavan''s radical experiment makes for an unforgettable and humorous memoir in an attempt to answer perhaps the most important question of all: What is the sufficient individual effort that it would take to save the planet? And what is stopping us?Trade ReviewFrom their first baby steps (no takeout) to their giant leap (no toilet paper), the Beavan s' experiment in ecological responsibility was a daunting escapade in going green . . . So fervent as to make Al Gore look like a profligate wastrel, Beavan's commitment to the cause is, nonetheless, infectiously inspiring and uproariously entertaining * BOOKLIST ‘With thorough research, Beavan updates his blog (noimpactman.com) with convincing statistical evidence, while discovering new ways to reduce consumption and his family’s environmental footprint . . . An inspiring, persuasive argument that indivi *KIRKUS REVIEWS * ‘Beavan captures his own shortcomings with candor and wit and offers surprising revelations . . . [Readers] will mull over his thought-provoking reflections and hopefully reconsider their own lifestyles’ *PUBLISHERS WEEKLY * ‘No Impact Man is a deeply honest and riveting account of the year in which Colin Beavan and his wife attempted to do what most of us would consider impossible. What might seem inconvenient to the point of absurdity instead teaches lessons that all of us *Marion Nestle, author of WHAT TO EAT * ‘Colin Beavan has the disarming and uniquely remedial ability to make you laugh while he's making you feel like a swine, and what's more, to make you not only want to, but to actually do something, about it’ *

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Book SynopsisÖtzi the iceman could not do without wood when he was climbing his Alpine glacier, nor could medieval cathedral-builders or today's construction companies. From time immemorial, the skill of the human hand has developed by working wood, so much so that we might say that the handling of wood is a basic element in the history of the human body. The fear of a future wood famine became a panic in the 18th century and sparked the beginnings of modern environmentalism. This book traces the cultural history of wood and offers a highly original account of the connection between the raw material and the human beings who benefit from it. Even more, it shows that wood can provide a key for a better understanding of history, of the pecularities as well as the varieties of cultures, of a co-evolution of nature and culture, and even of the rise and fall of great powers. Beginning with Stone Age hunters, it follows the twists and turns of the story through the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution to the global society of the twenty-first century, in which wood is undergoing a varied and unexpected renaissance. Radkau is sceptical of claims that wood is about to disappear, arguing that such claims are self-serving arguments promoted by interest groups to secure cheaper access to, and control over, wood resources. The whole forest and timber industry often strikes the outsider as a world unto itself, a hermetically sealed black box, but when we lift the lid on this box, as Radkau does here, we will be surprised by what we find within. Wide-ranging and accessible, this rich historical analysis of one of our most cherished natural resources will find a wide readership.Trade Review"Wood is masterful scholarship. I recommend it with admiration."Environmental History"An ambitious feat which has been very well researched and nicely written. It is an academic cover-to-cover read, but Radkau's enthusiasm for the subject and accessible delivery will draw readers in; it has the potential to appeal to the general reader as well as the academic."Newsletter of the Institute of Environmental Sciences "Both entertaining and informative - highly recommended."The Forestry Chronicle"Radkau's scholarship is of the highest quality, indeed impeccable. His main argument, that wood is a material of fundamental importance in history, is well-supported and compelling. This book will appeal not only to undergraduate and graduate students in history and Environmental studies: it will also attract a wide general readership, comparable to Mark Kurlansky's books Cod and Salt and even Nathan Lewis' Gold in terms of potential popular appeal."Don Hughes, University of Denver "Joachim Radkau has set the agenda in German forest history for a generation. At last, one of his major works on this theme is available in translation. English-speaking historians should sit up and take notice: their world will look different after reading Radkau's work."Paul Warde, University of East Anglia"A rich, engaging, and important history of one of the most important of all the materials used by human societies."David Christian, Macquarie University "This book traces the cultural history of wood and offers a highly original account of the connection between the raw material and the human beings who benefit from it� Wide-ranging and accessible, this rich historical analysis of one of our most cherished natural resources will find a wide readership." Expo FairsTable of ContentsAcknowledgements vii Introduction: Praising Wood, Caring for Wood, Splitting Wood – and a Historical Synthesis 1 Chapter 1 Paths into the Thicket of History 13 1 The ‘Wood Age’ 14 2 Man and Forest: Stories and History 28 3 Wood and Historical Change 34 Chapter 2 Middle Ages and Early Modern Period: Maximum Exploitation and the Beginnings of Sustainability 56 1 Medieval Society and the Limits of the Forest 57 2 Timber Becomes a Commodity 70 3 Large- Scale Firewood Consumption and the First Wave of Forest Ordinance 92 Chapter 3 From the Apogee of the ‘Wood Age’ to the Industrial Revolution 135 1 Reform, Revolution and the Wood Economy 136 2 The ‘Spectre of Shortage’: Did the Timber Trade Face Catastrophe? 156 3 The Forest: From Living Space to Capital 172 4 Wood Consumers: Economies in the Home and Outside 205 5 Rollback 228 Chapter 4 Wood in the High Industrial Age: Degradation and Rebirth 239 1 The Forest as an Economic Factor 240 2 Technological Revolution in the Timber Industry 256 3 Fissile Material and Bonding Agent: Forest and Wood in the Eco- Age 276 Chapter 5 Global Prospects and Contrasts 294 1 Lessons from Asia 295 2 Conflicts and (Ostensible) Solutions 318 3 Looking Back to the Future: Six Spotlights on the History of Forest and Wood 324 Postscript: The Mystery of Certificates, or, Sustainable Forestry versus Greenwashing 327 Wood Talk 330 References and Bibliography 340 Index 376

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgement xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Periglacial Concept: Definitions and Scope 1 1.2 The Periglacial Realm 5 1.3 The Development of Periglacial Geomorphology 5 1.4 Periglacial Geomorphology: The Quaternary Context 7 2 Periglacial Environments 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Periglacial Climates 11 2.3 Soils in Periglacial Environments 17 2.4 Vegetation Cover in Periglacial Environments 18 2.5 Synthesis 20 3 Ground Freezing and Thawing 23 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Ground Heating and Cooling 23 3.3 Soil Freezing 28 3.4 Ice Segregation in Freezing Soils 32 3.5 Thaw Consolidation 37 3.6 Synthesis 38 4 Permafrost 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Permafrost Thermal Regime 40 4.3 Classification of Permafrost 43 4.4 Detection, Mapping and Modelling of Permafrost 44 4.5 Permafrost Distribution 46 4.6 Permafrost–glacier Interactions 53 4.7 The Geomorphic Importance of Permafrost 54 5 Ground Ice and Cryostratigraphy 57 5.1 Introduction 57 5.2 Genetic Classification of Ground Ice 57 5.3 Description of Ground Ice 62 5.4 Ice Contacts 66 5.5 Cryostratigraphy 67 5.6 The Transition Zone 69 5.7 Massive Ground Ice 72 5.8 Yedoma 76 6 Thermal Contraction Cracking: Ice Wedges and Related Landforms 81 6.1 Introduction 81 6.2 Thermal Contraction Cracking and Polygon Evolution 81 6.3 Ice Veins and Ice Wedges 84 6.4 Ice]wedge Polygons 87 6.5 Sand Veins and Sand Wedges 89 6.6 Composite Veins and Composite Wedges 90 6.7 Sand]wedge Polygons 90 6.8 Frost Cracking of Seasonally Frozen Ground 91 6.9 Thaw Modification of Frost Wedges 91 6.10 Frost]Wedge Pseudomorphs and Frost Polygons in Areas of Past Permafrost 92 7 Pingos, Palsas and other Frost Mounds 97 7.1 Introduction 97 7.2 Characteristics of Pingos 97 7.3 Hydrostatic Pingos 99 7.4 Hydraulic Pingos 101 7.5 Pingo Problems and Problem Pingos 104 7.6 Segregation Ice Mounds: Palsas, Lithalsas and Related Landforms 105 7.7 Palsas 106 7.8 Peat Plateaus 109 7.9 Lithalsas 109 7.10 Permafrost Plateaus 111 7.11 Other Permafrost Mounds 111 7.12 Ephemeral Frost Mounds 112 7.13 Relict Permafrost Mounds 113 8 Thermokarst 117 8.1 Introduction 117 8.2 Thermokarst Lakes and Drained Lake Basins 118 8.3 Thermokarst Pits, Bogs and Fens 131 8.4 Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 132 8.5 Small]scale Thermokarst Features: Beaded Streams, Sinkholes and Thermokarst Gullies 136 8.6 Sediment Structures associated with Thermokarst 138 8.7 Relict Thermokarst Phenomena 139 9 Seasonally Frozen Ground Phenomena 143 9.1 Introduction 143 9.2 Upfreezing of Clasts 143 9.3 Frost Heave of Bedrock 145 9.4 Patterned Ground: The Embroidery on the Landscape 145 9.5 Patterned Ground Processes 147 9.6 Sorted Patterned Ground 148 9.7 Nonsorted Patterned Ground 155 9.8 Cryoturbations 161 9.9 Pedogenic Effects of Freezing and Thawing 164 9.10 Fragipans 166 9.11 Synthesis 167 10 Rock Weathering and Associated Landforms 169 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 Physical Weathering Processes 169 10.3 Chemical Weathering Processes 177 10.4 Biotic Weathering Processes 180 10.5 Weathering Processes in Periglacial Environments 180 10.6 Cold]climate Karst 181 10.7 Tors 182 10.8 Blockfields and Related Periglacial Regolith Covers 185 10.9 Brecciated Bedrocks 192 11 Periglacial Mass Movement and Hillslope Evolution 195 11.1 Introduction 195 11.2 Solifluction Processes 195 11.3 Solifluction Landforms 204 11.4 Pleistocene Solifluction Landforms and Slope Deposits 210 11.5 Active]layer Failures 213 11.6 Permafrost Creep 215 11.7 Nivation 217 11.8 Cryoplanation 220 11.9 Slope Form and Slope Evolution 222 12 Talus Slopes and Related Landforms 225 12.1 Introduction 225 12.2 Rockfall Talus 225 12.3 The Geomorphic Role of Snow Avalanches 234 12.4 Debris]flow Activity 237 12.5 Rock Glaciers 240 12.6 Pronival (Protalus) Ramparts 248 12.7 Synthesis 250 13 Fluvial Processes and Landforms 253 13.1 Introduction 253 13.2 Periglacial Hydrology 253 13.3 Slopewash 259 13.4 Slushflows 261 13.5 Sediment Transport in Periglacial Rivers 261 13.6 Bank and Channel Erosion 263 13.7 River Channels 266 13.8 Alluvial Landforms in Periglacial Environments 268 13.9 Valley Form 270 13.10 Pleistocene Periglacial Rivers 271 13.11 Synthesis 273 14 Wind Action 275 14.1 Introduction 275 14.2 Aeolian Processes 275 14.3 Wind Erosion in Present Periglacial Environments 276 14.4 Aeolian Deposits in Present Periglacial Environments 279 14.5 Quaternary Aeolian Deposits 288 14.6 Synthesis 297 15 Periglacial Coasts 299 15.1 Introduction 299 15.2 The Nature of Periglacial Coasts 299 15.3 The Role of Ice in Shoreline Evolution 301 15.4 Ice]rich Permafrost Coasts 303 15.5 Thermokarst Coasts 305 15.6 Barrier Coasts 306 15.7 Salt Marshes and Tidal Flats 308 15.8 Rock Coasts 308 15.9 Raised and Inherited Shorelines 309 15.10 Lake Shorelines 310 15.11 Synthesis 311 16 Past Periglacial Environments 313 16.1 Introduction 313 16.2 Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction Based on Periglacial Features 314 16.3 Past Periglacial Environments of the British Isles 322 16.4 Pre]Late Devensian Periglacial Features in the British Isles 323 16.5 The Dimlington Stade in the British Isles 325 16.6 The Younger Dryas (Loch Lomond) Stade in the British Isles 329 16.7 Past Periglacial Environments of the British Isles: Commentary 332 16.8 Late Weichselian Periglacial Environments in Continental Europe 332 16.9 Late Wisconsinan Periglacial Environments in North America 341 16.10 Permafrost Extent in the Northern Hemisphere During the Last Glacial Stage 344 16.11 Concluding Comments 346 17 Climate Change and Periglacial Environments 349 17.1 Introduction 349 17.2 Permafrost Degradation 352 17.3 Geomorphological Implications of Climate Change in the Circumpolar North 356 17.4 Geomorphological Implications of Climate Change in High Mountain Environments 363 17.5 Climate Change, Permafrost Degradation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 369 17.6 Conclusion 371 Appendix: Text Abbreviations, Units and Symbols Employed in Equations 373 References 375 Index 441

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Book SynopsisA look at what it takes for animals to live at the edges of existence. Each chapter of this book takes readers on a different journey to remote environs and in chase of an understanding of the species that live there.

