Comparative law Books

Book SynopsisFocusing deliberately on the impact of law courts on substantive law and not on its systematisation by learned jurists this book studies similarities and differences in the development of the law across different jurisdictions.Trade Review"The volume shows clearly the importance for the legal historians of Early Modern Europe of understanding the role of superior courts in the development of law in the various jurisdictions but also suggests there is still much more work to be done." -Paul Brand

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides ready access to a wide-ranging selection of materials on those areas of private law in which a foreign element may arise. It includes UK and Scottish statutes and statutory instruments, EU materials and International Conventions.

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to fill a gap in the process of confrontation between the disciplines, case laws and literature of the central EU member states. In particular it aims to address the difficulty of finding sources for scholars and professionals explaining the rules and guidelines of corporate law in the different European states. The main features of the discipline of Corporate Law in Germany, England, France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Romania and the Netherlands are illustrated. The objective of the work is not only to describe the main features of the discipline, but especially to highlight the most important critical profiles, and particularly those under the scrutiny of the case law and most studied (as problematic) by the doctrine.Table of ContentsPart 1 France Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Stock corporations: foundation and financing Chapter 3. Stock corporations: corporate governance Chapter 4. Stock corporations: internal and external controls Chapter 5. Limited liability companies: foundation and financing Chapter 6. Limited liability companies: corporate governance and controls Chapter 7. Groups of companies Chapter 8. Extraordinary corporate transactions. Liquidation and winding up Part 2 Germany Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Stock corporation: foundation and financing Chapter 3. Stock corporations: corporate governance Chapter 4. Stock corporations: internal and external controls Chapter 5. Limited liability companies: foundation and financing Chapter 6. Limited liability companies: corporate governance and controls Chapter 7. Groups of companies Chapter 8. Extraordinary corporate transactions. Liquidation and winding up Part 3 Italy Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Stock corporation: foundation and financing Chapter 3. Stock corporations: corporate governance Chapter 4. Stock corporations: internal and external controls Chapter 5. Limited liability companies: foundation and financing Chapter 6. Limited liability companies: corporate governance and controls Chapter 7. Groups of companies Chapter 8. Extraordinary corporate transactions. Liquidation and winding up Part 4 Poland Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Stock corporation: foundation and financing Chapter 3. Stock corporations: corporate governance Chapter 4. Stock corporations: internal and external controls Chapter 5. Limited liability companies: foundation and financing Chapter 6. Limited liability companies: corporate governance and controls Chapter 7. Groups of companies Chapter 8. Extraordinary corporate transactions. Liquidation and winding up Part 5 Romania Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Stock corporation: foundation and financing Chapter 3. Stock corporations: corporate governance Chapter 4. Stock corporations: internal and external controls Chapter 5. Limited liability companies: foundation and financing Chapter 6. Limited liability companies: corporate governance and controls Chapter 7. Groups of companies Chapter 8. Extraordinary corporate transactions. Liquidation and winding up Part 6 Spain Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Stock corporations: foundation and financing Chapter 3. Stock corporations: corporate governance Chapter 4. Stock corporations: internal and external controls Chapter 5. Limited liability companies: foundation and financing Chapter 6. Limited liability companies: corporate governance and controls Chapter 7. Groups of companies Chapter 8. Extraordinary corporate transactions. Liquidation and winding up Part 7 The Netherlands Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Stock corporation: foundation and financing Chapter 3. Stock corporations: corporate governance Chapter 4. Stock corporations: internal and external controls Chapter 5. Limited liability companies: foundation and financing Chapter 6. Limited liability companies: corporate governance and controls Chapter 7. Groups of companies Chapter 8. Extraordinary corporate transactions. Liquidation and winding up Part 8 United Kingdom Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Foundation and financing Chapter 3. Stock corporations: corporate governance and external and internal controls Chapter 4. Limited liability companies: foundation and financing Chapter 5. Limited liability companies: corporate governance and controls Chapter 6. Groups of companies Chapter 7. Extraordinary corporate transactions. Liquidation and winding up

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Book SynopsisThis book examines claims in negligence arising from illegal conduct of the claimant. An array of public policy and other grounds have been advanced for resolving these claims, resulting in an area that is characterised by confusing and contradictory case law. The book analyses the various explanations put forward as the basis for illegality doctrine within a framework of corrective justice theory. Illegality law poses particular challenges for the corrective justice explanation of negligence law, as many illegality tests are based on public policy considerations external to the relationship of the parties. The book argues that the only circumstance where illegality doctrine should be applied to deny a claim is where this is necessary to preserve the coherence of the legal system. It develops the work of Ernest Weinribian corrective justice theorists to explain how the principle of legal coherence fits within the framework of corrective justice theory, and why legal coherence is the only valid conceptual basis for a doctrine of illegality. It also contains a detailed study on the scope of the coherence rationale and the principles that will determine its application.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Perspectives 3. The Tort–Crime Interface 4. Policy and Discretion 5. The Connection Tests 6. Overview of the Coherence Rationale 7. Statutory Purpose 8. No Loss or Damage: Sanction-shifting and Related Claims 9. No Loss or Damage: Illegal Profits and Earnings 10. A Relational Explanation: Joint Illegal Enterprise Cases 11. Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThis is the first textbook to provide a clear understanding of law’s role in promoting the global growth of renewable energy production and consumption. The book introduces readers to the main legal frameworks shaping the rise of renewables at international, regional and national levels, including those which set targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing renewable energy consumption. Clear explanations of challenges commonly confronting renewable developments and the legal responses to them aid readers’ understanding whatever their background. The author, a leading researcher in energy and environmental law, has drawn on 10 years’ experience of developing and teaching research-led courses on renewable energy law to produce an authoritative but accessible work. Readers will come away with a better understanding of how international law on climate change and sustainable development affects renewable energy, the roles of renewable energy targets and subsidies, the laws on integrating renewables into electricity networks, the legal response to public opposition to renewable energy development, the law surrounding offshore renewables, and issues raised by the decarbonisation of road transport.Trade ReviewClear, thematic coverage of the subject matter, well presented and nicely integrating the various legal regimes and instruments involved. -- Angus Johnston * University of Oxford *Extends beyond national law and regulation to international and also explains the nuts-and-bolts of renewable energy. -- Peter Cameron * University of Dundee *Table of Contents1. Renewable Energy Law: An Introduction 2. International Climate Change Law and Renewable Energy 3. Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy 4. Enabling Renewable Energy Growth: The Role of Targets 5. Securing Investment in Renewable Energy: The Role of Subsidies 6. Transmitting Electricity 7. Planning, Licensing, and Public Opposition 8. Offshore Renewables 9. Decarbonising Road Transport