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Book SynopsisSoil Erosion and Conservation provides a comprehensive treatment of the processes of soil erosion, the methods that can be used for their control, and the issues involved in designing and implementing soil conservation programmes. Features of the third edition of this internationally recognised textbook include: New material on gully erosion, tillage practices, erosion risk assessment, use of erosion models, incentives for farmers and land users, and community approaches to erosion control Updated sections on the mechanics of wind erosion, soil erodibility, use of vegetation in erosion control, traditional soil conservation measures, socio-economic issues and the role of government Describes the methods used to assess the risk of erosion and predict rates of soil loss Outlines the social, economic, political and institutional constraints on implementing soil protection measures Trade Review"Overall, this is a well written and logically structured book that will be of great value to advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying soil erosion issues." Teaching Earth Sciences "...a key text in its field providing us with considerable substance to understand and teach this topic." TENews, 14 June 2005 "...builds on the success of the two previous successful editions. These have long been the mainstay for students of soil erosion and conservation. The Book states, 'a thorough understanding of the processes of erosion and their controlling factors is a prerequisite for designing erosion control measures on a sound scientific basis wherever they are needed. The aim of producing a text with a global perspective on research and practice is also retained"...) The book does admirably achieve its mission and is written in a clear and comprehensible style." European Society for Soil Conservation Newsletter, August 2005 "...an...admirable text built on the author's 35 years of research and teaching. The book is intended for both undergraduates and postgraduates studying soil erosion and conservation as parts of courses in agriculture, engineering and various branches of geography and environmental science. It is likely also to remain a valuable companion for them as they move into professional roles as conservation officers, civil and agricultural engineers and environmental consultants the world over. If you fall into any of these classess then buy it...I strongly recommend it." European Journal of Soil Science, November 2005 "The book is clearly organized and well-written...The material helps both students and practitioners to learn and enhance their knowledge on erosion control and soil conservation practice...this is a fine book that can only be recommended further." Environmental Geology, June 2006 "The third edition of this internationally recognized textbook will be invaluable to upper-level and graduate students." Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment "Professor Roy Morgan's third edition of Soil Erosion and Conservation is an authoritative, well-researched and accessible contribution to the study of soil erosion and its control." Environmental Conservation Table of ContentsForeword vii Preface ix 1 Soil erosion: the global context 1 Box 1. Erosion, population and food supply 9 2 Processes and mechanics of erosion 11 Box 2. Initiation of soil particle movement 42 3 Factors influencing erosion 45 Box 3. Scale and erosion processes 65 4 Erosion hazard assessment 67 Box 4. Upscaling detailed field surveys to national surveys 93 5 Measurement of soil erosion 95 Box 5. Sediment budgets 113 6 Modelling soil erosion 116 Box 6. Uncertainty in model predictions 149 7 Strategies for erosion control 152 Box 7. Planning a soil conservation strategy 172 8 Crop and vegetation management 175 Box 8. Selecting vegetation for erosion control 197 9 Soil management 200 Box 9. Tillage erosion 210 10 Mechanical methods of erosion control 212 Box 10. Laying out terraces and waterways 241 11 Implementation 244 Box 11. Land Care 254 12 The way ahead 257 References 262 Acknowledgements 297 Index 299

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Book SynopsisTransforming Travel combines stories from leading companies, interviews with pioneers and thinkers, along with thorough analysis of the industry's potential to make lasting, positive change. - A unique collection of case studies and stories of the most successful, inspirational, impactful and innovative travel businesses in the world. - A vital presentation of the latest research and statistics on the positive impacts and potential of transformative, sustainable tourism, - A positive and realistic vision of the scope of tourism to promote sustainable development at a time when travel and interaction with foreign cultures is facing numerous existential challenges. Written in a highly engaging style Transforming Travel presents an urgent argument for transforming tourism so it might reach its potential to promote tolerance, restore communities and regenerate habitats, while providing a vital guide for anyone looking to develop the successful sustainable tourism enterprises and destinations needed to do so.Table of Contents1: Introduction 2: The Transformative Hotel 3: Transforming Travel Experiences 4: Transforming Places 5: Transforming Transport 6: Transforming Communication 7: Conclusion: Transforming Tourism 8: Further Reading

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Book SynopsisLimitations of Linear Regression Applied on Ecological Data.- Things are not Always Linear; Additive Modelling.- Dealing with Heterogeneity.- Mixed Effects Modelling for Nested Data.- Violation of Independence Part I.- Violation of Independence Part II.- Meet the Exponential Family.- GLM and GAM for Count Data.- GLM and GAM for AbsencePresence and Proportional Data.- Zero-Truncated and Zero-Inflated Models for Count Data.- Generalised Estimation Equations.- GLMM and GAMM.- Estimating Trends for Antarctic Birds in Relation to Climate Change.- Large-Scale Impacts of Land-Use Change in a Scottish Farming Catchment.- Negative Binomial GAM and GAMM to Analyse Amphibian Roadkills.- Additive Mixed Modelling Applied on Deep-Sea Pelagic Bioluminescent Organisms.- Additive Mixed Modelling Applied on Phytoplankton Time Series Data.- Mixed Effects Modelling Applied on American Foulbrood Affecting Honey Bees Larvae.- Three-Way Nested Data for Age Determination Techniques Applied to Cetaceans.- GLTrade ReviewFrom the reviews:"For many people dealing with statistics is like jumping into ice-cold water. This metaphor is depicted by the cover of this book … . full of excellent example code and for most graphs and analyses the code is printed and explained in detail. … Each example finishes with … valuable information for a person new to a technique. In summary, I highly recommend the book to anyone who is familiar with basic statistics … who wants to expand his/her statistical knowledge to analyse ecological data." (Bernd Gruber, Basic and Applied Ecology, Vol. 10, 2009)"This book is written in a very approachable conversational style. The additional focus on the heuristics of the process rather than just a rote recital of theory and equations is commendable. This type of approach helps the reader get behind the ‘why’ of what’s being done rather than blindly follow a simple list of rules.… In short, this text is good for researchers with at least a little familiarity with the basic concepts of modeling and who want some solid stop-by-stop guidance with examples on how common ecological modeling tasks are accomplished using R." (Aaron Christ, Journal of Statistical Software, November 2009, Vol. 32)"The authors succeed in explaining complex extensions of regression in largely nonmathematical terms and clearly present appropriate R code for each analysis. A major strength of the text is that instead of relying on idealized datasets … the authors use data from consulting projects or dissertation research to expose issues associated with ‘real’ data. … The book is well written and accessible … . the volume should be a useful reference for advanced graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, and experienced professionals working in the biological sciences." (Paul E. Bourdeau, The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol. 84, December, 2009)“This is a companion volume to Analyzing Ecology Data by the same authors. …It extends the previous work by looking at more complex general and generalized linear models involving mixed effects or heterogeneity in variances. It is aimed at statistically sophisticated readers who have a good understanding of multiple regression models… .The pedagogical style is informal… . The authors are pragmatists—they use combinations of informal graphical approaches, formal hypothesis testing, and information-theoretical model selection methods when analyzing data. …Advanced graduate students in ecology or ecologists with several years of experience with ‘messy’ data would find this book useful. …Statisticians would find this book interesting for the nice explorations of many of the issues with messy data. This book would be (very) suitable for a graduate course on statistical consulting—indeed, students would learn a great deal about the use of sophisticated statistical models in ecology! …I very much liked this book (and also the previous volume). I enjoyed the nontechnical presentations of the complex ideas and their emphasis that a good analysis uses ‘simple statistical methods wherever possible, but doesn’t use them simplistically.’” (Biometrics, Summer 2009, 65, 992–993)“This book is a great introduction to a wide variety of regression models. … This text examines how to fit many alternative models using the statistical package R. … The text is a valuable reference … . A large number of real datasets are used as examples. Discussion on which model to use and the large number of recent references make the book useful for self study … .” (David J. Olive, Technometrics, Vol. 52 (4), November, 2010)Table of ContentsLimitations of linear regression applied on ecological data. - Things are not always linear; additive modelling. - Dealing with hetergeneity. - Mixed modelling for nested data. - Violation of independence - temporal data. - Violation of independence; spatial data. - Generalised linear modelling and generalised additive modelling. - Generalised estimation equations. - GLMM and GAMM. - Estimating trends for Antarctic birds in relation to climate change. - Large-scale impacts of land-use change in a Scottish farming catchment. - Negative binomial GAM and GAMM to analyse amphibian road killings. - Additive mixed modelling applied on deep-sea plagic bioluminescent organisms. - Additive mixed modelling applied on phyoplankton time series data. - Mixed modelling applied on American Fouldbrood affecting honey bees larvae. - Three-way nested data for age determination techniques applied to small cetaceans. - GLMM applied on the spatial distribution of koalas in a fragmented landscape. - GEE and GLMM applied on binomial Badger activity data.