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive study of the nature and scope of the nationhood power, this book brings a fresh perspective to the scholarship on the powers of the executive branch in Australia. The question of when the Federal Executive Government can act without the authorisation of the Parliament is contested and highly topical in Australia. In recent judicial decisions, Australian courts have suggested that statutory authorisation may not be required where the Federal Executive Government is exercising the nationhood power; that is, the implied executive power derived from the character and status of the Commonwealth as the national government. The Federal Executive Government has relied on this power to implement controversial spending programs, respond to national emergencies and exclude non-citizens from Australia. Together, the chapters in this book analyse and evaluate judicial observations about the operation of the nationhood power in these different contexts and the limits which apply to it. While the focus of this book is on the nationhood power, it also addresses broader issues concerning the relationship between the legislative and executive branches in parliamentary systems of government. This book makes an important contribution to the literature on executive power and will appeal to constitutional lawyers, scholars and practitioners and those who are involved in the administration of government.Table of ContentsPart I Executive Power in Australia 1. Introduction 2. The Executive Power of the Commonwealth Part II The Scope of the Nationhood Power 3. The Development of the Nationhood Power in the Australian Case Law 4. The Nationhood Power and the Use of the Armed Forces During Emergencies 5. The Nationhood Power and Border Protection Part III Limitations on the Nationhood Power 6. Federalism as a Limit on the Nationhood Power 7. Conclusion Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisConstitutionalism is in crisis. And the crisis unfolds not only on a national or a regional level. It is a global phenomenon: Democracy is no longer on the rise, the Rule of Law appears weakened, political cohesion seems to erode. Human Rights Protection finds itself questioned, International Criminal Law struggles for broad recognition, international trade may have lost some of its appeal. Institutional actors find their authority questioned, established political parties are threatened by ever-changing popular movements. But where to does the charted road lead? How will the “Crisis of Constitutionalism” unfold in the years to come? Nobody knows, of course. But at the same time: Nobody is too keen to make an educated guess either. This volume remedies that. By giving nine eminent scholars in law and political science the opportunity to make their predictions, where the constitutionalist project will stand ten years from now, it creates a forum of deliberation that will not only aim at anticipating the developments in question but at the same time shape academic discourse on constitutionalism alongside it.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Constitutionalism 2030: A Prediction Christopher Bezemek (University of Graz, Austria) PART ONE ASPECTS 1. Democracy in 2030 Matthias Klatt (University of Graz, Austria) 2. The Rule of Law in 2030 Yaniv Roznai (Radzyner School of Law, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Israel) 3. Federalism in 2030 Bilyana Petkova (University of Graz, Austria) PART TWO AREAS 4. International Human Rights in 2030 Andreas T Müller (University of Innsbruck, Austria) 5. International Criminal Law in 2030 Stefanie Bock (University of Marburg, Germany) 6. Global Trade in 2030 Antonios Kouroutakis (University of Madrid, Spain) PART THREE ACTORS 7. Institutions in 2030 Stefanie Egidy (Max Planck Institute for Research of Collective Goods, Germany) 8. Political Parties in 2030 Paulina Starski (University of Freiburg, Germany) 9. Popular Movements in 2030 Tomas Dumbrovsky (Charles University, Czech Republic; Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, Qatar)

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Book SynopsisOmbudsmen are a global phenomenon. They are also a critical part of the public law frameworks of modern liberal democracies. This is the first edited collection to examine the place of the ombudsman in the modern state. It brings together key international scholars to discuss current and future challenges for the Ombudsman institution and the systems of government within which they operate. The book is international in scope with authors heralding from most continents - Canada, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, South Africa, Germany, and Austria. This global analysis is both in-depth and expansive in its coverage of the operation of Ombudsmen across civil and common law legal systems. The book has two key themes: - The enduring question of the location and operation of Ombudsmen within public law systems in a changing state, and - The challenges faced by Ombudsmen in contemporary governance. This collection adds to the public law scholarship by addressing a common problem faced by all avenues of public law review – the evolving nature of modern public administration.Table of Contents1. The Evolution and Future of the Ombuds Matthew Groves (Deakin University, Australia) and Anita Stuhmcke (University of Technology Sydney, Australia) PART 1 THE PLACE OF THE OMBUDSMAN IN MODERN GOVERNANCE 2. Maladministration: The Particular Jurisdiction of the Ombudsman Greg Weeks (Australian National University, Australia) 3. The Enforceability of Ombudsman Remedies and Competition with Judicial Review Stephen Thomson (City University of Hong Kong) 4. Understanding the Response from Health Organisations to Health Ombudsman Investigations – A New Conceptual Model Gavin McBurnie (Queen Margaret University, UK) 5. The Role of Ombuds Institutes in Providing Equal Access to Justice for All Maaike de Langen (New York University, Center on International Cooperation) PART 2 THE CHALLENGE OF MODERN GOVERNANCE TO OMBUDSMEN 6. Bringing the Ombudsman Role and Powers into the Twenty-first Century Chris Wheeler (University of Technology Sydney, Australia) 7. Ombuds and Tribunals in a Digital Era: Framing a Digital Legal Consciousness Naomi Creutzfeldt (University of Westminster, UK) 8. Complaint Handling Effectiveness: What Can We Learn from Industry-Based Ombudsmen Schemes? John McMillan (Australian National University, Australia) 9. Decentred Regulation of the Ombudsman Sector: UK Style Richard Kirkham (University of Sheffield, UK) 10 Reform of a National Ombudsman Scheme – A Journey Rob Behrens (Parliamentary and Health Services Ombudsman, UK) 11. Ombudsman and Counter-Democracy: Gas Quakes in the Netherlands and the Democratic Role of the National Ombudsman Marc Hertogh (University of Groningen, the Netherlands) 12. Towards Therapeutic Complains Resolution Jane Williams (Queen Margaret University, UK), Chris Gill (University of Glasgow, UK) and Carolyn Hirst (Hirstworks, UK) 13 High Official at Street Level: A Multi-method Study on the Consultation Days of the Austrian Ombudspersons Julia Dahlvik (University of Applied Sciences FH Campus Wien, Austria), Axel Pohn-Weidinger (University of Göttingen, Germany) and Martina Kollegger, University of Vienna, Austria 14. Reimagining the Classical Ombud: Disability Rights, Democracy and Demosprudence Justice Nick O'Brien (Mental Health Review Tribunal, UK) 15. A Guardian Illuminated: The Role of New Zealand’s Parliamentary Ombudsman in the Health and Disability System Ron Paterson (University of Auckland, New Zealand) 16. Ombuds Institutions: Non-judicial Mechanisms for the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Older Persons Linda Reif (University of Alberta, Canada)

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Book SynopsisThis is the second in a 4-volume set that provides the definitive account of the major issues of comparative constitutional law in Asian jurisdictions.Volume 2 looks at constitutional amendments and offers answers to questions about the formal rules for amending the constitution such as:- Who initiates an amendment proposal?- How is the amendment proposal adopted?- How are the amendments codified?and the neo-institutional questions regarding amendment practices such as:- Why is the constitution amended? - Who engages in the amendment process?- How does the amendment affect the political system and the society?Volume 2 covers 17 Asian jurisdictions including: Bangladesh, Cambodia, mainland China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, North Korea, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Thailand.

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Book SynopsisNgoc Son Bui is Associate Professor of Asian Law at the Faculty of Law, University of Oxford, UK.Mara Malagodi is Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Law and Christopher Roberts is Assistant Professor and Deputy Director of the LLB Programme, both at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

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Book SynopsisThis book engages in a theological critique of the legal frameworks and theoretical approaches of Australia, the US and England to create a peaceful coexistence of difference which supports both religious freedom and equality. It develops a new framework for reconciling religious freedom and discrimination in Western liberal democracies and presents a unique approach to practically supporting both religious freedom and equality as fundamentally important objectives which promote more compassionate and cohesive communities. The book applies the idea of peaceful coexistence of difference by assuming the dignity and goodwill of different people and perspectives, and proceeds upon shared virtues such as love which are affirmed by all.Table of ContentsPART I RELIGIOUS FREEDOM VERSUS ANTI-DISCRIMINATION? Introduction I. The Purpose of this Book: Reconciling Freedom and Discrimination II. Religious Freedom and Equality: A Tense Relationship III. Shortcomings in the Literature IV. Peaceful Coexistence, Shared Premises and Political Virtues V. Models of the Religion-State Relationship VI. Structure of the Book PART II LEGAL FRAMEWORKS 1. Australia I. Introduction II. The Australian Constitution III. Commonwealth Legislation IV. Summary: The Legal Infrastructure for the Autonomy of Religious Communities in Australia V. Evaluation of the Law: Peaceful Coexistence and the Theological Virtues VI. Conclusion: The Autonomy of Religious Communities in Australian Law 2. United States I. Introduction II. The First Amendment of the US Constitution III. Federal Legislation IV. Summary: The Legal Infrastructure for the Autonomy of Religious Communities in the US V. Evaluation of the Law: Peaceful Coexistence and the Theological Virtues VI. Conclusion: The Autonomy of Religious Communities in US Law 3. England I. Introduction II. European Convention of Human Rights III. UK Legislation IV. Summary: The Legal Infrastructure for the Autonomy of Religious Communities in England V. Evaluation of the Law: Peaceful Coexistence and the Theological Virtues VI. Conclusion: The Autonomy of Religious Communities in English Law PART III THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS 4. Australia: Pragmatic Pluralism or Mild Establishment? I. Introduction II. Australia as Pragmatically Pluralist III. Evaluation of Australia’s Pragmatic Pluralism IV. Proposing an Alternative: Mild Establishment? V. Implications for Australia’s Legal Framework VI. Conclusion 5. United States: Secularism or Pluralism? I. Introduction II. United States as Secular Separationist III. Evaluation of Secular Separationism in the US IV. Proposing an Alternative: Pluralism V. Implications for the United States Legal Framework VI. Conclusion 6. England: Substantive Establishment? I. Introduction II. Elements of English Establishment III. Nature of English Establishment: Substantive (Theological) or Formal (Secular)? IV. Peaceful Coexistence and an Evaluation of English Establishment V. Implications for the English Legal Framework VI. Conclusion PART IV A PRINCIPLED FRAMEWORK 7. Reconciling Religious Freedom and Equality in a Principled Framework I. Introduction II. Reconciling Religious Freedom and Equality III. Recommendations

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an in-depth analysis of 4 economically significant Asian jurisdictions: Mainland China, India, Hong Kong and Singapore. These jurisdictions have recently either reformed – or are considering reforming – their corporate restructuring laws to promote regimes conducive to restructuring financially distressed, but otherwise economically viable, companies. Mainland China, India, Hong Kong and Singapore continue to adhere to a framework that requires the court’s final approval but draw references from Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code 1978 in the United States and/or the schemes of arrangement in the United Kingdom. However, the institutional and market structures are very different in Asia; in particular, Asia has a far higher concentration in shareholdings among listed firms, including holdings by families and the state, and a different composition of creditors. The book explains how, notwithstanding the legal transplantation, corporate restructuring laws in these Asian jurisdictions have adapted and evolved due to the frictions in shareholder-creditor and creditor-creditor relationships, and the role of the state in resolving non-performing loans and financial distress of state-owned enterprises which are listed, or which issue public debt. The study argues that any reforms must go beyond professionalising the insolvency professionals and the judiciary but must be designed to address fundamental issues of corporate governance, bank regulation and enforcing non-bankruptcy rules. It offers invaluable insights for academics and policy makers alike.Trade ReviewMeticulously researched, well presented, and thoroughly referenced, this book represents a major contribution to insolvency scholarship. It will also be valuable to those with a more general interest in corporate restructuring laws as well as insolvency laws in Asia. The methodology will be of interest to comparative law scholars in Asia, the UK, and the US, not only to those with an interest in insolvency law. The book is an extremely valuable addition to the Hart Series on Contemporary Studies in Corporate Law. -- Jingchen Zhao, Nottingham Trent University * International Insolvency Review *This book plugs a significant gap in the literature concerning restructuring and insolvency law and policy in Asia and will be a valuable resource for academics, practitioners, and those who engage in policy formulation and law reform. -- Andrew Godwin, University of Melbourne * The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law *In this excellent new book Professor Wan critically analyses the development of corporate restructuring law in four Asian jurisdictions: Hong Kong, Singapore, Mainland China, and India. Her controlling argument is that all of these jurisdictions have borrowed ideas from corporate restructuring law in the US and the UK, but that the organisational and institutional environment is very different in each of them so that adaptations are necessary for the legal transplants to flourish in their new soil. The book makes a highly significant contribution to the literature ... What emerges is a fascinating, readable, rigorous, and highly compelling piece of research. * Sarah Paterson, Professor of Law, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK *Professor Wan’s new book provides a fascinating deep dive into the insolvency regimes of China, Hong Kong, India, and Singapore. Professor Wan traces the evolution of each regime and highlights the influence that American and English systems had on that evolution. In doing so, she develops a new framework for measuring the success of restructuring laws and persuasively challenges the idea that American and English principles of restructuring can simply be transplanted to any jurisdiction regardless of local institutions and laws. This book is a must read for anyone interested in the law of corporate restructuring or comparative law more generally. * Anthony J Casey, Donald M Ephraim Professor of Law and Economics, University of Chicago, USA *In this masterful monograph, Professor Wai Yee Wan combines economic analysis with detailed institutional knowledge to assess the application of American- and British-style business reorganization law to the economies and legal environments of Mainland China, Hong Kong, India, and Singapore. Her book is rich in comparative information on these four Asian legal regimes, and she offers insightful conclusions and persuasive recommendations. Of particular importance is her original analysis of the challenges of the employment of an Anglo-American reorganization model in jurisdictions whose businesses are, as contrasted with those in the US and UK, characterized by concentrated share holdings. * Richard Squire, Professor of Law & Alpin J Cameron Chair in Law, Fordham Law School, USA *This book presents a theoretically rich and intellectually stimulating account of corporate restructuring in Hong Kong, Singapore, India and Mainland China. The corporate insolvency regimes of these jurisdictions have all been influenced to differing degrees by Anglo-American models. Wan interrogates the appropriateness of this in the very different economic and social context of business practice in these four Asian economies. Through careful examination of relevant law and the use of empirical data, she identifies a number of key differences that pull towards the need for these jurisdictions to consider their own policy imperatives and possible reforms. * Sally Wheeler OBE, Robert Garran Professor of Law, Australian National University, Australia *Table of Contents1. Introduction and Theoretical Framework 1.1. Overview 1.2. Restructuring Models in Anglo-America and Asia 1.3. Understanding the Interaction between Corporate Governance and Restructuring Law 1.4. Building an Analytical Framework 1.5. Methodology 1.6. Organisation of the Book 2. Development of Corporate Restructuring Law in Four Asian Jurisdictions 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Emerging Jurisdictions 2.3. Advanced Jurisdictions 2.4. Conclusion 3. The Agency Costs of Manager–Creditor and Shareholder–Creditor Relationships in Restructuring 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Institutional and Organisational Background 3.4. Addressing Information Asymmetry and Hold-Out Problems in Asian Restructurings 3.5. Enhancing the Restructuring Regime: Lessons and Implications 3.6. Conclusion 4. The Agency and Coordination Costs of Creditor–Creditor Relationships in Restructuring 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Institutional and Organisational Background 4.3. Strategies to Deal with Agency and Coordination Costs of Creditor–Creditor Conflicts in Anglo-American Restructurings 4.4. The Features of Asian Restructurings 4.5. Enhancing the Restructuring Regime in Asia: Lessons and Implications 4.6. Conclusion 5. Managing Non-Performing Loans and their Impact on Agency and Coordination Costs in Two Emerging Jurisdictions 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Institutional and Organisational Background in the International Context for Resolving NPLs 5.3. Institutional Background to NPLs in India and Mainland China 5.4. AMCs and Variations to Agency and Coordination Costs in Restructuring 5.5. Developing Active Distressed Loan Markets in India and Mainland China 5.6. Conclusion, Lessons and Implications for Managing NPLs 5.7. Postscript 6. Insolvency Practitioners as Gatekeeper Intermediaries 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Role of Insolvency Practitioners: A Comparative Perspective 6.3. The Governance of Intermediaries: Accountability, Conflicts of Interest and Effectiveness 6.4. Lessons, Implications and Options for Reform in Asian Jurisdictions 6.5. Conclusion 7. Role of the Courts in Court-Supervised Restructurings 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Legislative Framework and Judicial Discretion in the US and the UK: Strengths and Limitations 7.3. Legislative Framework and Judicial Discretion in Asia 7.4. Lessons and Implications 7.5. The Experience of Mainland China 7.6. Conclusion 8. Relationship between Restructuring Law, Enforcing Contracts and Directors’ Duties 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Impact of Enforcing Creditor Rights on Restructuring Law 8.3. Analysis 8.4. Directors’ Duties and Incentives to Invoke or Use Restructuring Law 8.5. Conclusion 9. Restructuring Law, Implications for Reform and Conclusion 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Seven Propositions in this Book 9.3. Future Prospects for Reform in the Asian Jurisdictions 9.4. Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThe French law of torts or of extra-contractual liability is widely seen as exceptional. For long it was based on a mere five articles of the Civil Code of 1804, but on this foundation the courts and legal scholars have constructed liabilities for fault and strict liability of an extraordinary breadth and significance. While the rest of the general law of obligations (including contract) in the Civil Code was reformed in 2016 by executive ordonnance, this area was left aside, being the subject in 2017 of a proposal by the French Government for the legislative reform of the law of civil liability, a new legislative category to include both contractual and extra-contractual liability. This work considers important aspects of this developing area of French law in a series of essays by French lawyers and comparative lawyers working in French law and other civil law systems. In doing so, it provides insight into the doctrinal thinking and judgments of French lawyers as well as the possible directions in which this area of the law may be developed in the future.Table of Contents1. Introduction Jean-Sebastien Borghetti and Simon Whittaker PART I ‘CIVIL LIABILITY’, CONTRACTUAL AND EXTRA-CONTRACTUAL 2. A Common Framework for Civil Liability? Simon Whittaker 3. The Relationship between Contractual and Extra-Contractual Liability as between Parties to a Contract Yves-Marie Laithier 4. Liability of Contracting Parties Towards Third Parties Philippe Stoff el-Munck PART II ‘FAULT’ 5. The Definition of Civil Fault Marie Dugue 6. Crime, Breach of Legislative Duties and Fault Matthew Dyson PART III LIABILITY WITHOUT FAULT 7. The Role of Liability without Fault Jonas Knetsch 8. Fait d’autrui in Comparative Perspective Birke Hacker PART IV ‘HARM’ 9. Loss and its Compensation in the Proposed New French Regime of Extra-contractual Liability Dorota Leczykiewicz 10. The Concepts of ‘Harm’ in the French and Italian Laws of Civil Liability Pietro Sirena 11. Nuisance and Coming to the Nuisance: The Porous Boundary between Torts and Servitudes in England and France Ciara Kennefick PART V CAUSATION 12. Liability for Alternative Causation and for the Loss of a Chance Nuno Manuel Pinto Oliveira 13. ‘Solidary’ Liability and the Channelling of Liability Carlos Gomez Liguerre PART VI DEFENCES 14. Defences to Tortious and Contractual Liability in French Law Sandy Steel 15. Contracts Concerning Civil Liability Zoe Jacquemin PART VII LIABILITY BEYOND DAMAGES 16. Comparative Reflections on Punishment in Tort Law Marco Cappelletti 17. Unjustified Enrichment and Civil Liability Melodie Combot 18. Injunctions Requiring the Cessation of Unlawful Action Paula Giliker PART VIII BROAD THEMES 19. The Projet de Réforme du Code Civil Belge and the Reform of the French Civil Code: A Comparison of Selected Topics Bernard Dubuisson 20. The Reform of Delict in the Civil Code and Liability in Administrative Law John Bell 21. The Importance of Terminology in the Law of Civil Liability Olivier Deshayes 22. Principles of Liability or a Law of Torts? Jean-Sebastien Borghetti and Simon Whittaker