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Book SynopsisThis book outlines the creative process of making environmental management decisions using the approach called Structured Decision Making. It is a short introductory guide to this popular form of decision making and is aimed at environmental managers and scientists. This is a distinctly pragmatic label given to ways for helping individuals and groups think through tough multidimensional choices characterized by uncertain science, diverse stakeholders, and difficult tradeoffs. This is the everyday reality of environmental management, yet many important decisions currently are made on an ad hoc basis that lacks a solid value-based foundation, ignores key information, and results in selection of an inferior alternative. Making progress in a way that is rigorous, inclusive, defensible and transparent requires combining analytical methods drawn from the decision sciences and applied ecology with deliberative insights from cognitive psychology, facilitation and negoTrade Review"I recommend this book to anyone who must function at the interface between environmental science and decision making. Even if you do not have the opportunity to implement the full structured decision-making process, it will give you a better idea of how to think about your role and those of the other parties. The authors write clearly and forcefully." (Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management (IEAM)), 1 October 2012) "I highly recommend the groundbreaking and very accessible book Structured Decision Making: A Practical Guide to Environmental Management Choices by Robin Gregory, Lee Failing, Michael Harstone, Graham Long, Tim McDaniels, Dan Ohlson, to anyone in resource management, risk analysis, land use planning, industry leadership, environmental NGOs, facilitation and negotiation, government, policy making, academia, and undergraduate or graduate studies who is seeking a clear and concise approach to developing workable solutions to even the most challenging environmental problems." (Blog Business World, 13 August 2012)Table of ContentsForeword vii Preface ix 1 Structuring Environmental Management Choices 1 2 Foundations of Structured Decision Making 21 3 Decision Sketching 47 4 Understanding Objectives 69 5 Identifying Performance Measures 93 6 Incorporating Uncertainty 122 7 Creating Alternatives 150 8 Characterizing Consequences 173 9 Making Trade-Offs 208 10 Learning 239 11 Reality Check: Implementation 262 12 Conclusion 282 Index 289

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Book SynopsisFiscal crises have cascaded across much of the developing world with devastating results, from Mexico to Indonesia, Russia and Argentina. The extreme volatility in contemporary economic fortunes seems to mock our best efforts to understand the forces that drive development in the world economy.David Harvey, the single most important geographer writing today and a leading social theorist of our age, offers a comprehensive critique of contemporary capitalism. In this fascinating book, he shows the way forward for just such an understanding, enlarging upon the key themes in his recent work: the development of neoliberalism, the spread of inequalities across the globe, and 'space' as a key theoretical concept.Both a major declaration of a new research programme and a concise introduction to David Harvey's central concerns, this book will be essential reading for scholars and students across the humanities and social sciences.Trade ReviewHarvey is a scholarly radical; his writing is free of journalistic clichés, full of facts and carefully thought-through ideas. -- Richard SennettDavid Harvey provoked a revolution in his field and has inspired a generation of radical intellectuals. -- Naomi Klein, author of No Is Not Enough and This Changes Everything

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Book SynopsisIn 2006 Abu Dhabi launched an ambitious project to construct the world’s first zero-carbon city: Masdar City. In Spaceship in the Desert Gökçe Günel examines the development and construction of Masdar City''s renewable energy and clean technology infrastructures, providing an illuminating portrait of an international group of engineers, designers, and students who attempted to build a post-oil future in Abu Dhabi. While many of Masdar''s initiatives—such as developing a new energy currency and a driverless rapid transit network—have stalled or not met expectations, Günel analyzes how these initiatives contributed to rendering the future a thinly disguised version of the fossil-fueled present. Spaceship in the Desert tells the story of Masdar, at once a “utopia” sponsored by the Emirati government, and a well-resourced company involving different actors who participated in the project, each with their own agendas andTrade Review"Spaceship in the Desert is the fascinating story of a 'zero-carbon eco-city' that demonstrates the stark difference between vision and reality. . . . Günel’s first-hand reportage is insightful and objective." -- Barry Silverstein * Foreword Reviews *"The book is not only a rich ethnographic description of Masdar in all of its intricacies, but also a larger reflection on how global risks are framed according to the beliefs and situated actions of various interest groups." -- Gerardo del Cerro Santamaría * International Journal of Urban and Regional Research *"The global climate crisis is serious, but Günel shows that our attempts to tackle it are less so. . . . Our contemporary moral mess, from the GCC to Massachusetts, can be seen all too clearly through the pages of Günel’s account." -- Deen Sharp * Public Books *"Günel’s deft ethnographic sensibilities and creatively designed fieldwork further distinguish her contributions to anthropological studies of climate change, governance, knowledge production, infrastructure, materialism, and futurity more broadly. . . . Through fascinating and critical ethnographic descriptions, Günel offers a piercing glimpse into the front-lines of global climate change action." -- Gebhard Keny * Ethnos *"Spaceship in the Desert is a timely contribution to a growing field of anthropological scholarship on energy. . . . This book has the potential to attract readers from across the social sciences, not just within anthropology. The richness of ethnographic detail drawn in connection with the work of key thinkers may satisfy some readers." -- Idalina Baptista * Anthropological Quarterly *"Compelling and thought-provoking. . . . Günel encourages us as academics and as persons to rethink, renegotiate, and recreate our imaginations of the future through climate change technologies that do not preserve the status quo, but rather, alter it in the present." -- Hai Ri (Sophia) Jeon * Anthropology Book Forum *“[Günel’s] brilliant ethnography of Masdar reminds us of the limits of the third pilot of Spaceship Earth—the market.... Günel’s study also shows how the scope of climate change demands administrative bodies beyond corporations and states.” -- Troy Vettese * Viewpoint Magazine *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments vii Introduction. The Soul of Carbon Dioxide 1 Part I. Knowledge 1. Inhabiting the Spaceship 37 2. Beautiful Buildings and Research Contracts 65 Part II. Technology 3. Ergos: A New Energy Currency 101 4. An Expensive Toy 127 Part III. Governance 5. Subsurface Workings 157 Epilogue. The Potential Futures of Abu Dhabi's Masdar 183 Notes 199 References 237 Index 249

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Book SynopsisReviews the latest advances in biofuel manufacturing technologies and discusses the deployment of other renewable energy for transportation Aimed at providing an interface useful to business and scientific managers, this book focuses on the key challenges that still impede the realization of the billion-ton renewable fuels vision. It places great emphasis on a global view of the topic, reviewing deployment and green energy technology in different countries across Africa, Asia, South America, the EU, and the USA. It also integrates scientific, technological, and business development perspectives to highlight the key developments that are necessary for the global replacement of fossil fuels with green energy solutions. Green Energy to Sustainability: Strategies for Global Industries examines the most recent developments in biofuel manufacturing technologies in light of business, financial, value chain, and supply chain concerns. It also covers the use of otTable of ContentsAbout the Editors xxi List of Contributors xxv Foreword xxxi Preface xxxiii Part I Structure of the Energy Business 1 1 Economic Growth and the Global Energy Demand 3Jürgen Scheffran, Miriam Felkers and Rebecca Froese 1.1 Historical Context and Relationship Between Energy and Development 3 1.2 Conceptual Framework for Pathways of Energy Use 6 1.3 World Population Trends and Prospects 7 1.4 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Economic Growth 8 1.5 Global Energy Development 11 1.6 Global Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 14 1.7 Linkages Between Kaya Factors 16 1.8 Development of Energy Investment 28 1.9 Conditions for Energy Transition and Decarbonization 31 1.10 Perspectives 37 Acknowledgments 38 References 38 2 The Energy Mix in Japan Post-Fukushima 45Seiji Nakagame 2.