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Book SynopsisThis book explains how the People of Puerto Rico managed to adopt a constitution whose content and process were both original and colonialist, participatory and undemocratic, as well as progressive and anticlimactic. It looks in detail at the rich contradictions of the Puerto Rican constitutional experience, focusing on the history and content of the 1952 Constitution. This constitution is the only constitutional document written by the Puerto Rican People themselves after more than 500 years of Spanish and US colonialism.By exploring Puerto Rico's unique history and constitutional experience the book shines a spotlight on key emerging themes of comparative constitutional studies in this area: state constitutionalism, the persistence of colonial relationships in the Caribbean, and the continued development of constitutionalism in Latin America.The book delves deep into the particular experience of Puerto Rican constitutionalism which combines elements of colonialism, democratic tensions, and progressive policies. It explains how these features converge in a constitutional project that has endured for 70 years and continues its contradictory development. It considers issues such as the island's colonial history, including its conflicting relationship with democratic values and the constant presence of social movements and their struggles. It also explores the content of the 1952 Constitution, focusing on its progressive substantive policy, particularly its rights provisions, its amendment procedures, and the governmental structure it set up.

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Book SynopsisThis open access book presents the first comparative study on the legal sources of administrative law. Every modern legal order needs a set of general rules to apply and enforce administrative law; the rules impose principles of action, of procedure, and of organisation of the authorities. The legal basis of these rules may be quite diverse. Some countries have tried to codify administrative law, whilst others work with few rules or unwritten rules. The book considers the consequences that arise from the different degrees of codification of general administrative law. It presents answers to important questions including: Does codification increase predictability and legal certainty? Does codification lead to a ‘petrification’ of administrative law? To what degree does the constitution shape administrative law? Which areas of administrative law are suitable for codification, which are not, and why not? The book answers these questions by presenting 13 country reports, covering both civil and common law traditions, a chapter on the EU, and a comparative analysis. This ebook is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. The ‘Codification’ of Administrative Law in Australia, Janina Boughey (University of New South Wales, Australia) 2. Codification of Administrative Law in Austria, Konrad Lachmayer (Sigmund Freud University, Austria) 3. Codification of Belgian Administrative Law ‘Nothing is Written, Stéphanie De Somer (University of Antwerp, Belgium) and Ingrid Opdebeek (University of Antwerp, Belgium) 4. A Persistent Taste for Diversity: Codification of Administrative Law in Canada, Pierre Issalys (Laval University, Canada) 5. Codification of Administrative Law: A French Oxymoron, Delphine Costa (Aix Marseille University, France) 6. Codification of Administrative Law in Germany and the European Union, Markus Heintzen (University of Berlin, Germany) 7. Administrative Proceedings in Italy, Roberto Caranta (University of Turin, Italy) 8. Codification of Administrative Law in the Netherlands, Ymre E Schuurmans (University of Leiden, Netherlands), Tom Barkhuysen (University of Leiden, Netherlands) and Willemien den Ouden (University of Leiden, Netherlands) 9. Codification of Norwegian Administrative Law, Jon Christian Fløysvik Nordrum (University of Oslo, Norway) 10. Codification of Administrative Law in Sweden, Jane Reichel (Stockholm University, Sweden) and Michaela Ribbing (Stockholm University, Sweden) 11. Codification of Administrative Law in Switzerland, Felix Uhlmann (University of Zurich, Switzerland) 12. Codification of Administrative Law in the United Kingdom: Beyond the Common Law, Sarah Nason (Bangor University, United Kingdom) 13. The United States: Systematic but Incomplete Codification, Edward L Rubin (Vanderbilt University, United States of America) 14. Science Codification for the European Union: The ReNEUAL-Network: On the Limits of Legal Control of Innovation and Technology, Ariane Berger (University of Berlin, Germany) 15. Comparative Analysis, Felix Uhlmann (University of Zurich, Switzerland)

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Book SynopsisThis book shines a light on the still unexplored relationships between federalism and disability rights. It investigates how the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is implemented by different federal systems around the world. It analyses the effects that the obligations undertaken under the CRPD have on federal governance and on the constitutional division of powers within 14 federal systems, including those in Germany, Canada, Brazil, India, the UK and Italy. The book also considers the trends and patterns of disability rights governance in federal systems and looks at the future developments of comparative disability federalism.

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of the leading introduction to the subject presents the South African Constitution in its historical and social context.The book provides students and teachers of constitutional law and politics an invaluable resource through which to understand the emergence, development and continuing application of the supreme law of South Africa. The chapters present a detailed analysis of the different provisions of the Constitution, providing a clear, accessible and informed view of the Constitution''s structure and role in the new South Africa. Main themes include a description of the historical context and emergence of the Constitution through the democratic transition; the implementation of the Constitution and its role in building a new democratic society; the interaction of the Constitution with the existing law and legal institutions, including the common law, indigenous law and traditional authorities; as well as a focus on the strains placed on the new constitutional order by both the historical legacies of apartheid and new problems facing South Africa.