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions by Japan 45 2.2 Energy Dependence 46 2.3 The Energy Policy of Japan 48 2.4 Paris Agreement 49 2.5 Prospective Energy Demand 50 2.6 Improvement in Energy Efficiency 50 2.7 Reduction of CO2 Emission in Electric Generation 51 2.8 Development of New Technologies for Decreasing GHG Emissions 51 2.9 Production and Use of Bioethanol in Japan 51 2.10 Production and Use of Hydrocarbons in Japan 52 2.11 Production and Use of Hydrogen in Japan 52 2.12 Contributions of the Japanese Government to Fundamental Research and Development 52 2.13 Perspectives 53 References 53 3 Green Energy in Africa, Asia, and South America 57Daniel de Castro Assumpção, Marcelo Hamaguchi, José Dilcio Rocha and Adriano P. Mariano 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 South America 58 3.3 Africa 62 3.4 Southeast Asia 66 3.5 China 69 3.6 Global Perspectives 72 References 72 4 The Development of Solar Energy Generation Technologies and Global Production Capabilities 77F. John Hay and N. Ianno 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Sunlight and Photosynthesis 78 4.3 Photovoltaic Devices 79 4.4 Overview of Solar Photovoltaic Applications 82 4.5 Perspectives 83 References 84 5 Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges of Sustainable Aviation Fuel 85Libing Zhang, Terri L. Butler and Bin Yang 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Overview of the Jet Fuel Market 86 5.3 Assessment of Environmental Policy and Economic Factors Affecting the Aviation Industry 93 5.4 Current Activities Around Biojet in the Aviation Industry 98 5.5 Challenges of Future Biojet Fuel Development 100 5.6 Perspectives 104 Acknowledgments 105 References 105 6 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Automotive Manufacturing Industry 111Sandra D. Gaona, Cheryl Keenan, Cyril Vallet, Lawrence Reichle and Stephen C. DeVito 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Overview of the Automotive Manufacturing Industry 112 6.3 Chemicals and Chemical Waste in Automotive Manufacturing 114 6.4 Pollution Prevention in Automotive Manufacturing 121 6.5 Perspectives 131 Disclaimer 134 References 134 7 The Global Demand for Biofuels and Biotechnology-Derived Commodity Chemicals: Technologies, Markets, and Challenges 137Stephen R. Hughes and Marjorie A. Jones 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 Overview of Global Energy Demand 137 7.3 Petroleum Demand and Petroleum Products for Potential Replacement by Bioproducts 140 7.4 Role of Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals in Renewable Energy Demand 143 7.5 Achieving Petroleum Replacement with Biobased Fuels and Chemicals 145 7.6 Projections of Global Demand for Biobased Fuels and Chemicals 149 7.7 Potential Impacts on Price of Transportation Fuels and Chemicals Assuming Various Scenarios of World Economic Growth 151 7.8 Projection of Energy-Related CO2 Emissions With or Without Remediation Technology 151 7.9 Government Impact on Demand for Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals 152 7.10 Perspectives 154 References 155 Part II Chemicals and Transportation Fuels from Biomass 157 8 Sustainable Platform Chemicals from Biomass 159Ankita Juneja and Vijay Singh 8.1 Introduction 159 8.2 2-Carbon 161 8.3 3-Carbon 163 8.4 4-Carbon 166 8.5 5-Carbon 169 8.6 6-Carbon 171 8.7 Perspectives 174 References 175 9 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds: Potentials of Industrial Scale Production 185Licheng Peng, Freeman Lan and Christopher Q. Lan 9.1 Introduction 185 9.2 Biofuels 186 9.3 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds 191 9.4 Recent Developments in Algae Processing Technologies 195 9.5 Potential for Industrial Scale Production 200 9.6 Progresses in the Commercial Production of Alga-Based Biofuels 205 9.7 Perspectives 209 References 210 10 Advanced Fermentation Technologies: Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol by Organisms Other than Yeasts, a Case for Escherichia coli 219K. T. Shanmugam, Lorraine P. Yomano, Sean W. York and Lonnie O. Ingram 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 Zymomonas mobilis 222 10.3 Escherichia coli 223 10.4 Osmotic Stress of High Sugar Concentration 227 10.5 Inhibitor-Tolerant Ethanologenic E. coli 227 10.6 Engineering Bacterial Biocatalysts Other than E. coli for the Production of Ethanol Using the PDC/ADH Pathway 229 10.7 Ethanol Production by Non-PDC Pathways 230 10.8 Partition of Carbon at the Pyruvate Node 231 10.9 Other Metabolic Pathways that Contribute to Ethanol Production 231 10.10 Perspectives 232 Acknowledgements 232 References 233 11 Clostridia and Process Engineering for Energy Generation 239Adriano P. Mariano, Danilo S. Braz, Henrique C. A. Venturelli and Nasib Qureshi 11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 Recent Technological Advances 241 11.3 Economic Modelling and Case Study 246 11.4 Perspectives 263 Acknowledgements 263 References 264 12 Fuel Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Materials Using Recombinant Yeasts 269Stephen R. Hughes and Marjorie A. Jones 12.1 Review of Current Fuel Ethanol Production 269 12.2 Evolution of Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol Production 272 12.3 Technological Opportunities to Reduce Cellulosic Ethanol Production Costs 277 12.4 Perspectives: Approaches to Optimize the Use of Lignocellulosic and Waste Materials as Feedstocks 279 References 281 13 Enzymes for Cellulosic Biomass Hydrolysis and Saccharification 283Elmar M. Villota, Ziyu Dai, Yanpin Lu and Bin Yang 13.1 Introduction 283 13.2 Glycosyl Hydrolases: General Structure and Mechanism 286 13.3 The Cellulase Enzyme System 289 13.4 The Hemicellulase Enzyme System 295 13.5 Microorganisms for Biomass Hydrolysis 299 13.6 Perspectives 308 Acknowledgement 309 References 309 14 Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals 327Mairi J. Black, Onesmus Mwabonje, Aiduan Li Borrion and Aurelia Karina Hillary 14.1 Introduction 327 14.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 328 14.3 The Origin and Principles of Life Cycle Assessment 329 14.4 Developing a Life Cycle Assessment 329 14.5 Scope of the Life Cycle Assessment: Attributional verses Consequential 331 14.6 Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals 332 14.7 Feedstocks for Biofuels 332 14.8 Conversion of Feedstock 333 14.9 Supply Chain and Logistics 335 14.10 Using LCA as a Tool to Assess GHG Emissions and Other Impacts Associated with Bioethanol Production and Supply 335 14.11 Discussion on the Suitability of LCA 336 14.12 Perspectives: Moving Forward with the LCA Concept 348 References 349 Part III Hydrogen and Methane 355 15 Biotechnological Production of Fuel Hydrogen and Its Market Deployment 357Carolina Zampol Lazaro, Emrah Sagir and Patrick C. Hallenbeck 15.1 Introduction 357 15.2 Hydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation 358 15.3 Hydrogen Production Through Photofermentation 370 15.4 Hydrogen Production by Combined Systems 370 15.5 Perspectives 379 Acknowledgements 383 References 383 16 Deployment of Biogas Production Technologies in Emerging Countries 395Guangyin Zhen, Xueqin Lu, Xiaohui Wang, Shaojuan Zheng, Jianhui Wang, Zhongxiang Zhi, Lianghu Su, Kaiqin Xu, Takuro Kobayashi, Gopalakrishnan Kumar and Youcai Zhao 16.1 Introduction 395 16.2 Types of Feedstock 397 16.3 Pretreatment Technologies of Anaerobic Digestion Feedstocks 404 16.4 Full-scale Implementation Status of Anaerobic Digestion in Developing Countries 413 16.5 Perspectives 416 References 416 17 Hydrogen Production by Algae 425Tunc Catal and Halil Kavakli 17.1 Importance of Hydrogen Production 425 17.2 Hydrogen Producing Microorganisms 427 17.3 Hydrogen Producing Algae (Macro–Micro) Species 428 17.4 Production of Biohydrogen Through Fermentation 431 17.5 Technologies (Solar Algae Fuel Cell/Microbial Fuel Cell) 433 17.6 Possibility of Commercial Production of Hydrogen 434 17.7 Perspectives and Future Implications of Algae in Biotechnology 437 References 438 18 Production and Utilization of Methane Biogas as Renewable Fuel 447Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Jeyapraksh Damaraja, Sutha Shobana, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Sivagurunathan Periyasamy, Gunagyin Zhen and Gopalakrishnan Kumar 18.1 Introduction 447 18.2 Anaerobic Digestion 448 18.3 Mechanism of Anaerobic Digestion 449 18.4 Significant Factors Influencing Anaerobic Digestion 455 18.5 Strategies Applied to Enhance Microalgae Methane Biogas Production 456 18.6 Utilization of Methane Biogas as a Renewable Fuel 458 18.7 Perspectives 459 References 459 Part IV Perspectives 465 19 Integrated Biorefineries for the Production of Bioethanol, Biodiesel, and Other Commodity Chemicals 467Pedro F Souza Filho and Mohammad J Taherzadeh 19.1 Introduction 467 19.2 Types of Biorefineries 468 19.3 Biorefinery Platforms 471 19.4 Integrated Biorefineries 472 19.5 Coproducts 475 19.6 Integrating Ethanol and Biodiesel Refineries 480 19.7 Economical Aspects 482 19.8 Perspectives 484 References 484 20 Lignocellulosic Crops as Sustainable Raw Materials for Bioenergy 489Emiliano Maletta and Carlos Hernández Díaz-Ambrona 20.1 Introduction 489 20.2 Major Lignocellulosic Industrial Crops 492 20.3 Social, Economic and Environmental Aspects in Sustainability Criteria 498 20.4 Processing Alternatives for Lignocellulosic Bioenergy Crops 502 20.5 Filling the Gap: From Farm to Industry 503 20.6 Perspectives 506 References 508 21 Industrial Waste Valorization: Applications to the Case of Liquid Biofuels 515Haibo Huang and Qing Jin 21.1 Introduction 515 21.2 Types of Industrial Waste for Biofuel Production 516 21.3 Ethanol Production 517 21.4 Butanol 523 21.5 Biodiesel 527 21.6 Perspectives 531 References 531 22 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention, Sustainable Energy Generation, and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Food Manufacturing Sector 539Sandra D. Gaona, T.J. Pepping, Cheryl Keenan and Stephen C. DeVito 22.1 Introduction 539 22.2 Overview of the Food Manufacturing Industry 540 22.3 Chemicals and Chemical Wastes in the Food Manufacturing Industry 545 22.4 Pollution Prevention in Food Manufacturing 554 22.5 Perspectives 563 Disclaimer 564 References 564 23 Financing Strategies for Sustainable Bioenergy and the Commodity Chemicals Industry 569Praveen V. Vadlani 23.1 The Current Financing Scenario at Global Level 569 23.2 Ethanol Biofuel Industry – An Overview 572 23.3 Bio-Based Industry – Current Status and Future Potential 577 23.4 Financing and Investment Strategy for Bio-Based Industries 579 23.5 Perspectives and Sustainable Financing Approach – Change in Wall Street Mindset in the Valuation of Bio-Based Industries 583 Acknowledgements 584 References 585 24 Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Sustainability as Forces of Change 587Asutosh T. Yagnik 24.1 Introduction 587 24.2 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 587 24.3 From CSR to Corporate Sustainability 597 24.4 Perspectives 603 References 607 25 The Industrial World in the Twenty-First Century 613Alain A. Vertès 25.1 Introduction: Energy and Sustainability 613 25.2 Transportation in the Twenty-First Century: A Carbon Tax Story 622 25.3 Cities of Change 627 25.4 The Chemical Industry Revisited 629 25.5 Paradigm Changes in Modes of Consumption 633 25.6 International Action for Curbing the Pollution of the Atmosphere Commons: The Case of CFCs and the Ozone Layer 634 25.7 Social Activism as an Engine of Change: Requiem for a Wonderful World 635 25.8 Perspectives: A Brave New World 636 References 639 Index 649