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Book SynopsisThis book explores accountability from a range of perspectives, crossing traditional disciplinary, thematic, and professional boundaries. It asks fresh questions about accountability and its place and importance in democratic societies. Accountability matters. It matters because it connects the governors with the governed, and for this reason it is a hallmark of democratic governance. And yet, amidst a backdrop of concerns about democratic back-sliding, the rise of populism, the role of algorithmic governance, moral barbarism, and post-truth politics — to mention just a few issues — a number of potentially far-reaching questions of accountability have been asked. It is for exactly this reason that this book explores the concept of accountability from a range of perspectives, crossing traditional disciplinary, thematic, and professional boundaries. It asks fresh questions about accountability and its place and importance in democratic societies. The book considers the questions raised by the shifting architecture of accountability. Whilst some scholars suggest that accountability processes have never been so effective —trumpeting the rise of monitory democracy with its dense array of watchdogs, sleaze-busters, auditors, legislative committees, statutory supports, and investigative mechanisms — others express concern about the risk of ‘overloads’, ‘gaps’, and ‘traps’. This has led to a focus on fuzzy accountability and diagonal accountability, pointing to increasing conceptual confusion. Bringing together world-leading scholars and former politicians and public servants, the book cuts through this confusion and provides the reader with the answers to the most debated issues, including rarely discussed ‘pathologies of accountability’, post-human governance, and a novel focus on balance and proportionality.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements Foreword, Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury, Former President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 1. Accountability Matters, Matthew Flinders (University of Sheffield, UK) and Chris Monaghan (University of Worcester, UK) Part I: Framing 2. Questions of Perspective - Accountability as a Behavioural Proposition, Thomas Schillemans (Utrecht University, the Netherlands) 3. Questions of Measurement: Striking an Accountability Balance, Ellen Rock (University of Technology Sydney, Australia) 4. Loss of Balance? Exploring the 'Dark Side' of Accountability, Matthew Flinders (University of Sheffield, UK) 5. Fuzzy Law, Executive Powers and the Problem of Accountability, Margit Cohn (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) 6. Collaborative Constitutional Accountability, Se-shauna Wheatle (University of Durham, UK) Part II: Themes 7. Questions of Control: Accountability in the Shadow of Prorogation, Chris Monaghan (University of Worcester, UK and Josie Welsh (University of Worcester, UK) 8. Questions of Counsel: Accountability and Policy Advice, Jonathan Slater (King’s Policy Institute; former Permanent Secretary in the Department for Education, UK) 9. Enforcing the Conventions of Constitutional Monarchy, Robert Blackburn (King’s College London, UK) 10. Accountability, Human Rights and Beyond: Lessons from Social Security Law, Alison Young (University of Cambridge, UK) Part III: Futures 11. Accountability in Global Governance, Kate Macdonald (University of Melbourne, Australia) and Terry Macdonald (University of Melbourne, Australia) 12. Accountability from the Inside-Out, David Blunkett (Member of the House of Lords, UK; former Home Secretary) 13. Positive Accountability: From Naming, Shaming and Blaming to Lesson Learning, Sharon Shoesmith (former Director of Education and Children's Social Care, UK) 14. Accountability in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, Madalina Busuioc (Vrije University, the Netherlands) Part IV: Where Next? 15. Questions Still to be Answered, Matthew Flinders (University of Sheffield, UK) and Chris Monaghan (University of Worcester, UK)

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses two questions: firstly, how has the fight against COVID-19, especially the individual and collective responses of Latin American nation-states, influenced the relationship between power, people, and statebodies? And secondly, has democracy taken a step back and allowed pandemocracy to replace its long-term legitimising function? Adopting a Global South perspective, the book explores the constitutional, political and institutional measures that paved the way for several aggressive state policies in various Latin American countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. The contributions provide a detailed review of democratic decay and the ‘rule of law’ impairment in many countries of the region. The book goes beyond mere observation and explores all the main theoretical elements that can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the political and normative impact of the pandemic. In terms of constitutional design and concerning the actual behaviour of political bodies, the fairness and efficacy of Latin American state responses during the COVID-19 pandemic did not rely on civic culture, executive goodwill, or boldness on the part of the judges. The aim of this volume, therefore, is to unravel the most subtle elements of a very puzzling situation. Multidisciplinary perspectives are deployed to explore how democratic standards and goals have been reshaped by nuanced constructions of certain atavistic normative ideas or even by non-constitutional policies. The book sheds light on the underlying connection between politics and law.Table of ContentsPart I: The Theory 1. Faltering Institutional Responses in Backsliding Democracies, Pablo Riberi (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina) 2. How the Pandemic Changed Democratic Regimes, Sergio Verdugo (IE University Law School, Spain) Part II: The Practice 3. Pandemocracy in Argentina, Manuel J García-Mansilla (Universidad Austral, Argentina) and Ricardo Ramírez-Calvo (Universidad de San Andrés, Argentina) 4. Pandemocracy in Brazil, Marcelo Figueiredo (Pontifical Catholic University, Brazil) 5. Pandemocracy in Chile, Javier Couso (Universidad Diego Portales, Chile) 6. Pandemocracy in Mexico, José María Serna de la Garza (National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico) 7. Peru: Executive v. Legislative Wars Amidst a Global Pandemic, Trilce Valdivia (Universidad Católica San Pablo, Perú) 8. Venezuela: Effects of the Pandemic in a State Already Lacking Constitutional Democracy and Immersed in a Complex Humanitarian Crisis, Daniela Urosa (Boston College Law School, USA) and José Ignacio Hernández (Catholic University and Central University, Venezuela) Part III: Beyond States 9. COVID-19, Corruption and Democratic Institutions, Delia M Ferreira Rubio (Córdoba National University, Argentina) 10. Hyper-Presidentialism versus Federalism During the COVID-19 Emergency in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, Antonio María Hernández (National University of Cordoba, Argentina) 11. Environmental Democracy under Quarantine? Access to Information and Public Participation During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Maria Florencia Saulino (Universidad de San Andres, Argentina) 12. The Inter-American System and Constitutional Emergencies, Ignacio Colombo Murúa (Universidad Católica de Salta, Argentina) Epilogue: A Comparative Outlook 13. The COVID-19 Emergency and Instability in Latin America, David Landau (Florida State University, USA) 14. Out of Balance? Revisiting Separation of Powers During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Konrad Lachmayer (Sigmund Freud University, Austria)

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Book SynopsisOver 2 billion people (61% of the world’s employed population) work in the informal economy. Due to its pervasiveness, informality plays a major role in understanding a wide swath of ideas, such as development, work, employment, governance, and growth. Its scope, nonetheless, goes far beyond economic definitions and political agendas. As the book argues, at the root of informality lies another comprehensive, yet generally unnoticed—or at best improperly treated—phenomenon: that of noncompliance with the law. Whilst it is true that much attention has been paid to the economic aspect over the past 5 decades, the same cannot be said about the legal aspect, which is one of its constitutive features. This book takes the first steps in this direction. The book provides an account of the phenomenon’s legal nature through the lens of a case study on street vendors in Brazil, focusing on what can be conceived as noncompliance and by which forms noncompliant behaviour can be assessed. It goes on to set out the most striking impacts of noncompliance; specifically, what happens with the legal system when noncompliance becomes pervasive. The Nature and Impacts of Noncompliance was awarded The European Award for Legal Theory 2022 from the European Academy of Legal Theory (EALT) and Prêmio Abrafi de Teses 2022 from the Brazilian Association for Philosophy of Law and Sociology of Law (Abrafi).Table of ContentsIntroduction Part I: A Case of Noncompliance 1. On the Concept and Size of Informality 2. Getting Closer to the Phenomenon: An Overview of the World of Street Vending 3. Stepping into the Field: The Example of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil Part II: On the Nature of Noncompliance 5. Conceptual Presuppositions 6. Conceptual Architecture Part III: On the Impacts of Noncompliance 7. On Time and Space 8. Arenas of Noncompliance 9. On the State and Its Law Concluding Remarks

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Book SynopsisAdministrative tribunals are a vital part of the public law frameworks of many countries. This is the 1st edited book collection to examine tribunals across the common law world. It brings together key international scholars to discuss current and future challenges.The book includes contributions from leading scholars from all major common law jurisdictions the UK, the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Israel, Hong Kong, Singapore, India and South Africa. This global analysis is both deep and expansive in its coverage of the operation of administrative tribunals across common law legal systems. The book has two key themes: one is the enduring question of the location and operation of tribunals within public law systems; the second is the continued mission of tribunals to provide administrative justice. The collection is an important addition to global public law scholarship, addressing common problems faced by the tribunals of common law countries, and providing solutions for how tribunals can evolve to match the changing nature of government.