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisA new edition of a great, underappreciated classic of our timeBeryl Markham''s West with the Night is a true classic, a book that deserves the same acclaim and readership as the work of her contemporaries Ernest Hemingway, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, and Isak Dinesen. If the first responsibility of a memoirist is to lead a life worth writing about, Markham succeeded beyond all measure. Born Beryl Clutterbuck in the middle of England, she and her father moved to Kenya when she was a girl, and she grew up with a zebra for a pet; horses for friends; baboons, lions, and gazelles for neighbors. She made money by scouting elephants from a tiny plane. And she would spend most of the rest of her life in East Africa as an adventurer, a racehorse trainer, and an aviatrixshe became the first person to fly nonstop from Europe to America, the first woman to fly solo east to west across the Atlantic. Hers was indisputably a life full of adventure and beauty.

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Book SynopsisA much-needed, precise and practical treatment of a key topic in the energy industry and beyond, Applied Concepts in Fractured Reservoirs is an invaluable reference for those in both industry and academia Authored by renowned experts in the field, this book covers the understanding, evaluation, and effects of fractures in reservoirs. It offers a comprehensive yet practical discussion and description of natural fractures, their origins, characteristics, and effects on hydrocarbon reservoirs. It starts by introducing the reader to basic definitions and classifications of fractures and fractured reservoirs. It then provides an outline for fractured-reservoir characterization and analysis, and goes on to introduce the way fractures impact operational activities. Well organized and clearly illustrated throughout, Applied Concepts in Fractured Reservoirs starts with a section on understanding natural fractures. It looks at the different types, their dimensions, and the mechanics of fractuTable of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv Introduction xvii Part 1 Understanding Natural Fractures: Fracture Types, Dimensions, and Origin 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Nomenclature and Fracture-Classification Systems 1 1.2.1 Introduction 1 1.2.2 Other Classification Systems 3 1.2.3 Classifications for Fractures in Outcrops and Cores 4 1.2.4 Expulsion Fractures and Natural Hydraulic Fractures 5 1.2.5 Other Fracture Terminology 5 1.2.6 Sets, Systems, Domains, and Systematic Fractures 7 1.3 Fracture Characteristics and Dimensions 8 1.3.1 Introduction 8 1.3.2 Fracture Distribution Patterns 8 1.3.3 Fractography 10 1.3.4 Fracture Dip Angles 13 1.3.5 Fracture Distributions 13 1.3.6 Fracture Heights and Terminations 16 1.3.7 Fracture Lengths 18 1.3.8 Fracture Widths, Apertures, and Mineralization 19 1.3.9 Fracture Spacing 22 1.3.10 Fracture Strike 27 1.3.10.1 Fracture Orientations Relative to the In Situ Stresses 28 1.3.11 Discussion 28 1.4 The Mechanics of Fracturing Rock in Extension and Shear 29 1.4.1 Introduction 29 1.4.2 Origins of Geologic Stress Systems 31 1.4.2.1 Stresses in a Tectonically Quiescent Basin 31 1.4.2.2 Other Potential Sources of Horizontally Isotropic Stress 32 1.4.2.3 Stresses in a Tectonically Active Basin 32 1.4.3 Rock Susceptibility to Fracture: Basic Concepts 35 1.4.3.1 Introduction 35 1.4.3.2 Intrinsic Controls on Fracture Susceptibility 38 1.4.3.3 Extrinsic Controls on Fracture Susceptibility 39 1.4.3.4 How Rock Breaks: Grain-Scale Cracking, Yield, and Failure 41 1.4.3.5 Extrapolation to the Subsurface 43 1.4.4 Interplay Between Developing Fractures and the In Situ Stresses 44 1.4.5 The Importance of Pore Pressure 45 1.4.5.1 Introduction 45 1.4.5.2 The Relationship between Pore Pressure and Stress 45 1.4.5.3 Biot’s Coefficient 47 1.4.5.4 Mohr Diagrams and Pore Pressure 47 1.4.5.5 Pore Pressure Makes Rock Weak and Brittle 47 1.4.5.6 Sources of Pore Pressure 50 1.4.5.7 Alternate Theories 51 1.4.6 Summary 52 1.5 Other Fracture Types 53 1.5.1 Introduction 53 1.5.2 Deformation-Band Shear Fractures, Compaction Bands, and Dilation Bands 53 1.5.2.1 General Characteristics 53 1.5.2.2 Dimensions and Distributions 53 1.5.2.3 Origin 54 1.5.3 Faults and Fractures 55 1.5.4 Microfractures 56 1.5.5 Stylolites and Associated Extension Fractures 59 1.5.6 Bed-Parallel Shear Fractures 59 1.5.7 Beef-Filled Fractures 62 1.5.8 Ptygmatically Folded Fractures 63 1.5.9 Alteration of Fracture Systems by Dissolution 64 Appendix 1.A The Relationship Between Pore Pressure and the In Situ Effective Stresses 66 Introduction 66 Vertical Stress 67 Horizontal Stress 67 Effective Vertical Stress 67 Effective Horizontal Stress 68 Stress Differential 68 Part 2 Measuring and Analyzing Fractures in Reservoirs 71 2.1 Introduction 71 2.1.1 Reasons to Take Core 72 2.1.2 Analyses 73 2.1.3 Fracture Data Sources 73 2.1.4 Quantitative vs. Semi-Quantitative Data 73 2.1.5 Timing of a Fracture Study 73 2.1.6 Need for Experience 74 2.1.7 Other Data Sources 74 2.2 Planning a Core Program for Fracture Analysis 74 2.2.1 Introduction 74 2.2.2 Core Diameter and Length 74 2.2.3 Substituting Sidewall Core Samples 74 2.2.4 Orienting a Core 74 2.2.5 Drilling Parameters 75 2.2.6 Trip Time for Core Recovery 75 2.2.7 Collecting Data on Site 75 2.2.8 Running an Image Log 76 2.2.9 Back-to-Back Cores 76 2.2.10 On-Site Processing 76 2.2.11 CT Scans 77 2.2.12 Removing Core from the Barrel 77 2.2.13 Core-Jam Prevention Measures 77 2.2.14 Maximizing and Documenting Core Continuity 77 2.2.15 Slabbing Protocol 77 2.2.16 Scheduling Fracture Logging and other Core Processes 78 2.3 Logging Core for Fractures 78 2.3.1 Wash the Core! 78 2.3.2 Use all the Core and Remove it from the Core Boxes 79 2.3.3 Laying Out Intervals of Core for Fracture Logging 79 2.3.4 Core-Logging Toolkit 80 2.3.5 Recording Data 81 2.3.6 Making and Using a Master Orientation Line 82 2.3.7 Differentiating Natural from Induced Fractures 83 2.4 Taking, Measuring and Analyzing Fracture Data 84 2.4.1 Fracture Type 84 2.4.2 Fracture Depths: Intensity and Density 86 2.4.3 Fracture Dip Angles 88 2.4.3.1 Measuring Dip Angles 88 2.4.3.2 Using Dip Angles 89 2.4.4 Fracture Distributions 90 2.4.5 Fracture Heights and Terminations 91 2.4.6 Fracture Widths, Apertures, and Mineralization 94 2.4.7 Fracture Spacings 98 2.4.7.1 Spacings from Horizontal Core 99 2.4.7.2 Spacings from Vertical Core 103 2.4.7.3 Converting Vertical Observations to Horizontal Fracture Spacings 103 2.4.7.4 Spacings of Inclined and Shear Fractures 105 2.4.7.5 Uses of Spacings 105 2.4.8 Measuring and Using Fracture Strikes 105 2.4.8.1 Measuring Fracture Strikes in Vertical Core 106 2.4.8.2 Measuring Fracture Strikes in Deviated or Horizontal Cores 109 2.5 New Core vs. Archived Core 110 2.6 Oriented Core 112 2.6.1 Other Ways of Orienting a Core 116 2.7 Using CT Scans 118 2.8 Fracture Data from Image Logs 119 2.9 Comparing Fracture Data from Outcrops, Core, and Logs 122 2.9.1 Introduction 122 2.9.2 Large-Scale Outcrop Studies 123 2.9.3 Local Outcrop Studies 123 2.9.3.1 Raton Basin 123 2.9.3.2 Rifle Gap 125 2.9.3.3 San Ysidro 127 2.10 Fracture Data from 3D Seismic Surveys 128 2.11 Fracture Data Acquired by LiDAR 130 2.12 Fracture Data from Engineering Tests 132 2.13 Case Studies in Estimating Fracture Effectiveness from Core 133 2.13.1 Introduction 133 2.13.2 Case Study 1: Archived Vertical, Unoriented Core 133 2.13.3 Case Study 2: New, Un-Slabbed Horizontal Core 134 2.13.3.1 Introduction 134 2.13.3.2 Fracture Effectiveness 137 2.13.3.3 System Effectiveness and Permeability Anisotropy 137 2.13.4 Case Study 3: New, Slabbed, Vertical Core 139 2.13.4.1 Introduction 139 2.13.4.2 Calculating Effectiveness 139 2.13.4.3 Description of the High-Angle Extension Fractures 141 Appendix 2.A Workflow and List of Tests, Data 144 Appendix 2.B Core-Handling, Marking, Sampling, and Analysis Protocol for Core Studies Focused on Natural Fractures 144 Appendix 2.C Slabbing Recommendations for Horizontal Core 146 Part 3 Effects of Natural Fractures on Reservoirs 149 3.1 Introduction 149 3.2 Classification 149 3.3 The Permeability Behavior of Individual Fractures 150 3.3.1 Introduction 150 3.3.2 Three Categories of Fracture Effects 150 3.3.3 Stylolites 154 3.3.4 Microfractures 154 3.4 The Effects of Fracture Systems 156 3.4.1 Introduction 156 3.4.2 Fracture-Controlled Permeability Anisotropy 157 3.4.2.1 Case Study: The Midale Field 157 3.4.2.2 Case Study: The Rulison Field 158 3.4.2.3 Case Study: The Spraberry Formation 158 3.4.3 Fracture-Controlled Sweet Spots 162 3.5 The Sensitivity of Fracture Permeability to Changing Stress 164 3.5.1 Stress-Sensitive Extension Fractures 164 3.5.1.1 Case Study: The Bulo Bulo Field 167 3.5.2 Stress-Sensitive Shear Fractures 169 3.5.3 Damage Due to Production-Related Scale 171 3.6 Fracture Volumetrics 172 3.6.1 Introduction 172 3.6.2 Fracture Volume/Fracture Porosity 173 3.6.3 Fracture Permeability 174 3.6.4 Transfer Function 176 3.6.5 Fracture Surface Areas 176 3.7 Effects of Fractures on Drilling and Coring 177 3.8 Completions: The Interaction Between Natural and Hydraulic Fractures 178 3.8.1 Early Conceptual Models 178 3.8.2 Direct Evidence of the Characteristics of Hydraulic Fractures 179 3.8.3 The Developing Hydraulic-Fracture Model 182 3.8.4 Nuclear Stimulations 184 References 187 Index 205

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Book SynopsisWinner of the 2023 E.B. Burwell, Jr. Award for outstanding contributions in engineering and environmental geologyIntroduction to Waste Management An introductory textbook offering comprehensive coverage of the management of municipal, hazardous, medical, electronic, and nuclear waste Written by an experienced instructor in the field of solid waste management, this modern text systematically covers the five key types of solid wastes: municipal, hazardous/industrial, medical/biological, electronic, and nuclear, discussing their sources, handling, and disposal along with the relevant laws that govern their management. With its emphasis on industry standards and environmental regulations, it bridges the gap between theoretical models and real-life challenges in waste disposal and minimization. Instructors and students in environmental science, geology, and geography may use Introduction to Waste Management: A Textbook to better understand the five main types of solid waste and their Table of ContentsForeword xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Beginning 1 1.1.1 Historical Perspectives 2 1.2 Importance of Waste Management in Sustainability, Ecological Health, and Climate Change 4 1.2.1 Waste Management and Environmental Sustainability 6 1.2.2 Waste Management and Human and Ecological Health 8 1.2.3 Waste Management and Climate Change 9 1.3 Overview of Waste Generation in the United States and Other Countries 10 1.4 Future Perspectives on Waste Management 12 1.5 Summary 13 Study Questions 14 References 15 Supplementary Readings 15 Web Resources 15 Acronyms/Symbols 16 2 Essentials of Geology, Geotechnics, and Toxicology 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Basic Concepts 18 2.3 Geologic Cycles 27 2.3.1 Rock Cycle 27 2.3.2 Water (Hydrologic) Cycle 29 2.3.3 Tectonic Cycle 30 2.3.3.1 Significance of Plate Movement 33 2.3.4 Geochemical Cycle 33 2.3.5 Climate Cycle 33 2.4 Earth Materials 33 2.4.1 Rocks as Earth Materials 34 2.4.1.1 Igneous Rocks 34 2.4.1.2 Sedimentary Rocks 34 2.4.1.3 Metamorphic Rocks 34 2.4.1.4 Engineering Properties and Behavior of Rock Materials 34 2.4.2 Soils as Earth Material 35 2.4.3 Soil Formation 36 2.4.3.1 Soil Profile 37 2.4.3.2 Soil Texture 37 2.5 Index Properties of Soils 38 2.5.1 Void Ratio, Porosity, and Degree of Saturation 39 2.5.2 Density 40 2.5.3 Moisture (Water) Content 40 2.5.4 Grain- Size Distribution 41 2.5.5 Atterberg Limits 41 2.5.6 Permeability 44 2.6 Soil Classification Systems 45 2.6.1 Soil Classification 45 2.7 Hydrogeology 47 2.7.1 Groundwater Occurrence 48 2.7.2 Types of Aquifers 49 2.7.3 Groundwater Movement 50 Essentials of Toxicology 52 2.8 Introduction 52 2.8.1 Toxicity and Toxicity Rating 53 2.8.2 Types of Toxic Effects 53 2.9 Dose–Response Relationship 55 2.9.1 Hypersensitivity and Hyposensitivity 57 2.10 Exposure Paths of Toxicants to Humans 58 2.10.1 Ingestion 58 2.10.2 Inhalation 58 2.10.3 Dermal Contact 58 2.10.4 Injection 58 2.11 Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Carcinogenesis 58 2.11.1 Teratogenesis 58 2.11.2 Mutagenesis 59 2.11.3 Carcinogenesis 59 2.12 Assessment of Health Risks of Hazardous Waste 59 2.13 Summary 60 Study Questions 60 References 62 Supplemental Readings 63 Web Resources 63 Acronyms/Symbols 63 3 Environmental Laws 64 3.1 History and Evolution of Environmental Laws in the United States 64 3.1.1 Foundation and Strength of US Environmental Laws 66 3.2 Important Environmental Laws 66 3.2.1 The Rivers and Harbors Act 69 3.2.2 The Atomic Energy Act 70 3.2.3 Solid Waste Disposal Act 70 3.2.4 Resource Recovery Act 70 3.2.5 National Environmental Policy Act 70 3.2.6 Occupational Safety and Health Act 70 3.2.7 Federal Water Pollution Control (Renamed Clean Water) Act 71 3.2.8 Clean Air Act 71 3.2.9 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuary Act 73 3.2.10 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 73 3.2.11 Safe Drinking Water Act 73 3.2.12 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 80 3.2.13 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act 80 3.2.14 Uranium Mill Tailings and Radiation Control Act 81 3.2.15 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 81 3.2.16 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act 81 3.2.17 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments Act 83 3.2.18 Underground Storage Tanks Act 83 3.2.19 Toxic Substance Control Act 83 3.2.20 Low- Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act 84 3.2.21 Nuclear Waste Policy Act 84 3.2.22 Emergency Planning and Community Right- to- Know Act 84 3.2.23 Medical Waste Tracking Act 86 3.2.24 Indoor Radon Abatement Act 86 3.2.25 Pollution Prevention Act 86 3.3 Summary 86 Study Questions 87 References 88 Web Resources 88 Acronyms/Symbols 88 4 Municipal Solid Waste 89 4.1 Historical Perspective 89 4.1.1 The United States Public Health Service and the American Public Works Association 90 4.2 Introduction 91 4.2.1 Environmental and Health Impacts from Mismanagement of Municipal Solid Waste 93 4.3 US Laws Regulating Solid Waste Management 102 4.3.1 The Solid Waste Disposal Act 102 4.3.2 The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 102 4.4 Source, Composition, and Quantity of MSW 103 4.4.1 MSW Composition 103 4.4.1.1 Special Wastes 106 4.4.2 Quantity of MSW 106 4.5 Collection and Disposal of MSW 107 4.5.1 MSW Disposal 107 4.5.2 Land Disposal 109 4.5.3 Incineration and Waste- to- Energy Conversion 110 4.5.4 Composting 112 4.6 Physical and Chemical Properties of MSW 112 4.6.1 Moisture Content 113 4.6.2 Density 114 4.6.3 Volume Reduction 114 4.6.4 Compaction Ratio 115 4.6.5 Permeability 115 4.6.6 Energy (Heat) Content 115 4.6.7 Field Capacity 116 4.6.8 Particle Size Distribution 116 4.7 Landfill 118 4.7.1 Types of Landfills 119 4.7.2 Daily Operation of a Sanitary Landfill 120 4.7.3 Landfill Leachate 121 4.7.4 Landfill Gases 123 4.7.4.1 Landfill Gas Formation 123 4.7.5 Landfill Design 125 4.7.5.1 Landfill Siting Restrictions 126 4.7.6 Landfill Design Criteria 127 4.7.6.1 Leachate Collection and Removal System 129 4.7.6.2 Landfill Gas Collection and Extraction System 130 4.7.7 Landfill Area Requirement 131 4.7.8 Landfill Site Selection 132 4.7.8.1 Defining Purpose and Scope 132 4.7.8.2 Office Study and Data Collection 132 4.7.8.3 Field Investigations 133 4.8 Bioreactor Landfill 134 4.9 Waste Audit 136 4.9.1 Waste Audit Methodology 136 4.10 Summary 138 Study Questions 138 References 140 Supplemental Reading 142 Web Resources 143 Acronyms/Symbols 143 5 Hazardous Waste 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.1.1 Hazardous Substance and Hazardous Waste 146 5.1.2 Environmental and Health Problems 146 5.2 US Laws Regulating Hazardous Waste 155 5.2.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 155 5.2.2 Toxic Substances Control Act 156 5.2.3 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 156 5.2.4 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments 157 5.2.5 Underground Storage Tanks Act 157 5.2.6 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act 158 5.2.7 Emergency Planning and Community- Right- to- Know Act 158 5.2.8 Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act (Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act) 159 5.3 Definition and Classification of Hazardous Waste 159 5.3.1 The United States Environmental Protection Agency Criteria 159 5.3.1.1 Listed Waste 160 5.3.1.2 Characteristic Waste 161 5.3.2 EU’s Classification of Hazardous Waste 165 5.4 Sources and Generators of Hazardous Waste 166 5.4.1 Categories of Hazardous Waste Generators 169 5.5 Storage and Transportation of Hazardous Waste 170 5.5.1 Hazardous Waste Storage 171 5.5.2 Hazardous Waste Transportation 171 5.6 Treatment of Hazardous Waste 172 5.6.1 Hazardous Waste Treatment Methods 173 5.6.1.1 Neutralization 173 5.6.1.2 Sorption 173 5.6.1.3 Precipitation 174 5.6.1.4 Reverse Osmosis 174 5.6.1.5 Stripping 175 5.7 Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal 175 5.7.1 Land Disposal 176 5.7.1.1 Regulatory Aspects of Land Disposal 176 5.7.2 Land Disposal Restrictions 176 5.7.2.1 Key Provisions of the LDR Program 177 5.7.2.2 Land Treatment/Disposal 177 5.7.3 Secure Landfill 178 5.7.3.1 Waste Piles 178 5.7.3.2 Surface Impoundments 180 5.7.3.3 Mine Storage/Disposal 181 5.7.3.4 Deep Well Injection 181 5.7.4 Thermal Treatment Methods 182 5.7.4.1 Incineration 182 5.7.4.2 Pyrolysis 183 5.7.4.3 Other Thermal Destruction Methods 183 5.7.5 Biological Methods 184 5.7.6 Miscellaneous Disposal Methods 184 5.7.6.1 Permeable Reactive Barriers 184 5.7.6.2 Vitrification 186 5.7.6.3 Wetlands 186 5.7.6.4 Combination Methods 187 5.7.7 Sustainable (Green) Remediation 190 5.7.7.1 Triad Approach 190 5.8 Superfund Program and Cleanup of Hazardous Waste Sites in the United States 191 5.8.1 Remedial Actions under RCRA and CERCLA 192 5.9 Summary 193 Study Questions 194 References 195 Supplementary Reading 196 Web Resources 196 Acronyms/Symbols 197 6 Medical Waste 198 6.1 Introduction and Historical Context 198 6.1.1 Definition 200 6.2 Nature, Source, and Quantity of Medical Waste 202 6.2.1 Nature of Medical Waste 202 6.2.2 Sources of Medical Waste 204 6.2.3 Wastes from Major Health Care Establishments 206 6.2.4 Quantity of Medical Waste 207 6.3 Hazards Associated with Regulated Medical Waste 210 6.4 Treatment and Disposal of Medical Waste 216 6.4.1 Methods of Treatment and Disposal of Regulated Medical Waste 217 6.4.1.1 Thermal Treatment 217 6.4.1.2 Biological Treatment 220 6.4.1.3 Chemical Treatment 220 6.4.1.4 Radiation- based Treatment 221 6.5 The COVID- 19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Waste Management 221 6.5.1 The Great Pandemic of 2020 and Medical Waste 222 6.5.2 COVID- 19 Waste 225 6.5.2.1 Determination of the Quantity of COVID- 19 Waste 225 6.5.3 Reducing COVID- 19 Waste Quantity 227 6.5.4 Waste Management Industry’s Response to COVID- 19 228 6.6 Summary 228 Study Questions 229 References 230 Supplementary Reading 232 Web Resources 232 Acronyms/Symbols 233 7 Nuclear Waste 234 7.1 Introduction 234 7.1.1 Nuclear Waste 235 7.1.2 Types of Nuclear Waste 235 7.1.3 High- Level Wastes: SNF and HLW 235 7.1.4 Nuclear Waste Management 237 7.1.5 Early Years of Nuclear Waste Management in the USA 237 7.2 Basics of Nuclear Science 238 7.2.1 Radioactive Elements 238 7.2.2 Radioactive Minerals 239 7.2.3 Nuclear Fission and Electric Power Generation 239 7.2.4 Energy Potential of Radioactive Elements and Use of Nuclear Energy 240 7.2.4.1 Nuclear Energy for Electric Power Generation 242 7.2.4.2 Other Uses of Nuclear Energy 245 7.3 Radioactivity, Natural and Induced Radiation, and Half- Life 246 7.3.1 Radioactivity 246 7.3.2 Radiotoxicity 247 7.3.3 Radiation Exposure and Acceptable Radiation Dose 248 7.3.4 Induced Radioactivity 249 7.3.5 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials and Technologically Enhanced Radioactive Materials 250 7.3.6 Radioactive Decay and Half- life 251 7.4 Nuclear Waste 252 7.4.1 Sources of Nuclear Waste 253 7.4.2 Nuclear (Uranium) Fuel Cycle 254 7.4.2.1 Spent Fuel Reprocessing 256 7.4.3 Waste Forms and Packaging 256 7.4.4 Nuclear Waste Management 257 7.4.5 Nuclear Waste Classification 258 7.4.5.1 The IAEA System 259 7.4.5.2 The US System 259 7.5 Laws Regulating Management of Nuclear Waste 262 7.5.1 EU’s Nuclear Waste Management Law 262 7.5.2 The United States Nuclear Waste Management Laws 262 7.5.2.1 Low- Level Radioactive Waste 263 7.5.2.2 High- Level Nuclear Waste 263 7.6 Nuclear Waste Storage and Transportation 266 7.6.1 Transportation of Nuclear Waste 266 7.6.2 LLW Transportation 266 7.6.3 TU/ILW Transportation 266 7.6.4 HLW/SNF Transportation 267 7.7 Nuclear Waste Disposal 267 7.7.1 Low- Level Radioactive Waste Disposal 268 7.7.2 Transuranic Waste Disposal 268 7.7.3 High- Level Nuclear Waste Disposal 269 7.7.4 HLW Management in the United States 272 7.7.4.1 The Lyons Salt Mine Project 275 7.7.4.2 Other US Repository Sites 276 7.7.4.3 Politics of the Yucca Mountain Project 276 7.8 Global Status of HLW Disposal 277 7.8.1 Quantity of HLW 277 7.8.2 United States 277 7.8.3 Finland HLW Repository 281 7.8.4 Sweden 283 7.8.5 France 285 7.8.6 HLW Management in Other Countries 285 7.8.6.1 Shared Repository Concept 285 7.9 Nuclear Waste From Reactor Decommissioning 287 7.10 Summary 288 Study Questions 290 References 290 Supplemental Reading 294 Web Resources 294 Acronyms/Symbols 295 Unit Conversions 295 8 Electronic Waste 296 8.1 Introduction 296 8.1.1 Metals in e- Waste 297 8.1.2 Definition of Electronic Waste 298 8.1.2.1 The United States 299 8.1.2.2 European Union 299 8.1.2.3 United Nations 299 8.2 Laws Regulating Electronic Waste 302 8.2.1 The United States 302 8.2.2 The United Nations 302 8.2.3 The EU 304 8.3 Nature and Composition of Electronic Waste 304 8.3.1 Planned Obsolescence 305 8.3.2 Material Composition of e- Waste 306 8.3.3 Material Composition of Desktop Computers 308 8.3.4 Material Composition of Laptops 309 8.3.5 Material Composition of Tablets 311 8.3.6 Material Composition of Mobile Phones 311 8.4 E- Waste Quantity 312 8.4.1 Estimation of e- Waste Quantity 314 8.5 E- Waste Recycling and Recovery of Valuable Metals 316 8.5.1 Metal Recovery from E- Waste 317 8.5.2 Benefits and Challenges of e- Waste Recycling 318 8.6 Health and Environmental Impacts 319 8.6.1 Informal E- Waste Recycling 319 8.6.2 Health and Environmental Impacts of Informal Recycling 321 8.7 Sustainable Management of E- Waste 324 8.7.1 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and E- Waste 324 8.7.2 Other Measures for Sustainable E- Waste Management 326 8.8 Summary 326 Study Questions 327 References 328 Supplementary Readings 331 Web Resources 331 Acronyms/Symbols 331 9 Waste Minimization 332 9.1 Introduction 332 9.2 Definitions 333 9.3 Approaches to Waste Minimization 334 9.4 Recycling 339 9.4.1 Plastic Recycling 342 9.5 Innovative Waste Minimization Technologies 344 9.5.1 Innovation in Plastic Packaging 344 9.5.2 Microfactories 345 9.5.3 Repurposing 346 9.5.4 NGOs’ Efforts 346 9.6 Waste Exchange 348 9.7 Zero Waste 349 9.7.1 Evolution and Implementation of the Zero Waste Concept 349 9.7.2 Tool for Measuring ZW Success 350 9.8 Ship Recycling 351 9.8.1 Methods of Ship Recycling 351 9.8.2 Ship Recycling – A Hazardous Occupation 352 9.8.3 Modern Ship Recycling Industry 354 9.8.4 International Treaties 358 9.9 Airplane Recycling 359 9.9.1 Airplane Recycling Market 359 9.9.2 Airplane Recycling Standards 359 9.9.3 Airplane Recycling 360 9.9.4 Composites 361 9.9.4.1 Composites Recycling 362 9.10 Summary 363 Study Questions 364 References 365 Supplemental Reading 367 Web Resources 367 Acronyms/Symbols 368 10 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products 369 10.1 Introduction 369 10.1.1 Definition of PPCPs 371 10.1.2 Nature of PPCPs 372 10.1.3 What Comprises PPCPs 373 10.2 Concerns for PPCPs 373 10.3 Sources of PPCPs in the Environment 375 10.3.1 PPCPs in Sewage Treatment Plants 377 10.3.2 Occurrence of PPCPs in Drinking Water 378 10.4 Environmental Impacts of PPCPs 378 10.4.1 PPCPs in Drinking Water and Its Health Impact 378 10.4.2 Treatment Technologies for PPCPs’ Removal 379 10.5 Forensic Applications of PPCPs 380 10.5.1 PPCPs’ Application in Geological Dating 380 10.6 Research Status and Future Needs 382 10.7 Summary 383 Study Questions 384 References 385 Supplementary Reading 387 Web Resources 387 Acronyms/Symbols 388 Glossary 389 Index 414 Geologic Time Scale 431 Common Units and Conversion Factors 432 United Nations’ classification of countries based on income (as of July 2021) 435