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Book SynopsisAlexandra Andhov is Professor, Chair in Law and Technology, and Director of the Centre for Law and Technology at the University of Auckland, New Zealand.Claire A Hill is the James L Krusemark Chair in Law at the University of Minnesota Law School, USA.Saule T Omarova is the Earle Hepburn Professor of Law at Penn Carey Law, University of Pennsylvania, USA.

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Book SynopsisTania Groppi is Professor of Public Law at the University of Siena, Italy.Marie-Claire Ponthoreau is Professor of Constitutional Law at the University of Bordeaux, France.Irene Spigno is Professor of Comparative Constitutional Law at the Interamerican Academy of Human Rights, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Mexico.

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Book SynopsisThe constitutional system of South Korea is a work in progress, and this volume fleshes out and makes intelligible to foreign readers that process within the specific political and historical context of modern South Korea.The current South Korean Constitution of 1987 is the culmination of decades-long efforts by the South Korean people to achieve democratic self-government. It is the fruition of untold sacrifices made by dedicated citizens who tirelessly fought to rein in the power of the government under some form of constitutional rule. In that sense, it should be understood against the backdrop of South Korea's experimentation with constitutionalism that began at the turn of the last century. Yet, it also represents a radical break, the beginning of a new era which ended a long political history of constitution without constitutionalism'.For the first time in the history of the South Korean nation, the constitution has become a living norm rather than an ornament, or a façade, for illegitimate or ineffectual governments. It has proven to be a binding law that matters not only for government leaders but also for private individuals. With the adoption, especially, of a system allowing the adjudication of constitutional issues at an independent court, the people have begun to realise that the constitution can be invoked to protect their rights and advance their interests. As a result, the South Korean Constitutional Court is being stretched to its limits with a great number of cases filed at its docket. This book is an insightful new addition to Hart''s successful series, Constitutional Systems of the World.

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Book SynopsisDieter Grimm is an internationally renowned authority on constitutional law, constitutional theory, constitutional history and constitutional adjudication, Germany.

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Book SynopsisIngeborg Schwenzer is Professor Emerita of Private Law at the University of Basel, Switzerland.Christiana Fountoulakis is Professor of Private Law at the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland, and an international sales law and choice-of-law specialist. Mariel Dimsey is an arbitration and international sales law specialist, and an independent arbitrator based in Hong Kong.Maren Wibke Weigl is an arbitration lawyer based in Hong Kong.Patrick Wittum is a German law graduate, LL.M. Candidate at Harvard Law School, and former research assistant at the University of Zurich, Switzerland.Aydin Sari is Research Assistant in international sales law at the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland.

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Book SynopsisNeate and Godfrey: Bank Confidentiality deals with the topical subject of the duties or obligations of confidentiality or secrecy which banks owe to their customers in 37 countries around the world. The ways in which banks may be obliged to disclose information in court proceedings or to assist the authorities in combating money laundering or the funding of terrorism and wider international anti-money laundering initiatives are also considered. Since the financial crisis in some jurisdictions, politicians have been increasingly keen to reduce levels of bank secrecy. Conversely there is also pressure to protect customers’ information and prevent identity theft. Each chapter sets out the basic rules of confidentiality – the nature, extent and source of those rules – and examines their civil and criminal nature, the remedies available for breach of those obligations and the extent to which conflicts of interest arise and how data protection legislation operates in relevant jurisdictions. Each contributor then analyses these issues in the light of statutory and non-statutory frameworks of civil and criminal law in their jurisdiction. This title is included in Bloomsbury Professional's Banking and Finance online service.Table of ContentsContents: 1 Argentina; 2 Australia; 3 Austria; 4 Belgium; 5 Bermuda; 6 British Virgin Islands; 7 Canada; 8 Cayman Islands; 9 China; 10 Republic of Cyprus; 11 Czech Republic; 12 Denmark; 13 England; 14 Finland; 15 France; 16 Germany; 17 Greece; 18 Guernsey; 19 Hong Kong; 20 Hungary; 21 India; 22 Ireland; 23 Italy; 24 Japan; 25 Jersey; 26 Luxembourg; 27 Mexico; 28 Morocco; 29 The Netherlands; 30 Norway; 31 Poland; 32 Portugal; 33 Singapore; 34 South Africa; 35 Spain; 36 Sweden; 37 Switzerland; 38 USA; 39 International Anti-Money Laundering Initiatives