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Book SynopsisIt's the dream scenario for many of us after a long week: having the house completely to ourselves. No partners, no parents, no kids, no pets. But as we settle into the couch, something stirs: maybe a mouse darts out from under a cupboard, or a fly buzzes lazily past the window. We're not actually alone at all. Until quite recently, no one had taken the life that lives with us very seriously: until Rob Dunn and his team decided to take a closer look. Upon investigating the terra incognita of our homes, they discovered that there are nearly 200,000 species living in our bedrooms, kitchens, living areas, bathrooms, and basements. Some of these species can kill us. Some benefit us. And some seem simply benign. But almost all of them were completely unknown--and they've been living alongside us the whole time.In Never Home Alone, biologist Rob Dunn takes us to the edge of biology's latest frontier: our own homes. Every house is a wilderness--from the Egyptian meal moths in our cupboards, to the camel crickets living in the basement, to the antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus waiting on the kitchen counter, thousands of species of insects, bacteria, fungi, and plants live literally under our noses. As we have become increasingly obsessed with cleaning and sterilizing our homes and separating our living spaces from nature, we have unwittingly cultivated an entirely new playground for evolution. Unfortunately, this means that we have created a range of new parasites, from antibiotic-resistant microbes to nearly impossible to kill cockroaches, to threaten ourselves with. At the same time, many of the more helpful organisms--such as microbes that can protect us from autoimmune diseases or promote healthy digestion, or the centipedes that can hunt down those pesky roaches--are caught in the crosshairs. If we're not careful, the "healthier" we try to make our homes, the more likely we'll be putting our own health at risk.A rich natural history and a thrilling scientific investigation, Rob Dunn's Never Home Alone shows us that if are to truly thrive in our homes, we must learn to welcome the unknown guests that have been there the whole time.

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Book SynopsisVan Horn invites us to look afresh at the wilderness that's all around us-the animals that, often all but in secret, share our cities with us.

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Book SynopsisThis volume intends to contribute to the nascent discourse on Judaism and ecology by clarifying diverse conceptions of nature in Jewish thought and by using the insights of Judaism to formulate a constructive Jewish theology of nature.

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Book SynopsisSoqotra, the largest island of Yemen's Soqotra Archipelago, is one of the most uniquely diverse places in the world. A UNESCO natural World Heritage Site, the island is home not only to birds, reptiles, and plants found nowhere else on earth, but also to a rich cultural history and the endangered Soqotri language. Within the span of a decade, this Indian Ocean archipelago went from being among the most marginalized regions of Yemen to promoted for its outstanding global value. Islands of Heritage shares Soqotrans' stories to offer the first exploration of environmental conservation, heritage production, and development in an Arab state. Examining the multiple notions of heritage in play for twenty-first-century Soqotra, Nathalie Peutz narrates how everyday Soqotrans came to assemble, defend, and mobilize their cultural and linguistic heritage. These efforts, which diverged from outsiders' focus on the island's natural heritage, ultimately added to Soqotrans' calls for political and cultural change during the Yemeni Revolution. Islands of Heritage shows that far from being merely a conservative endeavor, the protection of heritage can have profoundly transformative, even revolutionary effects. Grassroots claims to heritage can be a potent form of political engagement with the most imminent concerns of the present: human rights, globalization, democracy, and sustainability.Trade Review"Islands of Heritage is at once a dazzling ethnography of everyday life and a well-researched history that is as extraordinary as its subject, the island of Soqotra in the Arabian Sea. It is truly a pleasure to read." -- Steven C. Caton * Harvard University *"Nathalie Peutz has written a beautiful account of the unsettling effects of and dynamics between international conservation efforts, national politics, and Soqotran notions of heritage, history, and place. Islands of Heritage is one of the richest ethnographies of the Arabian Peninsula and Indian Ocean region that I have read in years." -- Mandana Limbert, Queens College and the Graduate Center * CUNY *"This book, the result of ten years of research and follow up, explores the sociopolitical transformation of Soqotra, the main island of Yemen's Soqotra Archipelago. Peutz offers a detailed ethnographic presentation of the complicated and unsettled recent history of the island within its larger regional and global context...Recommended." -- A. Rassam * CHOICE *"Upon closing Islands of Heritage one can only be impressed by such a piece of interdisciplinary scholarship. Nathalie Peutz brilliantly manages to bring to life and interpret the local dynamics she observed in Soqotra, updating their significance and making them meaningful beyond the archipelago of Soqotra, and that of anthropologists." -- Laurent Bonnefoy * Arabian Humanities *"Peutz's book is required reading for anthropologists, historians, political scientists, and those investigating the impact of tourism, while being readable and compelling for nonspecialists... It is a delight to read and one of the strongest anthropological texts on heritage published in recent years." -- Victoria Hightower * Arab Studies Journal *Table of ContentsContents and AbstractsIntroduction chapter abstractBeginning with an anecdote of a Soqotran teacher convening a political protest (during the Yemeni Revolution) and a poetry contest on the same day, the Introduction asks how heritage (a nominally conservative endeavor) and revolution (a nominally transformative endeavor) could be connected. It lays out the importance of studying heritage. It reviews the history and politicization of heritage in the Arab world. And it provides a geographic and historical overview of Yemen's Soqotra Archipelago, a UNESCO-inscribed natural World Heritage Site with a long genealogy of being deemed exceptional and "protected." It then describes the author's fieldwork and methodology. It concludes by arguing that, despite important arguments for working to transcend the nature-culture divide (in heritage making, as in other things), certain "islands" (boundaries) may be productive. 1Hospitality in Unsettling Times chapter abstractThis chapter introduces readers to a transhumant pastoralist community living in a newly established protected area (Homhil). It shows how the unprecedented opening of Soqotra gave rise to a crisis of hospitality, a long-held cultural value. Soqotrans' discourse of hospitality (karam) in crisis reveals significant mutations in the island's political economy and social structures, precipitated by its 1990 absorption into the unified Yemeni state and its transformation from a militarized enclave to a national protected area. Karam (and the ostensible lack of it) has become the idiom through which the islanders have been processing these changes. In light of current debates in the West about the dangers of "hosting" (im)migrants, this chapter points out that, in Soqotra, the crisis was exacerbated not nearly as much by Soqotrans' fears of being too hospitable as by their concern that they were no longer being hospitable enough. 2Hungering for the State chapter abstractDue to the archipelago's annual isolation during the southwest monsoon, in addition to its arid climate, Soqotrans are no strangers to food insecurity or famine. Accordingly, their interactions with each entering state—the Sultanate, the British Protectorate, South Yemen, and the Saleh regime—have been mediated by food. Yet, as this historical chapter demonstrates, it was not only the state's administration of food that governed Soqotrans' interactions with each regime. Soqotrans have a long history of feeding—and simultaneously "hungering" for—the state in return. Drawing on oral histories, archives, and interviews, this chapter surveys Soqotra's political history as one governed through food, famine, and fear. It argues that Soqotrans may have experienced physical hunger in the past, but in the 2000s they hungered for a state that would provide real and lasting sustenance. 3When the Environment Arrived chapter abstractThis chapter discusses the implementation of four major integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) between 1996 and 2013, which resulted in the archipelago's inscription as a UNESCO natural World Heritage Site. It begins by reviewing how these projects were preceded by the decades-long arrivals of foreign researchers and the continued dissemination of their ideas about Soqotra's environmental exceptionality. It then discusses the establishment of environmental legislation in unified Yemen (post-1990) and details the various ICDP projects that were implemented on Soqotra during this period. It ends by describing two "environmental awareness" meetings in the protected area (Homhil). Drawing on project documents and literature, observation of rural outreach and environmental awareness programs, and daily participation within a the protected-area community, this chapter reveals why "the Environment," as project and concept, failed to mobilize these pastoral communities so dependent on their natural surroundings. 4Arrested Development chapter abstractThis chapter presents an ethnographic narrative of the material, social, and political effects of several conservation-and-development initiatives in a pilot protected area inhabited by pastoralists (Bedouin). It focuses on the implementation of three development projects by the Socotra Conservation and Development Programme: a new tourist campground, a community home garden, and piped water. Although these projects were meant to improve the pastoralists' material well-being, they wound up pitting leaders, tribes, villages, and men and women within the community against one another. Through a close "mapping" of these tensions, this chapter underscores why, in these pastoralists' view, "the Environment" had little traction—despite its strong influence in the island. As a result, some Soqotrans sought to preserve their livelihoods by shifting their focus to cultural heritage instead. 5Reorienting Heritage chapter abstractThis chapter focuses on the influence of the Soqotran diaspora in island politics in the decade preceding the 2011 revolution. Beginning with an overview of the three major phases of twentieth-century emigration from Soqotra to the Arab Gulf, it illustrates how pervasive these Soqotra-Gulf connections were and are. It explores the ways in which emigrants politicized Soqotran identity, culture, heritage, and history through their histories, their poetry, and the island's first museum. And it examines the ways in which the diaspora sought to denature and reorient Soqotran heritage by shifting the focus from nature to culture, from Soqotran autochthony to Arab descent, from Indian Ocean hybridity to genealogical purity, and from the Yemeni nation to the transnational Gulf. These heterogeneous, kaleidoscopic, and entangled processes of heritage making reveal a deep-seated anguish over past political events and an ongoing struggle to reorient Soqotra's future. 6Heritage in the Time of Revolution chapter abstractThis chapter discusses how the islanders mobilized cultural heritage in the years bracketing the Yemeni Revolution, when several positioned themselves as "para-experts" alongside foreigners working for the environmental projects. It explores three individuals' growing interest in heritage as a political and profitable resource. It examines debates over the contours of this heritage. And it traces the development of an islandwide poetry competition, its overt politicization in the wake of the Arab uprisings, and the eventual recognition of the Soqotri language in the draft constitution for the new Yemen. It argues that Soqotrans' preoccupation with their cultural heritage during this period bears a strong resemblance to nineteenth-century European nationalists' "cultivation of culture." Thus, it was not a provincial, insular, or even conservative concern. Rather, it reflects a distinctly twenty-first-century realization that vernacular languages and endemic species are on the verge of extinction. Conclusion chapter abstractThe Conclusion provides an overview of the current humanitarian crisis in Yemen and Soqotra's renewed isolation since Yemen's civil war began in 2015. It underscores what a small group of Soqotran laymen (para-experts) were able to achieve through their mobilization of cultural heritage during a time of crisis, before the war. It then briefly discusses the two most recent, and potentially competing, visions for the archipelago: UAE-funded development and a new, Global Environment Facility (GEF)-funded conservation-and-development project. It offers suggestions for how ethnic and linguistic minorities like Soqotrans can be supported in their cultural work. And it concludes with some lessons learned from the author's interlocutors.