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Book SynopsisThis book examines claims involving unjust enrichment and public bodies in France,England and the EU. Part 1 explores the law as it now stands in England and Wales as a result of cases such as Woolwich EBS v IRC, those resulting from the decision of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in Metallgesellschaft and Hoechst v IRC and those involving Local Authority swaps transactions. So far these cases have been viewed from either a public or a private law perspective, whereas in fact both branches of the law are relevant, and the author argues that the courts ought not to lose sight of the public law issues when a claim is brought under the private law of unjust enrichment, or vice versa. In order to achieve this a hybrid approach is outlined which would allow the law access to both the public and private law aspects of such cases. Since there has been much discussion, particularly in the context of public body cases, of the relationship between the common law and civilian approaches to unjust enrichment, or enrichment without cause, Part 2 considers the French approach in order to ascertain what lessons it holds for England and Wales. And finally, as the Metallgesellschaft case itself makes clear, no understanding of such cases can be complete without an examination of the relevant EU law. Thus Part 3 investigates the principle of unjust enrichment in the European Union and the division of labour between the European and the domestic courts in the ECJ's so-called 'remedies jurisprudence'. In particular it examines the extent to which the two relevant issues, public law and unjust enrichment, are defined in EU law, and to what extent this remains a task for the domestic courts. Cited with approval in the Court of Appeal by Beatson, LJ in Hemming and others v The Lord Mayor and Citizens of Westminster, [2013] EWCA Civ 5912 Cited with approval in the Supreme Court by Lord Walker, in Test Claimants in the Franked Investment Income Group Litigation (Appellants) v Commissioners of Inland Revenue and another [2012] UKSC 19Trade ReviewThe book casts a fresh light on the relationship between ultra vires conduct of public bodies and the reason underlying rights to restitution in such circumstances. It is a well-written and valuable contribution to both restitution and public law scholarship. This work is likely to be very valuable not only to academics but also to practitioners (tax and non-tax) advising on restitution claims involving national or EU public bodies. Rafal Zakrzewski British Tax Review No. 3, 2012 Williams...presents a clear and well-argued case for a public law of unjust enrichment. Her approach is thoughtful and considered covering key cases in English, French and EU law, and focuses on an area of law of particular topicality...While her argument does, as she states, remain normative, lacking case law support, she nevertheless provides a lucid and well-researched argument for reform. Williams must thus be praised for drawing together and critically appraising the leading cases in this field and for providing valuable insight into this developing area of the law. Paula Giliker European Law Review Volume 36, 2011 Unjust Enrichment and Public Law is an important contribution to this topical subject. The discussion of English law is comprehensive and well argued, and will interest both public and private lawyers. Unjust Enrichment and Public Law is a well-written and well-presented book, which does much to advance our understanding of this difficult area of law. It deserves the attention of lawyers across the public/private divide. Paul S. Davies The Law Quarterly Review Volume 127, July 2011Table of ContentsPart 1 Unjust Enrichment and Public Law in England and Wales 1-Definitions and Controversies 'RESTITUTION' OR 'UNJUST ENRICHMENT' Using the Map The Criteria for a Claim in 'Autonomous' Unjust Enrichment 'PUBLIC BODIES' AND 'PUBLIC LAW' CONCLUSION 2-Woolwich and the Creation of the Public Law Reason for Restitution THE FACTS THE BACKGROUND TO THE CLAIM A WHOLLY PRIVATE APPROACH? POTENTIAL UNJUST FACTORS AVAILABLE TO THE WOOLWICH Duress or Colore Officii Inequality No Consideration Failure of Consideration Mistake of Law TWO NEW OPTIONS FOR RECOVERY WHAT IS THE WOOLWICH UNJUST FACTOR? Illegality Incapacity Absence or failure of basis Inequality A WHOLLY PUBLIC APPROACH: COULD RESTITUTION SIMPLY BE A RESPONSE TO A PUBLIC LAW EVENT? THE SOLUTION: A HYBRID APPROACH 3-The Scope of the Public Law Reason for Restitution THE SCOPE OF THE PUBLIC LAW REASON FOR RESTITUTION: EIGHT KEY QUESTIONS Need There Have Been a Demand for the Public Law Reason for Restitution to Operate? Need There Have Been a Protest for the Public Law Reason for Restitution to Operate? To What Extent is the Public Law Reason for Restitution Overridden by Statute? What Exactly Does the Claimant Recover? Is it Always Necessary to Bring Two Separate Cases, One Action for Judicial Review and One Private Law Claim? Over What Subject Matter does the Public Law Reason for Restitution Extend? What Sort of Invalidity Triggers this Reason for Restitution? Which Kinds of Body Will Give Rise to this Reason for Restitution? THE SCOPE OF THE PUBLIC LAW UNJUST FACTOR: RESTITUTION FOR PUBLIC BODIES The 'Swaps' Cases 4-A Hierarchy of Reasons for Restitution THE ADVANTAGES OF THE PUBLIC LAW REASON FOR RESTITUTION OVER THE PRIVATE LAW UNJUST FACTORS REASONS FOR RESTITUTION AND TIME LIMITS: IS A HIERARCHY POSSIBLE? Deutsche Morgan Grenfell v IRC FURTHER ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE HIERARCHY Does Mistake Provide a Broader Ground of Recovery than the Public Law Reason for Restitution? HOW WIDE ARE THE EFFECTS OF THE PUBLIC LAW REASON FOR RESTITUTION? How Wide is the Finding of Ultra Vires? How Far does a Claim in Unjust Enrichment Extend into Consequential Loss? EVIDENCE FOR THE HIERARCHY AND THE ISSUE OF 'CLOSED' SWAPS CONCLUSION 5-Defences WHAT GENERAL IMPLICATIONS DOES THE HYBRID NATURE OF THE REASON FOR RESTITUTION HAVE FOR DEFENCES? TIME LIMITS PRIVATE LAW DEFENCES Change of Position Estoppel Bona Fide Purchase Impossibility of Counter-Restitution Submission to an Honest Claim Ultra Vires Passing On SPECIAL DEFENCES IN PUBLIC LAW UNJUST FACTOR CASES Fiscal Disruption The Law Commission's 'Special' Defence of Exhaustion of the Statutory Mechanism Prospective Overruling CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER IMPLICATIONS Part 1 Conclusions and further implications Part 2 Unjust Enrichment and Public Law in France 6-Public Body Unjust Enrichment Claims in France; Lessons for England and Wales THE PUBLIC/PRIVATE DIVIDE IN FRANCE THE FRENCH LAW OF UNJUST ENRICHMENT Enrichissement Sans Cause Repetition de l'indu Gestion d'affaires ENRICHMENT WITHOUT CAUSE AND PUBLIC BODIES Quasi-Contracts are Automatically Adjusted in their Application to Public Bodies If Courts Have to Choose Between Two Events, Both of which are Actually Relevant to the Basis of the Claim, Some Courts Will Choose One, and Others the Other As well as Adjusting its Quasi-Contracts to Take Account of Public Bodies, French Law Also Distinguishes between Public Law Rules and Public Law Procedure, so that even within the Private Procedure Adjustments can be Made to Take Account of the Public Nature of one of the Parties to the Claim The 'Absence of Cause' Approach does not Necessarily Provide a Better Solution for Public Body Enrichment Cases The Need to Accommodate Public Bodies in Private Claims has a Tendency to Change the Rules of Private Law Itself CONCLUSION Part 3 Unjust Enrichment and Public Law in the European Union 7-Unjust Enrichment and the EU Institutions AN EU LAW OF UNJUST ENRICHMENT? UNJUST ENRICHMENT AS A GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF EU LAW Staff Cases Annulment Cases Three Party Cases UNJUST ENRICHMENT: ONLY A 'GENERAL PRINCIPLE' OF EU LAW CONCLUSION 8-Unjust Enrichment in National and European Law, and the 'Remedies' Jurisprudence of the ECJ HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE RELEVANT EUROPEAN UNION LAW THE MEMBER STATE/EU DIVIDE: REMEDIES IN NATIONAL COURTS FOR BREACH OF EUROPEAN LAW The Principles of National Procedural Autonomy, Equivalence and Effectiveness, and the Three Phases of the ECJ's Case Law UNJUST ENRICHMENT AND ULTRA VIRES IN NATIONAL AND EU LAW; TWO DIFFERENT MODELS FOR ANALYSING THE DIVISION OF LABOUR BETWEEN THE MEMBER STATES AND THE EU Two important factors against Model 2 Cases in which a Member State or a National Intervention Agency Levies Money in Contravention of EU Law Cases in which an NIA or the EU Pays Out Money in Breach of EU Law which it then Seeks to Recover IS THERE AN EU LAW 'EVENT' OF ULTRA VIRES IN CASES INVOLVING BOTH EU AND NATIONAL LAW? CONCLUSION-THE IMPACT OF EU LAW ON NATIONAL UNJUST ENRICHMENT CLAIMS INVOLVING PUBLIC BODIES

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Book SynopsisThis large-scale comparative study analyses the two principal mechanisms employed in modern legal systems to deal with the social problem of occupational illness and injury, namely, employers' liability and workers' compensation. It provides a detailed description of the systems in operation in twelve countries around the world, investigating the complex legal structures and the interaction with other social institutions, as well as their inter-jurisdictional coordination through private international law. Current international trends are identified and assessed and the fundamental political issues highlighted and explored. The study's ultimate goals are not only descriptive but also to answer the question of how compensation and liability systems can best be adapted to meet society's needs in the 21st century. The countries covered are: Australia (Mark Lunney), Austria (Ernst Karner/Felix Kernbichler), Denmark (Vibe Ulfbeck), England and Wales (Richard Lewis), France (Florence G'Sell/Isabelle Veillard), Germany (Raimund Waltermann), Italy (Alessandro P Scarso/Massimo Foglia), Japan (Keizo Yamamoto/Tomohiro Yoshimasa), the Netherlands (Siewert D Lindenbergh), Poland (Domenika Dörre-Nowak), Romania (Christian Alunaru/Lucian Bojin) and the United States of America (Michael D Green/Daniel S Murdock). The book is completed by three concluding essays that address general themes: Thomas Thiede, The European Coordination of Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation Ken Oliphant, The Changing Landscape of Work Injury Claims: Challenges for Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation Gerhard Wagner, New Perspectives on Employers' Liability - Basic Policy Issues

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Book SynopsisDie Technologie der Künstlichen Intelligenz ist im Lebensalltag der Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher angekommen. Sie begegnet uns in nahezu allen Bereichen – sei es bei der Kommunikation, der Fortbewegung oder im behördlichen Kontakt. Der vorliegende Sammelband widmet sich den daraus folgenden Möglichkeiten, Risiken und rechtlichen Implikationen aus verschiedenen, fächerübergreifenden Perspektiven. Behandelt werden typische Problemkreise, zu denen der Diskriminierungsschutz, die Transparenz, Nachvollziehbarkeit und Überprüfbarkeit sowie die Datenauswahl bei KI-Systemen gehören. Auch der Verbraucherschutz durch Schaffung von Normen, Standards und Zertifizierung wird thematisiert. Ergänzt wird das Bild durch die Darstellung bereichsspezifischer Herausforderungen. Zuletzt wird auch das praktisch bedeutsame Problem der Rechtsdurchsetzung im Kontext von verbrauchergefährdenden KI-Systemen angesprochen.