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Book SynopsisGrossly ambitious and rooted in scientific scholarship, The Other Dark Matter shows how human excrement can be a life-saving, money-making resource—if we make better use of it.Trade Review"A take on waste that's anything but wasteful—it's a fascinating dig into the history and science of handling human excrement. . . . Equally remarkable are Zeldovich's sections on the development and evolution of wastewater treatment plants. . . . Zeldovich is at home with an awkward subject, making for a grossly engrossing and vivid survey. Readers won't take the 'flush and forget' mindset for granted again." * Publishers Weekly *"Zeldovich is an engaging writer. She loves puns and poop jokes. (Who doesn't?) And her travels around the world are, in their own scatological way, inspiring." -- Elizabeth Kolbert * New York Review of Books *"[An] original, necessary book." * Nature *"It would be easy for a book that focuses on obstacles to improving global sanitation, fixing the agricultural waste cycle, reducing pollution, and improving health to resort to paralyzing gloom. The Other Dark Matter does not shy from the enormity of the problems, yet suggests solutions are achievable, at scales from individuals to entire countries. Paced quickly with prose enlivened by the author's on-location reporting and personal experiences, the book is far from a grim slog through the world's sewers—it's more like an exciting tour in a biogas-powered balloon." * Undark *"The Other Dark Matter does not shy from the enormity of the problems, yet suggests solutions are achievable, at scales from individuals to entire countries. Paced quickly with prose enlivened by the author's on-location reporting and personal experiences, the book is far from a grim slog through the world's sewers — it's more like an exciting tour in a biogas-powered balloon." * Salon *"It's unusual to come across a book that makes you say, 'Oh, crap!' in a good way." * American Scientist *“In bright and airy prose, she takes readers on a globe-spanning trip to sites where fecal material is reprocessed and figuratively turned into gold. . . . Readers should leave this book with a renewed interest in sustainable systems to manage what we normally put out of sight and out of mind." * Natural History *“It is unquestionably [a topic] that—given the ever-increasing human population belaboring the planet—merits our attention if we are, ecologically and sustainably speaking, to prevent finding ourselves collectively up a famous creek without a propulsion device. Ms. Zeldovich’s new book looks to be an excellent way to introduce ourselves to it.” * The Well-Read Naturalist *"Given the growing scale of public engagement in sanitation, there is a glut of books on the subject. Not all of them are readable, not all of them are well researched. This one is. It takes the technology questions further. It is an engaging read on a queasy topic" * Shaastra *"In writing a primer on poop and its possibilities, [Zeldovich] performs a much larger function: destigmatizing a vital biological product that has long gotten a bum rap." * Columbia Magazine *"Some of the ideas in [the book] really feel like they could change the world in a major way. . . . It's really excellent." * Across the Margin *"Even readers familiar with the history and ecology of waste management will not be disappointed. . . . As detailed as it is witty. . . . Given the growing scale of public engagement in sanitation, there is a glut of books on the subject. Not all of them are readable, not all of them are well researched. This one is. It takes the technology questions further. It is an engaging read on a queasy topic." * Shaastra *"This is some good shit, people. Not only entertaining, but deeply important. Everyone with a colon should read this book. Centuries back, people knew the value of shit. In countries with poor soil, human waste was like gold: people stole it, paid their rent with it, and gave it as gifts. Today, keeping it out of our waterways is our best hope for defusing what Zeldovich calls the Great Sewage Time Bomb. She is an ideal guide to this ridiculously fascinating world." -- Mary Roach, author of Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers"Zeldovich shows to dazzling effect how a famously difficult subject—the often peculiar scientific history of human waste—can become an engrossing tale. The story is enlightening, surprising, occasionally enraging—and wholly worth your time." -- Deborah Blum, Pulitzer Prize–winning author of The Poison Squad"Zeldovich shows that excrement can be useful, profitable, and anything but waste, and does this with warmth, curiosity, and humor. This book is a great companion should you wish to journey to the rich and still underexposed world of shit (and you should)." -- Rose George, author of The Big Necessity: The Unmentionable World of Human Waste and Why It Matters"Here is an indispensable book about what we might call the Anthro-poo-cene. Humanity's current collision course with nature has everything to do with energy and how we abuse it—including the human waste products of our metabolic bodies. This lively and entertaining history is also full of innovative ways people are finally dealing with their you-know-what." -- Mary Ellen Hannibal, author of Citizen Scientist: Searching for Heroes and Hope in an Age of Extinction"Who knew our poop could be so fascinating and important? In her brilliantly reported and written new book, Zeldovich shows that now more than ever the health of humanity and the rest of nature depends on how we handle 'the other dark matter.'" -- John Horgan, author of Pay Attention: Sex, Death, and Science"An intriguing, compelling, very human story of how a valuable resource has been used and squandered, thrown away, and rediscovered. It is a story of the people who, against a background of mockery and disbelief, have developed creative, lucrative, and ecologically viable options for reframing what many have seen as a 'problem' of 'waste disposal' into an opportunity for innovative resource use. It will have wide appeal to all intelligent readers, both within and well beyond academia." -- David Waltner-Toews, author of The Origin of Feces: What Excrement Tells Us About Evolution, Ecology, and a Sustainable SocietyTable of ContentsPart 1: The History of Human Waste Chapter 1: How I Learned to Love the Excrement Chapter 2: The Early History of Human Excreta Chapter 3: Treasure Night Soil as if It Were Gold! Chapter 4: The Water Closet Dilemma and the Sewage Farm Paradigm Chapter 5: Germs, Fertilizer, and the Poop Police Part 2: The Present: A Sludge Revolution in Progress Chapter 6: The Great Sewage Time Bomb and the Redistribution of Nutrients on the Planet Chapter 7: Loowatt, a Loo That Turns Waste into Watts Chapter 8: The Crap That Cooks Your Dinner and Container-Based Sanitation Chapter 9: HomeBiogas: Your Personal Digester in a Box Chapter 10: Made in New York Chapter 11: Lystek, the Home of Sewage Smoothies Chapter 12: How DC Water Makes Biosolids BLOOM Chapter 13: From Biosolids to Biofuels Part 3: The Future of Medicine and Other Things Chapter 14: Poop: The Best (and Cheapest) Medicine Chapter 15: Looking where the Sun Doesn’t Shine Chapter 16: From the Kindness of One’s Gut: An Insider Look into Stool Banks Afterword: Breathing Poetry into Poop Notes Index

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Lifeblood offers a radically alternative way of thinking about ‘cheap oil’ and ‘oil addiction’ and in so doing peers beneath the liquid surfaces of petroleum to see how the long century of American oil consumption has been central to the rise of American neoliberalism itself. An original and masterful account of oil in contemporary American capitalism."—Michael Watts, University of California, Berkeley"Compellingly presented and enlivened by fascinating archival research, Huber’s arguments about the ‘ecology of politics’ and the centrality of oil to the making of ‘entrepreneurial life’ are important and intriguing."—Gavin Bridge, Durham University"Huber offers a poignant analysis of how oil shapes “the American way of life” and neoliberal hegemony in the US."—CHOICE"Huber makes it abundantly clear that the problems with patterns of oil consumption are not fundamentally technical and economic but cultural, social, and political."—Economic Geography"An incisive look into how oil permeates our lives and helped shape American politics during the twentieth century."—New Books in Geography"The most succinct, theoretically grounded critique of the culture of oil yet in print."—Humanities and Social Sciences Review Online"[Lifeblood Oil] is a compelling account, and is highly recommended."—Urban Studies"Huber takes us. . . into Americans’ own subconscious minds, to their un-thought-out daily patterns, and their emotional attachments to a sense of entrepreneurial success--and shows how these are linked materially to oil."—Environmental History"An elegantly written and empirically rich account which joins economic history, cultural analysis, and Marxist political economy."—Human GeographyTable of ContentsContentsIntroduction: Oil, Life, Politics1. The Power of Oil? Energy, Machines, and the Forces of Capital2. Refueling Capitalism: Depression, Oil, and the Making of “the American Way of Life”3. Fractionated Lives: Refineries and the Ecology of Entrepreneurial Life4. Shocked! “Energy Crisis,” Neoliberalism, and the Construction of an Apolitical Economy5. Pain at the Pump: Gas Prices, Life, and Death under NeoliberalismConclusion: Energizing FreedomAcknowledgmentsNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisA cutting-edge, solutions-oriented analysis of how we can reimagine cities around the world to build sustainable futures. What would it take to make urban places greener, more affordable, more equitable, and healthier for everyone? In recent years, cities have stepped up efforts to address climate and sustainability crises. But progress has not been fast enough or gone deep enough. If communities are to thrive in the future, we need to quickly imagine and implement an entirely new approach to urban development: one that is centered on equity and rethinks social, political, and economic systems as well as urban designs. With attention to this need for structural change, Reimagining Sustainable Cities advocates for a community-informed model of racially, economically, and socially just cities and regions. The book aims to rethink urban sustainability for a new era. In Reimagining Sustainable Cities, Stephen M. Wheeler and Christina D. Rosan ask big-picture questions of interest to readers worldwide: How do we get to carbon neutrality? How do we adapt to a climate-changed world? How can we create affordable, inclusive, and equitable cities? While many books dwell on the analysis of problems, Reimagining Sustainable Cities prioritizes solutions-oriented thinkingsurveying historical trends, providing examples of constructive action worldwide, and outlining alternative problem-solving strategies. Wheeler and Rosan use a social ecology lens and draw perspectives from multiple disciplines. Positive, readable, and constructive in tone, Reimagining Sustainable Cities identifies actions ranging from urban design to institutional restructuring that can bring about fundamental change and prepare us for the challenges ahead. Trade Review"Half a century on, drastic change is still needed, warn urban ecologists Stephen Wheeler and Christina Rosen in their enlightening survey of today’s cities." * Nature *"This book is an ideal companion to a wide range of readers wishing to think again about sustainable cities and stimulate change across urban areas. The narrative of positivity and optimism laid out in the context of achieving sustainability makes this book a refreshing and welcome addition to a mounting body of literature dedicated to sustainable urban action." * Buildings & Cities *"This book is a compendium of the many changes that will be necessary to make a sustainable and equitable future possible." * Journal of Urban Affairs *"A much needed, holistically integrative, overview of sustainability strategies for designing greener, more just, resilient, adaptable and climate friendly communities." * Urban Studies Online *Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Introduction 1. How Do We Get to Climate Neutrality? 2. How Do We Adapt to the Climate Crisis? 3. How Might We Create More Sustainable Economies? 4. How Can We Make Affordable, Inclusive, and Equitable Cities? 5. How Can We Reduce Spatial Inequality? 6. How Can We Get Where We Need to Go More Sustainably? 7. How Do We Manage Land More Sustainably? 8. How Do We Design Greener Cities? 9. How Do We Reduce Our Ecological Footprints? 10. How Can Cities Better Support Human Development? 11. How Might We Have More Functional Democracy? 12. How Can Each of Us Help Lead the Move toward Sustainable Communities? Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes Index

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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