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Book SynopsisDezentrale autonome Organisationen (DAOs) versprechen, einen neuen Meilenstein für Organisationsstrukturen zu setzen, indem sie es Gruppen durch die Nutzung von Smart Contracts ermöglichen, bestimmte Aktionen und Verhaltensweisen automatisch zu steuern und zu koordinieren, um auf diese Weise effizienter und transparenter zu arbeiten. Insofern stellen DAOs zentrale Merkmale eines Unternehmens wie die hierarchische Organisationsstruktur, die Trennung von Firmenmitgliedern und Marktteilnehmern sowie viele andere Punkte radikal infrage. Biyan Mienert untersucht, ob sich diese neue rein digitale Organisation in rechtliche Grundstrukturen einfügt und mit vorhandenen Gesellschaftsformen in Einklang gebracht werden kann oder ob sie grundlegende Veränderungen dieser Strukturen erfordert. Aufgeworfene Thesen werden hierbei nicht nur in der Theorie beleuchtet, sondern durch die technische und rechtliche Analyse praktisch tätiger DAOs überprüft.

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Book SynopsisDigitale Diskursräume sind aus dem Alltag vieler nicht mehr wegzudenken. Diese Räume werden von Informationsintermediären organisiert und moderiert. Die Moderation nutzergenerierter Inhalte geht mit wichtigen, grundrechtssensiblen Entscheidungen einher. Insbesondere die Realisierung der Meinungsfreiheit steht dabei im Fokus. Aus verfassungsrechtlicher Perspektive stellt sich daher die zentrale Frage nach der Reichweite einer Grundrechtsbindung privater Akteure. Traditionellerweise wird auf die seit jeher kontrovers diskutierte Lehre der mittelbaren Drittwirkung von Grundrechten Bezug genommen. Amélie Heldt widmet sich den Rahmenbedingungen der Kommunikation in digitalen Öffentlichkeiten, untersucht aus verfassungsrechtlicher, rechtsvergleichender und interdisziplinärer Perspektive den Prozess der Inhaltemoderation und schlägt eine Feinjustierung der Lehre der mittelbaren Drittwirkung vor.

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Book SynopsisDie autonome Schifffahrt wirft zahlreiche juristische Fragen auf. Samuel Vuattoux-Bock setzt sich mit der Frage der Haftung infolge einer Schiffskollision unter Beteiligung von autonomen Schiffen aus einer deutsch-französisch rechtsvergleichenden Perspektive auseinander. Die bisherigen Lösungen sehen einen Haftungsausschluss im Falle höherer Gewalt vor (IÜZ, BinSchG, Code des transports). Der Autor erforscht die rechtliche Beziehung zwischen den Merkmalen der höheren Gewalt (Unvorhersehbarkeit, Unvermeidbarkeit, äußere Ursache) und der autonomen Schifffahrt. Mithilfe einer deutsch-französischen Analyse bietet er eine Anpassung der Auslegung der höheren Gewalt für die autonome Schifffahrt an. De lege ferenda schlägt er eine neue objektive Haftung infolge einer Schiffskollision vor und untersucht die Gestaltung der höheren Gewalt in dieser neuen Haftung. Die vorgeschlagene Haftung findet ihre Grundlage in den rechtshistorischen Wurzeln des Seehandelsrechts (z.B. der Hanse) und ist durch ihre deutsch-französisch geprägte Ausgestaltung für eine internationale Harmonisierung geeignet.

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Book SynopsisWeltweit vereinheitlichte Musterverträge bestimmen die Vertragsgestaltung im grenzüberschreitenden Finanzverkehr. Diese Musterverträge werden von privaten Organisationen wie der International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), der Loan Market Association (LMA) und der International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) geschaffen. Torsten Kindt zeigt, dass auf Grundlage der Muster ein bereichsspezifisches transnationales Vertragsrecht entsteht, das jedoch auf vielfältige Weise mit dem staatlichen Recht verwoben bleibt. Er entwickelt Leitlinien für einen responsiven Umgang mit musterbasierten transnationalen Verträgen im staatlichen Kollisions-, Vertrags- und Internationalen Zivilverfahrensrecht, die auch über den Finanzbereich hinaus zu einem produktiven Zusammenwirken privater und staatlicher Ordnung beitragen können.

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Book SynopsisDas Rechtsanwendungsrecht ist seit jeher eine Domäne des Internationalen Privatrechts. Die öffentlich-rechtliche Dimension hat in Forschung und Rechtsprechung bislang kaum Beachtung gefunden. Bisweilen wird dem Internationalen Öffentlichen Recht sogar die Existenzberechtigung abgesprochen mit der Begründung, deutsche Behörden würden per se deutsches Recht anwenden. Das ist jedoch zu kurz gegriffen. Tim Kerstges entwickelt für das anwaltliche Berufsrecht ein Modell, das ausgehend von den verfassungsrechtlichen und unionsrechtlichen Determinationen, greifbare Kriterien für die Bestimmung des räumlichen Anwendungsbereiches von Normen in ihren öffentlich-rechtlichen Dimensionen anbietet. In seiner Grundkonzeption ist dieses Modell nicht nur auf das anwaltliche Berufsrecht anwendbar, sondern lässt sich auf andere Bereiche des Internationalen Öffentlichen Rechts übertragen.

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Book SynopsisIn Reaktion auf die globale Finanzkrise der Jahre 2007-2009 wurden in einer Reihe von Rechtsordnungen Bankenstrukturreformen eingeleitet und zum Teil umgesetzt. Diese gesetzgeberischen Bestrebungen zählen zu den wohl umstrittensten und im Hinblick auf die Intensität des Eingriffs in etablierte betriebswirtschaftliche Geschäftsmodelle und die Organisationsverfassung von Banken und Bankengruppen ambitioniertesten Reformvorhaben. In unterschiedlicher Weise und Intensität wird eine systemische Trennung zwischen besonders schutzbedürftigen "systemrelevanten" Geschäftsaktivitäten und solchen, die im Insolvenzfall ohne Ansteckungsrisiken für die Systemstabilität abgewickelt werden sollen, erzwungen. Christiane Hellstern untersucht die Anwendungsprobleme, Reformansätze und die mit der Umsetzung einhergehenden Folgefragen für bestehende Bankenstrukturen, die durch pfadabhängige Organisationsmodelle, das jeweilige Marktumfeld sowie durch die jeweils anwendbaren Gesellschafts-, Aufsichts- und Insolvenzrechte unterschiedlich gewachsen sind.Die Arbeit wurde mit dem Promotionspreis der Reinhold-und-Maria-Teufel-Stiftung 2021 ausgezeichnet.

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Book SynopsisDie Verwaltung setzt zunehmend algorithmische Systeme ein. Ein Mittel, um mit den Risiken umzugehen und die Vorteile zu optimieren, können Folgenabschätzungen sein. Die Datenschutz-Folgenabschätzung nach Art. 35 DS-GVO bietet ein erstes Beispiel hierfür. Die geplante KI-Verordnung der EU sieht keine Folgenabschätzungen vor, mit dem Risikomanagementsystem und der Konformitätsbewertung kennt sie aber ähnliche Verfahren. Jonathan Dollinger untersucht, inwiefern die genannten Vorschriften einen tauglichen Rechtsrahmen für den KI-Einsatz in der Verwaltung darstellen. Dazu vergleicht er diesen Rechtsrahmen mit den Modellvorschriften des European Law Institute zu Folgenabschätzungen für Verwaltungs-Algorithmen sowie mit ausgewählten ausländischen Regelungen. Anschließend plädiert er für verwaltungsspezifische Folgenabschätzungen, die gegenüber den allgemeinen Vorschriften einen weiteren Prüfungsmaßstab und eine intensivere Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung vorsehen.

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Book Synopsis

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